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Received November 11, 2008 / Accepted December 12, 2008
J. Technol. Manag. Innov. 2008,Volume 3, Issue 3
Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Clusters in Latin America
Natural Resource – Implication and Future Challenges
Tomas Gabriel Bas (1), Ernesto Amoros (2), Martin Kunc (3)
Abstract
The natural resources play a very important role in the economy of the Latin America countries, but
follow the classical models of resource exploitation and scale do not add much more value to the
products or services like other knowledge–based industries (biotechnology or IT). The cluster
approach assembled around the pattern of innovation and entrepreneurship characteristics can help
to improve these kinds of industries. Nevertheless, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Critical to this transformation obviously is the processes of innovation and entrepreneurship,
functioning within a cluster structure (Bas, 2006).
This article is arranged by follow: First, we analyse the forms of innovation in Chile and Latin
America for study the importance that acquire this figure in the generation of knowledge.The second
point focus on entrepreneurship also in Chile and Latin
America and their importance like a motor of the economy.
Third, we looking the cluster structure in natural resource like a mode of join the concepts of
innovation and entrepreneurship like a virtuous circle.The last point is concentrate on salmon
industry in Chile, his evolution and structure, and the implications of innovation and
entrepreneurship like an example of an eventual knowledge–based cluster.
A process that takes an idea, or invention, links it to a market demand and turns it into a product, a
technique or a service that is bought and sold can define innovation. Innovation also includes the
improvement of an existing product or process and bringing it to market (Bonin and Desranleau,
1988). Innovation has critical dimensions relating to corporate management, evolution in trajectories
over long periods and spatial location.The capacity to innovate of a country is determine by
underlying capacities to produce and to apply knowledge.There are some indicators that measure
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Environmental Management Of Mining From New Acland Coal Mine
ENVM3305– Environmental Management in Mining
Field report– New Acland Coal Mine
Name: Sâmara Oliveira
Student number: s4338824
INTRODUCTION
The minerals are indispensable for the maintenance of industrial activity, since products such as
automobiles, machinery, tractors, cement, among others, are manufactured from raw materials
coming from this extraction and that these activities are often energetically dependents on certain
minerals, such as coal for example.
However, the mining activity promotes direct impacts on nature, leading to environmental
degradation. It is an activity that extracts resources that are on the ground or underground, from
where various types of minerals (gold, silver, iron ore, tin, bauxite, and many others) are removed.
Like all exploitation of natural resources, the mining activity causes impacts on the environment
both in the exploitation of natural areas and waste generation. It intensely alters the mined area and
the surrounding areas, where deposits of waste and tailings are made. Furthermore, when we have
the presence of harmful chemicals in the ore processing stage, this could mean a serious problem
from an environmental point of view (de Freitas, 2014).
According to Souza Silva (2007), the main problems arising from the mining can be grouped into
five categories: water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, land subsidence, fires caused by coal
and radioactive waste.
Through this report will be made a specific of the

Australian History
Evolution of the Australian Colony Throughout the long history of the Australian colony, it
experienced great imperialism, exploration, conquest, and postcolonialism, revolution, conflict,
trade, human and environmental change, and the evolution of a progressive nation through
colonialism. In the effect of imperialism, exploration, conquest, and postcolonialism, Australia has
faced many difficulties, but established a secure foundation that has not broken throughout the
rebellions and wars that have plagued Australian history. Although the Australian revolution
withheld many casualties, it is one of the most important events in their history, as it united the
republicans and aboriginals to fight as one. Conflict was a battle Australia ... Show more content on
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The war was fought from 1922–1926 between the republic of australia (Republicans) and the
Queensland Republic (Queenies). The war was caused when Queensland, largely the east part of
Australia, seceded from the newly declared Republic Australia. This created a feeling of superiority
from Queensland to the western counterparts. After western australians were elected into office, this
led to the succession. Although the war was fought in superiority, aboriginal equality was a vital part
of the war. Australia used the apartheid system for years before General Rainford declared the
"Aboriginal Edict" during the war. This made Rainford highly unpopular in the east. During the war,
Rainford stepped forward, asking to create a truce. The Queensland officials refused to go to Perth,
the new capital, for the convention, which led to Rainford traveling to Brisbane. Once reaching
Brisbane, the Queensland officials refused to sit at a table with the aboriginals until it was promised
that no body parts would touch the table. The officials continued to treat the aboriginals with
disrespect, even going as far to call the aboriginals savages, which angered Rainford. Before
leaving, he called the officials "fat cats" and stormed out. On August seventh, the Queensland army
of four thousand bombed the republican of one thousand four hundred at Fort Lasseter. Queensland
walked from the war victorious on August tenth. By then, the new Republic of Queensland's flag
was flying proudly above the fort. General Patrick Cowpens and Howard Newfield both failed
attempts to take back Brisbane. Grant Odyssey organized the "Odyssey invasion," in which he
struck at the Queensland Republic at many points, fighting with the aboriginals who aided him in
this attack. Odyssey was able to defeat General Roberts at the third Battle of Dumaresq. When

Conflict, Politics And Crime : Aboriginal Communities And...
A Critical Review of Chris Cunneen, 2001, Terror, Violence and the abuse of human rights,
"Conflict, politics and crime: Aboriginal communities and the police', Ch. 5, pp. 106–129
Introduction
In 2001, Professor Chris Cunneen from the Criminology Department in the University of New
South Wales authored a book entitled "Conflict, Politics and Crime: Aboriginal Communities and
the Police" which mainly focused on the relationship between the Aboriginal people and the police.
In chapter five of the book, which will be evaluated, he analyses the use of terror such as physical
assault, ill treatment and over– policing of the Aboriginal people not just in public places but when
in custody as well. It showed the 'violence of neglect' (Chris Cunneen 2001, p.106) and the failure to
provide proper justice and a certain level of care to the Aboriginal People whether in custody or not
(Chris Cunneen, 2001).In 1987, due to the over representation of Aboriginal peoples death in
custody, the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Death in Custody (RCIADIC) was established to
investigate into it(Larissa Behrendt,2013,p.7). There were some recommendations brought forward
to make improvement to policing methods and the criminal justice system. However, there seems to
be a continuing reality of injustice even in 2001 with high incarceration numbers in custody. "The
law should be a shield for the weak and the powerless, not a club for the powerful "(Governor Roy
Barnes, 2004 Equal Justice

Globalization Has Brought An Era Of Rapid...
Introduction: Globalisation is a leading concept which has become a major contributor for
businesses to become international. Going cross–border has opened up so many opportunities for
many emerging economies which in turn has increased the economic growth of those countries by
manifolds. Globalisation has brought an era of rapid industrialisation and modernisation by giving
organisations access to new ideas, technology, specialised skills and foreign investment.
Globalisation gives a different perspective to organisations in terms of thinking and strategizing
policies. In today's world, we see organisations opting for globalisation because of the future growth
which is getting highlighted as an emerging and imperative factor. ... Show more content on
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So countries like China have also been impacted with this effect due to high ratio of population
compared to jobs being created so the best resort was to do get started with export businesses like
skincare, seafood, and fashion products with developed countries like U.S.A, Australia etc. Many a
times, an organisation has efficient and effective skill sets which meets up the standards of
international trade and hence going global gives an edge, subsidies, profits to such businesses. These
days most of the organisations based in emerging economies are adopting the industrial
globalisation for the sole reason of scope and growth. Like most of the MNCs prefer to outsource
the IT and software business to countries like India because of multiple and lucrative offers brought
to platter like low cost services and high–quality work with an edge on English language. Hence,
pertaining to the above stated reasons I would thereby like to highlight the case study based on one
of the leading software firms in India, Infosys Ltd. Company formerly known as Infosys
technologies private limited was co–founded by seven young engineers in 1981 and one of them
was Narayan Murthy who eventually became face of the organisation. They all had a combined
start–up capital of $250. Today the company's worth

