Sheet1DJIA Computation- Sample Onlyafter 2-for1 split Data used re.docx

Sheet1DJIA Computation- Sample Onlyafter 2-for1 split Data
used refer to a period in the pastfor Exxon(copied from
finance.yahoo.com)SymbolNameLast
TradeChangeVolumeXOMEXXON MOBIL CP71.792.80
(3.75%)35.895GMGEN MOTORS2.20.30
(12.07%)17,378,2492.2DDDU PONT E I DE NEM21.410.99
(4.42%)6,833,61221.411AAALCOA INC6.820.66
(8.82%)22,486,0306.82BABOEING CO38.681.80
(4.45%)4,301,98238.68KFTKRAFT FOODS INC24.890.31
(1.23%)9,060,89524.89AXPAMER EXPRESS INC14.271.47
(9.34%)17,030,84414.27DISWALT DISNEY-DISNEY
C17.990.53 (2.87%)14,056,20017.99MMM3M
COMPANY47.691.73 (3.50%)5,861,29747.69MRKMERCK CO
INC28.750.00 (0.02%)9,762,32928.75UTXUNITED
TECH46.150.94 (2.00%)6,231,63246.15MCDMCDONALDS
CP55.940.87 (1.53%)5,909,52855.94VZVERIZON
COMMUN28.371.19 (4.03%)11,726,21528.37KOCOCA COLA
CO THE42.980.87 (1.98%)8,440,84342.98HPQHEWLETT
PACKARD CO34.81.07 (2.98%)11,075,99334.8CCITIGROUP
INC3.160.33 (9.46%)124,573,6283.16CATCATERPILLAR
INC29.011.93 (6.25%)15,212,77129.01HDHOME DEPOT
INC20.11.12 (5.28%)24,057,32420.1IBMINTL BUSINESS
MACH91.432.41 (2.57%)5,289,32691.43INTCIntel
Corporation13.390.49 (3.57%)37,826,73213.39JNJJOHNSON
AND JOHNS DC56.350.75 (1.31%)9,086,54556.35TAT&T
INC.23.30.89 (3.68%)23,433,63323.3PFEPFIZER INC14.330.25
(1.70%)38,794,45114.33PGPROCTER GAMBLE CO50.70.39
(0.76%)13,393,50050.7CVXCHEVRON CORP66.483.25
(4.66%)10,706,21166.48MSFTMicrosoft Corporation18.410.55
(2.90%)51,266,41718.41BACBK OF AMERICA CP5.060.51
(9.20%)193,502,9615.06GEGEN ELECTRIC CO10.990.45
(3.93%)91,037,06410.99WMTWAL MART STORES48.041.51
(3.25%)25,503,25648.04JPMJP MORGAN CHASE
CO22.542.15 (8.71%)56,478,95522.54920.125Sum of

prices956.02Divisor0.1255507120.12083674912DJIA7614.6123
3290347328.71192319483Published value 7614.612(taken from
the same source where company price data were copied
from)http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=AAhttp://finance.yahoo.com
/q?s=GEhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=GMhttp://finance.yahoo.c
om/q?s=HDhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=HPQhttp://finance.yah
oo.com/q?s=IBMhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=INTChttp://finan
ce.yahoo.com/q?s=JNJhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=JPMhttp://f
inance.yahoo.com/q?s=KFThttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=KOhtt
p://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=AXPhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=
MCDhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=MMMhttp://finance.yahoo.c
om/q?s=MRKhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=MSFThttp://finance.
yahoo.com/q?s=PFEhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=PGhttp://fina
nce.yahoo.com/q?s=Thttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=UTXhttp://fi
nance.yahoo.com/q?s=VZhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=WMThtt
p://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=BAhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=XO
Mhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=BAChttp://finance.yahoo.com/q
?s=Chttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=CAThttp://finance.yahoo.co
m/q?s=CVXhttp://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=DDhttp://finance.yah
oo.com/q?s=DIS
Sheet2
Sheet3
Week 4
ES 101 Laboratory
1
Week 4 Lab Activities
Climate controls (looking at many climographs)
Contour lines (finding your way)
USGS Topo Maps (what they are, how to read them)
Topographic Profiles (looking at the ups and downs)
2

