Ergonomic Hazards Policy Paper

Ergonomic Hazards Policy Paper
The purpose of the Ergonomics Hazards Policy is to prevent the occurrence of work–related
musculoskeletal disorders (MDS). According to OSHA, Ergonomic Hazards is referred to as any
injury due to risk factors at work, such as lifting heavy items, bending, reaching overhead, pushing
and pulling heavy loads, working in awkward body postures and performing the same or similar
tasks repetitively (OSHA, 2017). Training will be given to all new employees on basic MDS
information, and will be conducted by a qualified Healthcare Provider. Employees will be informed
of any MDS they may experience and the risk factors that can cause or aggravate them and how to
prevent them. Though the use of personal protective equipment for ergonomic hazards may
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Causes And Dangers Of Termplace Safety In The Workplace
There are many issues present in the workplace that pose a threat to workplace safety. Some of these
include simple problems such as slipping hazards which include but are not limited to water, dust, or
oil on the floor; tripping hazards, which include but are not limited to walking areas that have
debris, have electrical cords across them or are uneven; and falling hazards, which include but are
not limited to ladders and lifts; that can cause more long term complications, such as wrist, arm or
back injuries. Back injuries are among one of the worst workplace injuries that occur due to
workplace issues that occur, especially in the nursing field.
WebMD (2017) explains:
The spine, or backbone, is made up of a column of 33 bones and tissue extending from the skull to
the pelvis. These bones, or vertebrae, enclose and protect a cylinder of nerve tissues known as the
spinal cord. Between each one of the vertebra is an intervertebral disk, or band of cartilage serving
as a shock absorber between the vertebrae. (p 1)
If something is to happen to any of these vertebrae, intervertebral disks, band of cartilage, or the
nerves in the back due to a workplace accident, more issues arise.
Back injuries are a long term complication that can put someone out of work for anywhere from
weeks to months to years. Zwerdling stated, "According to surveys by the Department of Labor's
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), there are more than 35,000 back and other injuries among nursing
employees

Key Ergonomic Hazards Involved With Tanger Outlets
Goal/Objective: The purpose of this paper is to identify key ergonomic hazards involved with
Tanger Outlets Nike retail store in Gonzales, Louisiana. Then, with the material learned in class,
provide a sufficient plan that will minimize or eliminate the hazards completely.
Description of the Worksite: The Nike store in Tanger Outlets in Gonzales has been around since
2003 when they decided to expand their margins into Louisiana. The store is always hiring new
employees so the work environment is always in constant change. The reason for this is because
new people means new attitudes and outlooks on hazards and safety in the store. The work
environment is always busy with the amount of customers that come in and out of the store every
day ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This does not sound like it is that high, but the shoes are arranged on the shelves to where the
smaller sizes are on the top shelf and the larger sizes are on the bottom. Customers constantly
complain that the shoes need to be in the opposite order because it would make more sense and the
shorter people could reach their rightful sizes. The middle section consists of lower walls (about 3/5
the size of the left–most and right–most walls) in which there are two spate walls. This space is
considered the "kitchen" and is where most of the customers can sit and try on shoes. Then the
right–most walls are exactly the same as the left–most walls. The space in between each wall on the
left and right is four feet of space. In the middle section, the two walls are separated by 12 feet of
space. The four–foot spacing between the walls on the left and right are not ideal for the amount of
traffic that enters the store and are also ergonomically hazardous in their design.
Importance of Ergonomics in Retail: An ergonomic hazard is a physical factor within the
environment that harms the musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic hazards include themes such as
repetitive movement, manual handling, workplace/job/task design, uncomfortable workstation
height and poor body positioning (Australian Government Comcare, 2014). Cynthia L. Roth makes
a great claim about the importance of ergonomics in retail by stating that at every stage of the
supply chain, ergonomics can be used to protect

The Ergonomic Keyboard And Mouse Prevent Carpal Tunnel...
Office workers in Mound, Minnesota, may be aware of the importance of the ergonomic keyboard
and mouse to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive stress disorders. However, these
are merely the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the health problems researchers have linked to
prolonged sitting. High blood sugar The Washington Post reports that poor posture does contribute
to a variety of spinal issues, such as neck strain and muscle tissue damage. However, studies show
that even at an ergonomic station, the pancreas is negatively affected. That organ produces insulin to
help the body regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. When a person sits for hours at a time,
muscles stop responding the way they should to insulin, and that prompts the pancreas to go into
overdrive. As a result, the risk for diabetes rises. Low mental function Unused muscles take a toll in
other areas of the body, as well. Fat is not burned as efficiently when muscle movement is restricted,
and that leads to sluggish blood flow and less oxygen in the brain. Lower mental capacity is one
side effect, and depression may follow, since the body does not produce the chemicals that improve
mood and outlook. Cancer According to Time Magazine, a recent analysis of 43 studies indicates a
clear link between sitting for hours during the day, and colon, lung and endometrial cancer. Regular
exercise did not lower the risks, which were 66 percent higher for those who are typically
deskbound at work.

A Study On My Paramedic License Essay
As a woman on the brink of becoming a grandmother for the first time and working on my
Paramedic license, I do not want to become a statistic and suffer from a back injury that so many
first responders suffer from these days. There are so many variables to staying healthy such as
eating right, staying fit, and learning proper mechanics for lifting heavy loads. When taking these
variables into account, how can someone in my profession improve the quality of our work
environment to insure a better percentage for a lesser chance of injury? Will better equipment
improve these variables as well? Do the costs for better equipment outweigh the cost of recovery? It
is my belief that not only health, fitness, and education will reduce our chance for injury but better,
more efficient, equipment will also assist in longer, lasting careers. Back injuries are not foreign in
our line of work. According to Bryan Fass (fitness expert), "injury to the knees and lower back,
overexertion injuries, and mechanical strain has remained almost constant." (Fass, 2009)
Approximately 8 out of 100 EMS responders will suffer an injury compared to 1 out of 100
municipal and general labor workers, a 62 percent difference (Fass, 2009). What this means is that
there are quite a few paramedics suffering injuries and currently out of work. These statistics are
astronomical and chances for public safety personnel to make it to retirement age are slim, as most
leave on medical disability. Just as the

Dynamic Duo Case Study
I would like to see the entire report from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. What
has been done to promote a safe work environment? To what extent has Dynamic Duo, Inc.
committed to making their plant a safe and productive work place? It would be a benefit for the
organization to hire a work site inspector for assistance in making the company safe. This
assessment needs to be by some one that specialize in manufacturing plants.
The violations that were cite in the inspection are scaffolding and ergonomics problems. Five
employees became ill in the same day. A employee caught his hand in the conveyor. A employee fell
form the scaffold. Another employee became mysteriously ill and 3 others suffered minor cuts.
Dynamic Duo, has

