Hif-1 Lab Report

Hif-1 Lab Report
Through this experiment we have successfully cloned and expressed Crassostrea virginica homolog
of hypoxia inducible factor–1. This transcription factor, Hif–1, has many unknown possible cellular
signaling pathways. One possible pathway interaction is between Hif–1 and its role in apoptosis and
cell cycle control, since one of the effect of hypoxia is cell death. In the apoptosis pathway, the
tumor suppressor protein, p53, is inhibited via Mdm2. This pathway has not been fully determined
yet in the eastern oyster, thus it is speculated that Hif–1α and p53 could interact directly or
indirectly via Mdm2 (Schmid, 2004). Hif–1 and its control of cell cycle arrest can be evaluated
using protein–protein interactions. In order to determine the actual pathway, the possible interaction
of Hif–1 and Mdm2 can be tested for this indirect control of apoptosis. ... Show more content on
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An antibody will be made for the GST–oyster Hif fusion protein. Thus, the beads coated with the
immobilized antibody, will be used to bind the bait, GST–Crassostrea virginica Hif–1 fusion protein
with the possible prey protein Mdm2. A negative control for the immunoprecipitation technique
would use an aliquot of the synthesized GST–Crassostrea virginica Hif–1 fusion protein without the
additive of cell lysate to ensure that the antibody is binding to the protein in the affinity column
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Role Of Nkt Organs In NKT Cells
NKT TCRs are traditionally categorized into two distinct populations based on the TCR gene usage
and antigen specificity, namely the invariant/type I NKT TCRs and diverse/type II NKT TCRs
(Godfrey et al., 2004b). For the past two decades, much of the work in the field of NKT biology
focused on the type I NKT cells largely due to their ability to recognize α–GalCer loaded CD1d
tetramers (Benlagha et al., 2000). While CD1d–α–GalCer tetramers still remain as a major tool to
characterize NKT cells, type II NKT cells do not recognize α–GalCer and as a result, their role in
cellular immunity remain largely unknown. Interestingly, type I and type II NKT TCRs function as
two discrete populations where not only do these cells recognize a different ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Notwithstanding the concern, Jα18−/−mice has practically still remained as a primary tool for
understanding the functional relevance of type II NKT cells.
Recent work by Tatituri et al. (2013) have identified several type II NKT cell reactive phospholipids
from the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum, thereby
provided a direct evidence for the role of type II NKT cells in microbial infections. These lipids
were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol and
exhibited reactivity for a range of type II NKT cell hybridomas (Tatituri et al., 2013). Similarly,
Wolf et al. (2015) have described the reactivity of type II NKT cell hybridomas for
phosphatidylglycerol derived from the cell wall of Listeria monocytogenes (Wolf et al., 2015).
While these studies clearly underlined the immunogenicity of type II NKT cells for microbial
antigens, the selectivity and specificity of these lipids remained doubtful largely due to their
abundance in mammalian counterpart (Cox et al., 2009; Gumperz et al., 2000).
NKT cells also exhibit reactivity for a range of α– and β–linked glycolipids when presented by
CD1d (Godfrey et al., 2010; Venkataswamy and Porcelli, 2010). The α–glycosidic linkage that
defines α–GalCer and several

Epigenetics: A Comparative Analysis Of Cell Structure And...
All cells in the body contain the same DNA sequence. Although all cells contain an identical DNA
sequence, they all have different cell structures and functions. Each structure and function of the cell
differs because the cell has specific use for or will only express certain genes. Genes in DNA are
expressed when they are read and transcribed into RNA which then gets translated into proteins by
ribosome structures. Proteins are used to determine a cells characteristics and functions. Inside of
each cell the DNA as well as histones can be tagged by tiny chemicals that modify gene expression.
These chemical tags have the responsibility that causes genes to be turned on or turned off. This
causes genes to be expressed or silenced. The epigenome is a wrapped up package of DNA. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When chemical tags are labeled the modifications are called epigenetic modification. These can be
classified as modifications that take place on or above the genes. Epigenetic modification permits
lasting changes in gene expression. Epigenetics studies the changes in gene expression or
development caused by mechanisms other than changes in the primary DNA sequence. Epigenetics
demonstrates how DNA interacts with the multitude of smaller molecules found within cells which
can activate and deactivate cells. Epigenetics can be highly based off of nature versus nurture.
Epigenetic changes are a part of normal development. As genes are activated some are

The Herpes Simplex Virus
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a virus that affects many people in the world. This paper will discuss
the history, taxonomy, structure, and replication of the virus. The common symptoms, treatments,
and vaccinations will also be discussed.
The herpes simplex virus was first mentioned as far back as 400 BC. Hippocrates wrote about
symptoms of lesions. He used the word "heparin" which means to creep or to crawl. Between 14AD
and 37AD Emperor Tiberius banned kissing from public festivals and ceremonies because he
understood that the disease was passed from person to person. In 1893 Emile Vidal proved that the
herpes simplex virus is transmitted from person to person. The virus was first isolated in 1925 by
Frederic Parker and Robert N. Nye by growing the virus in vive using rabbit's testis cells. The
Herpes simplex virus is commonly known as just herpes.
HSV is part of the family herpetoviridae and the genus simplexvirus. There are two strains of this
virus: HSV1 known as the oral infection and HSV2 known as the genital infection. The structure of
the virus is an enveloped, icosahedral capsid, and single linear double–stranded DNA. The capsid
contains dsDNA, α and β proteins. The α proteins regulate the reproductive cycle and block the
presentation of antigenic peptides on the host membrane. The β proteins are in charge of the viral
nucleic acid metabolism and capsid proteins. The glycoprotein spikes are gB, gC, and gD. There are
many modes of transmission of the virus like

Factors Affecting A Decrease in Battery Life
It is difficult to compare accurately burn times/lighting durations between different manufactures
hands–free lighting products since each manufacturer's reference figures that show their product
offering to have an advantage over competitive products. Some manufacturers state statistics of burn
time calculated to times long after the emitted light output is useful (down to the last photon). Petzl
clearly states it operates a policy whereby it ceases to consider a light effective when the lighting
level (for standard hands–free lighting) decreases below 0.25 lux at a distance of 2 metres. This
figure is selected as an approximate equivalence to the lux value generated on a dark night by a full
moon. They consider this light output the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Temperature of operation is a major factor that determines the possible burn time of a headtorch. All
batteries depend on an electrochemical process whether charging or discharging and these chemical
reactions are dependent on temperature. Nominal battery performance is usually specified for
temperatures between 20°C and 30°C (Petzl test at 20°C) however performance can deviate
substantially if not within this temperature range. As the ambient temperature rises, electron
mobility increases thus increasing the batteries ability to deliver current values. This effect can be
amplified by relative humidity surrounding the battery, which amplifies high temperature values. As
temperature falls, so does the batteries ability to deliver current. At the upper end of the temperature
range, the high temperatures may also initiate irreversible chemical reactions and electrolyte
reduction, which can cause permanent damage or complete failure of the battery. At the lower end of
the scale the electrolyte may freeze, although above the freezing point the chemical reaction may
still be significantly slowed. The range of temperatures in which hands–free lighting devices are
used, fluctuations will likely occur, however to what extent will depend on the user. Primary lithium
batteries are very effective at maintaining effective operation at lower temperatures.
How long since the battery was manufactured or recharged will influence

