Explaining Diversity Essay

Explaining Diversity Essay
Explaining Diversity
The history of humanity has shown that the influences of a select few, charting their ideas of what is
right and wrong, pure or dirty, black or white may all influence cultures; but these principles do not
follow a certain direction. Rather, with the continuance of culture through time, the principles have
diverged human experience into thousands of different cultures. In Biology as Ideology, the
argument of genetic determinism arises; ones genetic makeup and other biological factors are the
main determinants of individual behavior. This theory is greatly reliant on a culture looking for a
direct cause and effect relationship between the genetic makeup of humans and social ability. Like
this belief, the Origin Myth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, it tries to create a concrete definition of why there is cultural diversity among human
beings. The Origin Myth performs a like function as well; "It expresses, enhances, and codifies
belief; it safeguards and enforces morality." The purpose of myth is very similar to the purpose of
explaining Biological determinism. They both reason from human experience to establish cultural
truth. They create a perfect world for themselves. Furthermore, Lewontin explains that we differ as
humans because we were genetically trained to be unique by our parents. The struggle to define ones
culture is relative to the past; Lewontin explains this by "biological inheritance," while the
Trobrianders explain by claiming their creation stemmed, "from underground where men were
organized" to explain this. Again, they both create a perfect situation from their past to give truth
and meaning to their culture today. Additionally, Biology as Ideology goes on to argue, "there are
certain inborn similarities among us all." But one must realize these innate similarities in both
cultures are from an emic perspective.
The two texts are similar because one must understand the assumptions within each culture before
one may understand the myths themselves. In Biology as Ideology, one must understand the nature
of the genome before one can understand how the gene determines individual and social character.
In the Origin Myths, most Trobrianders pass on stories explaining
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Ap Bio Chapter 23
Chapter 23 Reading guide
1. what is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand? The population is
the smallest unit of evolution . This is important to understand because it keeps clear what is
evolving.
2. Define the following terms:
a. Microevolution: evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a
population from generation to generation. It is evolutionary change on its smallest scale
b. Population: a localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species, capable of
interbreeding and producing viable offspring.
c. Population genetics: the study of how populations change genetically over time.
d. Gene pool: the total aggregate of genes in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This helps a population making all individuals a little be different because then if there is a problem
such as a disease. There is a better chance that the disease will only affect a small portion of the
population. This alters every ones phenotypes.
10. What is the relationship between mutation rates and generation span? The mutation rates rise as
the generation spans decrease. In animals and plants, there is only about one mutation in every
100,000 genes per generation.
11. Define the following: Genetic drift: unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies, reduces
genetic variation over time through such losses of alleles
Bottleneck effect: when environmental change greatly reduces a population, the ratio of genes is
mixed up. Certain alleles may be over/underrepresented among the survivor. Usually occurs from a
natural disaster.
Founder effect: isolated individuals of a population establish a new population → limited gene pool
Gene flow: genetic additions and/or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of
gametes
12. Why would we discuss adaptive evolution and what role does natural selection play? Adaptive
evolution is what allows organisms to live in changing environments. Adaptations are the result of
natural selection. Natural selection allows organisms to adapt to changing environments so they can
benefit from an environment.
13. Give examples of phenotypical variation that is not inheritable. A

Essay on Transhumanism: The Drive for Perfection
Muscles strong enough to flip over a tank. Eyes that see the night as clear as day. Perfect
photographic memory. These sorts of human enhancements are found in video games like Halo 3
and other science fiction media. It seems that an average human of today will not be enough for the
future. The demand for human enhancement is widely present. Professional sports leagues allow
certain drugs like caffeine to be used. Sports players are often caught abusing steroids to gain an
edge over the other players and their stories become fodder for mass media. Women use plastic
surgery to enhance their physical features. But what of the future? But first, a short history lesson is
in order. In November 1972, Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen began ... Show more content on
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5–6). But this assertion may be short–sighted, at least to Gregory Stock. He criticizes it by stating
that the division between the rich and poor is insignificant when compared to the division between
the generations. He uses Bill Gates, one of the richest men in the world, to show that not even he
could genetically enhance his son, Rory at the time of his son's conception. According to him, "any
enhancements a billion dollars can buy Rory's child in 2030 will seem crude alongside those
available for modest sums in 2060" (144). Though the socioeconomic issues of transhumanism may
threaten the self–evident truth that all men are created equal, genetic enhancement, like
environmental encouragement, may simply be another tool of enhancing the quality of life,
according to Julian Savulescu. He explains that health is instrumentally valuable because "health
enables us to live well" and "disease prevents us from doing what we want and what is good" (13).
Savulescu then illustrates the point that genetic enhancement can improve the quality of life through
numerous examples. First, he provides evidence that children with better impulse control generally
"had more friends, better academic performance, and more motivation to succeed" (14–15). Then,
he tells of "a woman who blushed violet every time she went into a social

worksheet Essay
AP Biology: Unit 3: Cell Division & Genetics: Virtual Lab #4: Punnett Squares
Instructions
1. Open the Virtual Lab: Punnett Squares:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_05/index.html
2. The virtual lab simulation will be on the right side of the screen, and the "Question" column will
be on the left side of the screen.
3. Click on the TV/VCR and watch the video.
4. Read the background information in the Question Column under "How can Punnett Squares help
predict the traits of offspring?"
5. Read the background information provided in the virtual lab by clicking on the "Information" bar
in the lab simulation area.
6. Answer the questions below in your notebook.
a. Which of the following is most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when recording genotypic ratios:
i. If your offspring genotypes include 1 GG, 2 Gg, and 1 gg, the ratio would be: 1 GG : 2 Gg : 1 gg
ii. If your offspring genotypes include 2 GG and 2 Gg, the ratio would be: 2 GG : 2 gg (or 1:1 in the
reduced form) iii. If your offspring genotypes are 4 gg, then the ratio would be written as: 4 gg
b. When you record phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross, there are only two possible
phenotypes – either the dominant phenotype or the recessive phenotype. So you do not need to
indicate the phenotype, simply put the dominant # first, followed by the recessive #:
i. If your offspring phenotypes are 3 dominant and 1 recessive, the ratio is: 3:1 ii. If your offspring
phenotypes are 4 dominant and 0 recessive, the ratio is: 4:0 iii. If your offspring phenotypes are 0
dominant and 4 recessive, the ratio is: 0:4 Table 1:
Scenario # Genotype of
Parent I Genotype of
Parent II Genotypic Ratio of Offspring Phenotypic Ratio of Offspring
1
2
3

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8. Answer the following questions in your notebook.
a. For one of the monohybrid crosses you performed in this Investigation, describe how to use the
phenotype ratios to determine

Nobel Prize for Cell Signaling Pathways Essay
In 2013, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James Rothman, Randy
Schekman, and Thomas Sudhof for their pioneering research in cell signaling pathways. Together,
they were able to solve many questions that we had about how this precise cell–
‐to–
‐ cell regulation
is carried out. With their works, many scientists across the world can apply their discoveries in
various ways.
Due to our profound genomic studies, we have been able to sequence many genomes of various
organisms. With the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are two processes that are involved in the bulk transport of large molecules. After these large
particles are packaged in vesicles, if the molecules are to be secreted from the cell, the transport
vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane in a process called exocytosis. James Rothman discovered
that "this process is done very precisely as specific protein complexes on the transport vesicles and
specific proteins on the plasma membrane bind together to cause this fusion" (1).
When the cell takes in particles from the outside, the cell sinks inward to form a vesicle of materials
from the outside in the same principle that James Rothman identified.
The plasma membrane plays a key role in cell signaling pathways. Local signaling is when local
regulators are secreted from one cell to trigger nearby