Is Australia A Diverse Country
Australia is a diverse country with many different resources, culture, and economic advances. It's a
country that has advanced greatly in its economy despite inhibitions due to the climate being the
driest in the world, which makes it vulnerable to climate change. Australia is home to 10% of the
world's biodiversity, and a great number of its flora and fauna exist nowhere else in the world
("Australia–Oceania :: Australia"). Australia is located in Oceania, between the Indian Ocean and
the South Pacific Ocean ("Australia–Oceania :: Australia"). It is slightly smaller than the continental
U.S. and tends to have a generally arid to semiarid climate. Australia has many natural resources
including bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, gold, diamonds, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Exports are the goods or services made domestically and sent to other countries. This is important to
a country's economy, as it can become a big source of revenue for the country.
Australia's top exports are iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, beef, aluminum ores, wheat, meat, wool,
and alumina, and from these exports, Australia earned $224.5 billion in total in 2017 ("Australia–
Oceania :: Australia"). Moreover, the countries that exports went to were China 30.5%, Japan
12.4%, US 6.5%, South Korea 6.1% ("Australia–Oceania :: Australia").
In Germany's case, its main exports are motor vehicles, machinery, chemicals, computer and
electronic products, electrical equipment, pharmaceuticals, metals, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
textiles, rubber and plastic products, which all earned $1.401 trillion in exports in 2017 ("Europe ::
Germany"). Its main partners in exports were US 8.9%, France 8.4%, UK 7.1%, Netherlands 6.5%
("Europe :: Germany").
Moreover, imports are also utilized in measuring a country's GDP and GDP per capita. Imports are
those goods and services made in a foreign country and taken in to another. This is usually done
because it is cheaper in terms of labor to retrieve the product as an

Australia 's Economic Success And Growth Rates
Economic Background:
In the past two decades, the Australian economy has been, and continues to be a very strong and
steady economy because of steady GDP growth rates, with an average around 3.5% annually
(Heritage.org). Australia has also benefitted from considerably low inflation and unemployment
rates. Because of these macroeconomic values, Australia is ranked third in the ranking of regional
economies (Heritage.org). The reasons for Australia's ongoing success is mainly because of the
boom in foreign demand of importing the plethora of natural resources and minerals the country
contains, combined with the structural economic policies enacted in the 1980's (The Economist –
Australia's Economy). Australia is also one of the few countries ... Show more content on
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The largest slice of Australia's exports go to China, exporting around 31.6% of its total exports,
making China Australia's biggest benefactor to its economy (DFAT). Although the exports mainly
consist of the titanic amount of minerals that Australia mines, China also imports large quantities of
wool, another heavily traded commodity of Australia. One of the leading wool industries, the
Australian Wool Innovation (AWI) has said "it is easier to sell fine wool for clothes to China than to
traditional recession–hit markets in Europe" (The Economist – Hitched to the China Wagon).
The exportation of wool in conjunction with the exportation of minerals and ore to China makes
China a strong partner with Australia when it comes to resource trading. China obviously is
dependent on Australia's exportations, making Australia's relations with China a strength of the
overall Australian economy. The Australian economy however, is clearly just as dependent on
China's demand for such commodities. Although Australia greatly benefits from China's demand in
its exports, Australia needs to make sure the trade relations between them don't act as a crutch for
the Australian economy. Recent studies and articles predict China's demand for Australian goods
will be shifting leftward in the near future, possibly impacting Australia's economy, and putting it
into a recession.
Weaknesses of Economy:
When it comes to economic weaknesses, Australia is fairly unique in comparison to other

Australia's Economy Essay
Australia's Economy
Australia became a commonwealth of the British Empire in 1901. It was able to take advantage of
its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a
major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. Now, Australia has a prosperous
Western–style capitalist economy, with a per capita GDP at the level of the four dominant West
European economies. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural
products, minerals, metals, and fossil fuels.
Commodities account for 57% of the value of total exports, so that a downturn in world commodity
prices can have a big impact on the economy. The government is pushing for increased exports ...
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Wheat and sugarcane are the leading crops, followed by barley, oats, rice, potatoes, cotton,
sunflower seeds, and tomatoes. Fruits include grapes, primarily for wine, and oranges, apples,
pineapples, and bananas.
Rangeland and pastures occupy about 55 percent of the total land area; on this are raised the world's
largest number of sheep, producing more wool than any other country. Other livestock include
cattle, about one–twelfth for dairying, and pigs. Beef and cattle hides are important products.
Australia is almost self–sufficient in lumber production. Most of roundwood production is
broadleaved, and timber plantations account for about one–fifth of the lumber output. Most fishing
in Australia is marine, three–fifths from the Indian Ocean and two–fifths from the Pacific Ocean.
More than two–thirds of the annual catch consists of crustaceans; tuna is also important. Mining and
quarrying account for about 4 percent of the GDP and employ about 1 percent of the labour force.
Bituminous and lignite coal are the leading energy minerals, followed by petroleum and natural gas.
Australia leads the world in the production of bauxite, industrial diamond, and lead; other metallic
minerals include iron ore, manganese ore, titanium oxide, zinc, copper, nickel, tin, silver, gold,
platinum, cobalt, cadmium, antimony, zircon, bismuth, and tungsten. The principal nonmetallic

Singapore, Hong Kong, London And Frankfurt As An Rmb Hub
Sydney, if successful, will join Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, London and Frankfurt as an RMB
hub. This move will put Sydney on the 'map' as a prominent financial centre globally and deepen
financial ties prior to the likelihood of the Free Trade Agreement ("FTA") between Australia and
China being signed in November this year. In light of these recent developments and proceeding on
the basis that the Australia–China FTA will happen, there is a clear need to critically analyse how it
will effect Australia's Financial Services Sector. I will discuss the internationalisation of the RMB
and how Australian banks will continue to take a more international outlook. I will discuss how
advances in technology will change how the financial services ... Show more content on
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History of relationship – A problem of trust
The plan for the Australia–China FTA was first crystallised in 2003 upon Chinese President Hu
Jintao's visit to Australia in October 2003.
Australia and China agreed to commence negotiations on the FTA soon after on 18 April 2005,
following consideration of a joint FTA Feasibility Study. The study was completed in March 2005,
and concluded that there would be significant economic benefits for both Australia and China as the
political conditions were 'mature' enough, and because Beijing and Canberra did not have
'fundamental differences'.
This study however did not foresee a global financial crisis or stable strength of the Australian dollar
and thus the real effect the FTA may have is still unclear. Regardless, China valued Australia as
offering first world goods and services without the 'political baggage that comes with Americans and
Europeans.While the FTA negotiations have taken a fitful stop–start routine over the intervening
years and despite Clive Palmer's recent criticism towards the Chinese suggesting that they were
'mongrels' who 'shoot their people' and 'haven't got a justice system', Australia's Abbott Government
has recognised the importance of Australia's relationship with China. Prime Minister Abbott has
been a quick learner in areas of international trade negotiations. He supported views recently in his
speech addressing

