Dunning- Theory Of International Production

Dunning- Theory of International Production
TOWARD AN ECLECTIC THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION: SOME EMPIRICAL TESTS JOHN H. DUNNING ' University of
Reading I Abstract. This paper first sets out the main features of the eclectic theory of international production and then seeks to evaluate its
significance of ownership– and location–specific variables in explaining the industrial pattern and geographical distribution of the sales of U S .
affiliates in fourteen manufacturing industries in seven countries in 1970. e lr !. V t ; 3 ; H There is now a consensus of opinion that the propensity of
an enterprise to iNTRoDucTtoN engage in international production–that financed by foreign direct investmentThe Underlying rests on three main
determinants: first, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such ownership–specific inputs may take the form of a legally protected rightpatents, brand names, trade marks–or of a commercial monopoly–the
acquisition of a particular raw material essential to the production of the product–or of exclusive control over particular market outlets; or they may
arise from the size or technical characteristics of firms–economies of large–scale production and surplus entrepreneurial capacity. It should be observed
that these ownership advantages are not exclusive either to international or multinational firms. Some are applicable to all firms producing in the
same location; others are those which a branch plant of an existing enterprise may enjoy over a de n o w enterprise of the same n a t i ~ n a l i t y But,
because they operate in different location.~ specific environments, multinational firms may also derive additional ownership advantages–such as, their
ability to engage in international transfer pricing, to shift liquid assets between currency areas to take advantage of (or protect against) exchange
fluctuations, to reduce risks by diversifying their investment portfolios [Rugman 19791, to reduce the impact of strikes or industrial unrest in one
country by operating parallel production capacity in another and by engaging international product or process specialization [Dunning 19771. The
essential feature about these second types of inputs is that, although their origin may be linked to location–specific
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The Impact Of Geography On The Economic Growth Of The West
Geography played a key role in the economic growth of the West. Europe had always been politically fragmented due to its geography. There were
no enormous plains or broad rivers. The landscape was mountain ranges, large forests and the population was centered in the valleys. This made it
hard to gain control of and encouraged growth and the continued existence of decentralized power. Even though Europe had previously experienced
steady growth, it soon gave way to famine and plagues. The Black Plague encouraged a radical transformation of the economy. Europe was neither the
most fertile nor the most populous area in the world. However, due to the decrease in population, land became more plentiful and labor more
expensive. Urban... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water transport of these goods was so much more economical and being surrounded by water led to their industry of ship building. Since there was no
government authority that could control this commercial development it thrived. The evolution of new and lethal weapons like the musket and cannon
facilitated the expansion on both land and sea and as a result the arms race began. "The impact of the gunpowder revolution at sea was even more
wide–ranging" (Kennedy, 1987). This influenced and helped advance the future of maritime development. The development of long–range armed ships
advanced Europe's ability to control the oceanic trade routes. Even though "the revolution in military technology ....had implications for the
organization and capital costs of warfare" (Tracy, 1991), the profits and benefits from this expansion were vast. They were able to procure gold,
silver, and spices. Being able to access the Newfoundland fisheries brought about an abundance of food and oils. Employment to facilitate bulk trade
helped to boost the economy. Ship building stimulated the economy and brought about the need for craftsmen, dealers, and suppliers, as well as
insurers. Gold and silver were used to purchase spices and silks and timber was used to purchase iron guns from England. These economic advances
coupled with technological advances interacted to drive the rise of Western Europe. Even though China had been disrupted by Mongols and the

Chapter Summary Of Prisoners Of Geography By Tom Marshall
Prisoners of Geography by Tom Marshall is a creatively written book that explores the effect an environment has on one's life. Marshall illustrates the
histories of ten contrasting regions and how their geographies have shaped the way they live today.
The book is introduced with Russia. Although seventy–five percent of Russia's population expands into Asia, it is not considered to be an Asian
power, essentially because only a limited 22 percent of its population lives there. A majority or Russia's wealth comes from Siberia. Siberia carries a
great deal of minerals, oil and gas. The second chapter focuses on China. China is one of the fastest growing countries with a whopping population of
1.4 billion people. Along with an expanding community, China has also recently become a naval power, after... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Chapter four targets western Europe. Western Europe has the biggest economy in the world, this may be a result of the long, navigable rivers, that
were made for trading and transporting goods. It may also be considered the origin of the modern world. The fifth chapter relates to Africa. Africa
is commonly known as a less successful region. Many of its rivers are counterproductive, as you encounter a waterfall every few miles. The one
river that is effective is its most popular, the Nile River. Because borders in Africa are artificial, many ethnic conflicts arise. The next chapter is about
the Middle East. The Middle East contains the world's largest sand desert called the Rub al Khali or "Empty Quarter". The Middle East is also home
to several countries in poverty, and the familiar terrorist organization ISIS. The seventh chapter focuses on India and Pakistan. Although they were once
a single country, Pakistan and India can agree on one thing, they don't want to be around the other. India is a striving country with a rich economy,
while Pakistan is the complete opposite. The countries have had countless wars over

Analysis Of Postcolonial Politics Of Academic Writing
Politics of data collection and presentation being the topic for this week has readings covering Noxolo (2009), Jazeel & Colin (2009) and Nagar
(2012). What these authors have in common is that, they are all feminist geographers. Generally, Noxolo (1999) tries to answer a question posed in
her article titled my paper, my paper: reflections on the embodies production of postcolonial geographical responsibility in academic writing, what are
the responsibilities of as a postcolonial geographical writer? And in her attempt to answer that, Noxolo refers to three extracts from her texts in her
journey to becoming an academic. Jazeel & McFarlane (2009) in their article titled the limits of responsibility: a postcolonial politics of academic...
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One remarkable observation from her first extract is when Noxolo (2009) opines that "Ghanaians make it very clear, though not in an unfriendly way,
that this is not your home, not permanently anyway... I have always taken the unity of all Black people as self–evident but I have found it disturbing
sometimes that on the whole Ghanaians do not" (p.58). Personally, I got amazed to read this because a Ghanaian myself, we as a country in Africa is
one of the few countries that has enviable track record of political stability with its attendant hospitality, sociability and free society. Noxolo being
black like Ghanaians themselves to depict Ghanaians in such light is worrisome because even whites are accorded the same hospitality and how much
same black colour as Noxolo. For me this brings back to multiple identities that a researcher has to struggle with, and coupled with the inherent power
relation between Noxolo and the community in which she found herself. Noxolo also examines materiality in her work. According to her and regarding
postcolonial geography, at least three distinguishable ways of understanding matter is identified. These she labels as the "lived realities of economic
inequality, in terms of the material production of power and in terms of tangible aspects of cultural and geographical practice" (Noxolo, 2009, 60).
Jazeel & McFarlane (2009) in their article titled – the limits of responsibility: a postcolonial politics of