Golgi Research Paper
The nucleus contains chromosomes in which the DNA encodes proteins. The mRNA molecules
transcribed from the DNA leave through the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope to attach to free
ribosomes or ribosomes on the rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER). mRNA molecules try to bind
to ribosomes as they contain ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcribed from DNA in the nucleolus. The
attachment of mRNA allows protein synthesis to occur at the ribosome, producing proteins in their
primary structure. These polypeptide chains then travel through the rER where they are packaged
and pinched off into little vesicles and carried to the Golgi complex. They are then chemically
modified and folded into newly synthesised proteins which can then leave the cell (exocytosis)
through secretory vesicles produced at the Golgi complex.
1. Nucleus
2. Nuclear pore
3. rER
4. Vesicle
5. Golgi complex
6. Secretory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phospholipids
Phospholipids form the basis of the plasma membrane structure. As a main component of the
membrane they form bilayers with two layers of phospholipid molecules facing inwards, opposite
one another. They are arranged in this manner as the phosphate heads are hydrophilic meaning they
are attracted to water. They can therefore interact with water in the cytoplasm and with water
surrounding the cell. The hydrophobic tails of the two phospholipid layers therefore point inwards
towards each other as they repel water. The lipid component of the bilayer allows lipid–soluble
molecules across the membrane.
Proteins
Proteins are scattered throughout the bilayer and are imbedded in two ways.
Intrinsic proteins are generally classified as the larger proteins within the bilayer and are extended
across both layers of the membrane. Some of these are carrier proteins transporting water–soluble
substances across and others are channels which allow the transport of

Ammk1 Week 1 Lab Report
Mercado, Josh 010545221
CHEM 541 T/TH 3:30 –4:45 PM
Article 1 Summary
Purpose
The purpose of the study done in the article was to develop a better understanding of the
phosphorylation of ULK1by AMPK, and how this activity connects intracellular energy availability
to mitochondrial homeostasis, as well as cell survival.
Methods
After searching protein databases, ULK1 was determined to have the motif that best matched the
optimal substrate motif for AMPK – due to the presence of four highly conserved phosphorylation
sites (Ser 467, Ser 555, Thr 574, and Ser 637). Once that was done, a multitude of methods were
performed in order to fully understand how ULK1 phosphorylation by AMPK is related to
mitochondrial homeostasis and cell survival when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immunoblots and immunohistochemical analyses were done for AMPK deficiencies as well. Also,
based on the given p62 accumulation – as well as the fact that mice hepatocytes (such as their liver
cells) undergo mitophagy upon culturing – AMPK/ULK1 deficiency was examined in order to see if
such deficiency could result in mitochondrial defects. Transmission electron microscopy was used
for further analysis of ULK1 and AMPK in hepatocytes. Since AMPK sites in ULK1 are conserved,
the group also examined if the two proteins work together in autophagy conservation in C. elegans
using reporter assay and histogram plots.
To understand the AMPK dependence of ULK1, different cultures human osteosarcoma U2OS cells
were introduced to only one of the following: the AMPK nonphosphorylatable (4SA)ULK1 cDNA ,
wild type AMPK and ULK1, or catalytically inactive (KI) ULK1 and AMPK. The endogenous
ULK1 and 2 were also reduced with lentiviral short hairpin RNAs. ULK1 MEFs that were knocked
down for endogenous ULK2 was also reconstituted with wild type, KI (catalytically inactive), or
4SA ULK1 cDNAs. They were also examined for the extent of autophagy after the cells were
starved. The group then studied the effects of the 4SA mutant on mitochondrial stability

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Acetaminophene
Acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drugs
worldwide and easily available for use without a prescription. In 2014, over 67,000 people receive
an overdose of APAP in the US, among which around 1,200 cases ended with severe liver failure or
death [1].
Over the past two decades, considerable effort has been made to understand the mechanisms of
APAP hepatotoxicity. Although the complex molecular mechanisms remain speculative, several
theories have been proposed to explain APAP–induced hepatotoxicity. During metabolism, around
5–10% APAP is biotransformed into a highly reactive metabolite, N–acetyl–p–benzoquinone imine
(NAPQI), by several cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) [2]. Normally, hepatic glutathione ... Show
Among these cell lines, human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2), an easy–to–handle and inexpensive
cell model, is one of most frequently used cell lines in hepatotoxicity studies. HepG2 cells, which
are isolated from a hepatoblastoma, exhibit many genotypic characteristics that are crucial for
toxicity responses [11, 12]. Indeed, these cells express a low level of CYP2E1, but the expression of
other CYPs playing essential roles in APAP metabolism (such as CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4)
are comparable with other more metabolic competent human hepatic models, such as HepaRG and
primary human hepatocytes (PHH) [13]. CYP2E1, exclusively located in the endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) as well as mitochondria, is an effective ROS generator in cells during catalyzing APAP
metabolism to NAPQI [14, 15]. Therefore, HepG2 cells, which has a minimal level of CYP2E1–
induced ROS formation, could be a useful model to study the contribution of non–CYP2E1–
mediated mitochondrial–specific oxidative stress in APAP–induced hepatic injury. In fact, the
CYP2E1 expression and enzyme activity vary substantially in both non–compound–exposed and
compound–exposed liver slices obtained from human donors [16, 17]. Moreover, genetic variation
of CYP2E1 (CYP2E1*5, *1B and *1D), which have been associated with

How The Cells Are The Way Of Life?
Everyone should already know that cells are the way of life! But the real question is, what keeps
those cells going? The cell has many different organelles such as the cell membrane, cell wall,
chlorophyll, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, microtubules, mitochondria,
nucleolus, nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER), smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (smooth ER), and the vacuole (Alberts, B. 2014). Out of all the organelles listed above,
there are four that are involved with making up proteins–the nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, and the
golgi apparatus (Alberts, B. 2014). Proteins are very critical to cells, because they happen to be
assembled by proteins, which in turn becomes major jobs that it does for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2014). Ultimately, a protein can take on the tertiary structure which is a combination of all the
secondary structures (Alberts, B. 2014). Furthermore, most proteins take on the quaternary structure
which consist of two or more polypeptide chains that form a protein complex of a honomer or
heteromer (Alberts, B. 2014). The selective protein that will be discussed is ferredoxin– NADP
reductase. Ferredoxin provides regulation by diminishing substitutes between ferredoxin and NADP
in the photosynthetic electron transport chains of the Calvin Cycle in the individual cell and
organism that it is present in (Alcantara–Sanchez, F., L. Leyva–Castillo, A. Chagolla–Lopez, L.
Gonzalez de la Vara, and C. Gomez–Lojero. 2017). Ferredoxin NADP reductase is structural and an
enzyme. It is not in all organism and cells. However, it is in the organisms of plants, bacteria and in
the eukaryotes mitochondria (Ferredoxin–NADP( ) reductase. 2017). The structure for ferredoxin
NADP reductase has been determined in the Protein Data Bank. It has a variety of information
available about ferredoxin NADP reductase. Information from the structure summary and the 3D
view ferredoxin NADP reductase has the primary structure, which consists of its amino acid
sequence, shown in figure 2 (Shinohara, F., G. Kurisu, G. Hanke, C. Bowsher, T. Hase, and Y.
Kimata–Ariga). It has a secondary

wingwangs
Indicate whether each of the following statements about triglycerides is true or false.
Indicate whether each of the following statements about triglycerides is true or false.
1. A triacylglycerol is composed of 3 glycerol molecules joined to a fatty acid.
2. The hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids vary in length as well as in the number and location of
double bonds between the carbon atoms.
3. Fatty acids with one double bond in their hydrocarbon chain are called monounsaturated, while
those with more than one double bond are called polyunsaturated.
4. Additional hydrogen atoms can be added to saturated fats, a process called hydrogenation.
5. When unsaturated fats are partially hydrogenated industrially, this can produce trans fats ... Show
tract to break it down)
Nucleic Acids
–Nucleic acids = nucleotide polymers
Two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
RNA = protein worker (intermediaries), proteome (link b/w DNA and proteins)
DNA = genetic info (intstruction), genome
Nucleotides: 3 things required
–sugar = Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose (DNA)
–phosphate group
–nitrogenous bases –A, G C, T (DNA)
Phosphodiester bonds– joins nucleotides in nucleic acids
DNA has a double strand of nucleotides, held together by hydrogen bonds
RNA has a single strand of nucleotides
Proteins:
Functions:
–enzymesbiological catalysts –transporthemoglobin (transports O2 and CO2 through blood) –
support structuremuscles –motion –regulation of gene transcription, hormones etc.
Amino Acids:
Contain:
–(–NH2)/ amino acid end
–(–COOH)/carboxyl end