Climate Controls
Inspect numerous climographs to determine what causes
predictable patterns in temperature and precipitation for various
locations worldwide
Determining factors include
Latitude
Land and water
Geographic position and winds
Mountains and highlands
Ocean currents
Pressure and wind systems
Be able to identify a location given its climograph
3
Contour lines
Contour line is a type of isoline: it connects lines of equal
elevation above sea level
Useful for studying topography from a two-dimensional map;
also useful for studying landforms
Key terms
Contour interval: difference in elevation between 2 lines
Index contour: wider, darker line (every 4th or 5th line)
Map view vs. profile view (see page 100)
See rules on page 98
Can’t cross but can come close
Make a “V” pointing uphill when crossing a gully or valley
Closed contour line with hatch marks on inside is a depression
4

Topographic Maps
Large-scale maps showing elevations and shape of topography;
also called quadrangle maps
Include natural and human-made features
U.S. Geological Survey issues them, at many different map
scales
Map features
Latitude and longitude found at each corner of map
Names of adjacent quads (4 sides + 4 corners) shown
Scales given in bottom center
Declination arrow (magnetic north, true north, grid north)
Map symbols (e.g., benchmarks shown by BM)
5
Topographic profile
Look at topography from side rather from the top
Use paper to mark elevations on map, then transfer to graph;
use actual spacing of contours on map!
Vertical exaggeration: horizontal scale ÷ vertical scale
6
Remember
To do your Moodle quiz by 11:55 pm on Saturday night
To do your Environmental Events Log by 11:55 pm on Saturday
night
To review completed lab exercises for next week’s quiz
Read chapters for next week
7

Visualizing Physical Geography
Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chapter 6
Weather Systems
by Timothy Foresman and Alan Strahler
© NG Image Collection
1
Chapter Overview
Air Masses
Fronts
Midlatitude Cyclones
Tropical Cyclones
Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
2
Air Masses
Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at one location and
at one time:

Weather variables include:
Temperature
Moisture (dew point and RH)
Precipitation
Winds
Weather conditions
change from day to day
or even from hour to hour.
3
Air Masses
Weather systems are patterns of atmospheric circulation that
lead to distinctive weather events, such as cyclones or
thunderstorms.
© GOES/NASA
4
Air Masses

What is the current high temperature, wind, moisture (dew
point), and precipitation forecast for today?
Based on today’s weather, where do you think the air mass came
from?
Air mass = an extensive body of air in which temperature and
moisture characteristics are fairly uniform over a large area.
Source Regions of Air Masses
Source region: region where an air mass acquires its
characteristics
Moisture characterized by whether it came from the:
Ocean = moist = m
Continent (land) = drier = c
5
Air Masses
© U.S. Department of Commerce
Air Masses
Air masses are classified by the latitude and surface type of
their source regions:
Maritime polar (mP)
Maritime equatorial (mE)
Maritime tropical (mT)

Continental tropical (cT)
Continental polar (cP)
Continental Arctic (cA)
Continental Antarctic (cAA)
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
7
Air Masses
Maritime equatorial (mE)
Maritime tropical (mT)
Continental tropical (cT)
8
Air Masses
Maritime polar (mP)

Continental arctic (cA)
Continental antarctic (cAA)
Continental polar (cP)
© GOES/NASA
9
Air Masses
Movement of Air Masses
Air mass modification
When an air mass moves to a new area, its properties change
due to the influence of the new surface environment.
Continental U.S. is not a source region—it is a battleground
What air mass is impacting your region today?
10
North America: A Battleground for Air Masses
General Characteristics
Diverse range of latitudes, influence of continentality, oceans
and mountains