Geography: Effects Of Immigration Since 1921, The United...
1. What is geography?
Geography is a branch of science that study the earth's physical properties and the humans that live on it. These physical features include landforms,
water, mountains, etc. Geography has been called a multidisciplinary discipline because it crosses into other areas of study such as geology, sociology,
psychology, meteorology, biology, and so forth.
i. In what way is it a discipline unto itself? What is the focus of geography; what makes it a unique field of study?
Geography is a discipline unto itself because there are a wide variety of subject that it discusses. All these fall under the two main branches of
geography, which is physical and human geography. It is because of these branches that Geography can cross into... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Some demographers believe that the demographic transition will happen to countries everywhere. With urbanization and modernization, they claim
rates of natural increase will naturally fall. This is needed most, of course, in much of Asia, Africa, and Latin America where there is great poverty and
rapid population growth. Most of the developed world has gone through the transition, and population in the wealthier countries is nearly stable.
Detractors of this argument point out that those poorer countries today are very different from the wealthy ones during their early stages of economic
growth. They also say the political and economic environment today also work to the disadvantage of the poor

Globalization And Globalization
More than half percent of world's population are women, and women play a very important role in our society. They are usually the most exploited
and the primary caregivers to their families. Back in the old days, a woman who has a career was unheard of. In worldwide, a woman's job was
taking care of her family. They were expected to stay home, take care of the children and let their husband be the breadwinner. However, globalization
has had a dramatic effect and "has greatly improved the lives of women worldwide, particularly the lives of those women in the developing world"
(Buchok 2015). In fact, globalization has contradictory effects on women in many different areas of life, including education, employment, health, and
civil rights. It particularly has created a tremendous impact on women in the workplace in developing nations within the past two decades.
Globalization has changed the traditional women's roles in labor force. The traditional employment roles for women in developing nations are "formal
labor, housework, and informal–sector production" (Ward 2). Female labor is an extension of their household chores in developing nations. Most
women are engaged in housework, agriculture, or in the informal sector–– jobs that are performed in exchange for something other than money. Those
women who work in the informal sector and in the house, are usually struggled with the unpaid works. There is only a fraction of women who work
outside of the house and earn wages.

What Are the Arguments for and Against the Idea That the...
The world is ever changing and has been that way even before humans dominated Earth. However, what we are interested in for this topic is in the
last few decades where globalization has had an impact in the early 21st century, making the world "flat". The phrase that the world has become flat
is a metaphor for viewing the world level in terms of commerce and competition, meaning a level playing field where everyone has an equal
opportunity. However, opinions are divided on how muchglobalization has actually impacted the world as a whole. Critics argue that Friedman's term
"flat" is grossly exaggerated as his view is from an American perspective. This paper investigates major arguments for both sides.
Arguments supporting the "flat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The falling of the Berlin Wall in November 9, 1989 signifies that the world has become a single space without barriers that prevents or slows down
international business (Friedman, 2005). In addition, countries that had followed the Soviet economic model, including India, China, Russia and the
nations of Eastern Europe, Latin America and Central Asia, began to open up their economies to the world. This in Friedman's view made countries
more integrated and "similar"

Globalization And Its Impact On Modern Society
Since the early 1990's, the term globalization has become a bit of a buzzword, prevalent in the speech of policy makers, popular press, and academic
journals. It is used frequently to describe the .... . Its consistent use has led many people to a certain understanding of it most basic meaning, but it is an
immensely complex concept that can not be truly understood at the top layer of meaning which is prevalent among general society. There are multiple
varying definitions for the globalization phenomenon.
Many people argue that the process of globalization has contributed to a metaphorical "flattening" of our world, destroying absolute spatial
differentiation. The hyperglobalist economists believe that we have come to live in a 'global village' society in which is close to the destruction of
spatial differentiation and thus, the study of geography. The idea is that our differences are declining and our culture is homogenizing. However, this
belief relies on the assumption that modern globalization mechanisms can be considered completely global. It is difficult to refute the argument that
there are currently millions of people who have not seen or been affected by even the most fundamental advancements and compression that go along
with globalization. Looking meticulously at the "geographical distribution of the causes and effects of...contemporary processes of economic
globalization" shows that there is in fact a clear differentiation of these processes along recognizable and

Globilization and the World Economy Essay
Globilization and the World Economy
Globalisation in general means the effort of a company moving into other territories (outside the national boarders of a country) to sell its goods and
services to increase profits as a result of expansion. Globalisation incorporates both opportunities and risks which change the way businesses are
managed worldwide. It brings about a well–diversified portfolio for such a company. This is because the company is guarding itself from huge losses
in case of economic uncertainty. Significant gain in one company can cover for the losses made in another company. By this, the globalise company
would experience constant cost pressure which entice them to continuously ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It means that they can have access to increase efficiency of foreign investment; this was one of the reasons why General Motors recently spent $750
million to build a Buick assembly plant in China ( Roston & Fonda, 2002).
Globalisation also helps to increase the national income of the countries under discussion. This is because; when the foreign countries enter the
territory, they bring in foreign currency which in a way helps to boom the economy. More so, workers; both local and foreign gets the opportunity to
work for such a company. These workers pay taxes to the government which intern increases the national income (Roston & Fonda, 2002). The foreign
workers also pay a lot of money to just to acquire the permit to work in the country. Hence the gross domestic would increase and the country would be
seen in the international setting as an up–and–coming country (Ghosh, 2001). This can help attract other companies into the country and the country
can also be able to easily borrow funds from the international monetary funds (IMF) if needs be.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a main advantage of globalization affecting the world economy. When a company goes global, it will make