–a central carbon
–side

What Is Cellular Autophagy?
What is cellular autophagy? That is a question with a complex and not yet fully understood answer.
The word autophagy is derived from the Greek words auto– and phagy– meaning self–eating. So
cellular autophagy is a cell eating itself, also known as Autophagocytosis. Autophagy is a normal
physiological process in which cells destroy organelles that are dysfunctional or no longer useful.
This paper will cover the processes of autophagy, the function it has in the cell, the significance the
process has to cellular homeostasis, and lastly; the how it affects cancer.
The Process of Autophagy
There are three defined forms of autophagy, Macro–autophagy, micro–autophagy, and chaperone–
mediated autophagy; each form has its own way of carrying out autophagocytosis. Macro–
autophagy delivers cargo to the Lysosome through a membrane–bound vesicle, also known as an
autophagosome. The lysosome then carries out autolysosome to destroy the cargo. In micro–
autophagy the cargo is taken directly taken up by the Lysosome instead of a vesicle bringing the
cargo to it. Both Macro and Micro are capable of consuming large structures. In Chpaerone–
mediated autophagy targeted proteins are carried across the lysosome membrane with chaperone
proteins that result in their unfolding and degradation.
Autophagy in cells begin with an isolation membrane known as the phagophore. The phagophore is
made up of a bilipid layer that is contributed to by the Endoplasmic Reticulum, although the origin
of the

Nuclear Transfer And Its Effect On The Body Of A Surrogate...
This is referred to as totipotency and it allows scientists to split animal embryos into several cells to
produce multiple organisms that are genetically identical.
Modern techniques begin with stripping the embryo of the protective layer. After each blastomere
has been separated from the embryo mass, the cell is encased in its own protective synthetic layer.
Each blastomere cell, is now considered a new separate embryo and is cultured in vitro and later in
vivo in a surrogate mother until birth (Roberge, 2004). Cloning by nuclear transfer is based on the
concept that the animal's genome is located in the cell nucleus. The only exception to this is the
small amount of DNA of 16, 000 base pairs found in the mitochondria. In this process ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this process, somatic cells with their nuclei are allowed to grow and divide, these cells are then
deprived of nutrients to induce the cells into a suspended or dormant stage. An egg cell that has had
its nucleus removed is then placed in close proximity to a somatic cell and both cells are shocked
with an electrical pulse. The cells fuse and the egg is allowed to develop into an embryo.
The Honolulu Technique was developed at the University of Hawaii by Dr. Teruhiko. In this
method, the donor nucleus from a somatic cell is removed using a special pipette, and is
microinjected into an egg that has had the nucleus removed. The egg is placed in a chemical
solution and it is cultured. The developing embryo is then implanted into a surrogate and allowed to
develop. Twenty–two fertile, female mice were cloned from nuclei of adult ovarian cumulus cells by
this method.
Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. She was derived from cells
that were taken from the udder of a six year old ewe. In this case, the genetic material in the nucleus
was transferred from adult somatic cells that were cultured. Individual cells were then fused with
unfertilised eggs from which the genetic material had been removed.
Two hundred and seventy seven of these 'reconstructed eggs ' were cultured for 6 days in temporary
recipients. Twenty–nine of the eggs that appeared to have developed normally

Purpose Statement For Diabetes
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
According to International Diabetes Federation, approximately 592 million people worldwide would
be suffering from diabetes by 2035 and this would be a major economic burden to the society
globally. Detail knowledge of normal physiological processes at cellular and molecular level will
give me a better understanding in dealing with pathological conditions in human body. Insight of the
structure and function of organelles, chemical composition of enzymes, hormones, their interaction
and expression in structural and functional unit of life can significantly help in bringing down
morbidity and mortality associated with metabolic disorders like diabetes and various other
diseases. Grown up in a family of medical professionals, the curiosity to explore various life
processes was not only acquired but also inherent. I want to take a leap forward of what my parents
and grandparents practice and 'Cell and Molecular Physiology' or 'Immunology' as major will surely
make me accomplish in achieving my aim of life.
As a small child, I had seen the agony of patients and limitations of medical profession in dealing
with various illnesses. I had innumerable queries which were beyond my capability to understand ...
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While working with Deepti Foundation and attending to children suffering from HIV, I came across
an orphan, emaciated child at AIDS rehabilitation centre. Fear, bigotry, anathema regarding AIDS
still prevail in our society resulting in infringement of fundamental human rights. Besides
medications, treatment and nutrition, sincere efforts should be made for rehabilitation of children in
society so that they live a dignified life. The morbidity and agony of the child, limitations of anti–
retroviral therapy due to advanced stage of the disease and ostracism had significant influence on
me in choosing a career in life sciences and continue music and piano as my hobby and

Explain The Key Components Of The Skin
i. DRAW AND LABELLED DIAGRAM OF THE SKIN AND DESCRIBE ITS STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION, INCLUDE ALL KEY PARTS.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, it covers the whole body and they are water resistant.
The skin consists of two layers, EPIDERMIS and DERMIS
Epidermis : this is the layer of skin that we can see, it has the thickest layer which can be found on
the soles of the feet and palms of the hands, thinnest layer on the eyelids and nipples. The cells on
surface are constantly shedding (the dead cells) this is called Desquamation.
Structure (Epidermis is composed of five layers)
Stratum corneum (surface layer)
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Germinativum (basal layer)
STRATUM CORNEUM: is the surface layer of epidermis and also the layer of skin you see, and it
is made up : ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dead keratinocytes with a layer of protein around them. That means they have go through
keratinisation
. They are frequently shedding the dead cell.
. Cell membrane is not visible.
STRATUM LUCIDUM: Is the clear layer of the epidermis.
. It contains dead keratinocytes which means, there is no real distinction other than the poor
keratinocytes that have died but not finished the keratinisation process.
. Denucleated cells they are not completely hard.
. Location: it can only be found on the palms of hands and soles of the feets.
. Cell membrane is becoming less visible.
STRATUM GRANULOSUM: THE GRANULAR LAYER
. The keratinocytes are still on the move; at this point they have kertahyalin granules.
. The cells have a distinct nucleus and cell membranes are