Mountains run north/south
High Severe Weather Potential
No other area of the world experiences such frequent
juxtaposition of radically different air masses as mid-latitude
North America
Physiography and midlatitude location contribute to potential
Physiographic features of North America with a mature
midaltitude cyclone over the Great Plains.
Fronts
Front = the surface or boundary of contact between two
different air masses associated with a midlatitude cyclone
(MLC).
Four types of fronts:
Cold
Warm
Stationary
Occluded
12
Fronts
Cold Front
A cold front is a moving weather front along which a cold air
mass moves underneath a warm air mass, causing the warm air

mass to lift rapidly.
Air rises steeply.
Cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms may form.
13
Fronts
Warm Front
A warm front is a moving weather front along which a warm air
mass slides over a cold air mass, producing stratiform clouds
and precipitation.
Air rises gradually.
Nimbostratus clouds may form.
Which type of clouds first indicates an approaching warm front?
a. nimbostratus
b. stratus
c. altostratus
d. cirrus
14

Fronts
Occluded Front
A weather front along which a fast-moving cold front overtakes
a warm front, forcing the warm air mass aloft
Triangles and semicircles pointing in the same direction
Stationary Front
Little to no relative motion
Blue triangles and red semicircles pointing in opposite
directions
15
Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Systems
Cyclones
Air spirals inward, converges, and moves upward.
As the air rises, it cools adiabatically.
If the air becomes saturated at the LCL, condensation or
deposition occurs, forming clouds and possibly precipitation.
Winds turn around a low pressure center.
Three types: midlatitude cyclone (MLC), tropical cyclone, and
mesocyclone.

Anticyclones
Air spirals outward and diverges as it sinks.
The air warms as it sinks.
Fair skies and high pressure mark anticyclones.
16
Cyclones and Anticyclones
Is a cyclone or anticyclone impacting the region shown in on
the left?
Is a cyclone or anticyclone impacting letter C?
Is a cyclone or anticyclone impacting letter A?
A
C
B
© Mark Downey/Masterfile
© Getty Images
A
C
17

Evolution of a Midlatitude Cyclone
Midlatitude cyclones (MLCs) are also known as wave cyclones.
They are dominant in middle and higher latitudes.
Large inspiral of air repeatedly forms, intensifies, and dissolves
along the polar front.
In the northern hemisphere, a cyclone normally forms at a polar
front and moves eastward as it develops, propelled by
prevailing westerly winds aloft.
18
Midlatitude Cyclones (MLC)
Evolution of a Midlatitude Cyclone
Initial conditions
Cyclogenesis
Open stage
Occluded stage
Dissolving stage
19

In the open stage of the cyclone (step 3), a ______ air mass
could be behind the warm front, and a _____ air mass could be
behind the cold front.
a. maritime tropical; continental polar
b. continental polar; maritime tropical
c. maritime polar; continental tropical
d. continental polar; continental tropical
20
Weather associated within a midlatitude cyclone
21
Weather Changes within a Midlatitude Cyclone
Cyclonic storm = an intense weather disturbance within a

moving cyclone that generates strong winds, cloudiness, and
precipitation.
Nor’easters bring strong winds, high tides, and high surfs.
© Wide World Photos
22
Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclone = an intense traveling cyclone of tropical and
subtropical latitudes, accompanied by high winds and heavy
rainfall.
Anatomy of a Tropical Cyclone
Hurricanes in western hemisphere
Typhoons in the western Pacific
Cyclones in the Indian Ocean
Develop over oceans approximately 8 to 20o N/S
Winds greater than 74 mph
Courtesy NASA
23
Tropical Cyclones
Anatomy of a Tropical Cyclone
Characteristics:

Eye = relatively calm, sinking air at its center
Eyewall = strongest section, with intense rising air and wind
Spiral rain bands
© NOAA
24
Tropical Cyclones
Formation and Movement of Tropical Cyclones
Four conditions need to be in place for formation:
Low pressure
Weak Coriolis effect (faster winds to balance PGF)
High humidity (latent heat)
Warm sea surface temperatures
© National Geographic Society
25
Tropical Cyclones
Tropical cyclone originates as a slow-moving band of low
pressure, which intensifies and grows into a deep, circular low.
Easterly wave is a slowly moving trough of low pressure within
the belt of tropical easterlies (trades) that grows over the warm

ocean.
Cyclones do not form over the equator (±5 o latitude) since
there is no Coriolis effect (no way to rotate air)
Data from McGraw-Hill
26
Tropical Cyclones
High humidity: Always form over the warm ocean with high
water vapor content.
Warm sea surface temperatures (SST) greater than 81oF.
Season: Peaks in late summer/early autumn due to warmest SST.
27
Tropical Cyclones
Movement of Tropical Cyclones
Form in areas of greatest heating
Move west with trade winds
Then move northwest, north, and eventually northeast following
the winds from the subtropical high and the upper level
westerlies