Carl Sauer Research Paper
Carl Sauer was an American geographer from the United States who lived from 1889 to 1975. He had a German heritage, being the son of two German
immigrants. After attending college at Wesleyan University, he attained his PhD at the University of Chicago. After establishing himself in the world of
geography, he became a geography professor at the University of Michigan and then later on at the University of California, Berkeley. He had an
extremely decorated career. He was awarded the Honorary Fellowship Award in 1935 and was also awarded the Daly Medal in 1940, both by the
American Geographical Society. Unlike many geographers, Sauer focused in his studies on rural areas and landscapes, rather than cities and urban
landscapes. To go along

Why Is History Such Important?
Why is history such an important subject in schools? There are many answers to this question; however, one reason stands out in particular. Scholars
study history, or the past decisions that lead to certain events and outcomes in order to recreate or prevent the same outcome from occurring. After all,
history indeed repeats itself, and politics and globalization are no different. Hegemons rise and fall, crises and wars breakout, political systems build–up
and collapse, all in all decisions are made that will lead future outcomes that dictate not only the domestic landscape but also the international landscape
as well. The modern history of globalization and integration has been tumultuous to say the least. The international economy has experienced both
periods of openness and closeness as well as periods of calmness and agitation. The world is significantly more integrated today, than it was one
hundred, or even just fifty years ago, however, a dilemma is facing the international political economy. Developing countries have to decide between
further integration into the global economy, or an isolationist retreat that would separate them from the volatility of globalization. Globalization and
development hinge on the cooperation of both the global north and global south to promote greater growth and integration into the global economy.
The global north has been using the post–war international organizations and trade rules to their advantage, inadvertently creating

The Negative Impacts Of Globalization
The Negative Impacts of Globalization
Across the world, globalization is one of the most significant aspects that has occurred over the last fifty years. It allows a country to integrate
economically with other countries through a global network comprised of people, trade, and transportation. With the global landscape only becoming
more intertwined, globalization and its inherent pros and cons seem to be here to stay. In many areas, global powers tend to lack in rectifying the
negative aspects and only focus on the positive side. America, for example, is a leader in the globalization efforts, even though it has greatly effected
job opportunities at home, widening income gaps, and an increased standard of living due to fluctuating world markets.
America has been involved in globalization since before its conception as colonist relied heavily on trade. Osland states that even, "during the 15th
century, voyages were made by explorers who were funded by the European monarchs to seek new trade routes" (Osland 137). The colonist
eventually began trading with natives as they bartered for spices and treasures in exchange for anything that the natives deemed of use. Eventually,
trade companies were established to control the flow of more products and it only expanded from there. After World War 2, world banks were created
to help with the post war clean up and the global markets began to gain power as trade became a priority for most countries.
A major globalization agenda is to

How Globalization Impact The Effect Of Globalization On...
Effect of globalization on modern business organizations According to Friedman (2000 in Blythe & Zimmerman, 2005), globalization is the
"inexorable integration of markets, nation–states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before–in a way that is enabling individuals,
corporations and nation states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before, and in a way that is enabling the world to
reach into individuals corporations and nation–states farther, faster deeper and cheaper than ever before." Simply put, it is the connectivity of
individuals and institutions across the globe or at least over most of it. Globalization basically ends up in the assumption that distinctions between
national markets square measure attenuation and can eventually disappear because the world becomes a world village. It's so safe to conclude that
globalization may be a development that's here to remain and in and of itself, managers ought to create deliberate efforts to watch the worldwide
surroundings to change their organizations to adapt to changes during this surroundings. Many organizations pursue growth strategies in order to
improve their position in the global market place (Usunier & Lee, 2013). While this strategy may encourage the achievement of success for a few
organizations, others fail really as a result of their inability to spot the distinctive cultures of customers in international markets that successively
influence their individual

Globalisation Has Been more Harmful than Beneficial
Globalisation has become the general phenomenon around the world. It means increasing global relationships of culture, people, and economic
activities. Moreover, the free trade between the countries is measured due to the implementation of globalization. It is a concept of viewing the whole
world as a 'global village.' But today there is a controversial debate about the topic is globalization has been more harmful than beneficial and in this
essay the argument is in the favour of the topic about health, environment, and employment.
Globalization has been benefited global health is stated by the proponents of it. Furthermore, globalization has not only provided the technology and
services around the world but also has increased the per capita income of a small portion of people in the world ; so people can receive medical
treatment easily in their home countries as well due to the movement of professionals such as, doctors. In contrast, because of globalisation people are
moving around the world; consequently, diseases such as HIV/AIDS, communicable diseases, obesity have become the global threat. Therefore,
Charles Baillie declared that "In Canada 60,000 people were founded as HIV positive (Lavin Institute, 2008)." However, obesity the global epidemic
is the damage of health and money. In addition, instead of traditional foods, global beverages and fast foods at any place in the world have raised
obesity. For example, according to Sir John Bourn, "approximately more

Economic Geography Is The Study Of The Location,...
Mid–Term Examination Essay
Questions 1.
Economic geography is the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the Earth. One can also say that it
is the means to allocate and the use of natural resources by the defined area or place. It helps in implementing theories based on the use of geographical
space and the location of human settlement and production activities.
The five analytical themes of economic geography is the study of space is inseparable from the study of time, every place is part of a system of places,
Human action always occurs in a biophysical environment, culture being the shape of consciousness and Social relations are a necessary starting point
to understanding societies and

What Does Geography Mean To Me Research Paper
Geography in the 21st century has many different meanings depending on the individual. To me, however, geography basically means the study of the
world. Upon closer inspection, geography has many unique characteristics that defines it as a scientific subject. Geography has two different aspects
which focuses on different areas such as human geography, which I personally took last semester, and this geography deals with studying cultures,
societies, and economies. The other geography is physical geography which focuses on the physical landscapes and environment. Initially, the
geography I thought of was physical geography. Geography allows us to be more knowledgeable about different places around the world, the
communities within each place and how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Teaching this scientific subject relies on using the technology available to us today, such as Google Earth to explore around the world and virtual
reality programs to personally "traverse" to the place and see it with our own eyes. Exploration is an utmost important aspect of geography and with
the use of today's technologies, exploring is easier to come by. Researchers are able to use Google Earth to document their findings and attempt to
explain what is currently occurring across the Earth as well as what those occurrences will mean for the future. Similarly, mapping is another important
tool for geography as I have learned in class. Satellite imagery can scan the face of the earth, producing topographic information that highly goes into
depth of, for example, the water levels in the area or the amount of deforested areas. By using these kinds of information, environmentalists and other
researchers can predict the future outcomes of predicaments and study upon how to mitigate the hazardous effect from occurring or to simply prevent
it from