Essay on Project: South African Aluminum
9–799–130
REV: MARCH 11, 2002
KENNETH S. CORTS
Aluminum Smelting in South Africa: Alusaf's
Hillside Project
At the beginning of 1994, Alusaf was considering building the world's largest greenfield primary
aluminum smelter, a 466,000–ton–per–year smelter at Richard's Bay, a deepwater port on the east
coast of South Africa's province of Kwa–Zulu Natal. Alusaf was the sole primary aluminum
producer in South Africa, operating 170,000 tpy of capacity at the existing "Bayside" facility at
Richard's Bay. Alusaf's 1993 revenues were $220.2 million, up 1% from 1992. Income was $8.6
million, up 122% from 1992.
A feasibility study for the proposed "Hillside" smelter had been completed over the past two years.
During this time, South ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since that merger, Gencor had been a diversified financial, mining and industrial conglomerate. In
May 1993,
Gencor announced it was spinning off its financial and industrial interests in order to refocus on its
mining, metals, and minerals businesses. In addition to Alusaf, the companies retained in the
"unbundled" Gencor included the world's third–largest gold producer, the world's second–largest
platinum producer, the world's largest producer of ferroalloys, and the world's largest supplier of
titanium dioxide feedstock. Basic financial results for Gencor are given in Table A.
Table A
Gencor Financial Results
(US$ millions)
1993
1992
Net income
$ 258

$ 379
Total assets
3,766
4,439
Cash
Shareholders' equity
Long–term debt
327
3,404
69
723
3,971
177
A number of companies besides Alusaf participated in the South African aluminum industry either
as scrap recyclers or as fabricators. The production of secondary aluminum had held relatively
steady at about 30,000 tpy since 1980. Together with primary production, this brought total domestic
production to about 200,000 tpy (see Exhibit 1).
In 1994, semifabrication in South Africa remained primarily focused on domestic demand. South
African aluminum exports totaled approximately 100,000 tpy, of which 20,000 tpy were
semifabricated products and 80,000 tpy were

Mining And Petroleum Industry And Its Taxation System Essay
Subject: Taxation
Topic: Mining and Petroleum
Table of Contents
Mining and Petroleum industry and its taxation system in New Zealand, India and Australia.
What is Mining
Mining is the process of extraction or removal of minerals and metals from earth such as
manganese, tantalum, cassiterite, copper, tin, nickel, bauxite, iron ore, gold, silver, and diamonds.
What is Petroleum
Petroleum is a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. It is also known as Crude, Crude oil,
Rock oil, and Fossil oil
Above mentioned all three countries are more or less engaged in Mining and petroleum industry,
with the help of the table prepared below we can get an idea regarding each country's contribution
towards this industrial segment.
Rankings of New Zealand, India and Australia for Mining and Petroleum industries
Countries World rankings Production(bbl/day)
India 20 978,000
Australia 30 478,000
New Zealand 62 50,000
*Above rankings are based on petroleum and other liquid products (i.e. biofuels, liquids derived
from coal and oil shale, and refinery gain) produced by the countries for the year 2014.
From this table we can certainly analyse that in comparison of these three countries India is the
highest participating country in Mining and petroleum industry, Australia possesses the 2nd place
and New Zealand is at the bottom.
Now we will see briefly that what is the system of taxation of this industry for each of these
respective countries and then

Current Australian Environmental Issues
Introduction Ecology is the division of biology that deals with the relationships and interactions
amongst organisms and their environment, (including other organisms). It derives from the Greek
word 'Okologie', broken down oikos meaning 'house, place of dwelling or habitation' and logia
which is 'study of'. Ecology is literally the study of where organisms live (Ecology, n.d.). It is widely
believed that having an understanding of ecology can help us to better manage Australian
environments. Since settlement, European land management practices have placed our natural
environments under considerable pressure resulting in Australia losing nearly 40% of its forests, and
a significant amount of the remaining native vegetation being highly disintegrated (Bradshaw,
2012). Resulting in the degradation of habitats. This essay will discuss how better understanding
ecology can assist us with current Australian environmental issues. Forest habitats Firstly it should
be noted that Australia could lose a large proportion of its remaining ... Show more content on
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Emphasis must be drawn on the maintenance of existing primary forest patches, and the
regeneration of medium areas between fragments to increase native habitat area, connectivity and
ecosystem functions (Bradshaw, 2012). Australia had little forest cover to begin with so it is
troublesome that Australia has been subjected to such vast amounts of deforestation. The vegetation
left is highly disjointed and ecologically disturbed to the point where many flora and fauna species
have already gone extinct or are in proximate danger of extinction. It was anticipated that over 80%
of eucalypt forests in Australia had been humanly modified, back in 1992 (Bradshaw, 2012). Half of
these forests under current protection have been logged at some point since European colonisation
(Bradshaw,

Lululemon Swot Analysis
Intro Brazil real name is Republica Federativa do Brasil. The government is made up of a multiparty
federal republic with two legislative houses: federal senate and chamber of deputies. The president
of Brazil is Dilma Rouseff. Native language is Portuguese, religion is mostly Catholic, population as
of 2014 is 205,053,000, and the capital is Brasilia. Lululemon is an athletic apparel brand that was
created to give athletics a better quality of clothing. Not only that Lululemon was designed to care
for the whole athletic mind, body, nutrition, and create the ability to mingle with other athletes.
Brazil Culture Brazil is a fashion conscious and credit ready culture. Made up mainly of "Mom and
Pop" shops which are 60% of the market. Brazil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lululemon competitive strategy is to offer high clothing fabric for a reasonable price, and utilize
their ability to reach a lot more clients on line and through the community they are located in. With
so many competitors Lululemon has to stay one step ahead of their competition by making their
athletic clothing available throughout the United States, Hong Kong, and Australia. Using
innovative fabrics like Luon and Silverscent, and offering fabrics that have UV protection make
Lululemon a much sought out product.
According to an article by Phlaguni Soni, "The Company's approach to marketing its brand is
community–based, revolving around its retail outlets. Each store regularly organizes local events,
which increase customer engagement. This approach also keeps the brand in the spotlight within
communities and encourages repeat store visits." (Soni, 2014). This is a great strength that
Lululemon has against competitors, like Nike and Under Armour. Lululemon markets their brand by
not only promoting a good quality line of athletic apparel but also by promoting healthy life style for
the

The Two Methods Of Surface Mining And Underground Mining
Introduction
Mining is what people use to extract minerals and ores, there are two methods that you can use that
is surface mining and underground mining.
What is underground mining/surface mining?
Underground mining is what people use to extract hard minerals from underground some of those
are Gold, Copper, Iron, Metal and Zinc, and many more minerals found underground. The two
methods used for underground mining is cut and fill and room and pillar. Cut and fill is when the
material extracted from underground is then used to fill another space. Room and pillar is when the
ore is extracted in a horizontal line. There are two phases to extracting a mineral using the room and
pillar method. Surface mining is when you find minerals either above the surface or on the surface
in soil etc. The two most popular ways to do surface mining is open–pit mining and strip–mining.
Open–pit mining is when you extract rocks from the earth's surface in open pits, the minerals found
using open–pit mining are Ores, copper and aluminium. Strip mining is when you get rid of soil and
rocks above a layer of coal normally and you then extract the mineral, coal is the only mineral
normally extracted using the strip mining method. Mining can be very dangerous and have been
many accidents in the past, if you are mining you are told to wear a helmet, gloves, protective shoes,
padding and eye protection.
http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/cut–and–fill.html