Last until they hit land or pass over cooler water
28
Tropical Cyclones
Figures show hurricane tracks for 1985–1994 (blue) and 1995–
2004 (red).
The intensity of storms increases when sea surface temperatures
increase.
© NG Maps
© NG Maps
29
Tropical Cyclones
Naming of tropical cyclones: Male and female names alternate
alphabetically.
Hurricane Andrew (1992) was the second most damaging.
Figure shows 2005 hurricanes, including Katrina, which was the

most costly Atlantic hurricane on record.
30
Tropical Cyclones
31
Tropical Cyclones
Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Damages
Saffir-Simpson Scale
© FEMA News Photo
32

Tropical Cyclones
Precipitation
Earthflow
Storm surges
Which of these can human activity make worse?
33
Tropical Cyclones
Storm Surge
A rapid rise of coastal water level accompanying the onshore
arrival of a tropical cyclone
Deadliest aspect of tropical cyclone
34

Tropical Cyclones
Hurricane Katrina flooding (2005) in New Orleans
Courtesy NOAA
35
Thunderstorms and Unstable Air
Thunderstorms may form as a result of intense heating of the
ground, resulting in the heated parcel of air warmer (and less
dense) than the surrounding air.
Air cools to the dew point, clouds form (cumulus) and may
grow into cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds.
Clouds and storm may dissipate with the loss of heating.
36

Thunderstorm = an intense local storm associated with a tall,
dense cumulonimbus cloud in which there are very strong
updrafts of air.
37
Severe thunderstorm:
Intense winds, precipitation, and hail
Strong updrafts and downdrafts
Anvil shape
Wind shear:
Change in wind velocity with height
Required in a severe thunderstorm
May result in rotation (mesocyclone)
© NASA Johnson Space Center
38
Lightning:
Upward and downward motions in a thunderstorm create areas

of positive and negative static charge within the cloud that are
discharged by lightning
39
Forecasting Thunderstorms
Hot, summer weather in central and SE United States
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and
National Weather Service (NWS)
For a thunderstorm outlook, go to:
www.spc.noaa.gov/products/exper/enhtstm/
Courtesy NOAA
40
Tornadoes
A small, very intense wind vortex with extremely low air
pressure in the center, formed below a dense cumulonimbus
cloud as apart of a cyclone, typically an MLC

Mesocyclone (rotating thunderstorm)
Courtesy NOAA
41
Tornadoes
Enhanced Fujita Scale
© a/d: Getty Images, b/c: NH Image Collection, e/f: FEMA:
42
Tornadoes
Most common in central (tornado alley) and SE United States
where cold and warm air clash
43

Which stage of a thunderstorm leads to tornado formation?
a. cumulus
b. mature
c. dissipating
44
Chapter 7
Global Climates and Climate Change
by Timothy Strahler & Alan Strahler
1
Chapter Overview
Keys to Climate

Climate Classification
Low-Latitude Climates
Midlatitude Climates
High-Latitude Climates
Climate Change
2
Keys to Climate
Climate
The annual cycle of prevailing weather conditions at a given
place, based on statistics taken over an extended period (30
years).
Temperature and precipitation are the key measures of climate.
To establish the climate of a region, climatologists begin by
answering three basic questions:
What is the mean annual temperature?
What is the mean annual precipitation?
What is the seasonal variation in temperature and precipitation?
3
Keys to Climate