Office Ergonomics
OFFICE ERGONOMICS
ERGONOMICS: Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and workplace to fit
the worker. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries, which can
develop over time and can lead to long–term disability.[1]
The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:[2]
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well–being and overall system
performance.
Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the ...
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Implementation
To be effective and economically sound, an office ergonomics plan should be proactive. Ergonomics
consultant Cyndi Davis warns against a "Whack–A–Mole" approach, in which companies react
whenever an employee complains of health problems associated with the work environment. The
Occupation Safety and Health Administration provides ergonomic guidelines, as do academic
institutions like Cornell University and UCLA.
Benefits
If implemented properly, ergonomic principles do more than prevent physical injury. An
ergonomically designed office improves employee morale and leads to higher retention rates. When
employees are comfortable and less stressed, they are more productive, more efficient, make fewer
mistakes and miss fewer days.
OFFICE ERGONOMIC GUIDELINES – GENERAL OFFICE ENVIRONMENT:
Lighting
Noise
Temperature
Air Quality
Furniture and Storage
Lighting
In all working environments the lighting situation needs to be considered.
The Australian Standard AS 1680, Standard AS 1680.2.2 – 1994 Interior lighting Part 2.2: Office

and screen–based tasks suggests lighting levels in an office environment as follows;
"Ordinary" visual tasks should be in range 300 to 400 lux [320 lux (task) and 160 lux
(Background)]. Illumination is measured in units of LUX – lumens per square metre
For more demanding visual tasks, including proof reading and working from poor quality
photocopies, 600 lux is suitable
Older workers

What Is Office Ergonomics?
What is Office Ergonomics?
Office jobs keep our human race connected and thriving. The advancement of technology has placed
many of our nation's workers in an office setting. How can we keep these valuable employees safe
and healthy? This is where office ergonomics comes into play. Per Webster's Dictionary, ergonomics
is, "A science that deals with designing and arranging things so that people can use them easily and
safely" (Webster's Dictionary, n.d.). Office ergonomics is essentially the science and study of how to
create a functional office environment that promotes the safety and well–being of its employees.
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.). The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) works to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Office ergonomics works towards preventing work–related injuries including risk factors that pose a
threat to an individual's mental health. From my point of view, office ergonomics is an evaluation of
an office setting that takes into consideration the employees' physical, emotional, and social needs.
Does the employee feel isolated? Is there enough natural light? Are employees given adequate
breaks throughout the day? Do the office chairs promote good health? (Chim, 2014). These are just
a few of the many questions that an office ergonomist will consider while evaluating an office
setting.
An Office Ergonomics Program
While researching office ergonomics, I came across an academic article entitled "The FITS Model
Office Ergonomic Program: A Model for Best Practice." This article described a continuous
improvement program to reduce the number of office–related injuries, also known as a workplace
ergonomics program. (Chim, 2014) I feel as though an office ergonomic program is a promising
solution to problematic office environments. The workplace ergonomics program referred to in this
article is the FITS model office ergonomics program. The author states that, "By implementing an
office ergonomics program, the health and safety and well–being of employees will be enhanced"
(Chim, 2014, p. 500). FITS stands for furniture evaluation and selection, individual workstation
assessment, training and

Workplace Health Hazard
Introduction: Workplace health hazard is an area concerning the protection of the safety, health and
welfare of people engaged in a workplace. The goal of workplace health hazards programs is to
create a safe and healthy work environment. The definition of health hazard is very subjective as it
is different to different people or companies. Health hazards cause noticeable changes in the body,
such as a decrease in health. These cause changes in signs and symptoms that are exposed in
employees. One of the symptoms is shortness of breath. Employees exposed to such hazards must
be apprised of both the change in body function and the signs and symptoms that may occur to
signal that change. Workplace health hazards can be divided into four categories which are physical
(Lind and Nenonen, 2008), chemical (A.M.Leman, A.R.Omar, WonJung, M.Z.M.Yusof, 2010) ,
biological and psychological hazards (Johhson.S, Cooper.C, Cartwright.S, Donald.I and Taylor.P ,
Millet.C, 2005)
Discussion:
First and foremost, uncontrolled sources of energy; kinetic, electrical, pneumatic, and hydraulic are
often associated with physical hazards. Physical hazards lead to injury to workers when an object,
piece of equipment or material comes in contact with a worker. For example, exposure to unguarded
or unprotected electrical equipment, splashing of dangerous substances, and working at height. In
the accident data, it shows that there are several risk factors contributing to severe and fatal

The Theories Of Ergonomics
The theories of ergonomics, underlying principles and design methods put forward assistance to
optimize human well–being and overall system performance. Its scientific applications make the
working environment most efficient, safe and comfortable. The International Labour Organisation
defines Ergonomics as 'the application of the human biological sciences in conjunction with the
engineering sciences to the worker and his working environment, so as to obtain maximum
satisfaction for the worker which at the same time enhances productivity'. Historically, the
employers in the manufacturing sector have been addressing the issues related to improvement in
the health and well being of the employees. There are enough statutes to protect and further the
health and welfare of employees in this segment. But, now a days in the service sector also, there is
an increasing trend in adopting scientific methods to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the 80's, European ergonomists were concerned largely about advanced psychological aspects and
as such the European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics (EACE) was emerged leading to
meeting of interests with human factors and cognitive science professionals. During 90's, volatility
in global economy and technological boom have added more woes to the work standards
particularly in the service industries. Thus, the organisations in service industry have also reckoned
the value of each branch in Ergonomics. As a result, cognitive and environmental ergonomics have
become very much perceptible across industries. Methodical applications of the multidisciplinary
Ergonomics make the working environment most efficient, safe and comfortable and it bump up the
overall system performance. Thus, under this pretext, improving the office conditions such as
handling of equipments and interaction with them have all been getting adequate

Why Use An Ergonomic Keyboard
Why Use an Ergonomic Keyboard
The word ergonomic is probably a word you have heard severally from various quarters and the
technology world is perhaps the main center of focus as far as this is concerned. Looking at
computers which are our main concern, you will find that the aspect of an ergonomic keyboard has
been incorporated too.
Essentially, an ergonomic keyboard is supposed to make you comfortable as you work as it draws
away muscle strain and other repetitive strain injuries (RSI). In most cases, you will find that this
variety of keyboards are V shaped and this is meant to enable both hands to type at an angle, which
is assumed to be the most natural way to do so for every person.
As usual, most of the times, when working on or with your keyboard, speed, comfort and efficiency
are of the essence. It is said that using one of these will help you work efficiently and faster over a
long period of time since your hands and wrists will be much more comfortable and that injuries
such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome will be prevented in the long run. ... Show more content on
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While you are at it, understand that there are several varieties of these you are set to find out there
such as the arch keyboard that ensures keys are close to your fingers and the split variety that is
meant to make your wrists assume a more natural position as you type.
Other varieties include the contoured keyboard and handheld keyboard. But what really do you need
to consider as you choose what ergonomic keyboard is best for you, given the varieties available? I
would say design features. This is what helps you determine what is best for you and comfortable as