Detailed Timeline Of The Periodic Table And The Major...
Preliminary Chemistry
Assessment Task 1
Jessica Kuang 11CH3
Question 1: (4 marks)
Construct a timeline to summarise the development of the Periodic Table and the major
contributions made by notable scientists (up to G Seaborg) Question 2: (8 marks)
(a) The elements lithium, sodium and potassium formed one of the original triads used to show that
elements could be 'grouped'. What scientific evidence did scientists have to justify this grouping of
elements?
Johann Dobereiner, a German chemist, suggested the grouping of elements with similar properties
into clusters of three – triads. He discovered that when arranged in ascending atomic mass, in the
case of lithium, sodium and potassium, sodium's atomic mass was approximately the arithmetic
mean of lithium and potassium. There was also a correlation between the atomic numbers, (Li – 3,
Sodium – 11, Potassium – 19) which showed the mean of the lowest and highest atomic numbers
equalled the atomic number of the middle element.
(b) Identify two other triads which were identified during the early construction of the Periodic
Table.
The other two triads are sulfur, selenium and tellurium and chlorine, bromine and iodine.
(c) In 1864, John Newlands observed that the properties of the known elements varied periodically
with their atomic masses. He saw a pattern which reminded him of the musical scale and published
his findings as "the law of octaves"
(i) Why were atomic masses (weights), not atomic

The Australian Economy : Australia
The Australian Economy
During my lifetime the Australian economy has been one of the strongest and most consistent in the
world. There are a multitude of factors that have led to this and allowed the Aussies to be in this
position. One of them being steady GDP growth rates, averaging around 3.5% annually
(Heritage.org). Australia has also benefitted from considerably low inflation and unemployment
rates. With this mixture of GDP growth, low inflation, and unemployment, they consistently set
themselves up to be one of the strongest economies in the region, as they ranked third in the ranking
of regional economies (Heritage.org). Another reason for Australia's ongoing success is primarily
because of the growth in foreign demand of importing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The country also exports more black coal than any other nation (History of the Minerals Industry).
The largest slice of Australia's exports go to China, exporting around 31.6% of its total exports,
making China Australia's biggest benefactor to its economy (DFAT). Although the exports mainly
consist of the titanic amount of minerals that Australia mines, China also imports large quantities of
wool, another heavily traded commodity of Australia. One of the leading wool industries, the
Australian Wool Innovation (AWI) has said "it is easier to sell fine wool for clothes to China than to
traditional recession–hit markets in Europe" (The Economist – Hitched to the China Wagon).
The exportation of wool in conjunction with the exportation of minerals and ore to China makes
China a strong partner with Australia when it comes to resource trading. China obviously is
dependent on Australia's exportations, making Australia's relations with China a strength of the
overall Australian economy. The Australian economy however, is clearly just as dependent on
China's demand for such commodities. Although Australia greatly benefits from China's demand in
its exports, Australia needs to make sure the trade relations between them don't act as a crutch for
the Australian economy. Recent studies and articles predict China's demand for

Financial Statement Of Rio Tinto
Contents Introduction 1 Financial Statements 3 Income Statements 3 Cash Flow Statement 4
Balance Sheet 5 Notes to the financial statements 8 Independent Audit Report 9 Newspaper Article
10 References 12 Introduction Rio Tinto is a multinational company that deals with mineral and
metal mining, refining, processing, and marketing. Founded in 1873, this Australian–British
company has grown into one of world's leading mining and Metals Company, dealing in aluminium,
copper, diamonds, coal, and iron ore. Refining of bauxite and iron ore are also part of its operations.
The transformed metals and minerals give Rio Tinto access to markets across a diverse economic
development spectrum, and exposure in varied sectors, including ... Show more content on
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Narelle Hooper (23 June 2016). "Rio Tinto sets its sights on North Ltd". Radio National. Australian
Broadcasting Corporation. Mark Drummond (16 June 2004). "Fortescue tries to prise open access to
Pilbara railway line". The Sydney Morning Herald. Tanya Nolan (4 August 2000). "Rio Tinto's bid
given the nod by ACCC". Radio National. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10
November 2008. Jump up^ "Rio Tinto Completes Acquisition of North Limited". Business Wire.
findarticles.com. 10 October 2000. Retrieved 10 November 2008. "Rio Tinto Completes Acquisition
of 100% of Alcan". Rio Tinto. 2007. Wu, Zijing; Campbell, Matthew; Paton, James (6 October
2014). "Rio Tinto Rejected Takeover Approach From Glencore". Bloomberg News. "Rio Tinto,
Alcan reach US$38.1–billion merger deal". CTV.ca. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 July
2007. Rio Tinto iron ore sales team arrested in China Sydney Morning Herald – Business

Human Development Report
According to the interactive map corresponding to the latest human development report, more
developed areas in the world are Europe, North America, most countries in South America, North
part of Asia, North part of Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea and Malaysia. Most
countries in Africa and South part of Asia are considered as less developed areas. On the line graph
we can see an upward trend in development for most of the countries. Moreover, some countries
have been developing faster then others such as Korea, China (Hong Kong), Spain, France,
Germany, Iran, Malaysia, Tunisia, Egypt, Singapore, India, Morocco and Norway – the most
advanced country in the world; in contrast, the development of Greece, United Arab ... Show more
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During 2006 and 2007 school year, the overall enrolment rate was 97.2%. There were 76,255
students (51% male and 49% female) enrolled (50,395 in public schools and 25,860 in private
institutions). In addition, higher education is offered by the College of The Bahamas, the regional
University of the West Indies the Bahamas Hotel Training College, and the Bahamas Technical and
Vocational Institute. Health situation shows, that in 2006, approximately 2.9% of the population
having a physical or mental disability. Among individuals who had a self–reported disability, 19.7%
of the disabilities were related to sight, hearing, or speech: 37.3% to limbs, 24.6% to mental
disabilities, and 18.3% to multiple disabilities reported having the disability from birth, compared to
19.6% developing it as an elder. Disabled individuals were also more likely to report unintended
injuries (at school or workplace) than those without disabilities. Moreover, in 2007, there were 330
deaths registered among persons 25 – 44 years old. In 2007, for instance, the age – specific mortality
rate for females in this age group was 215.3 per 100.000 populations. Among men in this age group,
the rate was 414.1 per 100.000 populations, accounting for 61% of the total defined deaths in that
year. The five leading causes of death among men in this category were HIV/AIDS (22%), assaults
(21%), transport accidents (11%), cirrhosis and other chronic diseases of the liver (3%), and
accidental

Resources And Capabilities Of Rio Tinto
Resources and Capabilities of Rio Tinto Resources of a company are very much important for the
continuous well–growth of the profit and performance of the company. Resources of a company can
be tangible or intangible resources as well. There are several resources of Rio Tinto that can be the
catalyst for the improvement of the company. The first resources that the company own is the
financial resources. Financial resources are the ability of the company to borrow or the ability to
generate funds through operations of the company. For Rio Tinto, the company has done several
ways to improve the financial resources. Referring to the Annual Report of 2016, the Chief
Executive of Rio Tinto,J.S Jacques said that the company has generated net cash ... Show more
Rio Tinto had advanced marketing capabilities. Rio Tinto had favorable relationships with the
British Government when it entered to uranium development in the middle of 1950. The marketers
have good relationships with Rio Tinto due to the good way negotiation style of the company. The
company has strong bargaining power and also good relationships with the governments. Rio Tinto
approached the private sectors too to collaborate on mining with them. (Sugawara, 2012). Rio Tinto
realized that matching the Ores to the right buyers is one of the marketing skills of the