Global Temperature Patterns
Key factors controlling temperature:
Latitude = controls insolation as energy varies with seasons
(solar angle and day length)
Location = your location in relationship to a body of water
(maritime or continental)
Elevation = temperatures cool with height
4
Keys to Climate
Latitude:
In general, average annual temperatures are highest at the
equator and progressively cooler toward the poles.
5
Keys to Climate

Maritime vs. Continental:
In coastal locations, temperatures are more moderate and
seasonal variations are minimal.
In continental locations, temperatures are more extreme and
seasonal variations are more pronounced.
6
Keys to Climate
A location between Sitka, Alaska, and Ft. Vermilion, Alberta, if
located at a similar elevation, would most likely have a ____.
a. greater mean annual temperature than Sitka
b. greater mean annual temperature than Ft. Vermilion
c. greater annual temperature range than Ft. Vermilion
d. greater annual temperature range than Sitka
7
Keys to Climate
Global Precipitation Patterns
Key factors controlling precipitation:
Air masses (characteristics and movement)

Atmospheric circulation (prevailing winds) and ocean
circulation
Topography
Latitude
Persistent high and low pressure centers (apart of atmospheric
circulation)
Courtesy NOAA
8
Keys to Climate
Latitude
Warm air can contain more moisture than cold air, so warmer,
low-latitude regions generally have higher precipitation
Courtesy NASA
9
Keys to Climate
Atmospheric circulation (prevailing

winds) and ocean circulation:
Midlatitude west coast:
Drier summers as a result of the cooler, more stable air off the
west coast
Moist winters as a result of the westerlies and the southward
shift of the polar jet stream (L)
Midlatitude east coast = wetter summers as a result of the
warmer waters of the east coast:
Moist winters as a result of the westerlies and the southward
shift of the polar jet stream (L)
10
Keys to Climate
Persistent pressure centers
Low = ITCZ = wet near equator
Subtropical high = drier
Courtesy NASA
11

Keys to Climate
Seasonal Precipitation Patterns
Arid climate = subtropical high dominates
Semiarid climates:
Influenced by the seasonal migration of the ITCZ and the
subtropical high
12
Keys to Climate
Seasonal Precipitation Patterns
Mediterranean
Influenced by the seasonal migration of the polar jet stream and
the subtropical high
13
Keys to Climate

Topography and orographic lifting
Windward = rising air (moist)
Leeward = sinking air (drier)
Courtesy NASA
14
Keys to Climate
Air masses
Courtesy NASA
15
Climograph
A graph on which mean monthly temperature and precipitation
values are plotted for each month of the year

16
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Inc.
The greatest amount of rain occurs when the temperatures are
highest.
Temperatures usually decrease when the subtropical high is
present.
Temperatures usually increase when equatorial trough is
present.
There is little rain during the southern hemisphere summer
solstice.
Which of the following statements is true based on the
climograph?
Collecting climate data (30 years of data)
Meteorological sensors:
Automated stations record air temperature, wind speed and
direction, solar radiation, relative humidity, barometric
pressure, and precipitation
Ocean buoys
Weather balloons

NOAA images
18
Climate Classification Systems
Climatology is the science of analyzing climate—weather over
the long term—as it varies over time, around the globe.
Empirical system
Köppen climate system is based on monthly precipitation and
temperature.
Strahler’s climate classification system is based on air mass
movement and frontal zones.
19

© A. N. Strahler
20
Three broad groups of climate: low, middle, and high latitude
Highland
21
Highland’s impact temperature and precipitation
© Alamy Images
22

Highland’s impact temperature and precipitation
23
Highland climates: Temperature and precipitation
24
Four low-latitude climates:

Wet equatorial 2. Monsoon and trade-wind coastal
3. Wet-dry tropical 4. Dry tropical
© A. N. Strahler
25
Wet Equatorial Climate
Moist climate of the equatorial zone with a large annual water
surplus and uniformly warm temperatures through the year
26
Wet Equatorial Climate
Controlled by ITCZ
Warm, moist mE and mT air masses
Heavy convectional rainfall
Uniform temperatures through the year
Low-latitude rainforests