Heredity and Hormones Effect on Behavior Essay
Human behavior has been a mystery to scientists and psychologists for years. What causes humans
to act the way they do? Is it learned by experience, or inherited from prior generations? The human
brain is a complex machine driven by numerous intangibles that influence our thinking process
directly and indirectly.
The endocrine system in the human body stores a chemical known as hormones. Hormones are
released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body carrying
messages. A hormonal impulse is similar to a nerve impulse only much slower. The messages
carried by the hormones trigger different behaviors. Hormones can affect behavior in many ways
such as: Mental activity or tiredness, boredom or excitement, sexual ... Show more content on
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Both glands produce two distinct hormones, but produce differing amounts of each hormone.
Masculine hormones such as androgens and testosterone are predominately produced by male testes.
These hormones at high levels can be related to aggressive behavior regardless of sex, but high
levels are most commonly found in males. High levels of feminine hormones or estrogen, most
commonly found in females, have recently been linked to aggressive behavior as well. While high
levels of estrogen in females and high levels of testosterone in males have been linked to aggressive
behavior, normal levels of these hormones have been known to cause aggression as well. Although
these hormones have been related to human behavior, scientists have concluded that these hormones
alone do not dictate behavior (Morris & Maisto, 2005).
Adrenal glands, located near the kidneys, secrete several hormones that are activated by the nervous
system. These hormones dictate the body's reaction to stressful situations. Each person secretes a
different amount of hormones, therefore affecting behavior in stressful situations differently (Morris
& Maisto, 2005).
Behavior is party affected by human hormones present in the body built from genetic traits inherited
from the individual's parents. The genetic makeup of an individual combined with a certain
environment, can affect behavior. Genetics is the science of analyzing traits inherited through
generations. These traits are determined by genes that

Designer Babies: Shopping for your Perfect Child Essay
Designer Babies: Shopping for your perfect child
The birth of a baby. One of the most pure, innocent and natural events in life. The excitement of
gender. Is it a boy? Girl? Does it matter? Most parents will treasure their creation no matter their
appearance or abilities. However for some people, the knowledge that their offspring is a product of
them is not enough. With advances in genetic research, technology is now being developed that
could allow specific genes to be selected to create a child with desired traits. Genetically modified
embryos are being branded "Designer Babies," but are these modifications safe to humanity or are
we tampering with the moral guidelines?
The process of making the "perfect" child involves IVF or in ... Show more content on
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It's not just the child's appearance which is known, the existence of diseases and life threatening
illnesses can be identified and removed before implantation back into the womb. This is greatly
beneficial in eliminating these conditions altogether, as these cause so much trauma for the sufferer
and their family. I have no issue whatsoever with the use of this technology for life saving medical
purposes, as having first hand experience of the devastating effects that illness can have on loved
ones. However on the flip side, I was absolutely shocked to read about a procedure known as
"negative enhancement" which is the deliberate selection of certain conditions and diseases in rare
circumstances where the parents are sufferers and wish their child to get the condition. Advocates of
this argue that this would be beneficial to the child for example if the parents are both deaf they
could have a deaf child who will fit in with their environment. A survey conducted by the Genetics
and Public Policy Centre at Johns Hopkins University found that 3% of PGD or IVF clinics in the
U.S have carried out this procedure although no single clinic could be pinpointed highlighting the
legal grey areas surrounding this.
These legal issues stem from the sensitive nature of the topic. As it stands, any situations
surrounding genetic modification of embryos are dealt with on a case by case basis as those
involved are often going through the emotional

BIC472 Lab Report 2 PCR AGE Essay examples
BIC472 Student Name: Darshan Trivedi
Partner's Name: Manan
Assignment 2
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
Total Marks: 12
1. (2 marks) In this experiment, you have amplified the D1S80 locus by PCR. Explain the
advantages of using this locus to distinguish one person from another. Do you think you could use a
coding gene for the same purpose? Clearly explain your answers.
D1S80 locus is placed on the short arm of the chromosome 1. This locus does not code for the
arrangement for protein, yet it codes for a series of tandem repeats of 16 bp in human. Distinctive
number of this allele has different number of repeats. These quantities of repeats are exceptional to
every human. Primer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sr No.
Distance traveled by fragments in cm
Log molecular weight of each fragment
Molecular weight (bp)
1
11.7
2.7
501 bp
2
11.0
2.75
562 bp
Calculation:
Log molecular weight of the fragment of 1500 bp:=anti
Log (1500) = 3.18
Molecular weight of sample: (Genomic DNA Fragment # 2) = Antilog (2.75) = 562.
Number of repeats on Genomic DNA fragment #1: 113 bp + (n)(16 bp) + 32 bp = fragment size 113
bp + (n)(16 bp) + 32 bp = 501 bp (n)(16 bp) = 501 bp – 32 bp – 113 bp n = (356 bp / 16bp) n =
22.25 = 22 tandem repeats

The number of repeats on Genomic DNA fragment #1 is 22 Number of repeats on Genomic DNA
fragment #2:
113 bp + (n)(16 bp) + 32 bp = fragment size 113 bp + (n)(16 bp) + 32 bp = 562 bp (n)(16 bp) = 562
bp – 32 bp – 113 bp n = (417 bp / 16bp) n = 26.06 = 26 tandem repeats
The number of repeats on Genomic DNA fragment #2 is 26
The number of repeat on Genomic DNA fragment #1 is 22 and on Genomic DNA fragment #2 is 26.
Genomic DNA is heterogenrous because it shows 2 fragments on 2% agarose gel which come from
parents, mom and dad. Moreover, the tandem repeats(n) is within the standard limit (14–41) of
heterogenic DNA. So, the sample is heteregenerous.
3. (2 marks) Ted just finished his PCR experiment and obtained the results in the

Essay about Lab 8, Mitosis and Meiosis
Julie Lake
November 8, 2012
BIO 111, C11– Online
Villalpando, Shawn
Lab 8
Title: Mitosis and Meiosis
Exercise 1: Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells
Questions:
A.) What is the purpose of mitosis?
The purpose of mitosis is to create or produce more cells for a living organism. Mitosis occurs when
genetic substance in the nucleus divides or separates in order to create more cells. Cytokinesis
normally occurs next and the single cell develops into two separate cells. This same process
continues to occur over and over creating more cells for an organism replacing old or dead cells.
B.) What other term is commonly used in place of "mitosis"?
Another commonly used term for "mitosis" is "cell division", because the division of cells is ...
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Observations:
Whitefish Blastula cells:
Onion Root Tip cells:
Exercise 2: Meiosis in Animals
Questions:
A. Which organ, the ovary or the testes, contained the greater number of gametes?
The organ that contained the greater number of gamets is the testes.
B. What may be a reason for this?
The eggs in the ovary are much larger than the sperm in the testes and it takes numerous sperm
trying to get to the egg before one actually does fertilize the egg and most of the sperm die trying.
Observations:
Ovary:
Testis:
Exercise 3: Simulating Meiosis
Questions:

A. What does mitosis accomplish?
The process of mitosis accomplishes replacing old or dying cells in an organism by replicating the
DNA and cell division.
B. When and where does mitosis occur?
Mitosis occurs in eukaryotic cells during the interphase of cell division.
C. What does meiosis accomplish? Meiosis has two consecutive cell divisions that produce a total of
four genetically different daughter cells.
D. When and where does meiosis occur?
Meiosis occurs in the ovaries and testes or reproduction organs during interphase.
E. How do these two processes differ?
Mitosis creates identical cells to replace old or dying cell tissue while Meiosis occurs in the sexual
reproduction organs and creates genetically different cells.
F. How do Prophase in Mitosis and Prophase I in Meiosis differ?
In mitosis chromosomes create two sister

Essay on Genetic Engineering is Unethical
"Just as the success of a corporate body in making money need not set the human condition ahead,
neither does every scientific advance automatically make our lives more meaningful'; (Wald 45).
These words were spoken by a Nobel Prize winning biologist and Harvard professor, George Wald,
in a lecture given in 1976 on the Dangers of Genetic Engineering. This quotation states that
incredible inventions, such as genetic engineering, are not always beneficial to society. Genetic
engineering is "altering the genetic material of cells and/or organisms in order to make them capable
of making new substances or performing new functions'; (Wald 45). It is also one of the top
controversial issues of the 20th century (Epstein 1). Many believe that ... Show more content on
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Such consequences as segregation between altered and unaltered humans, civil war, mistreatment
and disrespect of cloned humans and other severe damages will occur if genetic engineering is
continually approved by science. In order to save society from future destruction, genetic
engineering should be stopped. Clearly, genetic engineering causes unethical occurrences in society
and should cease.
The second reason genetic engineering is unethical and should be stopped is due to the fact that it
involves reconstructing nature, which is not the job of society. Genetic engineering could potentially
breed new animal and plant diseases, new sources of cancer, novel epidemics and other serious
problems in which nature cannot conquer (Epstein 4). Many scientists argue that genetic engineering
has a positive outcome, and occurrences such as diseases or other casualties in nature's balance
should be ignored (Bereano 18). Co–discoverer of the DNA code and Nobel Laureate, Dr. James D.
Watson, has continuously disregarded the risks of genetic engineering (Bereano 19). In 1979, he
wrote the following about possible diseases that might be inadvertently created through genetic
engineering: "I would not spend a penny trying to see if they exist'; (Bereano 19). The above
statement clearly shows that society cannot depend on the "high priests'; of science to make ethical
decisions (Bereano 18). Too much is at stake.