Chemistry Assessment Task : Robert Boyle
Chemistry Assessment Task 1
Michelle Chen 11CH5
Question 1:
1660 – Robert Boyle defined elements and compounds, which are the basis of the periodic table.
1778 – Antoine Lavoiser distinguished the elements into 4 categories: metals, non–metals, elastic
fluids (gases) and earths. This was the first classification of the elements.
1828 – Jakob Berseius arranged the first table of elements according to atomic masses, and
introduced symbolising elements with elements.
1828 – Johann Dobereiner grouped elements with similar properties into triads. This was the first
attempt to class elements into groups based on their properties.
1864 – John Newlands continued the work of Dobereiner. He ordered the elements according to
atomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1913 – Henry Moseley tested whether elements should be based on the charge of the nucleus. He
found that there was a pattern between adjacent elements. Moseley devised the basics of the atomic
number.
1913 – Niels Boh proposed his model of the atom with protons in the nucleus and electrons in the
shells around it. He also proposed that elements with the same number of electrons in the valency
shell meant that they had similar properties.
1913 – Wolfgang Pauli used quantum physics to explain that the first period of the periodic table
could accommodate two elements, while the second period could hold eight.
1940 – Glenn Seaborg discovered elements from number 94 – 102.
Question 2:
a) Johann Dobereiner had first grouped some of the elements into groups of three, or else called
triads. He created these triads and ordered them according to their atomic weights. He found that by
ordering Lithium, Sodium and Potassium this way, they had an ascending level of reactivity with
water. Also, by grouping them this way, John Newlands found that every eight elements from one
element had similar physical and chemical properties.
b) Other triads that were identified during the early construction of the period included:
Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium
Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen
c) i) In this time of history, atomic numbers were not used because scientists had not yet found that
there would be a pattern among the X–ray frequency given off by the

Alcoa Inc
Alcoa INC. History view: Alcoa Inc is Aluminum Company of America. It is the world 's third
largest producer of aluminum, behind Rio Tinto Alcan and Rusal. Alcoa conducts operations in 31
countries more than 200 locations. Alcoa is a world leader in the production and management of
primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combined, through its active and growing
participation in all major aspects of the industry: technology, mining, refining, smelting, fabricating,
and recycling. Aluminum and alumina represent more than three–fourths of Alcoa's revenue. Non–
aluminum products include precision castings and aerospace and industrial fasteners. Alcoa's
products are used worldwide in aircraft, automobiles, commercial ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Threat of substitute products: Alcoa has a differentiate product line and some of the areas as energy
has a potential to substitute as renewable energy. Macroeconomics Trend Analysis of Aluminum
World Demand. Export and import of the fused aluminum has a high sensitivity to the
macroeconomic situation in the industrial sector of the world economy. The price volatility depends
on the industrial demand for the aluminum. Global demand is leading by China and emerging
markers economics. However according to Alcoa "Outlook for aluminum Plattes Metal" the demand
has the downward sloping curve. Global demand growth in 2010 was 13% compare to the data in
2011was 12%. The biggest demand for the aluminum products comes from China. In 2011, China
experience the deficit of the aluminum consumption compare the rest of the world was the surplus.
The smelting costs curve increased by 26.2% from the 2005 – 2010 years. Increase in the production
costs increase the aluminum price. According to the trend analysis of the costs of goods sold of
Alcoa, we can see the cost of sales increase every quarter. In 2012, the cost of the revenue increase
by 3 % from the 1st quarter to 3rd quarter. However the revenue went down by 3% at the same time
period. Besides

Coal Mining And Underground Mining
This Mining Information Report is going to be reported on Underground Mining in Australia. The
underground mining information report includes: What is underground mining? The extraction
process of Aluminum, the techniques or the processes involved in mining, how does underground
mining negatively affect the environment? there will be the explanation of mining safety in detail. It
also includes the mining: Description
An examination of the facts related to the topic; can be grouped under subheadings with topic
sentences.
Supporting Visuals
You may also want to include pictures / diagrams / data tables to support your research findings.
Students given time to work on the task and scaffold for the questions is below.
1. what is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As an aluminum oxide has a melting of over 2,000 degrees Celsius the electrodes used are made of
graphite carbon, which is a very good conductor of electricity. Aluminum forms on the negative
electrode and oxygen migrate to the positive electrode.
.
.
What are the techniques or processes involved in mining?
The mining techniques that involved in underground mining are Bord–and–pillar is the and was very
common in Australian like in NSW. This method uses a grid of tunnels that involves a lot of cutting
panels into a coal seam. While leaving the pillars of coal behind to support the mine.
Longwall mining was introduced and began in the 1960s. Longwall mining uses a mechanical
shearer to cut the coal away although the hydraulic–powered holds up and supports roof of the
underground mine. When the coal is removed from the work site, the supports that are on the roof of
the underground mine are moved forward and the roof collapse behind them, which actually can
result in subsidence. Longwall mining are much better than the Bord–and–pillar. This is because that
it does not leave the pillars of coal behind. It is because that mineral resource can be removed out
more.
Explaining briefly the safety issues of the Underground Mining:
The safety issues for underground mining are that the employ and empower a skilled health and
safety plan which occurs to (HASP). This is when they want to dig a tunnel and they want to make
sure that the

Socio Economic Impacts Of Gold Mining
UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
SOCIO–ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF GOLD MINING AT DUNKWA–ON–OFFIN AND IT'S
SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
BY ISHMAEL KWARTENG
10410625
THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF GEOGRAPHY AND
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DEGREE
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis is my own original work undertaken under the supervision of Dr. Emmanuel
Attua and of the Department of Geography and Resource Development of University of Ghana,
Legon. Whenever sources have been quoted and used, full acknowledgements have been made and
that no part or the entirety of this work has been presented to another University for the award of a
degree.
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my entire family for their moral, spiritual and financial supports. Special
dedication also goes to Mr. and Mrs. Agyarko–Kwarteng for their numerous contributions and
words of encouragement.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.0.1 Background of the study
To achieve rapid economic development, many countries resort to various activities to exploit
natural resources. One of such activities is mining which is an important economic activity with the
potential of contributing to the socio–economic development of an area.
Although in South Africa, it is on a downward trend from its peak some decades ago (from 21%
contribution to GDP in 1970 to just 6% in 2011), the mining

Cambodia Research Paper
VCE UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHY HUMAN ENVIRONMENTS
CAMBODIA
Description of the location and site of the selected country.
Cambodia is located in south East Asia. Cambodia is in–between Vietnam and Thailand and Laos.
Cambodia is 5,235 kms away from Australia; Melbourne is 6,976km away from Cambodia.
Cambodia is 181,035 square kilometer's. Cambodia is located in the southern portion of the
Indochina peninsula in southeast Asia. Cambodia's climate is very tropical and has manly wet
seasons and dry seasons. The temperature in Cambodia ranges between the high 20s to the high 30s
in summer. The climate is very humid.
2) Physical geographic characteristics
Topography
Cambodia has many different types of topography across the country. Cambodia ... Show more
The Cambodian government is investing in a better health system to the community. The
Cambodian government has also just agreed to supplying a teacher to every school house that is
build within a community, the only problem with theses school houses is that some of them are
really remote and its hard to get power and internet in to the school house with is very hard to run
the computers in the school house, also in the wet seasons these schools sometime become flooded
and many of the children cant get to theses school houses. In Cambodia the power supply is very
unsafe and came be very unreliable to the general public, some od the outer community's in
Cambodia don't have power so the plan is to get a power supply to theses villages by 2020, there is a
postage system and the system is sometimes very unreliable so the plan is to try and develop the
system more so that the system is reliable. The population growth in Cambodia is changing over the
last 5 years the population growth rate has grown by 1.63 percent. The roads are general services are
developing over time and the basics are there. The Mekong river is one of the main rivers running
throw the center of Cambodia, this river is suffering due to the dams being build on the rivers to
create electricity for the city's the problem that these dams are causing is that there