Summary Of Harm De Blij's Why Geography Matters
Harm de Blij's book, Why Geography Matters poses a central theme, which I have heard discussed multiple times. Blij argues that the American public
is the most geographically illiterate society in the world. Blij blames this decline with the poorly formulated curricula in the American school systems,
which ultimately originates from Washington D.C. and the people that run this country. If I had never seen this central theme in action in a classroom I
would have been dumbfounded. In one short paragraph Blij summarized how America's illiteracy began, which this then becomes the central theme of
his book that relates to the educational field. Blij writes that professional educators took control of the system and combined the subjects of history,...
As every day passes China grows stronger in every aspect and eventually they will be knocking on America's doorstep in each of those categories.
Economically, China is closing rapidly, but even the sleeping giant as Napoleon Bonaparte called it, has its limits. To be blunt, China is resource
hungry and who knows what their country will do next. With the level of nationalism that their people have, China could go in multiple directions.
For example, let us look at both China attempting to exert control over the South China Sea and also with the Senkaku Islands. Both of these areas
are becoming more and more hostile, which ultimately could lead to deadly military engagements. With that being said, Blij also proposes an
argument that I have been pondering for a while and that is a potential cold war between the U.S.A. and China. On the outside it seems as if there is a
potential collision course to that conclusion. However, Blij does offer an interesting solution to this possibility and it is one that I believe should be
the strongest takeaway. Blij suggests that trade, scientific, cultural and educational links and exchanges can be the solution to this issue. After all,
China is responsible for many of the essential aspects to our life. Therefore, the least we as Americans can do is learn the various geographical aspects
that encircle

Which Comes First Geography Or Politics
John Van Den Anker
Essay Question #2
Geography or Politics: Which Comes First?
On a November 6th meeting with Japanese Prime Minister Abe, the United States President Donald Trump mentioned that he "never knew we had so
many countries" before he became president of the U.S. This humorous display of obliviousness serves as a public continuation of the United States'
proud neglect of geography outside its borders resulting from the lack of geography in public education. U.S. students show mediocre performance in
international math, science, and reading tests; however, videos and articles describing episodes where U.S. citizens demonstrate an astute lack of
geographical knowledge populate global media. This phenomenon accentuates the negative foreign perception of the U.S.' self–centeredness and
ignorance. Contrasting the U.S. approach, Russian educators and policymakers believe that geography is a vital part of education. In 2017, Putin
created a day honoring geography teachers and has stated that geography is the foundation upon which patriotism can be fostered. , Overall, the
Russian educational system produces slightly lower test scores in science and reading than the U.S.; however, in math, scores are significantly better.
Given the educational issues in both countries, the stark contrast between the approach of Trump and Putin to geography shows that the U.S. and Russia
see geography at different levels of importance in the educational systems of their respective

Ap Human Geography Week 7 Geography Research Paper
Introduction to Geography
Research paper week 7 I learned more than I anticipated while studying the Introduction to Geography. There are Four Geographic Traditions; Earth
Science Tradition, Culture–Environment Tradition, Location Tradition and Area Analysis Tradition. The Earth Science Tradition covers physical
geography such as landforms, natural resources, weather and climate. I found the text on natural resources to be very helpful, informative and
important for our current economy. The Culture–Environment Tradition discusses population geography, spatial interaction and culture geography.
During one of the class discussions about population I learned that in just 22 hours the world population increased by more than 233,000 people. ...
The weather affects us constantly, whether rain or shine. Tropical storms and hurricanes have been in the news a lot lately. Since I live on the Gulf of
Mexico I have learned that during hurricane season it is critical to pay attention to the weather and be prepared for a hurricane. I think about how
much more damage would be caused and how many lives could be lost if we didn't have an understanding of the weather. Even today with resources
such as the weather channel and local news reports we cannot prevent damage to the environment completely. We can however evacuate people to save
lives and build better hurricane resistant buildings in hurricane prone areas. "The National Hurricane Center is a component of the National Centers for
Environmental Prediction." (nhc.noaa.gov) The National Hurricane Center is a great on–line tool. It has information such as; local forecast, cyclone
forecast, marine forecast, tools, data and information about outreach and education. It's so detailed that you can even get a list of items needed to be
prepared for a hurricane. "A hurricane begins in a low pressure zone over warm waters, usually in the Northern Hemisphere." (Introduction to
Geography, Getis, page 97) "The central core of the storm that is calm is known as the eye." (Introduction to Geography, Getis, page 97) "In the western
Pacific these storms are known as typhoons." (Introduction to Geography, Getis, page 97) Thanks to weather research we now know

Pro And Cons Of Globalization
Within the last few decades technology has been progressing at an extremely rapid rate resulting in globalization becoming far more relevant in our
lives. Whether or not globalization is a beneficial thing for the world has become a frequently discussed topic in the world today. Globalization is the
increasingly closer integration of countries and peoples of the world brought about by the enormous reduction of transportation and communication
costs and the breakdown of barriers to the flow of goods, services, capital, and knowledge (Ehrenfeld). Communication costs specifically have gone
down significantly in the recent years making the topic more prominent in daily discussions. There are many critics of globalization who view it as an
evil in our society, but despite the drawbacks that come with it there are benefits that heavily outweigh them. Globalization has been seen as an
issue, because it has resulted in the outsourcing of many jobs in developed countries. Although it has resulted in many jobs being outsourced,
countries that are still developing now have opportunities for new jobs (Josephson). New job opportunities in developing countries allows for
higher standards of living, more competition between workers which boosts productivity, and helps people get out of poverty. From a universal
perspective it is a wiser decision to provide jobs to the countries that need them far more than already developed countries as the jobs being
outsourced are manufacturing jobs. There are many people who cannot support themselves or their families, because they have do not have a job or
any income, because they live in undeveloped countries. In a globalized world jobs are outsourced to undeveloped countries which allows those who
are less fortunate to get a job, and provide for their family.
Globalization progresses when new innovations such as the internet and the television are introduced. These innovations allow for the communication
of ideas throughout the world so better ideas can get to more people in a shorter amount of time. During the ancient period when globalization was
not possible good ideas that flourished in certain parts of the globe did not spread to the rest of the world. If the aspect of