Essay Designing Babies
Designing Babies
Should we be designing babies? Designer babies are people who are genetically modified before
birth, (as an embryo) to change their sex, looks or possibly even personality!
Since the DNA code was cracked a couple of years ago, it has been made possible to change a
human embryo by injecting genes into it. These injected genes can change the sex, looks and
personality of that particular child when he / she is born. For example, you can currently choose the
sex of your child in the USA although it costs a hefty $ 2500.
Are these designer babies improving on nature? Improving on nature is a step forward for the human
race; in a word, evolution. Are we, by designing and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The concept of designer babies has been around for a long time. You only have to look at works of
fiction such as "Brave New World "and "Frankenstein" to see the interest such a topic creates in
people's imagination. Now that this science has become a reality, it is increasingly possible to see
the advantages such a process will have for future generations.
Probably one of the most compelling arguments for the genetic engineering of humans would be the
recent high profile case of the Hashmi family. Nobody following the case could fail to be moved by
the genuine love and concern the Hashmi's have for their dying son Zain.
Without the birth of their designer baby, which by necessity would have a bone marrow match,
Zain's life would be short lived due to his rare genetic blood disorder, Thalassaemia. The Hashmi's
used a relatively new treatment called Pre–implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), to insure that
Zain's brother would have a compatible blood type before he was replaced back into the mothers
uterus using IVF treatment.
Some people think that the Hashmis are putting an unnecessary burden on this child for the rest of
his life, but I am left thinking that the Hashmis will love and care for their new child, as much if not
more than many of their critics love their own children.
This new technology also allows

Human Cloning Essay
Imagine a future where humans are manufactured, a future where humans are created by science, a
future where humans are the new lab specimen. Human cloning is like opening Pandora's Box,
unleashing a torrent of potential evils but at the same time bringing a small seed of hope. No matter
how many potential medical and scientific benefits could be made possible by human cloning, it is
unethical to clone humans. Before the ethics of human cloning can be discussed, the mechanics of
cloning must be understood first. Cloning is the process of making an exact genetic copy of an
organism by a method called nuclear transplantation which is a process of removing a nucleus (the
center of a cell which contains all of the biological information) ... Show more content on
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Human cloning is not always copying and creating a full organism; that is reproductive cloning.
Cloning just an organ or tissue is called therapeutic cloning, and is a technology that is not possible
yet but scientists feel that it is only a matter of time (Tierney). With that technology, many patients
could be cured of previously life–long conditions such as paralysis, chronic heart attacks, and
leukemia. A long–term "disease" such as infertility could be cured as well by creating a clone of the
female and then transplanting that clone's eggs into the female and then the children the couple has
will be their biological children! Even amputees could have limbs regenerated in a lab and
reattached (Smith). These medical advances seem like a cure–all, but they are not possible at the
moment because we do not know enough about the human genome to see which genes code for
certain proteins which shape the function of the cell. With our current technology, we cannot direct a
cell to specialize into a kidney cell to transplant into a patient needing a new kidney. Current
technology doesn't allow for the creation of "spare parts" but it is possible to create fully functional
humans (after many attempts), and then the human that was "created" could then be grown and
disemboweled for "spare parts" (Dudley 30). The idea of creating a "Caliban" or a human
specifically to act

Gattaca Essay
The story of Vincent shows in Gattaca that there is possibility of beating the genetic engineering
system. Vincent is one of the last naturally born babies born into a sterile, genetically enhanced
world, where life expectancy and disease likelihood are ascertained at birth. Myopic and due to die
at 30, he has no chance of a career in a society that now discriminates against your genes, instead of
your gender, race or religion. Vincent an invalid, dreams of working within Gattaca and making it
into space. He combines with Jerome who was disabled in an accident to take his identity and live
his life to enter the Gattaca Corporation. Vincent is selected for his lifelong desire, a manned
mission to Titan.
But did Vincent really beat genetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He gained help from the cleaner which took his cup of water, which was his previous boss when he
was a cleaner at Gattaca.
Constantly passing gene tests by diligently using samples of Jerome's hair, skin, blood and urine, his
now perfect world is thrown into increasing desperation, his dream within reach. The mission
director is killed and he carelessly loses an eyelash at the scene, which puts Vincent/Jerome at the
scene. Certain that they know the murderer's ID, but unable to track down the former Vincent, the
police start to close in, with extra searches, and new gene tests. With the once in a lifetime launch
only days away, Vincent must avoid arousing suspicion, while passing the tests, evading the police,
and not knowing whom he can trust.
But as the film come to an end you could see Vincent's valid perfect world was coming to a discrete
stop by his brother trying to convict him of the fraud at Gattaca. Vincent unwilling tells Anton that it
is to far now and that he has beaten the system to let him fly to space. All of Vincent's and Jerome's
effort and hardship been put into this launch, and he would never let his own brother which was a
genetically engineered male stop his path to his life long dream. Jerome shows how elitist the valid
are and how they look down on

Genetic Engineering And The Future Of The Destruction Of...
Genetic Engineering; Path to the Future of the Destruction of Society?
Being human, it's a natural desire to want other things that people have, whether we like it or not.
We are always comparing ourselves to other people. We are wanting to be taller, have this hair color,
or even want to have better writing skills. When we're born, you can't technically choose what you
will look like or what traits your parents will pass onto you. Advances in biotechnology have
changed the way we see DNA and how we can alter it to the way we want. You can have access to
the way you want to look or have the abilities that you desires. The field of genetic engineering has
grown in such ways where you can take sequences of DNA that control these certain traits and place
them in your sequence, giving you that desired traits. The storyline of any Sci–Fi movie has come to
reality. Genetic engineering is the science that gives us the power to alter the very basics of life, and
even with the issues and possible negative consequence of the research, this technology is
something that we need for our benefit.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering is a very young technology. It is the modification of the traits and
characteristics of an organism by changing the DNA of the organism. DNA is seen as a universal
language because the code means the same thing in all species of animals. So when a trait is taken
from one individual and added to the genome of another individual it has the ability

Film Noir Analysis
With its tone and specific style, Film Noir has become one of the prominent elements that helped
shape the American cinema. Within film noir, drama, romance, thriller, and crime are the main
genres that can be seen in noir films. From all this amalgamation of genres, the topic of whether film
noir is a genre or not does seem interesting, but it is particularly the themes and the style that seems
to generate this conversation. Film noir itself can be seen as more of a film movement than a genre.
Paul Schrader mentions how it presents a "specific period of film history, portraying the world of
dark, slick city streets, crime, and corruption." If this were to be about genres, this description would
generally belong in the crime category. Noir ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These include cars, cafes, offices, and trains, and the films would typically come up with public
places in order to emphasize how crimes can happen to anyone at any time and place. The intro of
Robert Siodmak's 1946 film "The Killers" places two hitmen in a diner with a customer and two
workers, and the intensity ensues right when the hitmen warn them of their violence, until Swede is
killed. In "Detour," the café was presented as a place of reflection for the main character, but "The
Killers" presents it as a more dangerous place. The movie does not start straight from the diner, but
the outdoor area just right outside the diner, and that establishes the tone and the state of that part of
town, with obscure lights, silhouettes of the hitmen, night setting, and fog. Even in such a confined
space like a diner, certain imagery like the hitmen and their guns would elicit feeling of intimidation
and tension from the rest of the characters and also the audience, especially when one of the hitmen
hides behind the window and sticks his gun out, just in case Swede enters. The imagery of places
and characters thus reminds the viewers that the outward appearances are not what they actually
seem, and one would have to look deeply to understand the full