How Does Globalization Affect Australia
Now what really is Globalization? In this modern era, the term "Globalization" is used, accepted,
and treated widely in most parts of the world. It is a worldwide movement toward economic,
financial, trade, and communications integrations. Globalization has affected many nations in
various ways, economically, politically, environmentally, and socially.
One country that has been affected by globalization is Australia. When you think australia you think
the home of the kangaroos, but really it's not that different from America. Globalization is not new
to Australia from this day. It all started since European settlement over 200 years ago, Australia has
always been connected globally in terms of trade. Up until WW2, britain influenced social ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Talking about developments Australia is the home to many multinational businesses. These
companies managed to achieve success both domestically and globally because they are able to
develop great products and marketing campaigns that are appealing to consumers around the world.
Businesses of all sizes can learn valuable lessons from them. Here are a few successful Australia
Multinational businesses, which are Telstra, Wesfarmers, QBE insurance, Amcor, and
Commonwealth bank. Out of all these companies the one that stood out the most to me was Telstra,
because Telstra is presently the largest Australian telecommunications and media company, offering
a full range of communications and services and competing in all telecommunications markets.
They believe that the more connected people are, the more opportunities they have. That's why they
help create a brilliant connected future for everyone, everyday. After visiting there website and
hearing what they have to say now I can definitely conclude why they do so well, they are very
persuasive with words. That's probably why in 2013, the company generated $25.5 billion in

Rio Tinto Executive Summary
Executive summary
Rio Tinto is the largest extractor of natural resources and minerals in Australia and Canada. The Rio
Tinto Group founded in 1873 by a global group of investors when they purchased a mine multiplex
from the Spanish government. They focus on discovering and developing the earth's natural mineral
resources in a socially responsible manner through the method of transferring them into valuable
and essential products grouped under products of: aluminium, iron ore, copper, energy products,
diamonds, gold, salt and other minerals. Rio Tinto is a world leader in the mining sector where 90%
of their assets originate from significant operations in Australia, North America and Europe but are
also found to have significant operations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the unstable financial market, businesses all over the world have been hit with an increase in
debt and mortgage prices, making the accessibility to financing a very expensive and a difficult
activity for Rio Tinto with increased costs of borrowings added to the Group's already substantial
net debt of $38.7 billion (2008), which could restrict the company from gathering funds for new
projects in the future.
As a response to the global financial crisis, many governments aim to lessen the impact in hopes to
restore confidence in the financial market by improving liquidity through loan guarantees and
passing direct cash bonuses. However, these measures have proved ineffective in most countries as
the world is still experiencing recessionary

Diamond Industry Analysis Essay
Industry Analysis
Diamond Industry
(Gem Based diamonds)
The Diamond industry is essentially broken up into 3 segments: 1. Industrial Diamonds–natural and
synthetic diamonds that are used in a wide range of manufacturing processes for their physical
properties. 2. Jewelry Diamonds–rough diamonds cut for use as gemstones in jewelry. 3. Investment
Diamonds–high–quality large gemstones, often with special characteristics, purchased for
investment.
The Jewelry and Investment segments together represent 83 percent of the value of rough diamonds
produced. The industry is controlled as a monopoly by the De Beers diamond company which
operates from South Africa and London. The wholesale trade and cutting of diamonds is limited to
only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alrosa's sales in 2005 accounted for US$ 2.5 billion, 1.7% growth to 2004.
BHP Billiton
BHP Billiton describes itself as the world's largest mining company having 38,000 employees
working in more than 100 operations in approximately 25 countries. In fact, the company does not
concentrate on diamond production but also on iron, coal, petroleum, bauxite, aluminium,
manganese and copper amongst other materials. BHP Billiton was formed in 2001 through a merger
of the Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP) and the British Billiton that had extensive
operations in South Africa.
The Australian BHP operates 60 % of the business and the British Billton the other 40%. Even
though the companies operate as one business with one board of directors and a single management
structure, they are listed separately on the stock exchange. The company sales in 2006 accounted to
US$36 billion with a growth of 21.3% compared to 2005 and a net income of US$10 billion, 53.1%
growth compared to 2005.
Rio Tinto Group
To be a competitor in the diamond industry, a company has to be one of the largest mining
companies. Rio Tinto Group falls right behind BHP, they employee over 32,000 employees. The
Group's major products include aluminum, copper, diamonds, energy products, gold, industrial

minerals (borates, titanium dioxide, salt and talc), and iron. It is strongly represented in Australia
and North America (accounting for about 40%

How Does Mining Affect Australian Economy
Aluminium is extracted from the metal ore bauxite. Bauxite is mined in various mines across
Australia. There are two bauxite mines currently operating in Alcoa, Western Australia. These mines
are the Huntly mine, located near Dwellingup and the Willowdale mine located east of Waroona.
Mining and Extraction process of Aluminium
Aluminium is mined on the surface of the crust. The extraction is done by electrolysis. Aluminium
oxide has a high melting point at over 2 000°C, as a result it is expensive to melt it, so, it is
dissolved in molten cryolite.
This diagram shows an aluminium oxide electrolysis tank. both the negative electrode and positive
electrode are made of graphite. Aluminium metal forms at the negative electrodes and falls to the
bottom of the tank, where it is siphoned off. This is how aluminium ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The mining process involves many big vehicles and other technology that release huge amounts of
pollution into the atmosphere speeding up global warming and causing climate change.
How does mining help the Australian Economy
Australia can sell most of what they mine for huge profits as they are nonrenewable resources and
can be used for many different things including jewellry or petrol. Also hundreds of people in
Australia are involved in the mining business so that raises the Australian economy.
Is it in Australia's best interests to mine metals?
I believe that Australia's best interests are not to mine metals, as there are more important issues and
better and more energy efficient ways to save money and power machines. Terrorism should be all
countries best interests as people all over the world are dying and wounded for people's beliefs. Also
solar and wind energy are just two energy efficient ways to power objects. It is better for the
environment than fossil fuels and carries only few

Information Security Management System
[pic]
HINDALCO
INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND
CHALLENGES
A study by
Akash Pandey – MBA (IT)
Indian Institute of Information Technology
Allahabad, U.P.
This study is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree in Master of Business
Administration from Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad
June 2008
[pic] INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed University)
Jhalwa, Deoghat.
Allahabad.
SUMMER TRAINING CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Akash Pandey of MBA (IT)/ MSCLIS Batch 2008–10 at Indian Institute of
Information Technology, Allahabad has successfully completed his/her Summer Internship during
20th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 13: Asset Analysis..........................................................................................................42
Figure 14: Business Impact Analysis.......................................................................................43