27
The Monsoon and Trade-Wind Coastal Climate
Moist climate of low latitudes showing a strong rainfall peak in
summer (ITCZ) and short period of reduced rainfall in low-sun
season (subtropical high)
Strong seasonal pattern
Trade winds bring moist air to east coasts
Low-latitude rainforests
28
The Monsoon and Trade-Wind Coastal Climate
Rainfall impacted by seasonal shift of ITCZ.
Monsoon winds bring moist air from the coast in summer and
dry air from land in winter.
© John Wiley & Sons, Inc
© Alamy Limited

29
Climate of the tropical zone characterized by a very wet season
alternating with a very dry season.
The Wet-Dry Tropical Climate
30
Very dry season at low sun
ITCZ is far away
Very wet season at high sun
ITCZ is nearby
Savanna vegetation
The Wet-Dry Tropical Climate
© Wide World Photos

31
Climate of the tropical zone with high temperatures (except
along some west coasts) and low rainfall.
The Dry Tropical Climate
32
Center and east sides of subtropical high pressure cells
Extreme heat, large daily temperature range
Generally between 15º and 25º N and S
Arid deserts and semiarid steppes
© Corbis
33

Desertification in the Sahel
Vegetation Index Map
© NASA Images
34
Western Coastal desert
Cool current and upwelling along the west coasts
© Alamy Images
35

8. Marine West-coast
9. Dry midlatitude
10. Moist Continental
Six midlatitude climates:
5. Dry Subtropical
6. Moist Subtropical
7. Mediterranean
© A. N. Strahler
36
Dry climate of the subtropical zone, transitional between the
dry tropical climate and the dry midlatitude climate
Poleward extension of dry tropical climate
High annual temperature range
Arid and semiarid subtypes
The Dry Subtropical Climate
© John Wiley & Sons
37
Climate: moist climate of the subtropical zone, characterized by

a moderate to large annual water surplus and a strong seasonal
temperature cycle
The Dry Subtropical Climate
38
Eastern sides of continents, between 20º and 35º N and S
mT air from western side of subtropical high pressure cells
Warm humid summers, abundant rainfall
Mild winters, ample rainfall
Forest vegetation
The Moist Subtropical Climate
39
Climate type of the subtropical zone, characterized by the
alternation of a very dry summer and a mild, rainy winter.
The Mediterranean Climate

40
Wet winter, dry summer
West coast of continents
Located between 30º and 45º N and S
Vegetation: shrubs and trees with hard leaves to resist water
loss (sclerophylls)
The Mediterranean Climate
41
Cool, moist climate of west coasts in the midlatitude zone,
usually with abundant precipitation and a distinct winter
precipitation maximum
Abundant precipitation, winter maximum
Frequent cyclonic storms
Mild winters, low annual temperature range
West coasts, between 35º and 60º N and S
The Marine West-Coast Climate

© John Wiley & sons, Inc.
42
Dry climate of the midlatitude zone with a strong annual
temperature cycle and cold winters
Interior of North America and Eurasia
Within the rainshadow of mountain ranges
Large annual temperature range
Arid and semiarid, desert and steppe
The Dry Midlatitude Climate
43
Moist climate of midlatitude zone with strongly defined winter
and summer seasons and adequate precipitation throughout the
year.
The Moist Continental Climate

44
Cold winters, warm summers
Located in the polar-front zone
Ample precipitation
Forests and tall grasslands
The Moist Continental Climate
© Superstock
45
Three high-latitude climates:
11. Boreal Forest 12. Tundra 13. Ice Sheet
© A. N. Strahler
46

The Boreal Forest Climate
Cold climate of the subarctic zone in the northern hemisphere
with long, extremely severe winters and several consecutive
months of frozen ground
47
Low, irregular topography
Total annual precipitation is low but higher in the summer
© Alamy Images
48
Long cold winters, short, cool summers
Source region for cP air masses

Greatest range of temperature
Boreal forests—needleleaf
© INSTITUTE
49
The Tundra Climate
Cold climate of the arctic zone with eight or more months of
frozen ground
50
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Inc.
Polar and arctic air masses
Permafrost below surface
Saturated soil in summer
Tundra vegetation—low herbs and shrubs