The Impacts Of Globalization And The Benefits Of...
Globalization is the integration of the worldwide economy in which resources and products move freely across the globe. Globalization has been
present for decades however it has predominantly become a more frequent process and has potential good and bad effects on the world of business.
Problems can include competition in manufacturing jobs and unemployment in industrialized countries. However, this can also be beneficial in other
situations as globalization gives you a larger market trade will be cheaper so more countries can import and export goods which can bring in profits to
multi–national corporations.
Globalization can be seen as a major threat for manufacturing jobs in the developed world, however, can also be a benefit for developing world
citizens who receive thousands of jobs a year although they don't receive a high salary. Maurice Allais, a French economist states that this
unemployment, of course, has only been able to develop because of the existence of low salaries and insufficient flexibility in the labor market
(April 10th, 1999). This indicates that globalization has jeopardized Western countries jobs because companies are moving their establishments to
developing countries where they don't need to pay employees as much and where land is cheaper so overall businesses benefit from this. Also,
employees in the developed world are at risk of becoming redundant as they are susceptible to face pay cuts in jobs. Employees are less skilled in the
developing world as they don't receive the benefit of an education like developed countries do. So a company may want to build factories in these
countries because environmental laws aren't as strict. Establishments in these areas provides promising jobs for the local people and allows them to
learn new skills, however they are set on minimum wage which in developed world countries, this would not be enough to live on, wherein third world
countries this is still a low amount so this is not enough to bring them out of poverty meaning that the only one who benefits from this is the company.
Although there have been several arguments against exploitation and oppression, the majority of developing countries do not have existing laws which
take minimum wage

Western Dominance And Its Effects On The Global Economy Essay
Modern history is composed of many false narratives of western dominance coming about as a result of some type of superiority, whether it was the
European thought process, religion, culture, or even skin color. Western dominance, however, did not come from a place of superiority, but rather a
streak of luck that allowed European countries to begin to colonize the rest of the world, cutting the world up into a few powerful colonial empires.
Although today these colonial empires have diminished somewhat or entirely, the neoliberal policies and institutions that were put in place in the
nineteen seventies continue to perpetuate the same power and economic inequalities that had been felt by colonies, on the current global economy.
Neoliberalism reinforces the unequal power relationships through mechanisms that are designed generally to benefit the developed countries of the
global north, while exploiting the cheap resources contained in the global south. The colonial division of labor was the tool of choice that European
power's used to develop their infant industries to become competitive on the global market. Before the European or western rise to power, China and
India were the dominant forces in global trade, exporting some of the finest products worldwide. The fall of the Chinese and Indian trade dominance
coincided with the rise of European colonizing. Through the colonial division of labor, European colonizers were able to exploit their colonies for
cheap resources to

Foreign Investment Into The London Property Market
Introduction
In recent years, what can only be described as extremely rapid growth has occurred in the London property market. With a present average house price
of ВЈ458,283 compared to ВЈ179,492 for the rest of England and Wales (Land Registry, 2015, pp. 3–5), London is an interesting case study for
analysis due to a consistent 9.8% ten year growth average (Knight Frank , 2014). Something demonstrated in Figure 1, which shows property price
percentage increase from the twelve months prior to December 2014. With such levels of growth, it is easy to conceptualise London's attractiveness to
investors, particularly that of foreign origin from less stable countries.
Broadly focused on economic geography, my thesis will be an original piece ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim of the project is to investigate and document something that has not been extensively researched in academic literature. The present day issue
of foreign investment in London property provides somewhat of a gap in academic study which I hope (in a small way) to begin to fill.
There are several reasons for me choosing this particular area to research, the first is a strong interest in finance and my desire to work in this sector
after graduation. Secondly, the potential volatility and substantive gains and losses associated with the property market, make for an interesting study
area. Looking at the foreign investment dimension culminates both of the aforementioned contemporary aspects, with my aim to add knowledge and
understanding to the world.
Literature Review
When searching for literature to review, it quickly became evident that there was a distinct lack of contemporary scholarly writing surrounding the
direct issue of foreign investment in the London property market. In contrast, there are many news articles and publications that exist which identify
the issue. For the purpose of this section, scholarly literature bearing on investment in the round and the property market in particular will be reviewed
to provide context, while news articles and publications to

Problems Associated With Geography And Economic...
Do you agree that twentieth century divergence in economic development across countries was largely the result of geographic factors?
The traditional view associated with geography and economic development across countries is that distance has played a huge role in creating
disparities in terms of location . However, this interpretation is questioned by some who note that the failure of developing economies can be attributed
to the persistent problem of institutional failure, which prevents individuals and the economy as a whole from growing. Although this warrants a
possible claim, ultimately it should be noted that the failure and inadequacy of institutions in LDCs compared to MEDCs can still be traced to
geography. Hence, I believe that twentieth century divergence in economic development across countries was largely the result of geographic factors.
Distance determines the level of access that people have to export markets and the access that suppliers have to domestic markets . Greater access
to exports gives the ability for a population to experience a variety of different goods and services, which in turn enhances their welfare. By the same
notion a population with limited access to export markets are more liable to experience lower levels of choice between what goods and services to
purchase. The implication is that if suppliers are unable to easily access a particular economy, factors of production may be unable to be substituted for
cheaper alternatives. This

The Beginning Of Foreign Aid Essay
Introduction: 1.The beginning of Foreign Aid
All human beings regardless of their background require a set of resources to survive. These are food, water, shelter and clothing in addition to this,
healthcare, education and sanitation are also essential for a person's wellbeing. In 1949 Truman's Inaugural Address "we must embark on a bold new
program for making the benefits of our scientific advances and industrial progress available for the improvement and growth of underdeveloped areas"
raised awareness of the fundamental belief that countries that are far more developed should be assisting underdeveloped countries to improve their
living standards. Aid is the giving of money, goods and advice by one country to another. The principle of giving and supporting others through "foreign
aid" blossomed during the 1960's, technological advances provided opportunities for televised reporting in the United States of inhumane situations in
other "underdeveloped" countries. The idea of tackling poverty took hold and the UN and Bretton Woods Institutions (originally formed for post–war
reconstruction) became mechanisms for action on development. 2. Why should we help?
After a reading a considerable amount, poverty has consistently been a vocal point of discussion when addressing critical humanitarian issues such as:
famine, drought, crime, population management and much more. Global organisations have attempted to provide accurate data of distribution of
wealth around the