Analysis Of Oleg Cassini 's ' King Of Bridal '
Pamela Ramirez Briggs Fashion and Textiles 15 May 2017 King of Bridal Oleg Cassini was one of
the most influential designers with one of the longest careers in American history. He was born in
Paris on April 11, 1913 to the Count and Countess Cassini, his grandfather being the Peking
Imperial Russian Ambassador. He grew up with his younger brother, Igor Cassini, who turned out to
be very similar in many ways. As a child he spent most of his life traveling from Russia, Denmark,
and Copenhagen due to his father's occupation. When he became a young adult his dream was to
become a soldier or diplomat. He was unable to fulfill his dream when the Russian empire
collapsed, so they moved to Florence where he studied art with a famous painter ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was not until late 1948 when their marriage began to crumble once more due to their youngest
daughter, Christina Cassini, being born on November 19, 1948. In 1950 he knew the marriage would
not last due to the rapidly increasing amount of fame his wife had accumulated in such a short
amount of time. Since his wife was becoming more and more successful, he decided to try out
acting in "Where the Sidewalk Ends", but not much came from it. They finally decided to end their
marriage in 1952 due to the distance and fighting. Although his marriage with Gene was not his first
marriage it definitely was his last, he was shortly married to Merry Fahrney before Gene, not much
about their marriage is known due to its brief existence. Fashion, movie making, and tennis were not
the only activities that interested Cassini. His childhood dream came true during World War ll when
he was drafted as a U.S. Cavalry due to his impressive horse riding skills. After serving in the war
he was sent back home to New York, where he was determined to become more successful than
ever. After his rocky marriage to Gene he decided to give love a second chance with Grace Kelly.
He was not known as much of a ladies man until Grace Kelly ended their engagement to marry to
the Prince of Monaco. After she broke his heart he was seen

Gattaca
Gattaca Questions
Part I (Short Answer)
1) Compare the genetic traits of Vincent and Anton. How are they similar? How are they different?
They are tall, brunette and men. They are different because Jerome does not have a heart condition,
where Vincent does. Also, I noticed that Jerome is right handed, and Vincent is left handed; this
provides symmetry.
2) What does the character "German" do for a living? German's character helps invalids do what
they are told they cannot by finding people with perfect DNA, then sells their genetic codes to lesser
important people in return for a part of their salary trades identities in the black market
3) What is an "in–valid"? An invalid is a genetically–inferior person.
4) List ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think this relates to the swimming scenes between Vincent and Anton because whenever Vincent
and Anton would race in the waters to see who would turn back first, Vincent would always come in
second place (silver medal).
3. What name does Jerome choose for himself? Is there any significance to this name? Jerome wants
to be called by his middle name: Eugene. With research on the internet, I have found that Eugene
comes from the Greek word meaning "well–born", which is a huge symbol in the movie. Also,
"eugenics" is the science of improving the genetic qualities of a species, which is also very
interesting. 4. Do Vincent and Jerome stick to their new names consistently through the film, or are
there moments when they revert to their original names? It is very rare that they use their original
names since Vincent is practically becoming Jerome (taking his identity).
5. As the story unfolds, Jerome's behavior and especially his remarks about himself reveal a great
deal . How would you describe his character? In this movie, the society only valued 'perfect'
individuals, which means they had a bright future according to their DNA. Jerome realized he would
never be seen as 'human' again because he became crippled after trying to commit suicide. In a way
he was broken, and the only valuable thing about him was his genetic code,

Essay about Genetics The Inheritance of Color Blindness...
Virtual Genetics Lab: The Inheritance of Color Blindness Worksheet
Learning Goal: To explore the inheritance pattern of color blindness in humans.
Prerequisite Knowledge: Before beginning this lab, you should be familiar with these concepts: the
definition of sex–linked genes, and examples of sex–linked genes in humans and other organisms
how the inheritance pattern of sex–linked genes differs from that of autosomal genes the use of
Punnett squares to understand patterns of inheritance
Introduction: The gene that codes for red–green color blindness, the most common form of color
blindness in humans, is found on the X chromosome. One in 12 males is color blind. In females,
however, color blindness affects only about 1 in 200. Why is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
4. Click the Reset button at the bottom. Then, choose Color Blindness again and set the parents'
alleles according to the information about Couple 2.
5. Again, set the number of offspring to the maximum of 6. Then, click the Cross button repeatedly
until these parents have produced about 100 F1 offspring.
What percentage of Couple 2's male and female offspring will be color blind?
The percentage of male offspring that will be colorblind is 10%.
The percentage of female offspring that will be colorblind is 0%.
Part C
Couple 3 comes into your office. The husband is color blind; the wife is heterozygous for the color–
blindness allele.
6. Click the Reset button at the bottom. Then, choose Color Blindness again and set the parents'
alleles according to the information about Couple 3.
7. Again, set the number of offspring to the maximum of 6. Then, click the Cross button repeatedly
until these parents have produced about 100 F1 offspring.
What percentage of Couple 3's male and female offspring will be color blind?
The percentage of male offspring that will be colorblind is 22%.
The percentage of female offspring that will be colorblind is 19%.
Part D
Review the results you obtained for the female offspring of the three couples.

Based on your results for the female offspring, predict whether color blindness is a dominant or
recessive trait. Explain your reasoning.
Color blindness in female is a

Brain-Behavior and Nature-Nurture: Two Interacting...
Brain–Behavior and Nature–Nurture: Two Interacting Scientific Debates
Whether there is more behind human behavior than can be explained solely by neural phenomena
has been the subject of much time–worn scientific and philosophical debate. In regards to this
question, two primary classes of alternative explanations come to mind: the human soul and the
environment. The former of these involves a possible internal, individualistic force guiding behavior
beyond the guides provided by the brain; many feel that the topic of the human soul is best left in
the realm of the philosophical. Environmental influences on behavior, however, are quite pertinent
to scientific investigations into the brain/behavior dichotomy. Whether and to what extent ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What exactly do these roughly sixty thousand (there are around 100,000 genes in the human
genome) genes specify? Some encode structural proteins which find their form in macrostructures
such as the hypothalamus or the frontal cortex as well as microstructures such as neurons. Others of
these genes specify functional proteins which comprise the classes of enzymes and hormones so
essential for neural functioning.
That the large majority of an individual's inherited genetic material stipulates pathways for brain
development may not impress the nurturists in this debate. After all, the brain is also the body's
greatest recipient of ATP, oxygen, and many ions; it is simply a demanding organ, and
understandably so, given all that it affords the rest of the body. The relationship between genes and
the brain can be looked at in a different light, however. For not only is sixty percent of the genome
dedicated to the brain, but one hundred percent of the brain was specified by the genome. This point
cannot be stressed enough in the nature–nurture debate, as it has tremendous implications for the
school of thought known as genetic behaviorism. The genetic–behavioral model argues that "genes
are the most important factor affecting both our health and behavior, but that the way in which genes
express themselves is influenced by the conditions in which we live" (4). In a neurobiological sense,
this means that an