Ergonomics Literature Review Paper
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Employee satisfaction were based on some aspects which is supervision, ergonomics, the safety
policies of the workplace, the condition of the workplace , the employee salary and interpersonal
relation that exist in the workplace. These results have been helpful for anticipating representative
turnover and hierarchical adequacy.
2.1 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS
The International Ergonomics Association (IEA, 2017) reported, Ergonomics is the scientific
discipline worried about the comprehension of connections among people and other components of
a system, and the calling that applies hypothesis, standards, information and techniques to design in
order to upgrade human prosperity and general framework performance. ... Show more content on
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In industries sector, the employee frequently do extreme task which is lifting, carrying or pushing or
pulling the loads and the task is done without any help from anyone. Next, when employee is
focusing on a specific task they have to move the body only on one direction for a long period of
time and day after day. The assembly line speeds is a problem for an employee because the task
must finish according to the time given and the employee must finish it faster and the grip while
using the tools or equipment. (Jazani, R. K., & Mousavi, S.

Design Features Of The School Furniture
and the measurements and design features of the school furniture they use (Yeats, 1997;
Panagiotopoulou et al., 2004).
As we noted earlier, furniture has a significant effect on human health. Thus, it is essential to use
anthropometric data to guide the design of school desks and chairs.
However, because anthropometric measures vary among nations and ethnic groups and change over
time as populations and their environmental conditions change.
As a result, the anthropometric data used in the design of the equipment used in Turkish higher
education are based on anthropometric data from other countries and thus do not represent the
average body measurements of the Turkish people (Kayis, 1988; Turgut et al., 2004).
2.1 ERGONOMICS AND BRANCHES Ergonomics permeates every aspect of human endeavor. As
a result, various branches or concepts of Ergonomics have evolved and developed over the years.
Some of the branches are:
2.1.1 Office Ergonomics Office Ergonomics – Practical Solution for a Safer Workplace (2002)"
Office Ergonomics and defines it as the branch of ergonomics dealing specifically with the office
environment. This field of ergonomic considers how key workplace elements such as workstations,
computers, chairs, lighting, noise level, room temperature etc. could be tailored to fit and enhance
employee health, safety and performance.
2.1.2 Macro ergonomics
This field is less of person specific and concentrates more on the organizational environment
including the

Statement Of Purpose For Industrial Engineering
In this letter of intent, I am going to focus on the purpose of studying Industrial Engineering further
at the post–graduate level. I have chosen University name because I feel it will best prepare me to
fulfill my future career objectives. I jot down my Statement of Purpose with due respect to the
Department and the University.
The boundless possibilities and prompt outcomes are what I find most energizing and alluring about
Industrial Engineering. I have a great interest towards the industrial environment and this is the
reason I am looking to pursue Master's in Industrial Engineering. The factor in the recent times is
that there have been huge changes in Design Engineering and Global Industrialization making the
position of an Industrial Engineer a very essential one. Being part of this rapidly flourishing
community has been my ultimate desire.
In order to reach perfection at its summit, it is of utmost necessity that ... Show more content on
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I have also got the chance to get a lot of insight into the processes of casting and welding. In my
final year I took Production Planning and Control & Maintenance Engineering as my elective so
that I could get initiated into the field. I got to know the basic operations of different mechanical
systems of the automobile like the I.C. engine, brakes, clutches, powertrain, transmission and
differentials. A Master's degree would allow me to delve deeper into individual aspects of Industrial
Engineering by studying and examining them in greater detail and gain practical experience by way
of relevant internships. Hence Master's in Industrial Engineering became an obvious necessity.
I have vastly benefitted from the breadth of Anna University's undergraduate syllabus and gained a
widespread exposure to many core areas of the field and conceptual understanding. In my under–
graduate study, I have learnt how to maintain an expending self–governing approach in all my

Ergonomics Case Study
Ergonomics and Repetitive Strain Injury
Ergonomics is concerned about the ideal fit between people or employees, and the things they do,
the machines and, or objects they use and the environment they work in. According to Helander,
(2006) the International Ergonomics Association (IEA, 2000) defines the concept of ergonomics as
follow:
Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among
humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and
methods to design in order to optimize human well–being and overall system performance (p. 6).
Safety is essential to ergonomics, "According to Bellis (2007), the goal of ergonomics in the
workplace is to prevent injuries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keyboards that are too high or too low may lead to very awkward, shoulder, arm and wrist postures.
They are also at risk for occupational overuse injury.
E Feet should be supported and flat on the ground. However if this is not practical, the feet should
be supported by a foot rest. If both your feet are not touching the ground, it means the problem is
with your chair. In relation to that problem the company will need to buy a footrest to support your
feet.
F Ergonomic stretches are important and should be compulsory. Foot rotations, finger stretches,
wrist stretches are just a few number of exercises that should be done at the workstation. Workers
who have not been trained in the correct manner on how to recognize the potential hazards or the
effectiveness of work practice are at greater risk of harm and injury. Without the correct awareness,
signs of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) may go unnoticed. (Cornell University. 2015). (United
States, Department of Labour. n.d.).
Question

Thesis Statement Of Ergonomics
PREVENTING MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG SEWING MACHINE
OPERATORS IN THE PHIL. NURIAN GARMENT INC.:
BASIS FOR DEVELOPING AN ERGONOMICALLY
DESIGNED SEWING WORKSTATION
A Thesis presented to the
College of Engineering and Computer Studies
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering
Cortez, Gino Nigel G.
Danao, John Deryl J.
Torres, Paul Adrian V.
May 2016
Introduction
Ergonomics, also known as the study of the design of work in relation to the physiological and
psychological capabilities of people, plays a large part in preventing musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs). For the most part, MSDs are induced slowly over a significant period of time due to
deficiencies in how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Percentage Formula
Is used to determine the percentage of the respondents based on their answers. The frequency also
presented the actual response of the respondents to a specific question or item in the questionnaire.
The formula used was:
Percentage formula (%) = (F/N) x 100
Where:
% = Percentage Formula N = No. of Respondents
F = Frequency
2. Weighted mean
The researchers used the weighted mean to assess the level of physical discomfort of the sewing
operator experienced. The formula for weighted mean was:

Xw = ∑fx / N
Where:
Xw = weighted mean
∑fx = the sum of all the products of f and x
N = total number of respondents
3. Pearson Chi Square
A Chi square is designed to analyze categorical data. That means that the data has been counted and
divided into categories. It will work with parametric or continuous data. For Example, if you want
to test whether attending class influences how students perform on an exam, using test scores from
(0–100) as data would not be appropriate for a Chi–square test. However, arranging students into the
categories "Pass" and "Fail" would. Additionally, the data in a Chi–square grid should not be in the
form of percentages, or anything other than frequency (Count)