Figure 15: Vulnerability Analysis.............................................................................................44
Figure 16: Risk Analysis.............................................................................................................45
Figure 17: Implement Risk Treatment...................................................................................46
Figure 18: Analyze Control Effectiveness..............................................................................47
Figure 19: Security Incident Monitoring................................................................................48
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC
17999, are as follows:
Asset– anything that has value to the organization
[ISO/IEC 13335–1:2004]
Availability–the property of being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized entity
[ISO/IEC 13335–1:2004]
Confidentiality–the property that information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized
individuals, entities, or processes
[ISO/IEC 13335–1:2004]
Integrity– the property of safeguarding the accuracy and completeness of assets
[ISO/IEC 13335–1:2004]
Threat– a potential cause of an unwanted incident, which may result in harm to a system or
organization
[ISO/IEC 13335–1:2004]
Vulnerability– a weakness of an asset or group of assets that can be exploited by a threat
[ISO/IEC 13335–1:2004]
Impact– adverse change to the level of business objectives achieved
Information security risk– potential that a

Alcans Azustralia Limited Leadership Essay
(Case Study Report)
Case Study: Alcan Australia Limited
Prepared by
Executive summary
In the modern era to be one in its own and to be global leading firm, not only huge investments and
large infrastructure required, along with these there is a great need of perfect, efficient and effective
leadership, leadership programs and motivational skills. These entire together make a firm more
innovative and perfectly sound .The example is here Alcan's Australia Limited which is a mixture of
all these skills and effective operations and today, a Australian leading company.
Questions
1. What do you believe were the key reasons for the success of the Alcan's leadership training ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Empower employees to achieve – It involves: * Setting specific, measurable and challenging goals
that impact on all aspects of quality and effectiveness. * Setting and demonstrating high standards in
all aspects of the tasks to be completed. * Displaying faith in the ability of employees to effectively
carry out tasks and achieve goals.
3. Encourage participation and involvement – It involves * Holding regular meetings to discuss
team progress * Discussing work methods and approaches with subordinates * Seeking ideas and
opinions amongst team members * Team decision making.
4. Demonstrate empathy and provide support– It involve * Finding ways of making the job more
stimulating and interesting * Being personally supportive and helpful * Providing appropriate
resources and organisational support * Providing encouragement and increasing the self–esteem of
individual team members.
So in this case these four principles are applied in the company operations which prove to be very
successful for the company.
Maslow Hierarchy of needs

Source: http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm (19/08/09)
There are five different levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and some of these needs are seen here
in this case and these are: 1. Security Needs– These include needs for safety and security. Security
needs are important for

Overview Of Alcoa Intalco Aluminum
Milestone 1: Overview of Alcoa Intalco Aluminum Works
This short paper will discuss a general overview of Alcoa Intalco Aluminum Works with different
aspects of the business in pertaining to either a preparation for a new product launch or new method
created specifically in the hope of reducing costs that will save the company, not just money but the
jobs of hundreds of employees currently employed there.
Brief History
Intalco Aluminum Corp., was the original name of Alcoa Intalco Works, which is an aluminum
refinery that is located in Ferndale, WA. It began smelter operation back in 1966 and owned
primarily by Alumax, Pechiney and Howmet. Most of it employees were and are union workers. In
1998, Alcoa Inc. and Alumax merged which created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alcoa created its aluminum using a process called Hall–Herould through electrolysis since
aluminum is highly reactive, as I have mentioned before, and for this requires a high amount of
energy. A single aluminum plant uses as much electricity as the city of Tacoma. The company is
spending millions of dollars researching ways to use less power. It, however, still takes an average
of 16,232 kilowatt hours to turn out a ton of aluminum, if we are to compare to another product, for
instance steel would only need 77 for a ton. However, there is a reason to why Alcoa Intalco Works
stays purely with aluminum as Isaac Bonell, a writer for The Bellingham Business Journal pointed
out that "Aluminum is needed to build infrastructure, to manufacture cars and airplanes, to make
high–tech medical equipment and to package your favorite chilled beverage. In the smelting
industry, there is no shortage of customers." Last year, on August 2016, the facility celebrated its
50th birthday in operation which was bittersweet because they were discussing shutting down some
of their potlines again which mean layoff of over 400 employees as well. Unfortunately, energy
crisis was not the only problem here but had to do with the global market prices of aluminum which
makes Intalco unprofitable.
Mission/Business: Aluminum
Act with Integrity. Operate with Excellence. Care for People.
At Alcoa, values are a simple reflection of who

Indi Similarities And Differences And Contrast India And...
Our task for this term is to compare and contrast Australia and an Asian country. This report will
highlight the similarities and differences between my chosen country India and Australia.
Location And Population
India is located at coordinates of 20.5937° N, 78.9629° E and is 3.287 million km² in landmass. This
is fairly small compared to Australia with 7.692 million km² in landmass. Australia is located at
coordinates of 25.2744° S, 133.7751°E. Further more even though Australia is bigger it still has a
smaller people per km² rate. At 3 people per km² this is miniature compared to India with gigantic
rate of 382 people km².there is also huge difference in population as Australia has 21,508,000 and
India with a enormous population of 1,326,572,000 the difference between these populations are
1,305,064,000.
Flags
The flag of a country is always unique and represents the countries values. India's flag has the
colours green, white and orange going horizontal in this order. In the middle of the white is
something called the Ashoka Chakra it is a 24–spoke wheel that represents the 33 inscriptions on the
pillars of Ashoka. As well as boulders and cave walls the emperor had built. In contrast Australia's
flag is also very unique as it has the Southern Cross and the union jack. The union jack was adopted
from English flag. The union jack is the British flag. The union jack is on the flag because Australia
is still ruled by British Empire. The colours of the Australian flag

Supply And Demand Of A Good Or Service
Supply and demand is a fundamental factor in shaping the character of the marketplace. A demand
refers to the specific quantity of a product /good or service that people are willing and able to buy at
given price level, where supply of a good or service represents how much quantity people are
willing and able to offer for sale at given price–level. There are various factors that demand and
supply of a good or service depend on. Demand of a product depends on the price of the product,
number of buyers in the market, tastes and preferences of consumer, consumer's income, consumer
expectations and prices of related commodities. Supply of a product depends on the price of that
product, number of sellers in the market, technology, input ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Demand is determined by many factors other than price. The shift in demand curve occurs when
there is a change in factors other than price, results in the shift of demand curve. For example, if
level of income of an individual or a community rises, then demand will increase at the same price
level leading demand curve to shift to the right. Similarly, if there is a fall in the disposable income
of the consumers or rise in the prices of close substitute of a good or decline in consumer taste or
goods are unavailable, etc., at the same price level, there is a fall or decrease in demand leading
demand curve to shift to the left as shown in Figure 2
http://economicsconcepts.com/movement_vs_shift_of_demand_curve.htm In case of supply, if other
factor changes except its own price, the supply curve will shift towards left or right at same price
level. For example, For example, if production cost of a product increases, then the supply will
decrease and the supply curve will shift towards right and if the production cost decreases, then
supply will increase and the supply curve will shift towards left, as shown in figure: 3 With the help
of above analysis of demand and supply, the analysis of demand and supply of certain resources in
Australia can be done. Australia is famous for many resources such as mineral resource, agricultural
resource, human resources and many more. Even though demand supply analysis of Australian
resources