Gregor Mendel's Fruit Flies Essay
Gregor Mendel's Fruit Flies
Introduction From simple heredity experiments with garden peas, to cloning sheep, the field of
genetics has come a long way. Now we are closer to mapping out the human genetic map due to
advances in technology, and years and years of research. Perhaps the most influential and
groundbreaking scientist, Gregor Mendel, he was responsible to provide a path to where genetics is
now today with his experiments of garden peas.
In lab, fruit flies were crossed to observe inheritance patterns in their offspring. The motivation for
this was to further understand how genes and characteristics are inherited. To use fruit flies would be
much more effective and easier because of a couple of reasons. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The F1?s were then observed and then crossed to form the F2 generation.
Genetic Hypothesis The F1 generation hypothesis is that with the Line A, B cross, the F1 for our
group will be expected to be heterozygous dominant (VvBb) at both loci. This is because of the
cross of Line A, which was consisting of Males with the genotype of vvBB, and of line B that were
females with the genotype VVbb. As far as the F2 generations go, the phenotypes are expected to
have a 9:3:3:1 ratio. There should be 9 brown, normal fruit flies, and 3 of each the brown, vestigial
fly and the white, long fly. Finally, there is expected to be only one white, vestigial fly that possesses
homozygous recessive alleles in both loci. There is a chance that there may be different outcomes to
the F2 generation due to the possibility that the Line A and the Line B generation were not all
homozygous dominant in wing type for females and eye color in males. Such a genotype in the
males, vvBb, and such in females, Vvbb, may lead to a different ratio in the F2 offspring.
Methods In the lab section, we observed two vials containing the Line A and B species. In order for
us to further examine the flies, we ?knocked out? the flies with a chemical anesthetic known as Fly
Nap. Placing the wand covered in Fly Nap into the vial, we ?knocked out? the flies. We then spilled
the flies onto a piece of paper and examined them under a light microscope. What were examined
were

Essay on Gene Therapy is Revolutionizing Medicine
Gene Therapy is Revolutionizing Medicine
"We used to think that our fate was in our stars, but now we know that, in large measure, our fate is
in our genes, "quotes James Watson. This fate that Watson is talking about is contained in our genes,
and deals with a new technique, gene therapy. Gene therapy is revolutionizing the world of
medicine. Many physicians are predicting that in twenty years gene therapy may change the practice
of medicine from a treatment–based to a prevention–based practice. Our future is l ocked away
inside of our genes. Gene therapy is unlocking these doors. Researchers are starting to move away
from developing new drugs, and towards finding an ultimate solution. That solution is to use gene
therapy as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now a physician can treat the patient wit h a herpes curing drug that will destroy the tumor cells
along with the mouse cells that are producing the herpes enzyme. The other target of some of the
various retroviruses used include: bone marrow, skin, and liver cells. Genetic alteration of bone
marrow cells aims to correct the mutated part of the cell or its progeny. Skin cells work in a different
manner. Geneticists found that these cells synthesize and secrete proteins, but these are then
transported through the blood to be utilized by other cells. Researchers are trying to use skin cells to
synthesize an enzyme that it does not normally make. They then hope that it will take that enzyme to
some other cell. That cell may not be able to make that enzyme, but the skin cell transports an ess
ential enzyme that will help that new cell function properly. Research with liver cells is still in the
beginning stages.
Keys to the Kingdom, Time Magazine
Examples of Gene therapy
This new therapy appears to work quite well in the lab setting, or theoretically in some scientist's
mind, but it still had not been proven in a human subject. The first human to receive gene therapy
treatment wa s a 4 year old girl with severe immune–deficiency disease. This disease is caused by a
faulty gene that fails to produce a vital enzyme. In the therapy procedure, they extracted some of the
girl's white blood cells. Then,

Laura Movie Analysis
In 1944, producer and director Otto Preminger released an 88–minute film noir that would soon give
rise to Hollywood stars such as Dana Andrews and Gene Tierney. This film, known as Laura, quite
subtly discusses a myriad of ideas and 'problems' that the people of the time were still struggling to
deal with, the most important being homosexuality. The film begins with a scene that involves the
two main characters, Mark McPherson and Waldo Lydecker, together in a bathroom with Lydecker
eventually getting stepping of his bathtub, asking McPherson for a robe. McPherson throws
Lydecker his robe, and smirks in the process. The 1944 film noir classic Laura uses Laura Hunt, a
woman that Lydecker is meant to be seen as in love with, as a façade that hides Lydecker's
homosexuality and attraction to the other men in the film.
Laura, a spectacular film noir classic produced and directed by Otto Preminger, tells the story of a
stunning young lady who the audience is led to believe was murdered in the entryway of her lavish
apartment. When the film begins its journey, the audience learns that a woman named Laura Hunt
(Gene Tierney) was shot in the face by an unknown murderer and that a handsome detective by the
name of Mark McPherson (Dana Andrews) has taken over the case and is on the hunt to solve
Laura's death. As the film breezes through, the audience is introduced to several characters who
become increasingly important to the scene. For example, Preminger presents Shelby Carpenter

Your Body is trying to Destroy You! Genetic Mapping Can...
Cancer is probably one of the most dreaded words in the English language. It is a disease where
cells becomes abnormal and start to divide uncontrollably and from tumors. A frightening thing to
consider is that some forms of cancer do not show side effects until the advanced stages. When the
disease is severe, the treatment is also severe and sometimes chemotherapy and radiation do not
work. However, there is hope for a better system of cancer treatment that has shown to have a higher
chance of succeeding provided by genetic mapping. Now, there is an option to have tumors
genetically mapped so that cancer treatments can be more personalized. Also, because of genetic
mapping doctors are making connections and have a greater understanding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This has directly lead to the cost of genome sequencing to sharp decline. Before the project the cost
to map out a human genome was one billion dollars, after the project was completed it had to
decline to ten to 50 million dollars. Now, ten years after the completion of the Human Genome
Project the cost to map out a human genome is only three to five thousand dollars. ("Quantitative
Advances Since the Human Genome Project (HGP)") This number is predicted to keep declining as
well, in part because of company competition and the increase popularity of genetic mapping.
Another reason is because the National Human Genome Research Institute has new goals to expand
the use of genetic mapping which includes finding ways to lower the cost of genome sequencing to
less than a thousand dollars. It would be a huge feat but a goal the Institute could manage to realize
in the next ten years. ("Decade of Genomics NHGRI Celebrates 10th Anniversary")
There was a little unforeseen additional to the National Institutes of Health, which is the Cancer
Genome Atlas. The whole goal of this program is to use genetic mapping to its full potential when it
comes to cancer research, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The National Cancer Institute
parented with the National Human Genome Research Institute, to conduct a wide spread, large scale
genome sequencing on over twenty different types of cancer.

The Pursuit of Genetic Engineering Essay
The Pursuit of Genetic Engineering
Imagine a world where diabetes is effectively treated, where cancer has a cure, and where food is
altered for higher quality and increased production. This "fantasy" world is on the brink of
becoming a reality due to advances in genetic engineering and cloning. These medical innovations
have the potential to revolutionize our lives in numerous ways. However, the fear of controversy and
the fear of the "new" could hinder and possibly halt any progress that we are capable of making.
There are concerns that society should carefully consider. It is important, though, to thoroughly
research and examine a topic in order to understand why there should be no fear caused by cloning
and genetic engineering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Basically, there are two ways to genetically engineer an organism. The genetic material in the
organism is altered, for example, by cutting some out. In other cases, genetic material is taken from
one organism and put into another after being genetically altered (Walker 1). Cloning, on the other
hand, is when an exact copy of something, for example, a cell, is made (Thro 107). Something in the
human body, like a cell, is extracted and then tricked into reproduction, and if the process is
successful, then an exact copy of the extracted cell is made (Fischer 57).
The processes for genetic engineering and cloning are similar but most certainly not the same. To
understand the processes it is necessary to understand the basics of genetics and how the human
body works. To put it simply, cells make up all organisms of life. Cells have many functions: they
extract chemicals from the environment to feed themselves, get rid of their waste, self–replicate, and
grow. These complex functions are what make cells so unique. All cells are the same size, so the
number of cells that are present determines the size of the organism, not the size of the cells (Walker
4). A human's cells are termed "multi–cellular" because many different cells are needed to make up
the human body. Algae, on the other hand, are unicellular because there is only one type of cell
needed to make up the organism (Walker 5–6). Cells are comprised of genes.