My Initial Assessment From Module 4
As discussed in Module 4, the workstation I described involved washing dishes on an industrial
scale where meals are served in high volumes, up to 2000 people per meal. This particular
workstation is not equipped with mechanical or automated processes which requires employees to
accomplish this massive undertaking. The workplace stressors related to this task includes, awkward
postures, excessive force, repetition, and compression. During my initial assessment from Module 4,
I identified significant posture issues regarding excessive bending and twisting from the trunk and
waste which could lead to disc bulges, muscle strain and lower back WMDSs. I also identified
excessive force hazards regarding relocating, lifting, pulling and ... Show more content on
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Step 4 (Wrist Twist) was scored as a +1 because minimal twisting action were required. For step 5,
the precious scores were plotted in Table A of the RULA guide which resulted in an overall score of
4. Step 6 and step 7 both resulted in a +1 score due to the repetitiveness of the process and the
weight of the objects handled by the employee. Step 8 consisted of adding the values of steps 5–7
(4+1+1 respectively) to indicate an overall wrist/arm score of 6. Step 9 (Neck Position) resulted in a
+2 because the employee's neck primarily stayed within the 0–20 degree range. Step 10 (Trunk
Position) in a +3 because the individual was bent forward at a 20–60 degree angle. Step 11 (Legs)
resulted in a +1 because the employee's legs were stable and supported. Using Table B (Trunk
Posture Score) resulted in a score of 4 for step 12. Steps 13 and 14 both resulted in a +1 score
because the of the weight of the objects handled and number of repetitive tasks. Step 15 indicated a
final score of 6 for the neck, trunk and legs. Plotting the final scores while using Table C of the
RULA guide resulted in a final score of 7. This result indicates that major ergonomics risk factors
were prevalent at this workstation and significant engineering and administrative controls are
needed. (Stack, Ostrom, & Wilhelmsen, 2016) Much like the RULA assessment tool the Rapid
Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method is

Ergonomics and Good Work Habits
Ergonomics is the scientific, interdisciplinary study of individuals and their physical relationship to
their environment. Ergonomics can be further defined as "the design of the workplace, equipment,
machine, tool, product, environment, and system, taking into consideration human's physical,
physiological, biomechanical, and psychological capabilities. Ergonomic design is the application of
this body of knowledge to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments for
safe, comfortable and effective human use. The term ergonomics is derived from the Greek word
ergos meaning "work" and nomos meaning "natural laws of" or "study of." In the United States, the
term 'human factors engineering' is often used.
Ergonomics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An ergonomists can also assess existing products and services, showing where they fail to ‘fit' the
user (in every sense of the word) and suggesting how this fit may be improved.
Ergonomists have helped many businesses improve working conditions and employee health issues
related to computer and office work. In many cases, most employers are responsible for any health
issues that may arise from their employees due to work hazards. Work hazards may be caused by
many different factors in the environment. In the average computer workstation, employees are
prone to over a dozen hazards. There exist two factors that can prevent this: forming good work
habits and ergonomically designed computer workstations. These work hazards can cause several
different injuries such as, Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD), and
Repetitive Motion Disorder (RMD). They are described as painful conditions of the hands, arms,
neck, and back that develop over days, weeks or years. Epidemiological research has determined
that if these biomechanical conditions are present, the incidence of work–related injuries increase.
These conditions are therefore known as risk factors for musculoskeletal injury. Repetitive Strain
Injuries (RSI) takes place from the repeated physical movements of certain body parts which result
in damage to tendons, nerves, muscles, and other soft body

Technology Can Make You Sick !
1. INTRODUCTION Technology can make you sick! This is a very strong statement to make –
especially at an international conference which promotes and introduces the latest in state–of–the–
art products and achievements in information science. The reality is, however, unlike other products
such as tobacco which is packaged with the warning, such as: "According to the Surgeon General
the use of this product may be hazardous to your health"; and alcohol with the label: "Government
Warning: (1) according to the Surgeon General, women should not drink alcoholic beverages during
pregnancy because of the risk of birth defects. (2) Consumption of alcoholic beverages impairs your
ability to drive a car or operate machinery, and may cause health problems. Contains
sulfites."Technology is not the problem in itself, but rather the manner in which it is used. All too
often, months or even years are spent debating and planning for new systems and the proper
equipment. Specification of the products are studied and compared; system analyses are performed;
and, of major importance, the cost factor is thoroughly scrutinized. However, one of the most
important factors –– the human element –– is not even considered. The fault lies not with tech–
nology but with human beings themselves who –– in an attempt to upgrade and improve their ser–
vices –– consciously fail to address the human factor. Some obstacles to achieving an
ergonomically–correct environment: � Ignorance or indifference: Some

Ergonomics Essay example
What is ergonomics? Ergonomics is the science of fitting the job to the worker. When there is a
mismatch between the physical requirements of the job and the physical capacity of the worker,
work–related musculoskeletal disorders can result. Workers who must repeat the same motion
throughout their workday, work in an awkward position use a great deal of force to perform,
repeatedly lift heavy objects or face a combination of these risk factors are most likely to develop
work–related musculoskeletal disorders.
In this report, I will outline the main factors in having a safe workstation. There are certain ways in
which you may choose an ergonomically correct chair. Does the seat feel comfortable and fit your
shape? When you sit in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You may also want to choose a chair that swivels easily. Do you need armrests on your chair? If so,
are the armrests broad, cushioned and comfortable? While sitting can you adjust the height of the
armrests and can you move the armrests closer together or further apart? Keyboard in the ideal
typing posture both static and dynamic muscle loads are minimized.
This posture is achieved when the keyboard is below seated elbow height and the keyboard base is
gently sloped away from the user so that the key tops are accessible to the hands in a neutral
posture. In this position the arms, shoulders, neck and back can relax, especially during brief rest
pauses. Also, in this slightly reclined sitting position the low back rests against the lumbar support
of the chair, the elbow angle is opened to promote circulation to the lower arm and hand, the
abdominal angle, and the palatial angle (behind the knees) are opened to promote blood circulation.
The feet rest firmly upon the floor. Monitor Optical glass glare filters on computer monitors can
reduce health and vision problems related to computer glare and help boost productivity in computer
users, according to a new Cornell University study. After using a glass anti–glare filter, the
percentage of problems related to tiredness, trouble focusing eyes, itching/watery eyes and dry eyes
was half what they were before filter use.
This was true for people, who use computer monitors all