Cilia Function
Cilia are organelles protruding from body cells, consisting of microtubules. These structures are
important for hemostasis and cell development. Along with a group of proteins called kinesins
superfamily proteins (KSFs), the cilia also play an important role in SHH signaling. The proteins
found in this family serve a variety of functions relating to microtubule regulation, such as KIF4A
and KIF21A. KIF4A controls microtubule length during cell division, whereas KIF21A inhibits
microtubule growth at the cell cortex. A prominent member of this family is the protein KIF7, a
homologue of the protein Costal2 (Cos2) found in Drosophila and zebrafish. Both serve relatively
similar functions with relation to the Hh signaling pathway, though there ... Show more content on
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The level of activity of Gli genes, and thus Hh–pathway activation, determines skin tumor
phenotype: high level signaling is shown to result in BCC and low–level signaling is shown to result
in follicular derived tumors such as basaloid follicular hamartoma (BFH) (2). Gli2 is involved in the
expression of cell cycle regulation genes in the Shh–pathway such as E2F1, CCND1, CDC2 and
epidermal differential genes. Over–expression of Gli2 causes the up–regulation of such cell cycle
regulation genes in developing hair follicles. Shh–activation most specifically promotes degradation
of the p53 tumor suppressor gene (2), thus repressing transcription of p21, a key suppressor of
cyclin E in cell–cycle regulation. Thus, G1 arrest is overrode, and the inability to control cell cycle
is promoted: a key feature of cancer. Sufu and Kif7 have overlapping functions in regulating Gli
transcription factors. Specifically, Gli2 forms a complex with Sufu to prevent transcriptional activity
via preventing accumulation of Gli2 transcriptional factors into the nucleus, thus repressing Hh
pathway transduction (3). Sufu also plays a role in stabilizing Gli2 by blocking Spop, an E3 ligase
involved in degradation of Gli2 (3). In keratinocytes, Kif7

Primary Care Testing For Cancer Cell By Ion Exchange .
Primary Care Testing for Cancer Cell by Ion Exchange
For people with concerns about health issues, the physician 's office is usually the first contact with
healthcare. Physician's waiting room is usually busy with patients of all ages with different
symptoms and reasons for being there. With a physician's competence and medical experience, they
know what can be easily cured, what should be followed up, and what needs to be referred to a
specialist. The accurate testing of clinical parameters is the key for making important medical
decisions. The dominant model of laboratory testing is centralized laboratory, which more of
analytical processes are automated to enable the analysis of large numbers of samples at relatively
low cost. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, patients can receive treatment before cancer metastasizes to other areas of the body,
which is resulting in better health outcomes. The main challenge in circulating tumor cell (CTC)
research is their detection, which requires the ability to detect one CTC out of almost 1 billion
normal blood cells [2, 3]. Based on the known properties of tumor cells, several platforms for CTC
detection have been developed. Such platforms can be classified into two major categories: (I)
Immunochemistry–based methods, and (II) physical property–based methods. CELLSEARCHTM
from Janssen Diagnostics is considered the most successful and the only FDA–approved platform
for CTC detection in clinical practice in patients with breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers.
Limitation of this method is the low yield of CTC capture from larger blood volume. Metastasis
often involves epithelial–to–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cells; thus, epithelial marker–
dependent approaches may miss numerous CTCs that have low or absent epithelial marker
expression. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) [4] is another widely accepted size–
based approach. This platform applies a specific membrane filter for tumor cell selection, because
tumor cells are often larger and stiffer than blood cells. Main advantage of using membrane filter is
that cells can be retained for further investigation. Nonetheless, the sizes of tumor cells may vary

Glioma Essay
Gliomas are broad category of brain tumors arising from glial cells. They are the most common
primary malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system. They are classified into low–grade
(WHO grades I and II) and high–grade (WHO grade III and IV) tumors. Almost 80% of gliomas are
astrocytic tumors including Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Diagnosis of glioma includes a CT
scan/MRI scan and biopsy. These tumors are highly resistant to current treatment modalities
including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, antiangiogenic therapy, and
experimental approaches such as gene transfer, their prognosis is dismal.Malignant gliomas results
from a multistep process which involves genetic alterations arised from innate and environmental ...
The functions of telomeres includes protection of chromosomes from degradation and end to end
fusions, maintains the stability of chromosomes, acts as a mitotic clock to understand the replicative
history of a cell.Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein DNA polymerase that helps in maintaining the
telomeres by adding TTAGGG repeats at the ends of chromosomes (Greider and Blackburn,1989).
Telomerase consists of two main subunits: telomerase RNA (hTR) and catalytic component human
telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The enzymatic activity is usually absent in somatic cells
but remains active in germ line cells,embryonic stem cells and tumor cells. Almost 80 to 90% of
human cancers are characterized by the presence of telomerase activity.Studies on glioma shown
that more than 50% of tumors have telomerase activity and its detection rate increases with the
grades of malignancy (Tchirkov et al 2003). Therefore knockdown of hTERT expression may help
in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the present study we evaluate the effect of
siRNA to downregulate hTERT in LN18 cells and also investigated the effect on apoptosis and cell

Cellular Diversity : Study Identify Unknown Organisms
CELLULAR DIVERSITY: STUDY TO IDENTIFY UNKNOWN MICROORGANISMS
INTRODUCTION: There are many reasons to identify unknown microorganisms, but the primary
aim of this work was to differentiate between types of cells, observing cell structures such as cell
wall, nucleus and other unique features of microorganisms, learning different techniques such as
proper handling and use of microscope, knowledge to prepare a smear from broth, gram staining,
measuring microorganisms using ocular micrometer and to learn aseptic (sterile) techniques.
The cell is the smallest basic structural, functional and biological unit of life. As we know variety of
different types of cell, they all differ in their type on the basis of their structure and function thus ...
In the Eukaryotic plant cell, Cell wall is mainly composed of major carbohydrates such as cellulose,
pectin and hemi–cellulose, which is also known as polyose and some other components in lesser
quantity. Like plant cell algae has a cell wall too, which is composed of either polysaccharides
(cellulose) or glycoproteins or both. True fungi have cell wall composed of chitin, glucans and
proteins.[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall#Algal_cell_walls] In this study I will shed light on
some basic objectives studied through out this journey and then I 'll make a motion towards my
experience with the strange unknown microorganisms. Before I started my research by getting to
know my unknown specimens, all of our classes were given lectures to give us sufficient
information on some of the objectives important to this study. Some of the primary objectives I have
already covered in the above mentioned paragraph and some are coming next.
Ace of the aims of this lab research was to spot different types of eukaryotic cells.
There are numerous different types of eukaryotic cells known, though our focus was mainly on
recognizing four following types.
Yeast: Yeast are unicellular or single–celled microorganisms. These are member of fungi kingdom.
Yeasts are basically decomposers. As far as their ecological role is concern It would not be correct to
say that yeasts are completely heterotrophic because

Effects Of Matrix Stiffness On Primary Pancreatic Cancer...
3. Results (620–current730)
3.1 Softer substrate regulates proliferation of primary pancreatic cancer cells
To study the effects of matrix stiffness on primary pancreatic cell proliferation, we first developed a
2D hydrogel system with stiffness (SSM) that mimic those of healthy pancreatic tissue and
cancerous pancreas previously characterized. Briefly, the cancerous pancreatic tissue had a larger
range of SSM (2kPa – 30kPa) and a higher average SSM than normal tissue (0.8 – 4 kPa).
Consequently, to account for the variability of stiffness on cancerous tissue, our model included two
groups of PA hydrogels with Acrylamide:Bisacrylamide (Ac:Bis) ratios of: (1) 6%:0.075% and (2)
10%:0.075% 25kPa yielding an average SSM of 8kPa and 25kPa ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We examined the viability of the cells in response to the chemotherapeutic as a function of the
matrix stiffness (Figure 2C). We observed that as the cells underwent apoptosis they detached from
the substrates. Consequently, we collected the media before (Day 7) and after (Day 10) the
chemotherapy to quantify the number of cells in suspension. As depicted on Figure 2C, the PC cells
cultured on softer substrates experience larger increase in dead cells resulting from the
chemotherapy compared to the PC cells growing on stiffer substrates. As Figure 2A shows, both
Gemcitabine concentrations lead to a change in cell morphology and a higher decrease in cell area
on the softer PC tumors (3kPa and 8kPa) compared to the stiffer PC tumors (25kPa and control
group).
To further explore the effect of matrix stiffness on the response of PC cells to chemotherapy, we
used enzymatic activity as a metric of cell proliferation. We perform alamarBlue® assay before
adding the Gemcitabine treatment and after 72hrs of treatment. As depicted in Figure 2B, there is a
dramatic (x–x for 2um and xx for 5uM) decrease of the enzymatic activity of the PC cells growing
on softer substrates in response to the chemotherapy. On the other hand, the PC cells growing on
stiffer matrices shows no decrease of enzymatic activity when treated with 2 µM of Gemcitabine
and a xx when treated with 5µM of