Functional Genomic Analysis of C. elegans Using RNA...
Introduction
Before we talk about this important experiment, do you know what a nematode is?
Specifically, this experiment used Caenorhabditis elegans, C. elegans for short. C. elegans is a little
worm (just like the kind you find in the ground), but has a very special place in modern
biochemistry: scientists have mapped its entire genomic sequence.
This sequence lets scientists know the character and location of all C. elegans' genes. However,
biochemists do not yet fully understand what each gene does and the goal of this experiment is to
find the function of each gene within the worm. The connection between a worm's genotype and
phenotype is important, because, believe it or not, human beings and worms share many of the same
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All eukaryotic cells get their genetic information from DNA, which are strands of nucleotides whose
order conveys genetic information to the cell. Structurally, DNA looks like a ladder. A DNA strand
is made up of a sugar–phosphate backbone (similar to the sides of a ladder, alternating sugar and
phosphate) and is connected in the middle with paired purines and pyrimidines (fancy names for
four chemicals that make up the steps of the ladder). Scientists refer to the distinctive shape of DNA
as "a double helix."
DNA replication is necessary for organisms to stay alive and reproduce. When cells replicate, the
DNA must also be copied so the daughter cells contain the genetic information necessary to perform
key chemical reactions. Cells have machinery that read the information in DNA and use these
instructions to make proteins. To make proteins, the DNA must first unwind in order to be "read."
This small section is then replicated to form a single stranded RNA strand. The RNA strand then
forms what is called messenger RNA or simply mRNA. The mRNA is used to make the proteins the
cell needs.
In some viruses, however, the genetic material is double stranded RNA (known as dsRNA), rather
than DNA. These viruses inject their dsRNA into a host's cell. The

Essay about Genetically Engineered Crops
Everyone should stop recycling. Everyone should drive their gasoline cars more, leave the lights on,
let the water run, and go wild with any noxious chemicals, regardless of our aquatic friends.
After all, even with all of these environment preserving activities, we could still greatly damage our
ecosystems. The cause of this is simply because of the technological pollution caused by the use of
genetically engineered crops. These plants are different in that they have had genes inserted into
their genetic code, giving them added traits which are suppose to aid them in producing greater yield
or defending against insects and disease, amongst other benefits. But their benefits are short–
sighted; people around the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the tomato plant and a related inedible plant with nematode resistance were mated
together in the '30s and
'40s to pass along this resistance to the tomato plant. However, even though the mating worked, the
cross–pollination, as Charles
Gasser, an associate professor of molecular and cellular biology at the University of California–
Davis says, "brought with it 50 or
100 other genes" (Phillips, Sect. Overview, par. 33). The concern here is that the extra genes could
have produced side–effects that would have made the plant enedible or worse. Another concern with
selective breeding is the amount of time it would take to produce a variety that would consistently
display the wanted trait. According to agricultural experts, such an endeavor could take up to 10
years (Hosansky, Sect. In The Beginning, par.
4). Genetic engineering helps to solve these issues by allowing scientists to isolate and manipulate
individual genes, which not only prevents other genes from being inserted into future generations,
but allows scientists to directly apply that gene, preventing the wait needed for see if plants have
successfully passed on the correct gene. Working faster to produce designer plants though, much
like driving at high speeds, prevents us from seeing that there are dangers to utilizing this hasty
method.
Thedangers that genetically engineered crops entail

Genetic Engineering Essay
Genetic Engineering of Humans
Human genetic engineering in the world today has become an issue because of its many positive
uses and its probable consequences. There is no denying that it could be incredibly useful for
preventing diseases such as cancer and others before we are even born. But, with this also comes the
ability to give children genes before their born that will give them talent to run faster, jump higher,
use more of their brain that will severly distinguish them from the rest of society. Imagine growing
up and you are the best athlete in your high school, you can out perform anyone you come against.
You are commended on your work ethic but he question that comes up most often is "How do you
do it?" You begin to think ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Essay on the post human condition seems to share these fears. Bill McKibben discusses how
simple changes in the way we live have drastically changed our lives forever. For instance Bill
McKibben explained how divorce has become more common and has ruined the sanctity of
marriage forever. Marriage began as 'until death do us part but that is not the case anymore. People
will bail out a marriage at the first bad sign that shows up but in marriage you were supposed to
work your problems.
There is group from Great Britain called the Human Genetic Alert who is standing up for the same
things that Bill McKibben describes. They believe in all the benefits of genetic engineering but they
think that the commercialization of genetics and the technology has advanced too quickly for us to
consider any ethical or social consequences. There is much research proving, that with some work
we will be able to able to prevent most diseases that have plagued human race for years. Picture a
world where we would not have to worry about cancer or heart disease at all because we would be
have the vulnerability in our system fixed. The HGA is determined to make people aware of what
the problems are. The article posted by the group on their website describes ways that genetic
engineering benefits us through gene therapy, and used as preventative medicine. They

The Threat of Human Cloning Essay
The human genome is constructed of four simple chromosomes, each of which is represented by a
single capital letter; G, A, C, and T. These simple chemicals are the building blocks of life, and act
as the blueprints for one of the most complicated biological structures in the known universe; the
human. Strands of these chromosomes billions of letters long provide a uniqueness that guarantees
individuality in a swiftly growing world. Is not individuality after all one of the most highly
acclaimed American ideals? Does it not compose the backbone of freedom, our country's founding
doctrine? It most assuredly does, and individuality therefore, is one of the most integral parts of
human society. The importance of this ideal dictates that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Cloning cannot be tolerated in society anywhere, not because of the ramifications on the individual
countries and their cultures, but more importantly because of the mental state that a clone would
inevitably have to cope with. The ability to clone humans is in essence the ability to steal a piece of
someone's individuality, which we have already closely associated as being a prime evil. The ancient
philosopher Rene' Descartes stated "That in order to understand the passions of the soul its functions
must be distinguished from those of the body" (Hallman, 40). That is, the soul and body must have
distinctions, and this I agree with for the sake of understanding the mechanics and interactions of the
two. However after this has been established the line must be drawn.
George Johnson, believes that each person, whether they be a clone or not, should understandably
have his own soul created by the composition of previous thoughts and experiences (Nussbaum,
Sunstein 69). The example we are provided with references the unique nature of twins. According to
this reasoning, twins grow up together, composed of the same genetic makeup, but because of
personal experiences result in different persons (69). If this truly is the case then cloning does not
accomplish what it is intended for in the first place. Likewise he argues, clones who share exact
genome matches will also become different people as a

Genetic Engineering Essay
Genetic Engineering
Two years ago, genetically engineered bacteria, which unexpectently killed beneficial soil fungi,
escaped into sewers through human error and have become toxic to plants and survived when
expected not to.3 These are the sorts of consequences that come with playing God. DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) – the chemical compound that makes up the genes and determines the type
of proteins a cell can make – is the core of genetic engineering. It can be manipulated in ways we
could never dream of such as a new species of a catwoman or fishman.
There are so many questions that each person must ask each other before making any sort of
decision that would effect the future of genetic engineering towards humans. The risks of DNA ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reports on genetic engineering show that scientists and reporters rarely reveal the powerful dangers
at present. It just shows that some regulation is desperately needed. Even if it only limits the media
and other publications. People need to know the truth and the whole truth and nothing but the truth,
which includes both sides, good and bad, and in this case, especially the bad.
To many people, it is also a moral or ethical consideration. Many people feel strongly that it is not
for us to decide what each person is going to look and act like. To them, the idea of playing God is
an outrageous sin. If we look at this picture and understand the concept behind "The Angel weaving
our genes to create us",2 we see the importance of listening to other people and their beliefs. When
there are stands against genetic engineering from these people we must listen to them also and not
cast them away as just religious fanatics or bible bashers.
Not only does gene shopping create a greater similarity among people, but it leaves the door open
for total annihilation of the species. When there are a great load of people with similar make–ups,
the threat of disease increases. If one person gets a disease, all those similar to him/her will be
vulnerable to the disease as well. Immune systems are not able to combat the viruses and bacteria
because there is no variety.
DNA strands are just too delicate and complex. The idea of that we can fully