Principles And Methods Of Ergonomics
INTRODUCTION
Ergonomic means the understanding of the interactions among humans and other elements of a
system. This is achieved by applying theoretical principles, data and methods to design so that we
can optimise human well being and thus improving overall system performance. Ergonomists helps
in planning, designing and evaluation of tasks, jobs and products in industries. These also include
environments and systems in order to make viable to the needs, abilities and limitations of peoples.
The term Ergonomics means Greek ergo that is work and nomos means laws to denote the science
of work, ergonomics now contributes to all aspects of human activity. Physical ergonomics is
concerned with human anatomy, and some of the anthropometric, physiological ... Show more
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According to International Ergonomics Association (IEA); Ergonomics is the scientific discipline
concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system,
and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize
human well–being and overall system performance(2). In countries like India where there are many
industries, they play a vital role in employing majority of industrial workers. The majority of the
industrial workers are suffering from musculoskeletal disorder(5) that are work related specially
upper extremity work–related musculoskeletal disorders (UE–WMSDs) are the most common form
of occupational diseases. Hence to consider this factor, operator needs proper seating arrangement
such that their problems regarding the MSDs can be reduced & productivity will be increased (3).
This is dealt by ergonomics that deals with making the work place safe, comfortable, efficient, and
harmless as possible. This is achieved by proper balance between worker characteristics and task
demands. In any work setting it is important to produce high quality products and it's been a main
objective also. Labour is directly related to the productivity. Their ability, skills, productivity and
performance have a great importance towards the increased production (4). Hence proper
ergonomics enhance worker productivity, provide worker safety, physical and mental well–being
and job

Accounting Information System -Resource Proposal
Executive Summary
The report is about the resource proposal which is aimed at improving the current poor situation in
the company and increasing the efficiency of the staff. Our capital expenditure budget for the cost is
about 316500 yuan. With the money, we need to upgrade the ergonomic equipment to make the staff
more comfortable and work efficiently. Besides that, we need to upgrade the hardware, software and
build network systems. These resources can not only help the staff to work more efficiently and
securely but also provide a competitive advantage for the department and the organisation. In order
to find suitable, affordable, secure topology , software and other equipment which have good value
at a low price, I collected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first one is to improve the current situation in the company so that the staff can work efficiently.
Another one is to promote the development of the organisation and make more profits. To make the
proposal feasible, I conducted the research on a large scale. I contacted many companies and
suppliers to find suitable ergonomic and office equipment. At the same time, I surfed on the Internet
to get more information about the price and quality of the equipment.
Resources you wish to apply for in this proposal
Hardware: One laptop, IBM, which is designed for commerce, especially for themanager in one
company 12 desktops, Lenovo, one of them serves as the centre computer and the others are used by
the staff
Network: One CISCO wireless router ; One router (TP–Link); One case of Unshield twisted–pair
(AMP); One switch (TP–Link Tl–SG3109); One wireless network cards (Huawei); One case of
network cable (AMP); Twelve USB (Lenovo)
Software: Microsoft Office 2003 ; Anti–virus software for small business or enterprise (Kaspersky
Corporate Suite); Computer firewall;
Ergonomic Equipment: 11 Burgundy Fabric Ergonomic Computer Chairs with Height Adjustable
Arms (office Furniture); 12 Back and neck

Display Screen Equipment Assessment Essay examples
1 SUMMERY FOR MANAGEMENT 1.1 The following report contains an introduction,
background, methodology, result, discussion, recommendations and conclusion following a Display
Screen Equipment assessment (DSE). 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 The purpose of this report is to carry
out a DSE assessment on an employee who is defined as a DSE user (Display Screen Equipment,
2002, P5). To identify any adjustments to the workstation, layout and to present the
recommendations to management. The assessment will comply with the (Display Screen
Equipment) regulations 1992 which was amended by the Health and Safety regulations in 2002. 2.2
Regulations cover a number of different aspects associated with DSE work, for improving
performance, productivity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HSE assessment tool is a valid and reliable tool as it covers the workstation and work
environment taking into consideration all other aspects of work. The checklist is easy to follow with
closed questions, offering advice on correct posture, breaks, exercise and health and safety training.
4.3 All necessary measurements will be taken using a Stanley steel tape measure which is reliable
and accurate tool enhancing its validity. The tape measure is clean, the numbers are visible, clear, in
good condition and does not require calibration. 5 RESULTS Chair – The chair was of good
standard, easily adjusted with a lever, and has a five star base and good quality cloth. There are no
armrests in place. The chair offers support to lumbar region. The seat is close to the desk ensuring
arms and wrists are on the desk. Desk – Was large, clean, clutter free and a matt finish. Has
adequate legroom with no restrictions so movement of legs was easy. A footstool was available.
Screen – Was adjustable with tilt facility, free from glare, flicker, and of adequate size for intended
use. No dust evident on screen. The height of the screen is level with the eyebrows, measuring 60 –
65cm between the screen and Mr X. Software – Was adequate for task Keyboard characters are clear
with separate numerical keys and adjustable, all keys were easily reached without any

Relationship Between Antthropometrics And Ergonomics
Human Factors, Anthropometrics, Ergonomics and
Their Relationship with Design
There are few situations in which a product is designed specifically for a single individual. For
example, luxury items that are custom built for people with a great deal of money. Moreover, there a
number of individuals who rely on these "luxury" custom built items due to disabilities and unique
physical characteristics. However, the majority of the products and spaces today are designed with
the whole population in mind. These products must be designed to be adequate for a population of
users. Most of the time with adjustability or a range of heights and sizing.
We all understand the need that clothing must be manufactured in a large range of sizes. Due to ...
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This information can contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs, spaces, and
environments to make them the most compatible with the limitations, disabilities, and needs of the
general population.
In conclusion, Anthropometrics is the study of the sizes of people in relation to products and spaces
manufactured. Human Factors or "Ergonomics" is the relationship between people and the products
in which they use. Moreover, Anthropometric data is used to help designers and design products
meet ergonomic needs.
Although Anthropometrics and Ergonomics are primarily scientific fields, designers should be
aware of these human factors to ensure their product and spaces are safe and socially responsible.
These studies allow designers to accommodate the vast majority of the population so as many
people as possible can use and interact with the product or space. "Good designers observe these
qualities first because no one wants to use or own a product that carries out a task poorly or
dangerously." In conclusion, designers should always rely on and research anthropometric and
ergonomic data when designing functional spaces and