Essay On Advantages And Disadvantages Of Globalisation
Introduction Nowadays, people share their ideas and expertise more easily due the revolution of technology. They became using same Clothes,
watching same movies, and reading same books. Cuisines were before considered as a part of countries' culture, however; variety of Asian, Indian,
Arab, and others cuisines are found now easily and almost everywhere in the western region. That leads to the term of Globalisation, BBC website
defines Globalisation as: "the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural
exchange" (BBC, N.D.). Globalisation have made a dramatic change in our lives, and reflected on contemporary artwork, population migration,
linguistic changes, which... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The world became so interconnected and interdependent, any change in the economy, society or even policies may reflect not only to the
regional countries but beyond that to impact all over the world. Conflict in one of vital raw materials region such as: oil, coal, or iron will disorder
global markets consistency. Globalisation has meant that risk in one location can spread rapidly to another part of the globe. Globalisation, Is it
good or bad? Globalisation's advantages and disadvantages of have been a controversial issue for a long time, supporters see that Globalisation
could: 1.Offer cheaper and affordable products, and relieve financial burdens of the poor countries that had before to subside the vital products, but
now alternatives are available. 2.Transfer of technologies, and knowledge to less developed countries. 3.Exchange culture, goods, and services
between countries from Far East to Far West. 4.Diversify products. 5.Create jobs in poor countries which for example brought Five Hundred Million
Chinese out of poverty in last Twenty five years. () 6.Have added a substantial increase of foreign direct

"The benefits of globalization outweigh its cost." How far...
The term "globalization" is defined as "growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of
cross–border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. All definitions
appear to agree that globalization has economic, political, cultural, and technological aspects that may be closely intertwined" by the International
Monetary Fund . "Benefits" is defined as "advantage or profit" and "cost" is defined as the "effort or loss necessary to achieve something" by the
Oxford dictionary of Current English.
We agree to a large extent to the statement, "The benefits of globalization outweigh its cost." Even though there are some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although many may not pay attention to this aspect, but nowadays, as the Earth is getting more and more polluted, people also start to pay more
emphasis on protecting the Earth. Globalization have indeed improved communications and raised the awareness of everyone around the world.
Contrastively, globalization itself has great damage to the environment. Due to developed countries going into developing countries to exploit their
resources, the natural resources is depleting at a rapid speed, yet we are still not doing enough to stop it. As there are strict laws regarding the
environment in developed countries, these companies turn their eyes onto developing countries whose environmental laws are more relaxed in
comparison. As these developing countries also want to earn revenue and income that these companies bring, they open the door to them, but
destroying Mother Earth at the same time.
Thirdly, globalization has also effects on human socially, in their cultural and way of thinking. As countries always need to corporate with each other
when they do some investment or business together, as neighbors engage in communication to determine their shared goals, and how they wish to live.
Therefore globalization allows humanity to work together as a team towards noble goals rather than as individuals grasping to meet their own needs.
Countries can bond to each others more closely. This way, interacting between different races and religion facilitates and we can understand

Globalization and Immigration
Introduction
Nowadays migration is getting to be one of the dominant characteristics of the modern world since at the present moment that movement of people and
migration of citizens from one country to another become a norm. Not surprisingly that such unparallel and extremely high level of migration results in
substantial demographic, ethnical and socio–cultural changes in many countries of the world.
In this respect, it is worthy of mention that such a situation with the migration is the result of the recent trend in the world economy which is
characterized by processes which are generally called globalization. The process of globalization is overwhelming and involves practically all countries
of the world with rare exceptions which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Naturally, it resulted in an extreme specialization of countries that makes their economies one–sided, and consequently more exposed to economic and
social crisis.
However, globalization developed international contacts and made it possible to cooperate on the global scale. As a result, nowadays, basically due to
the high level of development of IT and Internet, specialists physically living in different countries of the world may work on one and the same
product. So, it may be said that globalization "eliminated geographical boundaries between countries" (Gomory 2002:187).
As for its effects, they are quite contradictive. The contrast is particularly obvious between well–developed countries and developing ones. In short, its
effect may be expressed in one phrase, richer countries become richer, and poor countries become poorer. Though it sounds a bit radical and more
precisely, it should be said that globalization makes developing countries more dependant on well–developed and it also makes practically all the
countries of the world more submitted to global crisis since their economies are closely interlinked than a crisis in one country would lead to the same
effect on economies of other countries that are its economic partners. In this respect, migration seems to be probably the most effective by such a
striking contrast that leads to high level of emigration from developing countries and respectively high level of

The Relationship Between Geography, Climate And Economic...
1.Introduction
The purpose of the study is to establish and evaluate the relationship between geography, climate and economic performance through individual income
levels. This has been very vast area of consideration in the academic community. Therefore, on the basis of extensive literature survey and previous
research analytics on similar disciplines, the scope of the present research would be conducting a two–stage econometric estimation, mainly regression
to compute the relationship at the municipal level income data per person across a computed set of geographical variables.
Geography and environment has a closer impact on socio–economic development of a region. Historical data has revealed that geography has some
effect on shaping the economic history. However, the amount of variance is an important consideration. Tropics are varied by broad climatic zones
and economies as well (Torres & Mendez, 2000; 2002, Inter–American Development Bank, 2000). As a result, the research would identify the key
geographical and climatic factors from the national database and analyze its relationship with income per person longitudinal data for a time period of
1950 to 2014. This paper will analyze this variance to test and interpret the condition of multicollinearity using a regression analysis, as some
geographical factors might be highly correlated impacting the ultimate results.
1.1Research Questions
In the overview of understanding the dependency of climatic, geographical and