The Tundra Climate
© Landov LLC
The Tundra Climate
Tundra describes both an environmental region and a major
class of vegetation and is dominated by permafrost.
Permafrost = permanently frozen ground.
Temperature increases in the Arctic in some regions have
thawed the upper permafrost layer:
Unstable soils impacting infrastructure
Oil exploration and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
© Landov LLC
© National Geographic Society
52
The Ice Sheet Climate
Severely cold climate found on the Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets

Arctic and Antarctic air masses
Mean temperature below freezing all months
Low precipitation, high winds
53
Climate Change
Shifting Climate Characteristics
Glacial periods
Interglacial (warmer) periods
Evidence from carbon dioxide stored in ice cores
Carbon dioxide and temperature relationship
Change today related to increasing levels of greenhouse gases
54
Climate Change
Courtesy Scripps

Courtesy EPA
55
Climate Change
Shifting Climate Characteristics
Temperature increase, especially in the Arctic.
Arctic Sea ice has decreased in spatial coverage during late
summer.
© NASA Images
56
Climate Change
If the Arctic continues to warm, which of the following
transformations is most likely?
a. The tundra climate region will expand in all directions.
b. The boreal forest climate will expand in all directions.
c. The boreal forest climate will move into areas once
considered tundra climate.
d. The tundra climate will move into areas once considered
boreal forest climate.

©John Wiley & Sons, Inc
57
Climate Change
Shifting Precipitation Characteristics
Subtropical high-pressure may strengthen and move poleward,
reducing precipitation in subtropics
Rainfall may increase at higher latitudes and in some topical
areas
Uncertainty
Monitoring Global change
http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/Global/
58
Climate Change
Weather Variability
Frequency of extreme weather is predicted to change
Variation in storm paths and intensity of storms
ENSO
Costly
What role do population growth and infrastructure development
play in the damages caused by natural disasters?

© CRED
59
Climate Change
Future Challenges and Adaptations
Global climate modeling
© NASA Images
60
Climate Change
Global climate models
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
Accuracy and mitigating negative environmental impacts
© GeoFusion, Inc

61
Climate Change
Global climate models
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
Accuracy and mitigating negative environmental impacts
© NASA Earth Observatory
62
Climate Change
Heat from this house, near Fairbanks, Alaska, and blocking the
access of cold air to the land surface, has caused the permafrost
underneath the house to thaw.
1. Relate the trends in climate change to the impacts felt by
polar societies.
2. What kinds of adaptations would you recommend for
communities perched
on permafrost?
© Alamy Images
63

Homework #1 (Computation of Dow Jones Industrial Average)
1. Collect the names and closing share prices of the 30
companies in the DJIA from a recent WSJ (www.wsj.com) or
any other source (e.g., http://finance.yahoo.com). Compute the
value of the DJIA using the divisor reported in a recent WSJ
(Section - Market Digest). State the date and time you picked
for the data. Note down the value of the DJIA when you copied
the stock price data.
2. Compare the value you computed with the value of the DJIA
which you copied from the WSJ (or any other source) at the
time and day you used for the homework. Are the two values
same? Attach copy of the DJIA value for the date and time you
picked from WSJ or other publication so we I can verify. Copy
and paste or a snap shot of the page would suffice.
3. What is the weight given to each company price in the
computation of the DJIA value? Are they different?
4. Assume that the stock with the highest price has a four-for-
one split. Compute the value of the DJIA after the split. Is this
value different from the value before the split?
5. Determine the change in the value of the divisor as a result of
the stock split which was necessary to keep the value of the
DJIA same before and after the stock split.
NOTES:
1. Each student works with a different set of numbers (different
time and/or day chosen). Clearly indicate the date and time you
picked the data for. Stock prices change by the minute; so, no

two students should use the same set of numbers.
2. Multiple submissions of the same homework would be
considered cheating and be penalized.
3. Must use MS Excel for computations and text. Show all
computations using Excel functions. Computations should be
revealed once cursor is placed on the cell showing the result.

Sheet1DJIA Computation- Sample Onlyafter 2-for1 split Data used re.docx

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