Industrial Engineer Essay
Where would you be without industrial engineers? You probably do not even know what an
Industrial engineer does. When the word engineer comes to mind, people just assume some guy
sitting in an office doing a bunch of complicated equations day in and day out. Although that is not
wrong, it is not true for industrial engineers. Industrial engineers are solving a new problem
everyday in new and innovative ways. Industrial engineers are not a widely known career, but are a
cornerstone to our workplaces. Industrial engineering both weighs into my strengths and minimizes
my weaknesses making it the ideal career for me to pursue. Industrial engineers have been around
far longer then there have been colleges for them to learn the trade. It was ... Show more content on
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What exactly is an industrial engineer? According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics they state
that "Industrial engineers eliminate wastefulness in production processes. They devise efficient
systems that integrate workers, machines, information, and energy to make a product or provide a
service." That description can vary from engineer to engineer but the general overview fits almost
every single industrial engineer. Their main purpose in almost every case is to eliminate waste in
production. This is done through their development of systems that is why they are sometimes
referred to as industrial and systems engineers. Industrial engineers, eliminate the overall waste in
their company's production processes through always changing methods. When an industrial
engineer is trying to locate the issue with some production scheme he might first look over a
workplaces production schedule or maybe just the overall flow of a process. Sometimes the
engineers develop their employers savings through simple changes in an assembly line by simply
adjusting the layout of the machines in their assembly line to eliminate wasted energy. Engineers
can also develop saving through much more complex and modern methods by developing a new
computer system in which the machines synchronize their output times so that they all are feeding
into each other with no time wasted. That is the beauty of an industrial engineers work they are

Kitchen Ergonomic
of kitchen ergonomic
Kitchen is the workplace for housewife. We do not that the hazard at workplace are come from the
poor ergonomic at kitchen. The job of preparing, serving and cleaning up after meals gets done
there. Making that environment fit you is a most critical factor in your satisfaction with your
kitchen. Ergonomics aims at making this work more efficient, faster, more pleasant, and less
fatiguing by improving the interface between the human body and the things we need to interact
with to get work done.
The movement abilities of the human body are the fixed parts of the equation. We are not going to
alter the body to fit the environment. So to make work more efficient, we have to alter the
environment to fit human movement. We want to minimize movement by eliminating unnecessary
steps and make the kitchen usable by all of the individuals in a household. Every aspect of kitchen
design is being given a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1 .Floor
–level storage space, option for drawers rather than cupboards. This way, you won't need to bend
over to look for whatever is stuck at the back of a cupboard.
2 .Store frequently used accessories in the top drawers just beneath the counter or on the bottom
shelf of the cupboards just above the counter. The remaining accessories can then be stored based on
how often they're used, with those used least often on the highest or lowest levels.
3 .Make sure that your kitchen plan includes a working counter near the stove for dishes waiting to
be cooked or those fresh out of the oven.
4. Install your range in such a way that you have ample space on both sides. A range placed at an
angle, for example, will not give you the required space, and chances are you won't be at ease when
cooking.
5. Provide for counter space close to the sink.
6 .Working counters should be a minimum height of 90 centimetres. If you're shorter or taller than
average, don't hesitate to adapt the counter height

Aims And Objectives Of Ergonomics
(What is ergonomics?)
Ergonomics as a whole word means human factors. It is the scientific discipline that is concerned
with the basic understanding of social interactions among the humans and the humans with the
elements which are working in a system. It is the subject that uses theory, and its well–known
methods and the principles to design a certain situation which is good for the human–beings
working in an environment of the organization moreover it helps to optimize the overall
performance of the organization.
The Ergonomists around the world have contributed in designing and evaluating tasks, products,
jobs, and workplace environments that make the needs, limitations and the abilities of workers
compatible. It is basically the science ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This situation affects their safety and welfare, as well as, that of organizations and societies.
High technology can make our lives more efficient and exciting. However, fascination with
technology and overly ambitious business expectation can cause us to overlook human factors risks.
Neglecting these risks can have serious effects on manufacturers, suppliers and service enterprises.
Therefore, ergonomics and human factors will be more important in postmodern era than when it
was first introduced in the nineteenth century.
Objectives of Ergonomics in Organizations of Pakistan:
 To assess and quantify the safety measures taken at different sections of sugar mills and other big
and small industries of Pakistan regarding ergonomics and occupational health.
 To point out critical shortfalls in the existing design of machinery and suggest the proper
modification of the existing design to reduce accidents at different sections of sugar plant to be
incorporated in industries work force by–laws
 To develop appropriate training and education program for operators in order to minimize
occupational health disorders.
Benefits of using Ergonomics in

What Are The Importance Of Ergonomics
1.1 What is Ergonomics?
Ergonomics is the scientific study of interaction among humans and the other elements of a system
in which they analyze the data and provide theories and principles to develop methods which are
designed to progress human well beings and overall performance. There are three types of
ergonomics. Physical ergonomics, cognitive ergonomics and organizational ergonomics. Each
category is closely monitored and studied separately by the ergonomists to interpret and prevent
work place injury.
1.2 History of Ergonomics
According to Christensen (1987) importance of having a user friendly environment was probably
realized early in the development of the species. But it was Bernardino Ramazinni (1633–1714)
who wrote about work–related ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instance they study about the communication skills, work design, design of working times,
teamwork, participatory design, community ergonomics, cooperation, organizational culture, virtual
establishments and quality management hence they can organize people to make them more
resourceful.
3.0 Importance of ergonomics.
Ergonomics has become important in our daily lives due to the various benefits we obtain from
ergonomics. Such includes providing a healthier environment among the work place, improving the
quality of work, improving the productivity of work. In additional ergonomics has also helped to
create a safer environment and improve employee engagement in the work.
4.0 Introducing MSDS
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are conditions that affect the muscles, bones, nerves, tendons,
structures that support limbs, back, neck and joints thus, the severity of the MSD can vary. It is a
degenerative disease and inflammatory condition that cause pain and effect normal activities. It can
be caused from a sudden force (e.g., lifting a heavy object), or they can also arise from repeating
same motions. Nonetheless if employees are aware about ergonomic methods they would prevent

Occupational Therapy Case Study
Myra is a 30–year–old woman with cerebral palsy who works in an office. She has recently changed
jobs and requested an occupational therapy evaluation to set up her work environment successfully.
What is the role of occupational therapy in ergonomics counseling?
The role of occupational therapy in ergonomics counseling begins with an evaluation of the client,
the work environment and the duties required to fulfill the position. During the assessment, the
occupational therapist will identify possible hazards and offer reasonable recommendations to
minimize risk factors. The therapist will also be focused on suggesting and creating any necessary
modifications to maximize client functionality, comfort, and safety in order to regain productivity.