Ap Biology Unit 12 Study Guide
The nucleus is enclosed in a nuclear membrane which has pores to allow RNA and proteins. The
nucleus functions the activity in a plant cell and stores the plant's DNA. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus which produces ribosomes. The ribosomes then transport out of
the nucleolus and to the rough endoplasmic reticulum for a process called protein synthesis. (Plant
Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that plays a large role in synthesising and proteins.
This is an important process called protein synthesis. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for production and packaging of lipids and
steroids. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)
Ribosomes are rich in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nutrients that are obtained from the soil from plant roots are nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium,
Sulfur, Magnesium, Calcium, Iron, Boron, Manganese, Zinc, Molybdenum, Copper. These twelve
elements that are obtained from the soil are called mineral nutrients which are then split into more
groups; primary, intermediate and micronutrients (Essential Nutrients, n.d.). Primary nutrients are
called by its name because they needed and are found in the most amounts. Primary nutrients
include nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. The intermediate nutrients are sulfur, magnesium and
calcium which are found less in soil than primary nutrients. Primary and secondary nutrients are
called macronutrients. Iron, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum and copper are called
micronutrients because they are needed in very small amounts. So small in fact that they are needed
in parts per million, where 10000 parts per million is 1% of the plants intake (Essential Nutrients,
n.d.). This doesn't mean that the plant won't grow as well without it though, these nutrients can still
be essential to maximum growth spurt (Essential Nutrients,

The Effect Of Mir200 Family On Human Primary ATII Cell...
Research strategy
Specific Aim #1. To determine the effect of miR200 family on human primary ATII cell biology and
lung regeneration in IPF.
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that miR200 family will stimulate ATII cell proliferation and
transdifferentation to alveolar type I cells and will inhibit a fibrogenic activity of pulmonary
fibroblasts in IPF leading to lung regeneration.
Rationale:
ATII cells have stem potential and can differentiate to alveolar type I cells (3). Senescence of ATII
cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF, a progressive fatal lung disorder with unknown
etiology (5). A current disease paradigm is that lung fibrosis develops as a result of unremitting
insults with genetic and aging–related risk factors. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We already isolated ATII cells from human lung and cultured them using methods previously
described in the literature (7). We can also transdifferentiate ATII cells to alveolar type I cells (Fig.
2). We found decreased ability of ATII cells isolated from IPF patients to transdifferentiate to
alveolar type I cells compared to controls. To our knowledge, this experiment has not been
performed using ATII cells obtained from individuals with IPF or other lung diseases. Moreover, we
also observed lower levels of aquaporin 5, which is a marker of alveolar type I cells (Fig. 2). These
preliminary data indicate the feasibility of proposed experiments in this application. Our results
suggest the impaired ability of ATII cells to transdifferentiate to alveolar type I cells in IPF.
1.1. To determine the potential of ATII cells to transdifferentiate to alveolar type I cells in IPF.
In this SA, we will determine pro–SPC (pro–surfactant protein C), SPC (surfactant protein C), SP–A
(surfactant protein A), SP–D (surfactant protein D) and pro–SPB (pro–surfactant protein B)
expression, which are markers of ATII cells in freshly isolated cells from controls and patients with
IPF by western blotting and immunocytofluorescence. We will also culture ATII cells obtained from
controls and individuals with IPF to compare their phenotype in vitro using electron microscopy.

Jeune Syndrome Disease
Jeune syndrome is a rare inherited disease that has a significant impact on infants and small
children. As a result of this disease infants with this condition usually experiences difficulty
breathing, kidney abnormalities, and other life threatening issues. Antenatal examination is possible
by ultrasound but specific diagnosis is difficult and seemingly impossible. Individuals are diagnosed
at birth after careful observation of the limbs and chest area. Patients usually die from respiratory
failure because of a very small chest and repeated respiratory infections (Phillips and Van Aalst
2008). There is not a lot that can be done for patients with Jeune syndrome because scientists are
still in the process of obtaining knowledge about the initial cause and ways to prevent the mutation
(Phillips and Van Aalst 2008). It is understood that because this is autosomal recessive disease,
meaning both parents must be carriers.
When it comes to Jeune syndrome the primary problem rose from the disruption of proteins found in
the cilia. The cilia is known as the hair like structures that protrude from the cell membrane and is
responsible for moving the cell they are attached to or moving the liquid that is adjacent to the cell
(Miller et al 2013). Very few people view the cilia as a signaling hub which contains the
noncanonical Wingless (WNT), Hedgehog, and platelet–derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling
systems, and their disruption leads to striking developmental defects (Wang et al

Cilia Essay
Cilia; An Essential Motility Centre Whose Defects Are Implicated in Many Diseases
In the summer of 1674, the Dutch scientist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek looked through a homemade
microscope at a sample of rain water and revolutionized the human view of the world. What he
found was "little legs" that we now know are the cilia that many single–celled protozoa use for
locomotion. Almost exactly 300 years later, the observations of Swedish scientists Afzelius led to
another paradigm shift, when he linked defects in the machinery required for the movement of
human cilia to Kartagener's syndrome (KS), a disease characterized by chronic sinus and respiratory
infections; male infertility; and, incredibly, the misplacement of the heart and other organs (Brown
& Whitman 2014). He too came up with the hypothesis that the existence of 'so–called sensory hairs
protruding from the cell surface into the extracellular space' was to explain the poor sense of smell
and decreased hearing ability in patients with KS (Pennekamp et al. Cilia 2015). Almost two
decades after Afzelius presented his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study of motile cilia has been very significant with a range of models and experiments that
scientists have conducted specifically for knowledge of the cells ambiguous occupation in the
human body. In comparison to the other study's conducted one stands out most of all. It is the the
algae, Chlamydomonas reinhartii, a biflagellate single cell organism whose cilia express a set of
proteins that provide a necessary function in the motile human cilia. The main causal difference in
types of cilia most likely derived from expression of sensory receptors on the motile cilia to attain
material from the environment. "It has been posited that enhanced specialization of cilia lead to the
development of complex sensory organs such as the retina" (Biosci

Cloning: Biological And Biological/Ethical Issues
Cloning: Analysis of application to the human reproductive system and biological/ethical issues
surrounding its use
Cloning is the process of creating organisms that are genetically identical to it,s parent. The
definition of cloning also includes nuclear transfer and stem cell cloning (ISPC). Cloning can occur
naturally, such as in the case of identical twins; or artificially, via stem cell nuclear transfer. In
addition to reproductive assistance, cloning methods such as ISPC are used to replace damaged
tissue/organs.
Cloning is a developing technology that in the near future, will likely be used to produce livestock
on a mass scale, allow homosexuals/asexuals to have genetically related children and allow infertile
heterosexual couples ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in recent times, the possibility of cloning has become increasingly realistic due to
technological advances. In 1885, Hans Dreich created the first artificial twin using a sea urchin.
Dreisch showed that by merely shaking a sea urchin embryo, it was possible to divide cells and
create separate organisms. In 1902 Hans Spemann created the first artificial vertebrate twin. Using a
tiny noose, Spemann tightened a salamander embryo until it split into several cells. Each of these
cells grew into a separate salamander. The next major step towards cloning came in 1952 when
Robert Briggs and Thomas king transferred the nucleus from an early stage tadpole embryo cell to
an enucleated frog egg. The cell then grew into an embryo, and eventually a tadpole. Although
Briggs and king discovered that this method worked when using early stage embryos,it was noted
that using cell nuclei from advanced embryos increased the risk of deformation and was less
successful in general. In 1958 John Gurdon decided to transplant a cell nucleus from an intestinal
cell into an enucleated egg cell. During this process, he successfully created several tadpoles.
Nuclear transfer is difficult in mammals due to their small egg