The Negative Impact of Genetic Testing Essay
Although genetic testing can benefit society in numerous ways, such as the diagnosis of
vulnerabilities to inherited diseases and ancestry verification, it also has the precarious capability to
become a tool in selecting a more favorable genetic makeup of an individuals and ultimately cloning
humans. Genetic testing will depreciate our quality of life and may result in discrimination, invasion
of privacy, and harmful gene therapy.
In 1993 a pamphlet by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute was released heralding Gene
Therapy. Although gene testing had been around and used for various procedures and
breakthroughs, gene therapy had the potential to change the face of research, as we knew it. Medical
scientists had finally found a way to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only about one percent of her T cells incorporated the virus into their DNA.
In another case, an 18–year–old Arizona man with a rare metabolic disease participated in a
controversial experiment which marked the first death attributed to gene therapy. Jesse Gelsinger, a
high school graduate who episodically suffered from a serious genetic disorder that often leads to
coma and death in childhood, died Sept. 17, 1999 after undergoing an experimental therapy
administered at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Thousands of U.S. patients have
been treated with various kinds of gene therapy, an experimental technique in which doctors use live
viruses and other means to transport potentially therapeutic genes into the body just as Gelsinger
was.
Gelsinger suffered from Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, a genetic disorder that
affects mostly boys. The disease blocks the body's ability to break down ammonia, a normal
byproduct of metabolism, and often causes death soon after birth. As a result the FDA initiated
proceeding that could have prevented the University of Pennsylvania gene therapy researcher, James
Wilson, from testing experimental drugs or products on human subjects in this country. He
repeatedly or deliberately violated regulations governing the proper conduct of clinical studies.
How many people can say that they would want someone they trusted to perform a procedure that
ultimately takes the research into his or her own

Human Blueprint: Thoughts on Genetic Modification Essay...
Humans have strived for improvement in every facet of their lives, all the way from technology
down to their diet. In this current day and age, humans are now capable of gene manipulation in
their children, meaning mankind is taking a great step in familial modification. Yet even with our
advancements in the medical field, we still fall to the ills of cancer, Alzheimer's, or anything else on
the laundry list of genetic disorders. With such opportunity to better improve our children, what
mother or father would not wish to "give their child the best chance of living a happy and successful
life?" (Fox, D. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 567) The first thing we can do with genetic
modification is remove the genes that, when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By choosing genetic combinations expressing a mixture of overall better health, children of the
future will grow up to be happy and healthy. Such blueprints can then be passed on to their children,
who will continue the process. Parents can rest assured their child will come into the world without
any surprises such as red hair in a brown haired family, or an extra pair of toes. For those who
believe such a program is unattainable due to financial reasons should consider the program to be
run by a government organization through the state or federal government. Such polarization of our
biological makeup has no physical prrof that it could create a sect between the enhanced and non–
enhanced (Fox, D. American Journal of Law and Medicine, 572). In fact, such a breakthrough in
modern science would also be advocated alongside planned pregnancy, allowing doctors to
recommend and support families seeking to improve their future children. These parents to be are
left with "the genetic constitution of the offspring for themselves," (Fox, D. American Journal of
Law and Medicine, 569). With the benefits offered with such modification of DNA, our future
children will pass on their desired genetic traits to their offspring, allowing for greater adult
longevity. With the more positive genetic traits being expressed, fewer people will fall to natural
causes such as heart attacks

The Future of Human Evolution
The Future of Human Evolution
Alexander R.
Prof. Kohn
Darwinism and Evolution
12–6–96
Evolution, the science of how populations of living organisms change over time in response to their
environment, is the central unifying theme in biology today. Evolution was first explored in its
semi–modern form in Charles Darwin 's
1859 book, Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection. In this book, Darwin laid out a strong
argument for evolution. He postulated that all species have a common ancestor from which they are
descended. As populations of species moved into new habitats and new parts of the world, they
faced different environmental conditions. Over time, these populations accumulated modifications,
or adaptations, that allowed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first step in understand evolution in present terms is to mention genetic engineering (including
genetic drift). The first step to understanding genetic engineering, and embracing its possibilities for
society, is to obtain a rough knowledge base of its history and method. The basis for altering the
evolutionary process is dependent on the understanding of how individuals pass on characteristics to
their offspring. Genetics achieved its first foothold on the secrets of nature's evolutionary process
when an Austrian monk named Gregor
Mendel developed the first "laws of heredity." Using these laws, scientists studied the characteristics
of organisms for most of the next one hundred years following Mendel's discovery. These early
studies concluded that each organism has two sets of character determinants, or genes (Stableford
16). For instance, in regards to eye color, a child could receive one set of genes from his father that
were encoded one blue, and the other brown. The same child could al so receive two brown genes
from his mother. The conclusion for this inheritance would be the child has a three in four chance of
having brown eyes, and a one in three chance of having blue eyes (Stableford 16). Genes are
transmitted through chromosomes which reside in the nucleus of every living organism's cells. Each
chromosome is made up of fine strands of deoxyribonucleic acids, or DNA. The information carried

Essay on Sordaria Lab Report
Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in Sordaria 979554296 Biology 110 Lab Introduction: In Israel there
exists multiple spots in the mountains called Evolution Canyons, which are all located between a
southern facing slope (SFS) and a northern facing slope (NFS). What's particularly interesting about
these locations is that despite the two slopes being on opposite sides of a small canyon, they exhibit
extremely contrasting conditions. The SFS receives multiple times the UV radiation from the sun
that the NFS receives, has fluctuating weather, and is generally an arid and less hospitable region
compared to the temperate, stable environment of the NFS. Scientists collected wild type Sordaria
fimicola inhabiting both slopes and discovered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There should be an observable line of black dots, the mature perithecia, growing along the dividing
lines that separate the four quadrants. Next, open the plate and using an inoculating loop, scrape
some of the perithecia from the middle of one of the four dividing lines before depositing the sample
onto a microscope slide. Use a squirt bottle of water to place a drop of water on top of the sample
before covering it with a cover slip. Using a pencil eraser or your finger, apply slight pressure to the
sample to release the asci from the perithecia without releasing the individual spores and slide
around the cover slip to spread out the asci. Place the slide under a compound light microscope and
observe the sample at 100X magnification in order to find the asci, before increasing the
magnification to 400X for a clearer view. to Draw a sketch of the perithecium squash and asci in the
results section. The final step of the experiment involves scoring (counting) ~10 clearly visible asci
and recording how many of each of the three possible patterns of asci (4:4 (no recombination),
2:4:2, 2:2:2:2 (crossing over did occur)) there were in Table 1 of the results section. Following
scoring one's individual sample, clean up the inoculating loop, microscope slide, and cover slip, and
put away the microscope. Collaborate with another person or group and combine individual data in

DNA Essay example
DNA is a term that has been used in science as well as in many parts of daily life. The general public
knows that DNA is a part of our bodies but they may wonder what exactly is DNA? DNA is a term
used for deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the genetic material of all organisms, it is the molecule of
life and it determines all of our physical characteristics. DNA is present in every single form of life.
More than 50 years after the science of genetics was established and the patterns of inheritance were
clarified, the largest questions remained unanswered: How are the chromosomes and their genes
copied exactly from cell to cell, and how do they direct the structure and behavior of living things?
Two American geneticists, George ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"To make a new, identical copy of the DNA molecule, the two strands unwind and separate at the
bases which are weakly bound; with more nucleotides available in the cell, new complementary
bases can link with each separated strand, and two double helixes result." (Caldwell) Since the
"backbone" of every chromosome is a single long, double–stranded molecule of DNA, the
production of two identical double helixes will result in the production of two identical
chromosomes.
The DNA backbone is actually longer than the chromosome but is tightly coiled up within it. This
packing is now known to be based on minute particles of protein known as nucleosomes, that can
only be seen under the most powerful electron microscope. The DNA is wound around each
nucleosome to form a beaded structure.
The structure is then further folded so that the beads associate in regular coils. Thus, the DNA has a
"coiled–coil" configuration.
After the discoveries of Watson and Crick, the question that remained was how the DNA directs the
formation of proteins, compounds central to all the processes of life. Proteins are not only the major
components of most cell structures, they also control virtually all the chemical reactions that occur
in living matter. The ability of a protein to act as part of a structure, or as an enzyme affecting the
rate of a particular chemical reaction, depends on its molecular shape. This shape, in turn,