Ergonomics Literature Review
Literature Review evaluating the effects of ergonomics on work
Ergonomics is defined as the science of designing the job to fit the worker rather than physically
forcing the workers body to fit the job¹. Ergonomics combines aspects from the following scientific
fields, physiology, biomechanics, kinesiology, industrial hygiene and psychology. This bibliographic
analysis will concentrate on the following topics: medical aspects, productivity and product quality,
the relationship between work sustainability and ergonomics, small business foundries, and green
ergonomics. This review will also highlight pros and cons of the application of ergonomic principles
in the work place.
Work ergonomics aims to alleviate problems associated with workplace ... Show more content on
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A study shows that ergonomics in the work environment could assist in eliminating frequent events
of production failures, health hazards, optimise production rates and the effect on product quality. A
strong correlation between quality errors and high ergonomic workload exists. Potential reasons for
this include the effect of other ergonomic factors (organisational, cognitive and psychological) and
misclassifications. High risk tasks such as working underneath machinery, hidden, at a distance, or
in compromising postures, and forceful operations creates more errors. The following outcomes
were pointed out in the study: improvement in productivity and working conditions, reduced
reworking, scrap and time, and a decrease in health risks. Advantages of ergonomics should
encourage the employer and employees to support the ergonomic approach to assist them in finding
solutions and making continuous improvements. Evidence from our research findings suggest that
incorporating ergonomics into the work place positively effects the workers wellbeing and
production but has no impact on the quality of the

Short Speech On Ergonomics
Good day everyone / I am happy to share with you today an overview of ergonomics / This
overview is going to be especially useful as an introduction to the exciting and interesting field that
is called ergonomics or human factors / For those taking the module, there will be a lot of materials
that we will cover and they are highly relevant to the work place / Let me take you through the
beginning of your journey / I will be your learning facilitator and my name is Harris Shah Abdul
Hamid.
If you are wondering what is ergonomics, you are not alone / many people in Malaysia, including
many work organisations, are not fully aware of ergonomics and how it could contribute to improve
work conditions / In later videos, we will also see how ergonomics ... Show more content on
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Large scale industrialisation changed the way people perform work. Mass productions, on the other
hand, means the products are being redesigned to meet the needs of a larger consumer base. With
the rapidly changing computer technology, a whole new set of ergonomics issues arise. Nowadays,
computer is much pervasive than before. Ergonomics are needed to design new ways of
communicating and working. The domain of ergonomics applications are expanding, and I do
believe you do have a role to play in improving ergonomics, and improving human quality of life.
In Malaysia, the uptake of ergonomics may be at a lower level than the industrialised nations. In my
opinion, there are three areas where ergonomics interventions can make a difference to the lives of
Malaysians. First, a demographic trend shows that the population is getting older. There are a
greater percentage of the elderly now, and the number is projected to rise. The needs of the elderly
to maintain a healthy lifestyle should be understood clearly to design proper intervention.
The second area is agricultural ergonomics. Even though industrialisation is an important national
agenda, the contribution of the agriculture sector to the economy is still important. Malaysia's
agriculture sector could benefit from ergonomics to develop a competitive advantage for its
products, either for internal or external

Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics...
Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training
In the past, most businesses have strived for high production at low cost. This strategy resulted in
the highest profit for a company. When in reality to many businesses, this was only a mirage. This
was because the "lower cost" of the business usually resulted in a "higher cost" for the employees.
This lower cost for businesses may have meant lower quality workplace items, lower salaries, less
benefits, etc. These lower costs created an upset workplace environment for the employees. This
upset has help found a new branch of science called Ergonomics. "Ergonomics is a relatively new
branch of science which celebrates its 50th anniversary in 1999, but relies on research ... Show more
As stated earlier, the focus of this paper is to concentrate on the factors of ergonomics resulting from
office and computer work. One reason is because the world has been faced with an explosion of
computer technology. As more and more work, education and recreation involves computers,
everyone needs to be aware of the hazards of Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI), also referred to as
Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD), to the hands and arms resulting from the use of computer
keyboards and mice. This can be a serious and very painful condition that is far easier to prevent
than to cure once contracted, and can occur even in young physically fit individuals. "Most CTD's
are preventable and curable if caught early. The key is to notice trouble when it starts – and do
something about it. Early signs may include persistent pain, tingling, numbness, burning, or aching.
The signs may be constant or may occur mostly after certain activities. The drastic cures ––– such as
surgery ––– are not reliable and should be a last resort. Nevertheless, a health professional should be
consulted when you are concerned about possible early signs." (http://www.office–
ergo.com/alternat.htm). There are also factors concerning who is more likely to get a CTD than
others. "Some people

Objectives Of Ergonomics
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well being and overall system
performance (W.Karwowski,2006). It is a discipline that involves arranging the work environment
to fit person in it or also known the science of fitting the work environment to the worker. It shows
the interaction of a worker and their equipment and job on how to complete the work tasks. The
name 'ergonomics' comes from Greek words 'ergon', which means work and 'nomos' which means
law (R.S.Bridger, 2008). Simply put, ergonomics defined as the design of the human ... Show more
The objectives of ergonomics are to improve the efficiency of operation and to maximize
productivity. It aims to ensure that human needs for safe and efficient working are met in the design
of work system and it is focusing to find the best fit between the workers and their daily work tasks
and environment. The efficiency of operation includes the widest senses of achieving the desired
results without wasteful input, without error and without damage to the person involved or to others.
It is inefficient to expend unnecessary energy or time because insufficient thought has been given to
the design of the work, the workspace, the working environment and the working conditions. It is
not efficient to achieve the desired result in spite of the situation design rather than with support
from it. To ensure that the working situation is in harmony with the activities of the worker is also
one of ergonomics' aims. The human operator is flexible and adaptable and there is continuous
learning but there are quite large individual differences. Some differences such as physical size and
strength are obvious but others such as cultural differences and differences in style and in level of
skill are less easy to

Office Ergonomics : A Field Of Ergonomics
However because anthropometric measures vary among nations and ethnic groups and change over
time as populations and their environmental conditions change.
As a result, the anthropometric data used in the design of the equipment used in Turkish higher
education are based on anthropometric data from other countries and thus do not represent the
average body measurements of the Turkish people (Kayis, 1988; Turgut et al., 2004).
2.1 ERGONOMICS AND BRANCHES Ergonomics permeates every aspect of human endeavor. As
a result, various branches or concepts of Ergonomics have evolved and developed over the years.
Some of the branches are:
2.1.1 Office Ergonomics Office Ergonomics is defines as the branch of ergonomics dealing
specifically with the office environment. This field of ergonomic considers how key workplace
elements such as workstations, computers, chairs, lighting, noise level, room temperature etc. could
be tailored to fit and enhance employee health, safety and performance. Practical Solution for a
Safer Workplace (2002)"
2.1.2 Macro ergonomics
This is define as a field of ergonomics that less of person specific and concentrates more on the
organizational environment including the history, culture, goal and design of the environment.
The aim of this field of ergonomics is to improve productivity and enhance employee satisfaction,
health and safety.
2.2 BENEFIT OF ERGONOMIC
Ergonomic improvements to the work environment are primarily used to create a safer and