Photosynthesis Lab Report
1. The technique that allows scientists to follow with their own eyes the dynamic movements of
specific proteins as they occur within the living cell is the green fluorescent protein. This is a protein
that is extracted from only a few jellyfish. This diffuses a green fluorescent colored light. The green
fluorescent protein can be blended to the protein and can work normally and so does the protein
itself that it is binded to. The protein is not affected and can be moved and transported throughout
the cell and can then be seen.
2. The early endosomes progress gradually. The early endosomes transform into the late endosomes
because of the lowered levels of ph, when Rab proteins are traded, and the earlier endosomes
internal structure has a crucial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The HIV virus must be have reverse transcriptase in order to duplicate the virus. AZT restricts the
reverse effect of the transcriptase and it could potentially effect the transposition. This would mean
that it must be reversed transferred into only completed DNA. That DNA would mean it must be
double stranded and directly implanted into the target site. By preventing the reverse transcription
with the AZT drug should stop the process at an early stage.
4. In order the amino acid sequence to be maintained, the function of the molecule must also be
preserved and maintained. The changes are not allowed to be selected against it. But, if the amino
acid sequence were to be changed due to mutation, then the performance of the molecule could
change relatively badly. If this were to happen, then this would show that the changes would be
selected against it and disappear.
5. The mRNA inconsistency permits an accelerated response to the environment changing if the
synthesis of a new mRNA is permitted if older, not needed ones, can fade or vanish because they are
inconsistent. Cells cannot create copies of proteins on their own at a fast pace and therefore would
get nowhere if the proteins were created off of the DNA template strand precisely. mRNA admits
one of the DNA molecules to supply the template strand but in the shape of several mRNA
molecules. Therefore, an abundant amount of polypeptide chains are created and allowing the cell to
manufacture an intensified amount of

Analyzing The Primary Features Of Eukaryotic Cells
Jonathan Bowers and Bo Fisher
Mrs. Li Ko
September 15, 2015
Life 120L
Lab Report 1
Abstract
The objective of this lab was to observe prepared bacterial cells and to observe and describe the
primary features of eukaryotic cells. Also, we investigated the effect of concentration gradient and
temperature on the rate of osmosis in an artificial system. Finally, we investigated the effect of
solute concentration on the tonicity of cells in plant tissue and Elodea. The purpose of our
experiments was to find out whether the effect of concentration gradient on the rate of osmosis had a
greater effect than temperature on the rate of osmosis. The purpose of the Elodea experiment was to
see if a five percent solution of sodium chloride or distilled water effected the structure of the
Elodea.
To observe the primary features of a eukaryotic cell we used a compound microscope. We tested the
effect concentration gradients had on the rate of osmosis two ways: with potato tissue and with
dialysis tubes. We used potato slices, paper towels, bowls, sodium chloride (at different
concentration levels), and a scale to test potato tissue. We used dialysis tubing, sucrose solution
(10% and 40% concentration gradients), plastic clips, bags, distilled water, and a scale to test the
rate of osmosis with dialysis tubes. To test the solute concentration on the tonicity of cells in plant
tissue and Elodea, we used Elodea, water, sodium chloride solution, tap water, a coverslip, and
Kimwipe

Essay about Ranking The Present Enterprise Purchasers
Once the choice to offer has been created, the entrepreneur should be conscious of the wide range of
possible company customers. Just as little company itself has become more innovative, the people
enthusiastic about purchasing them have also become more divergent and complicated. The
following are some of the present most effective groups of company buyers:
Family Associates Members
Members of the vendor's own family form a traditional type of business buyer: tried, but not always
"true." The idea of a friend taking over is responsive to many of the events involved because they
imagine a continual, seeing that as a primary advantage. And it can be, given that the friend snacks
the role as something similar to an ordered liability. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Economical Purchasers
This type of customer comes with perhaps the lengthiest record of criteria–and requirements. These
customers want highest possible, make use of, but they also are the right classification for the
supplier who wants to keep handle his organization after it is marketed. Most economical customers
provide a reduced sticker cost than other kinds, but they do often allow for what may be essential to
the supplier other than the money–such as choice of key workers, place, and other problems.
For a business to be of interest to a economical customer, the earnings must be adequate not only to
support current control, but also to offer a come back to the proprietor.
Individual Customer
When it comes a chance to offer, most entrepreneurs of the little to mid–sized company move
toward this customer. Many of these customers are older (aged 40 to 60) and have been well–
seasoned in the business industry. Being in the company is a desire, and won many of them can well
manage. The key to nearing this type of customer is to discover out what it is they are really looking
for.
The customer who needs to substitute a job is can be an outstanding probability. Although being in a
company is more than a job, and the threats engaged can terrify this type of customer, they do have
the "hunger"–and the need. A further benefits is that this type of customer comes with less "strings"
and problems than

Socm Study Guide Essay
Chapter 1 ELO's Describe the basic functions of living organisms. A. Responsiveness – organisms
respond to changes in their immediate environment (long term changes is adaptability) B. Growth –
over a lifetime, organisms grow larger through an increase in size or number of cells. Differentiation
is when cells have specialized functions C. Reproduction – Organisms reproduce, creating
subsequent generations of similar organisms D. Movement – Organisms are capable of movement a.
Internal – moving food, blood, or other materials internally b. External – moving through
environment E. Metabolism – Organisms rely on complex chemical reactions to provide the energy
for responsiveness, growth, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To survive every living organism must maintain homeostasis. Describe how positive (+) and
negative (–) feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation * Negative feedback provides
longterm regulatory control that results in relatively stable internal conditions * Positive feedback is
important in driving a potentially dangerous or stressful process to completion. * Negative feedback
opposes stimuli, positive feedback reinforces stimuli Use anatomical terms to describe body
sections, body regions, and relative positions. Body regions– – Cephalon (head) – axillia (armpit) –
Cervicis (neck) – Brachium (arm) – Thoracis (chest) – Ante Brachium (forearm) – Abdomen –
Manus (hand) – Pelvis – Thigh – Loin (lower back) – leg (anterior) – Buttock – Calf – Pubis
(anterior pelvis) – Pes (foot) – Groin Body sections– Transverse plane – cuts the body parallel to the
ground as the person is standing. Positions are referred to as superior (top) or inferior (bottom).
Frontal plane – or coronal plane, cuts the body length wise and is dividing it into a anterior (front)
and posterior (back) section. Sagittal Plane – also cuts the body length wise, but divides it into a
right and left half A cut the produces an equal left and right half is a midsagittal section *

Repsox Case
RepSox
Description:
Target: TGFβR1(ALK5)
IC50: 4 nM
RepSox is a potent and selective inhibitor of the TGFβR–1/ALK5 with IC50 value of 4 nM and 23
nM for ALK5 autophosphorylation and ATP binding to ALK5, respectively [1]. Transforming
growth factor (TGF–β) is a pluripotent cytokine involved in a variety of biological processes
including cell growth, differentiation, migration, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix (ECM)
deposition, development, and immune response regulation [1].
In vitro: RepSox (25 μM) replaced Sox2 and cMyc in reprogramming through the inhibition of
transforming growth factor–β (Tgf–β) signaling, , which in turn induced the transcription factor
Nanog expression [2]. RepSox (2–16 μM) in a dose–dependently slowed the decay, increased the
immunogenicity of primary CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cells, and decreased T cell
immunoglobulin Mucin–3 expression [3]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References:
1. Gellibert F, Woolven J, Fouchet MH, Mathews N, Goodland H, Lovegrove V, et al. Identification
of 1,5–naphthyridine derivatives as a novel series of potent and selective TGF–beta type I receptor
inhibitors. J Med Chem. 2004;47(18):4494–506.
2. Ichida JK, Blanchard J, Lam K, Son EY, Chung JE, Egli D, et al. A small–molecule inhibitor of
tgf–Beta signaling replaces sox2 in reprogramming by inducing nanog. Cell Stem Cell.
2009;5(5):491–503.
3. Jajosky AN, Coad JE, Vos JA, Martin KH, Senft JR, Wenger SL, et al. RepSox slows decay of
CD34+ acute myeloid leukemia cells and decreases T cell immunoglobulin mucin–3 expression.
Stem Cells Transl Med.