Genetically Vigorous Populations Essay
Genetically Vigorous Populations Paper
Megan Lade
University of Phoenix (Online Campus)
Niladri Sarker
Introduction into Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity provides a species with its form and function. A species genotype refers to their
genetic code; what their cells are going to be used for – hair cell, eye cell, muscle cell, etc. A species
phonotype refers to the way in which that species gene will be expressed – blonde hair, blue eyes,
large muscle tone; which significantly impacts the success of that individuals genes. Without genetic
diversity among populations the gene pools would be very limited, which gives way to a rise in
mutations and inevitably the end of a species. "Genes regulate body size, shape, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"As biological novelties to the ecosystems, GM crops may potentially affect the fitness of other
species, population dynamics, ecological roles, and interactions, promoting local extinctions,
population explosions, and changes in community structure and function inside and outside agro–
ecosystems" (Gertsberg, 2011).
Population Management Population management is dependent upon the carrying capacity of a
population. The carrying capacity of a population is described as the maximum population size of a
species that the environment can sustain given all necessary items such as food, water and habitat
are available. Genetic diversity is a key value when discussing population management as the more
diverse a population is, the more resistant that species will be to environmental changes and disease.
Over population, exceeding that population's carrying capacity can cause starvation, loss of habitat
and death. Controlling food sources and other natural resources can help control a population's
numbers; which further increases the opportunity for genetic diversity among healthy species.
Another way to control invasive species, mostly plant species, is via controlled fires; alternatively
the reintroduction of natural predators also controls populations. As with everything in life, we can
have 'too much' – finding the happy medium in the points above is key to successful population
management. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission has a very detailed population

An Exploration of Genes and Inheritance Essay
An Exploration of Genes and Inheritance
One of the first questions people ask when someone in their family is diagnosed with diabetes is
whether or not their other family members will get diabetes. So it's no surprise that research into the
question of inheritance was among the earliest aspects of diabetes to be funded by Diabets UK back
in the early 1950s. Genes can be described as the set of biological instructions we inherit from our
parents. These instructions will determine how our bodies look and work and how they react to the
environment. Since the 1950s, our understanding of the role played by inheritance in chronic
conditions such as diabetes has been radically transformed by the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To make proteins, parts of the DNA double helix unzip, leaving the chemical bases along the helix
unpaired. These single bases then pair up with other chemical bases within the cell to produce new
versions of the DNA, called RNA. This RNA can travel out of the nucleus and into the main body of
the cell, where it organises amino acids into the correct order to produce particular proteins. This is
the process underlying the way we grow, and the way our bodies respond to the world around us –
how we digest food, how we produce energy and so on.
The benefit of genetic research
New technology has sped up the search for new genes enormously. Even so, checking each possible
gene region takes several months. The process is painstaking and the possibility of gene therapy –
the 'holy grail' of genetic research, by which defective genes might eventually be corrected – still
lies some way in the future. In the meantime, exploring the genetic causes of diabetes is increasing
our understanding of how the condition arises and opens up new avenues of research to possible
therapies. Diabetes UK is also funding research investigating possible links between genes and
susceptibility to diabetic complications. For some, genetic research into diabetes has already had
important consequences for their diabetes. The discovery of the genes for the rare 'monogenic'

Genes and Their Control Over Humans Essay
Genes and Their Control Over Humans
' They (genes) are in you and me; they created us, body and mind'
This statement by Richard Dawkins poses the question of how much and in what way our genes
control us, whether they are responsible for our hereditary features only, or for all behavior and
environmental aspects of our persona.
A reductionist view implies that only specific tasks are carried out by the genes.We know that most
genes synthesize for proteins, these being chains of sub units, or amino acids (a.a) which in turn
form the bases of RNA ( ribonucleic acid) to determine the sequence of the a.a by means of the
genetic code. This process dictates whether the protein made will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was at this point that Gregor Mendel's work, on the theory of heredity, was revived. This formed
the basis of all future genetic studies.
Mendel had suggested that an individual's characteristics were determined by inherited factors. This
finding was proved to be correct when later microscopes were able to show proof that these factors,
known now alleles, could be related to the actions of the chromosomes, the carriers of genes, during
meiosis.
Thus, the theory that genes were the basis of all biological characteristics of inheritance became
accepted.
Both Mendel and Darwin have presented their theories from a reductionist viewpoint. Dawkins
statement from 'The Selfish Gene' would appear to give an holistic viewpoint by including the
psychological, as well as biological, aspect of gene control.
2
To decide whether this is the viewpoint being put forward it is necessary to investigate known
causes of gene manipulation. This would encompass every factor of nature and nurture, from genetic
inheritance; be it eye or hair colour, or diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington's chorea or
haemophilia. Cystic fibrosis is an example of an autosomal recessive alteration within a single gene,

this gene has been identified as lying on chromosome number 7. Huntington's chorea meanwhile,
although again arising from an

Essay on Organism Physiology
Organism Physiology
The course in which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed from earlier
forms during the history of the earth is defined as Evolution. Many time organisms evolve due to
environmental changes. To better understand evolution this paper will review a diagram of an
organism and explain how the organism has evolved physiologically to become suited to fit its
environment.
Organism
To understand the evolution of an organism it is important to understand facts about the organism.
The diagram illustrated below is a jellyfish. Jellyfish are located in the Artic Sea, the North Atlantic
and Northern Pacific Ocean. Jellyfish can grow as large as 120 feet long. Some jellyfish has
immortal properties and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This makes them rather inedible; however many creature do pray on them.
Jellyfish do not have specialized osmoregulatory, respiratory, digestive or circulatory systems. They
digest using the gastrovascular cavity; this is where nutrients are absorbed. Since their skin is thin
the body is oxygenated by diffusion and eliminates the need for a respiratory system. Since Jellyfish
are made of 90% water; most of their umbrella mass is gelatinous material. This jelly type material
is called mesoglea; which is surrounded by two lawyers of epithelial calls. This forms the
exumbrella, top surface, and the subunbrella, bottom surface, of the body. The jellyfish do not have
brains but instead they are made up of a network of loose nerves known as nerve net. The nerve net
is located in the epidermis. Jellyfish detect their stimuli by this nerve net. Once detected the nerve
net sends impulses throughout both the nerve net and throughout the circular nerve ring located at
the rim of the jellyfish's body.
Physiological Evolution of Jellyfish One way scientist can determine the evolution of an animal is
by studying the fossils of that particular animal. By studying these fossils they can determine the
changes over that particular time period. Since the jellyfish are such unique animal's scientist have
very little information pertaining to their evolution. This is in part because of the limited amount of
jellyfish fossils that are

Genetic Information vs Privacy Essay
The genetic technology revolution has proved to be both a blessing and a blight. The Human
Genome Project is aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire human genome. DNA chips are
loaded with information about human genes. The chip reveals specific information about the
individuals' health and genetic makeup (Richmond & Germov 2009).The technology has been
described as a milestone by many in that it facilitates research, screening, and treatment of genetic
conditions. However, there have been fears that the technology permits a reduction in privacy when
the information is disclosed. Many argue that genetic information can also be used unfairly to
discriminate against or stigmatize individuals (Willis 2009).
Doctors, hospitals and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But when those involved in these legitimate activities make demands that seem inappropriate, the
records must be protected. Disclosure of personal medical information should also be subject to
patients' or families' consent (Richmond et al. 2009).
Although the gene chip will enable an individual to know whether he/she has a genetic disease, that
person may not want to know the information. Many people are frightened that a positive finding on
a genetic test will result in discrimination and ostracism because the society will consider them
abnormal (Easthope 2005). The other concern is that with genetic test information one might lose or
might be unable to get a job or insurance. There have been concerns that with the knowledge of
one's medical information after a gene test, he/she might suffer a psychological problem especially
when the results reveal that one suffers from a terminal disease or has high possibility of suffering
from one (Willis 2009).
The testing is not a bad idea as such but it should not be done to children. This regards to personal
autonomy where it would be better if the testing is delayed until an individual is old enough to make
his or her own decision about the test. A person's genetic information should be private and
counselling should be done to elucidate the basis for and consequences of the test in question.
Individuals should be allowed to choose when and which

Explaining Diversity Essay

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