The Importance Of Geographic Literacy
Geography, it's not just maps and knowing about landforms. Geography is about a who, what, where, why and how. It raises awareness of things
around the world and provides information about understanding conflicts and solving them. (Murray, Dr. Matthew) Dr. Edelson points out that, "While
the impacts of any particular far–reaching decision may be small, the cumulative impact of the decisions made by millions of people are enormous."
("What is Geo–literacy?" 2012) Geography is something all citizens should know about, everyone should be aware of what is happening around them.
The main focus of teaching students how to be geoliterate is so they will know the consequences resulting from basic decisions. As the curriculum
continues to change in schools throughout the nation, geography has become nonexistent within the classroom. Besides the basic geographical
features, like landforms and oceans, most of this generation knows nothing about geography. Even sometimes these simple concepts are unreachable
for students and many young adults making them geo–illiterate.
Geographic Literacy, as described by Dr. Daniel C. Edelson, has three key concepts; understanding human and natural systems, geographic reasoning
and systematic decision making. He describes a geo–literate student as not only one who understands geography, but one who understands that the
Earth is interconnected and the decisions we make over our lifetime have long–lasting effects. They should also able to comprehend that the
relationship between human systems and their interactions and the impact it puts on our environment. (2012) Another way to describe Geographic
Literacy would mean to be "better equipped to better understand the complexity of the world, how our decisions affect others, and the
interconnectedness of this rich, diverse, and not–so–large world." It means that one should know what the effects are of the decisions we make daily.
(Baskerville, Brian) Regardless of if the decision is where to live or
Herring 2 how to prepare for natural disasters, everyone makes decisions throughout their lifetime that requires geo–literacy. ("What is Geo–Literacy?")
Whether these decisions are riding a bike or driving a car, using plastic bags versus

Economic Globalization And The Global Economy
It is usual today to hear of economic globalization referred to as an immensely valuable and modern process. The implication is that, as nations more
fully engage in interactive trade and financial cooperation, benefits accrue to virtually all as the markets inevitably expand. Importantly connected to
such a viewpoint is the perception that the expansion of the global economy must produce desirable results for those nations in various stages of
development; in plain terms, the interaction on the global scale must both infuse such countries with capital and significantly promote the internal
growth necessary for them to engage more fully in the international currents of finance. To some extent, there is validity to this; global integration does
encourage accelerated development, and particularly in regard to trade. At the same time, there is as yet no conclusive evidence that the integration of
developing countries into the global economy uniformly produces benefits for those countries. The research thus far indicates that individual national
variables, as will be discussed, are critical factors, and that trade openness may be more advantageous than financial openness (Presad et al 8). As the
following will investigate and affirm, the unique characters of developing nations themselves potently affect how integration into international markets
goes to their further development. Ultimately, while such integration is seen to yield important benefits to the countries

What is geography? Author Alastair Bonnett attempts to...
What is geography? Author Alastair Bonnett attempts to answer this question in the book titled the same. He states that geography is a "human
enterprise...[that] is an attempt to find and impose order."1 He explores the many facets of geography that include history, political power, climate, and
the humans that live throughout the world. The first two chapters explain in more detail about how geography is knowing the world through both
political order and nature. The first chapter of Bonnett's What is Geography? explores geography through order and power. Bonnett asserts that humans
have a "consistent desire to order their world."2 This order accomplishes two things: it allows humans to find meaning in the world and helps to ...
They relied on an understanding of the land to further their own economic aspirations. A nation that knows that maps are "a supremely practical
tool"7 benefit immensely. An understanding of geography allows for a civilization to know exactly how, what, where, and when it is best for trade
and excavation of resources. Bonnett finishes the first chapter by exploring a modern dilemma in geography. He believes that geography is used to
explain not only the world, but also people. Unfortunately, explaining people can sometimes turn to racism and prejudice. In Africa, for example,
European explorers began interacting with traders and other native people. Europeans saw the lack of tools, weapons, and western philosophy and
science as "tangible means of distinguishing civilized peoples from savages and barbarians."8 These early observations were the beginning of hundreds
of years of racist thought and study into supporting this supremacist beliefs that expanded globally. Bonnett balances this by reassuring his reader that
modern geography has many examples that show more understanding of the world and the people in it. Chapter two focuses on a second important
area of geography. Nature has profound impact on human development. Bonnett draws upon the idea of Jared Diamond that "environment molds
history."9 This idea ofenvironmental determinism is a powerful notion. Throughout history, humans evolve and change with the world, The
environment and physical

The Contributions Of The Enlightenment Era ( 1685-1815?
Enlightenment era (1685–1815)
The creation of a world market led to the Europeans busying to consolidate their power in all directions, this resulted in the thirty years. The British had
committed regicide, as well as fighting in the Anglo–Dutch wars which arose out of commercial rivalry. Arising amongst the turmoil,geography
underwent a "Scientific Revolution" (Hefferman, 2009, pp.05). Cartography and navigational skills led to researchers to explore further, which led to
scientific discoveries and conscious data gathering. In this period, you could perhaps say the interests of a naturalist and a navigator were one, as see
with the likes of Linnaeus and his new classification system. This scientific revolution led to new methodologies, language, instruments which all had
an influence on geographical traditions. This was a truly significant change, since before expeditions were powered by imperial zealotry tinged with
evangelic instincts (Livingstone, 1996). The achievements of this era are well documented, for example William Dampier (1651–1715) was the first
Englishman to scientifically examine the west and northwest parts of Australia. This was significant as it was the first voyage by the British for pure
scientific exploration (Crone, 1964). Then in 1769, James Cook (1728–90) transformed circumnavigation from, hit and miss, to well–masterminded
expeditions. He opened the south hemisphere for exploitation as these explorations entwined with commercial backing and

Economic Differences Of Physical Geography Of India And India
Physical Geography, in many ways impact what humans do. Multiple states do things similarly and differently because of the physical environment.
China and India and Pakistan similarly have a high population density near rivers and have a higher economy due to their physical location; however,
they contrast because India and Pakistan use bodies of water for politics, while China uses bodies of water for economic advantages. India similarly
has high population rates near rivers to China. The book states, "various civilizations have grown up along these rivers, such as the Ganges... To this
day the population centers are dotted along their banks" (p184). The book states, " The heartland, as the North China plain is known, was, and is a
large fertile plain with two main rivers and a climate that allows rice and soybeans to be harvested 2 a season, which encouraged rapid population
growth" (p42). Rivers in both China and India have higher populations near them. Both nations use the arable land near the rivers for agriculture, thus
creating chain migration in those areas. Arable land typically result in a higher population near them because the effect is chain migration and an
increase in crude birth rates. China and Pakistan use their physical location (where they are located on a map) to an economic advantage. Prisoners of
Geography states, "...the ancient Silk Road, the land trade bridge from the middle kingdom of the world." (p52). Prisoners of Geography states,
"Another