Examples Of Early Observational Movements In Film
Primary and Chronicle of a Summer are two examples of early observational movements in
documentary films that started in the 1960's. Cinéma vérité was founded in France, while at the
same time, direct cinema was founded in the United States. Both have the same intention of "being
there" and placing the viewer in the location among the subjects. They each use at least one of the
Griersonian's themes, such as male narrator voice–over, re–enactment shots, and scripts. However,
there are a few differences in these movements with their choice and style in their approach. Cinéma
vérité is very self–reflexive, and includes a lot of interaction between the filmmaker and the subjects
on camera. Techniques were deliberately done to remind the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the movie "ends" it continues to show a theater where Rouch and the people from the film are
watching it. Rouch asks them what they thought of the "final movie" and seeing themselves on the
screen. They took turns criticizing the film, allowing this scene to become the second layer of self–
reflexivity. Chronicle of a Summer did include a Griersonian theme of the use of constructing and
reenacting shots. One scene, a man has his breakfast brought in by his mother to eat in his bed. Later
in a different scene, he does karate after getting home from work. Both scenes were set up to show
what a person does on a normal day. Both of these scenes seemed awkward but helped made the
story more balance because of the on screen interaction in other

Essay On Translocation To Mitochondria
In the critical experiment for this grant proposal, we observed that DJ–1–Cys–106–SO3– (Figs. 3, 4;
Table 1) contributes to DJ–1 translocation to mitochondria (Fig. 9). Interestingly, we found that first,
NHEJ–1 is also shifted to these organelles and second, it interacts with DJ–1 in mitochondria (Fig.
7). We hypothesize that posttranslational modifications of DJ–1 lead to its interaction with NHEJ–1
in these organelles. This may result in the impairment of mtDNA damage repair. To further study the
mechanism of this interaction, we will use tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF, letter attached, Fig. 8)
as a suitable method for enabling site mapping and quantification of chemical modifications of
proteins. We will treat A549 cells with mt–OX as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mitochondrial amount will be analyzed using a ratio of total mtDNA to nuclear DNA by RT–PCR.
We will also analyze fission and fusion and mitophagy as described in SA#1.1.2. Additionally, we
will measure the kinetics of cytosolic mtDNA release, which is a marker of mitochondrial injury,
using RT–PCR in cytosolic fractions obtained from A549 cells with DJ–1 knockout or
overexpression in comparison with control. We anticipate that DJ–1 knockout will impair
mitochondrial dynamics, exaggerate mtDNA damage and mitophagy, and increase ROS formation
and cell apoptosis. DJ–1 overexpression will provide cytoprotection and will rescue of A549 cell
injury induced by mt–OX. Alternative approaches: We do not expect any problems with this SA. We
anticipate that dysregulated metabolic signatures in human primary ATII cells obtained from
patients with emphysema will correlate with mitochondrial dysfunction. Our proposed approach
may uncover novel mechanisms by which DJ–1 is involved in mitochondrial function and
metabolism. Based on our obtained results from mass spectrometry analysis, we may also include in
our study other DNA damage repair proteins, which interact with DJ–1.
Specific Aim #1. Genome–wide RNAi screening to identify novel targets involved in mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) damage induced by mt–OX.
Hypothesis: We hypothesize that mt–OX induces mtDNA damage. We will identify novel targets
leading to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Rationale: Mitochondria are enclosed by an

Essay Ap Biology Study Reading Guide Chapter 6
Name_______________________Period___________
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
Concept 6.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry to study cells 1. The study of
cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when
Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary, Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world was opened.
Magnification and resolving power limit what can be seen. Explain the difference. Magnification is
the ratio of an object's image size to its real size. Resolution is a measure of the clarity of the image;
it is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nuclear lamina, a netlike array of protein filaments, connects the layers of the nuclear envelope.
12. What is the nuclear lamina? Nuclear matrix? The nuclear lamina is the netlike array of protein
filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope.
The nuclear matrix is a framework of protein fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior. The
nuclear matrix and nuclear lamina may help organize the genetic material so it functions efficiently.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
–2–
13.
Found within the nucleus are the chromosomes. They are made of chromatin. What are the two
components of chromatin? When do the thin chromatin fibers condense to become distinct
chromosomes? Chromatin is composed of proteins and DNA. Chromatin fibers condense to become
distinct chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide.
14.
When are the nucleoli visible? What are assembled here? Nucleoli are visible in a nondividing
nucleus and in cells active in protein synthesis. Within the nucleoli, proteins imported from the
cytoplasm are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes.
15.

What is the function of ribosomes? What are their two components? Ribosomes are the cellular
components that carry out protein synthesis. Their two components are a large subunit and a small
subunit.
16.
Ribosomes in any type of organism are all the same, but we distinguish between two

Schleiden: Hypothesize Charles Darwin's Theory Of Evolution
Schleiden was one of the primary German biologists to declare Charles Darwin's theory of
evolution. He became a professor of botany at the University of Dorpat in 1863. He resolved that all
plant parts are made of cells and that an undeveloped plant organism arises from the one cell. He
studied plant structure under a microscope and saw the inner cell components. He observed that the
cell nucleus was very serious, and believed that it might be connected with cell division. Schleiden
was a german botanist and founder of the cell theory. Further, he said that plant embryos produced
from single cells. He was also an early evolutionist, hypothesizing about the chance of large–scale
evolution over time in plants. He further formulated the idea that

Interactions within Biological Systems Lead to Complex...
Enduring Understanding 4.A: Interactions Within biological systems lead to complex properties.
Overview
Almost every aspect of biology involves interaction between different components and systems. It
starts all the way at the cellular level with the interactions of cell organelles that allow a cell to
function and it goes all the way up to the way different ecosystems come together to form complex
communities and interactions. It is these interactions that make biological systems complex and how
cells are specialized in one animal affects the way that animal interacts with the others around it.
These interactions create ever changing and unique properties that make organisms function in the
way in which they do so.
Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence
determine the properties of that molecule
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates are the four basic macromolecules. Each of these
macromolecules are made up of smaller components that determine the specific macromolecule and
how it functions.
Proteins
Proteins are complex structures made up of chains of amino acids. Each protein has a different
function such as enzymes to catalyze reactions or protein hormones to trigger certain functions of a
cell. First let's start with the most basic component of a protein: an amino acid. An amino acid is
made up of a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group,
and an R group which varies