Ergonomics : A Human Factor
Ergonomics is a human factor with the application of scientific information concerning objects,
systems and environment for human use. The field of ergonomics is an applied science that also
studies the effects of fatigue and discomfort on the body and designs protective equipment to keep
operators safe and efficient. Ergonomics focuses on people, the single largest and most valuable
asset of any organization. Regardless of appearances, people are different from one another.
Ergonomics recognizes and strives to accommodate individual differences in everything from size
to skills, from work styles to habits. Good ergonomics improve performance and productivity.
Comprehensive ergonomics means looking at the total workplace from task ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Employee exposure to work related Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) from ergonomic stressors
that have not been effectively identified and addressed in a facilities safety and health program.
Patient handling and movement tasks are physically demanding, generally performed under critical
conditions and often unpredictable in nature. Patients offer multiple challenges including variations
in size, physical disabilities, cognitive function, level of cooperation and fluctuations in condition.
As a given weight to be lifted, they are awkward packages, lack even weight distribution and have
been known to become combative during the lift process. Many patients/residents, especially
nursing home residents, are totally dependent on staff members to provide activities of daily living,
such as dressing, bathing, feeding, and toileting. Each of these activities involves multiple
interactions with handling or transferring of patients/residents and could result in employee injuries.
Employee injuries lead to increased injury costs, higher turnover rates, increased sick/injured days,
and staffing shortages.
OSHA 's OSH Act of 1970 strives to "assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men
and women..." and mandates that "each employer shall furnish to each of his/her employers
employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or
are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his/her employees." (Osha, 2015)
OSHA

OCCUPATIONAL BACK INJURIES DURING MANUAL
HANDLING OF...
INDEX PAGE
INTRODUCTION 3
ERGONOMICS 4
OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS 4
RESULTS OF ERGONOMIC APPLICATIONS 5
THE BACK STRUTURE 6
BACK AND BACK PROBLEMS 6
Back injuries 6
Causes of back injuries 7
The following are common causes of back injuries:– 7
Back injury prevention 8
Back injury–preventative techniques 8
Techniques 9
Strategies 9
ORIGINAL LIFTING ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Back troubles are painful and reduce one's mobility and vitality they lead to long absence from
work, and in modern times are among the main causes of early disability .
ERGONOMICS
Ergonomics is concerned with the design of systems in which people carry out work. Its name
comes from the Greek words ergon which means "work" and monos which means "law". All work
systems consist of a human component and a machine component embedded in a local environment.
When designing any system where humans and machines work together to produce something, we
need to know about the characteristics of the people involved and be able to apply this knowledge to
the design. This activity is the fundamental function of ergonomics.
Ergonomics came about as a consequence of the design and operational problems presented by new
work systems which had evolved with the advance of technology. It owes its development to the
same historical processes, which gave rise to the to other work system disciplines such as industrial
engineering and occupational medicine.
The practice of ergonomics requires that knowledge about human anatomy, physiology, and

psychology be applied to the design of work systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the design of
the human – machine interface to ensure increased safety and usability of equipment and the
removal of harmful stressors.4
OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS

The Importance Of Ergonomics
According to Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors (2016), Ergonomics is a science–
based discipline that collaborates knowledge from other subjects such as anatomy, physiology,
psychology, engineering and statistics to ensure that designs match the strengths and abilities of
people and minimize the effects from their limitations. According to International Ergonomics
Association (IEA) (2016), Ergonomics or human factors is the scientific discipline focused on the
understanding of the relationship among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession
which applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well–being
and overall system performance. The importance and the practicality of the subject ergonomics
towards employee performance are well defined by the above international bodies.
Ergonomics Plus (2016), explains that Ergonomics is the science of creating the workplace, keeping
in mind the abilities and limitations of the employee. This section of ergonomics elaborates how key
work environment elements for instance workstations, computers, seating, illumination, noise level,
temperature, etc. could be designed to fit and improve the health, safety ... Show more content on
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Adelanka is a UK based Software Developing and Data Processing Company committed to provide
and maintain the highest standard of customer satisfaction and provide a range of technologies to
address the clients music reporting demands including music and audio recognition, cue sheet
management, music asset management and program rights management. Adelanka provides a
dedicated team of Metadata processing specialists who are available to process legacy and ongoing
Meta data as their clients

Orientation And Alignment Essay
Orientation and Alignment
The following report examines questions on a psychological approach to health and safety. To
answer these question, a review of Section 1: Orientation and alignment from Chapters 1–3: of the
Psychology of Safety Handbook was done. The report examines the author's approach to the human
element or the psychology of safety in the workplace.
Geller Recommends Selecting the Best Approach When Trying to Improve Safety. What Is The
"Best" Approach, As Suggested by Geller, And Why? What Are the Other Options Considered?
According to Geller, the perceived best approach to safety in the workplace might not always be the
right one. Most organization seek to have the quickest and cheapest approach to improving safety,
while others adopt an approach that offers the most benefit but with the least effort (Geller, 2000).
While both approaches to safety ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Geller argues that though repetition of a certain behavior (safe or unsafe) is necessary for a habit to
be formed, the number of repetitions vary from person to person (Geller, 2000). In addition, there is
a variation in behavioral types, as most complex or inconvenient behaviors (like safety–related
behaviors) may never become a habit despite the number of times that the behavior is repeated. Also
for some behaviors to be habitual, there might be a need for a conscious and deliberate effort by the
doer for a habit to be established (Geller, 2000).
Myth 5: We Can Only Motivate Ourselves, Not Others This fifth myth is also not true. According to
Geller, through motivation we are able to encourage people to adopt safe behaviors rather than
unsafe behaviors that are more convenient, efficient and a habitual norm (Geller, 2000). Hence since
an intervention can be made by motivating others, the myth is a fallacy (Geller,

NIOSH Publication Summary
Critical Review of NIOSH Publication
Taylor Schwartzer
Columbia Southern University
Abstract
Material handling can be a safe and continuous when the right plans are in place. In this article, we
will be discussing engineering and administrative improvements, proactive plans, and some of the
options to go with improvements to material handling when it comes to ergonomics. This atrial will
also specifically summarize the following information from the NIOSH publication No. 2007–191
Manual Material Handling.
Engineering and Administrative Improvements
When it comes to ergonomics, engineering is the best tool to use. The company can use many
different resources that can help them to eliminate the stresses causing MSDs (musculoskeletal
Disorders). The NIOSH article publication Manual Material Handling (Ergonomic guidelines for
manual material handling (DHHS [NIOSH] Publication No. 2007–191) gives some great example
for engineering control of ergonomics when it comes to the work place. Examples from the article
include rearranging, modifying, redesigning, providing or replacement tools, and equipment to
name a few (NIOSH ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From reading the NIOSH publication given, the material can be applied to any type of work you are
doing. I like the fact it gave me ideas and those ideas can be applied to what we do daily. When
reading through Appendix A, B, C, D, and E, I got excited to see the resources that were given to
help in aiding with ergonomics. I know these resources will be getting used by me in the future of
my career in safety. My opinion on this article is... it can be a useful tool and a reliable resource
when it comes to being proactive when dealing with ergonomics. I really enjoyed reading it through
and learning from it. I can say it is safe to say the article very agreeable and a useful tool when
applying it to your workplace and to use for

Ergonomic Hazards Policy Paper

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Ergonomic Hazards Policy Paper