Where We Stand : Class Matters
Globalization is a series of processes which lead to the increasing interconnectivity and mutual dependence of nations and their peoples. In 2002, the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) released a report outlining four main aspects of globalization, they are as follows: trade, capital movement,
movement of people, and the spread of knowledge and technology (IMF 2002). For the sake of this paper I will treat the first two categories of this
model as one, due to their similar nature, and also because capital is a medium which facilitates trade. But do these exchanges occur in a benevolent
manner across all borders? In this paper, I will examine the three locomotive aspects of globalization and argue that they this locomotion is not mutually
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Historically, these institutions were those which facilitated commerce (ie, roads, airports, and similar hubs), and contemporarily these institutions
would be those which expedite the movement of goods, people, and ideas (Yotopoulos, 2007). This system of economic exploitation is the direct
precursor to what hooks describes as the model of "U.S. imperialist economic domination" (hooks, 92).
The first locomotive aspect of contemporary globalization, offered by the IMF, is the movement of capital. The economies of nations have become
increasingly interlinked due to the free flow of capital, and semi–unrestricted global trade via a reduction in protectionist measures (birdsall 2003).
However, this movement of capital occurs in a highly asymmetric fashion across international borders. The post–colonial reality of countries of the
Global South, which saw their resources plundered, has a profound effect on the ability of these countries to freely engage with and benefit from
globalization in the same way as countries of the Global North. The wealth accumulated by highly industrialized nations from historical imperialism,
has allowed them to produce a wealth of institutions which in–turn creates a reputation of stability and reliability for them. These institutions and
reputation allow them to benefit

Disadvantages Of Globalisation Essay
Introduction Nowadays, people share their ideas and expertise more easily due the revolution of technology. They became using same Clothes,
watching same movies, and reading same books. Cuisines were before considered as a part of countries' culture, however; variety of Asian, Indian,
Arab, and others cuisines are found now easily and almost everywhere in the western region. That leads to the term of Globalisation, BBC website
defines Globalisation as: "the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural
exchange" (BBC, N.D.). Globalisation have made a dramatic change in our lives, and reflected on contemporary artwork, population migration,
linguistic changes, which... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The world became so interconnected and interdependent, any change in the economy, society or even policies may reflect not only to the
regional countries but beyond that to impact all over the world. Conflict in one of vital raw materials region such as: oil, coal, or iron will disorder
global markets consistency. Globalisation has meant that risk in one location can spread rapidly to another part of the globe. Globalisation, Is it
good or bad? Globalisation's advantages and disadvantages of have been a controversial issue for a long time, supporters see that Globalisation
could: 1.Offer cheaper and affordable products, and relieve financial burdens of the poor countries that had before to subside the vital products, but
now alternatives are available. 2.Transfer of technologies, and knowledge to less developed countries. 3.Exchange culture, goods, and services
between countries from Far East to Far West. 4.Diversify products. 5.Create jobs in poor countries which for example brought Five Hundred Million
Chinese out of poverty in last Twenty five years. () 6.Have added a substantial increase of foreign direct

Does globalization affect negatively on civilizations? The...
Does globalization affect negatively on civilizations? The term globalization means the procedure of connections and incorporations among individuals,
organizations and legislatures of diverse countries, a methodology determined by global exchange and speculations, and helped by data innovations. In
other words, it is a process of interactions between people, on the basis, that they live in one planet, regardless the limits and spaces separating them.
The term globalization was a seldom known articulation on where it could just be utilized as part of sparing field. Regrettably, it has made different
negative impacts on specific fields, as a result, in the matter of human health, public interests, and cultural affairs, globalization turned ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, globalization could lead to the damage of other countries cultures and their local productions which is another meaning of domination. A
closer look at the essence of globalization will indicate according to (Globerman, 2001), that it leads to immigration fears. One of globalization
disadvantages is that it leads to an increase in illegal migrations from one country to another because globalization often generates countervailing
strengths. For instance, as business developing and becoming internationalized, the globalization frequently expands its production to developing
countries where labor costs are lower. These movements of jobs, from developed nations to the developing world, pave the way to certain
economic negative factors leading to illegal immigration. Albaradei (2012) stated that the period of globalization started, this was the beginning of
relief for thousands of people around the world, especially for refugees who live in developing countries and searching for jobs and better places to
live but are facing a lot of obstacles like wars, lack of job opportunities, or lack of health care. However, this turned out to be against the public
interests of developed countries, because illegal migrants limit the rights for the public by limiting the availability of free health care, free education,
and the abundance of job opportunities. For that, according to Pew Global Attitudes Project (2007), a large percentage in both developed out

Ap Human Geography Research Paper
Geography is rarely a subject regarded with much esteem; even at the collegiate level, geography seems to slip through the cracks as an important
subject. Many people don't consider geography to be important in their fields, and therefore don't give it much thought–but this is a misconception, a
grave error oft repeated that would detract from anyone's education. What isn't taken into account is that human geography is not merely cartography–it
is the study of the earth, and that includes so much more than landmasses and boundaries, facts and figures. Geography is relevant in numerous and
assorted settings, from economics to religion.
Nearly all of the aspects of life that may influence one's actions or that one may define their character by are directly tied to the study of geography.
Undisputed is the fact that 84% of the world is religious (Harper) and that politics are an important part of adult life, but few people realize the effect
that geography has over those things. Even a broad grasp of geography is helpful to understand various subjects. Additionally, many other
professions–indisputably one of the most important parts of adult life–are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, many Americans don't have that many opportunities for international travel–to quote J. Douglas Jr., "whatever evil war brings in its
train, it has value in teaching us [Americans] geography." (Douglas.) As a consequence, pop culture and media are the only real exposure to other
cultures and places that some people have. Generally, these sources embellish and deemphasize certain features to the point where one's experience
living in the country might be completely different from the perception given. However, geography is–or, at the very least, should–inform on other
countries from a completely factual and objective standpoint, which allows one to increase her worldview. Few will dispute the importance of
understanding other cultures and expanding one's

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