Science Study Of The Natural World
Science – study of the natural world
Inference – logical deduction based on evidence
Controlled Experiment – an experiment that only tests one variable
Theory – a supported group of ideas to explain something
Homeostasis – The ability for an organism to maintain a stable internal environment
TEM – a microscope that transmits beam of electrons through a sample
Centrifuge – a machine that rotates a container to separate substances
Evolution – the process where organisms slowly develop and adapt
Extrapolate – to make predictions by extending known facts
Metabolism – chemical processes in an organism needed to survive
Atom – the smallest unit of matter
Isotope – an element that has a different amount of neutrons
Adhesion – the attraction that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ganic matter in an area
Biodiversity – the variety of organisms on Earth
Biogeochemical – dealing with living and nonliving things in an ecosystem
Percolation – the process where liquid goes down a filter
Sedimentation – the process where materials settle to the bottom of a liquid
Limiting Nutrient – a nutrient that limits an organisms development
Fossil Fuel – a fuel made of dead organisms
Climate – the weather in a specified location over a long period of time
Symbiotic – a relationship between two different species where they live together
Limnology – study of freshwater bodies of water
Microclimate – the local climate of a tiny area
Zonation – division of an area
Benthos – organisms that live in the Benthic zone near the bottom of a body of water
Diligence – being careful and putting in effort
Mitigation – to make less harmful
Reclamation – creation of land from bodies of water
Upwelling – the process where liquid rises
Deduction – finding a conclusion based on known facts
Exponential Growth – growth that increases proportional to its size
Carrying Capacity – the maximum amount of organisms that a habitat can hold
Demographics – statistical data based on human population
Emigration – leaving a region to migrate to another region

Geographic Distribution – the arrangement of organisms in a given area
Demographic Transition – the transition to high death and birth rates to low death and birth rates
Monoculture – an area where only one type of crop is planted
Deforestation

Tissue Engineering Research
By living in a broken world, people become subjected to devastation and times of hopelessness.
Some encounter this through job struggles or family disputes. Others encounter it while waiting at
death's door, waiting for an organ transplant. On January 8, 2014, 120,990 people were waiting for
an organ transplant, wondering if they will be added to the 3,381 people who died last year waiting
for a new kidney or wondering if they will become one of the 26,000 people in the United States
who die each year from end–stage liver disease (Kaihara and Vacanti; National Kidney Foundation).
Every 20 minutes, a person is added to the kidney waitlist and each day, 14 people die while waiting
for a kidney transplant (National Kidney Foundation). These numbers cannot be ignored because
blindness only results in loss of life.
Currently, alternatives, such as mechanical devices and artificial prostheses, don't repair tissue or
organ functions because they are not intended for integrating host tissues, and if these alternatives
are used for long–term implantation, the recipient could suffer from an inflammatory response
(Chapekar). For illnesses such as end–stage liver disease, the only successful treatment is through
transplant, and the odds of receiving a new liver is improbable (Kaihara and Vacanti). Another
treatment must be discovered. In 1988, a NSF sponsored meeting defined a new treatment idea
called tissue–engineering: the "application of the principles and methods of engineering

Cyytoprotective Role Of DJ-1, Mitophagy And Cell Death
DJ–1 protects against mtDNA damage, mitophagy and cell death. DJ–1 is a multifunctional protein
that protects cells from oxidative stress via several molecular processes including regulating gene
transcription, mediating cell signal transduction pathways, stabilizing cytoprotective proteins and
scavenging ROS (3). DJ–1 is expressed in human primary alveolar type II cells (preliminary data)
and we have recently postulated that plays a role in the antioxidant defense system in the lung
(REF). The importance of DJ–1 can be supported by several observations. First, DJ–1 mutations are
pathogenic (4), second, oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues within DJ–1 was reported as a
sensor of its activity (5) and third, the novel oxidized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research Plan
Preliminary Results
Isolation of human primary ATII cells.
We will isolate ATII cells from de–identified control organ donors whose lungs were not suitable for
transplantation and donated for medical research through Temple Biobank in collaboration with Dr.
Gerard Criner (Temple University, letter attached) as we previously described (7, 9, 10). For ATII
cell isolation, we used magnetic microbeads (Miltenyi, Biotec Inc.) and epithelial cell adhesion
molecule (Ep–CAM) positive selection. Purified ATII cells display about 90% purity as detected by
staining with pro–surfactant protein C (proSP–C) and ATII280, which are specific ATII cell markers
(Fig. 2). In this grant proposal, we plan to use ATII cells isolated from at least 12 non–smoker and
12 smoker control lung donors and 12 patients with emphysema (GOLD IV). Lung tissue from
individuals with this disease will be obtained in collaboration with Dr. Criner.
DJ–1–Cys106–SO3– in patients with emphysema. Initial proof of concept studies were performed
in ATII cells obtained from patients with emphysema in comparison with control lung donors. We
found high expression of DJ–1–Cys106–SO3– in ATII cells obtained from individuals with this
disease using a specific DJ–1 antibody (AbDSerotec; Fig. 3). The presence of this DJ–1 form was
confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis; and we did not find this modification in control ATII

Genetically Modified Organisms And Stem-Food Report
With reference to a recent news report analyse how genetically modified products are created and
evaluate the use of stem cells to combat disease.
Genetic modification is the manipulation of DNA in an organism. It involves extracting a gene from
one organism then inserting it into another organism that is usually of a different species but can be
the same. The genes can also be manufactured instead of being extracted from the organism.
Genetic modification can be done to plants, animals and even food. Genetically modified products
can benefit humans in many ways such as genetically modified plants can be used to reduce vitamin
deficiency (CGP A2–Level Biology Revision Guide, 2009).
In 2005, UK scientists developed a new strain of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, the agrobacterium tumefaciens insert the genes into the plant cells' DNA which then creates
transformed rice plant cells. Now the rice plant cells grow on a selective medium. Only the
transformed rice plants will be able to grow due to them containing the marker gene which is
needed to grow on this medium (CGP A2–Level Biology Revision Guide, 2009).
Although golden rice is great in the way it helps with a vitamin A deficiency and in reducing colour
blindness, there are disadvantages, such as there are concerns that food from genetically modified
plants might harm people and fears that it could cross–breed with and contaminate wild rice (BBC
Bitesize, 2017).
Evaluation of stem cells and other methods of genetic modification.
Stem cells are unspecialized cells which can develop into any cell. Stem cells then divide to become
specialized through a process called differentiation. Stem cells in humans are found in early
embryos and in a few places in adults (CGP AS–Level Biology Revision Guide, 2008). Stem cells
are found in every human body in limited amounts and can be taken from adult tissues without harm
(Thought Co, 2017).
The two main types of stem cells are embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Most embryonic
stem cells are from IVF clinics that have been donated for research purposes with informed consent
from the donors. They do not come from fertilized eggs in a woman's body.

How Carbon 's Electron Configuration Determines The Kinds...
Viola Tuliao
PD. 7–8
Organic Chemistry "Explain how carbon's electron configuration determines the kinds and numbers
of bonds that carbon will form."
Carbon has six total electrons; two of the electrons it has are in its first electron shell while the other
four are its valence electrons. Due to its four valence electrons, it rarely gains and/or loses electrons
and/or form ionic bonds due to the fact it would have to give away or take four other electrons. In
order to complete its outer shell, carbons shares its valence electrons with other atoms by having
four separate covalent bonds. The carbon atom then becomes the crossing point where each
molecule branches off into four separate directions.Carbon's electron configuration allows it to bond
frequently with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. If the carbon atom forms only a single
covalent bond, The electrons form so that its bonds angle towards an imaginary tetrahedron.
"Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Include structure and
function."
Monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars, are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can
either function alone or become a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides. Its function is to
fuel molecules in a living cell as well as be used as raw materials for the synthesis of amino and
fatty acids. It is formed of a singular sugar formula of CH2O. Disaccharides are used as an energy
source for organisms and made up of two

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