Land Rights for the First Australians Essay
Land Rights for the First Australians
Australian Aborigines have had a traditional relationship with their land since they first came to the
Australian continent somewhere from 40,000 to 60,000 years ago to 120,000 years ago (9:9). Before
Europeans came and settled the same land, the Aborigines had their own law system, trading
systems, and way of caring for their land (12:1–2). Then the First Fleet of Europeans landed at
Botany Bay in New South Wales in 1788. The expedition lead by the new Governor Phillip, but
directed by King George the Third, was told to endeavor by every possible means to open
intercourse with the natives, and to conciliate their affections, enjoining all our subjects to live in
amity and kindness with them. And ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aboriginal land rights issues started with European settlement. Land was taken from Aborigines
without reparation. The land systems of the two cultures clashed immediately. The Aborigines
thought of the land as "a necessity of existence, cultural integrity, and identity" (9:12). This is very
different from the white settlers relationship with the land. Aborigines understood their environment
and nature and used the resources with caution and knowledge. But the British land management
system consisted of ownership and exploitation, things that didn't exist in Aboriginal society at that
time (9:16). Aborigines were continually forced off their tribal land and onto reserves or missions
and away from their heritage, mostly for mining or other European purposes. Nothing could change
until the Aboriginal people spoke out.
In August of 1963, some did. Five hundred people from the Yirrkala area of Australia sent a petition
to the Australian federal parliament protesting the granting of rights to mine bauxite on their reserve
land. The petition was written in the Gumatj language on bark and surrounded by traditional
paintings. The petition stated that the intent to mine the land was not communicated to them and
their thoughts on the project had not been considered. They declared that the land was sacred to the
tribes in that area and that the land had ties to their ancestral heritage.

Economic Growth Of Latin America
INTRODUCTION:
Obscured by the enticement of Asia the Latin American market has been overlooked by major
Australian companies. Recent studies show Latin America to be much more appealing for Australian
companies than predicted. When it comes to marketing dimension, the largest Latin National market
segments – Brazil, Chile, Argentina tends to be compelling for Australian trade as Chile and Brazil
are major trade partner in Latin America. The Latin America region has witnessed swift adjustment
economically and politically in the recent years which accelerated it's opportunities of trade with
Australia. The acceleration in economic growth of Latin America has created demand for diversified
products in the region which has further created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Usually automated mining consists of two types of technology with the first dealing with the
operations and software advancement and second one helps in mining vehicles and equipment with
computerized technology by applying robots. The technology is offered in three forms full
automation, remote control and teleoperation. Handheld remote control helps in mining bulldozers
that operate in risky conditions like underground mining, blast areas and are operated with the use of
handheld remote. Teleoperated technology also helps in mining vehicles by a operator but at a safe
distance from the mining location with use of positioning software, cameras. Lastly whole
automation, providing actual autonomous command of more than one mining vehicle. Robotic
technology is used mostly for accelerating, ignition, and brake without the need for operator.
EXCHANGE RATE REGIME AND VOLATILITY:
The selection of exchange rate regimes has decisive implications on the behaviour of the nominal
exchange rate. It is the key macroeconomic parameter that affects the behaviour of relevant nominal
and real exchange rates including the balance of payments, inflation rate, employment levels and the
GDP rate. It emerges from our analysis is that the Latin American countries have benefited from
adopting more flexible exchange rate regimes to manage with global financial volatility. From the
2000s, almost all the major Latin American countries

The Onshore And Offshore Petroleum Resource Of Australia
Introduction
The purpose is to focus on the issues regarding the onshore and offshore petroleum resource of
Australia and the role, which they play regarding the future energy of Australia. The report would
discuss all the issue around onshore gas and how onshore gas activity affects the future of energy
resource in Australia. Furthermore, the paper would shows the fact and legal issues surrounding the
interest which compare with the petroleum activity and how the activity effect the landlord and the
environment and significances of the activity on landlord and the environment. Lastly the paper
would also discuss the regulatory reform, which should be implemented, on the onshore and
offshore petroleum and their function and the reason for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The commonwealth regulates mineral and petroleum resources activities in Commonwealth offshore
jurisdiction while States and Territories are responsible for regulation of onshore mineral and
petroleum activates. The jurisdiction over onshore minerals and petroleum is prima facie the
accountability of each of the States and Territories. The Constitution to legislate for petroleum
resources is not detailed in the Constitution and nor it does jurisdiction over onshore mineral and
petroleum resources fall within the strategy of the detailed powers outlined in s 51 of the
Constitution.
As the owner of these natural resources the government is accountability to improve the mineral and
petroleum resources for the benefit of the State and its citizens . So, whereas the government works
regulators of the development of these resources, other side the private companies had undertaken
the development of Australia's minerals and petroleum resource and thus both of them have
establish cooperative relationship.
The ownership of the petroleum and minerals resource are the Crown as in Victoria and South
Australia all mineral are owned by the Crown, in Queensland, s 8(3) of the Mineral Resources Act
1989 (Qld) confers ownership of gold, coal and other minerals . Private property owners, grantees,
lessees or licensees are titled to use any mineral

Legal Issues In Australia
Introduction The country of the Commonwealth of Australia is an island in the southern hemisphere.
Australia is the smallest continent and is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on the east and Indian
Ocean to the west. It is the sixth largest country in the world and contains about 2,966,151 square
miles of land, roughly the size of the United States without Alaska and Hawaii. The estimated
population is around 22,751,014 as of 2015 (The World Fact Book, 2017). The capital of Australia is
Canberra. Australia is divided into six states which are New South Wales, Queensland, South
Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia and also three territories which are Australian
Capital Territory, Northern Territory, and Jervis Bay Territory. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Effective system of government, a well– functioning legal system, and independent bureaucracy.
Government has withdrawn from most areas of the market. Low inflation rate of 1.5%. Minimal
corruption and strong rule of law protect property rights. Foreign firms compete on level playing
field with domestic banks and other financial institutions. Many geographic attractions that support
tourism. Global demand for agricultural produce in increasing with the increase in Asian markets.
The government body of Austrade that promotes foreign investment and provides valuable
information and resources that help attract businesses to

The Human and Environmental Effects of E-Waste
CONTENTS
1. Introduction – Presentation of the issue
2. The Life cycle of an electronic device
3. Issues
4. The Impacts of Electronic Waste
5. Sources of E–Waste
6. Solutions
7. Conclusion
8. Questionnaire
9. Bibliography
9.1. Books
9.2. Articles
9.3. Online (World Wide Web) Sources
10. Appendix
INTRODUCTION
The phenomenon of discarded electronic or electrical waste has generated worldwide attention and
concern as it is a global problem that is getting bigger by the day. This concern is justified due to the
effects of environmental pollution that e–waste causes. An estimated 50 million tons of e–waste is
produced each year, globally, and this is projected to rise even further. America is the world's largest
producer with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This success comes with a heavy price as environmental pollution has reached legendary levels.
Villages are said to be littered with e–waste from its industries and also imported from the USA by
the shipload to be sorted, reused, recycled, burnt, used to fill up land–fills or just left abandoned.
Africa is a continent that is known for having large amounts of e–waste deposited either knowingly
or unknowingly. In Ghana, a sub Saharan country in the western part of Africa, there is a town
called Agbogbloshie, which is a marketing area for foodstuffs and which also serves as a vast
dumping site for electronic waste. Electronic waste comes there from all over the world to our ports
end up in our towns. People in this market town try to make money from these electronic devices by
trying to salvage and attempting to repair these appliances so that it can be sold. There are middle
men who buy the products from the importers or local collectors and who in turn sell up their ways
in lots to other people who have group or individuals who have perfected the skills of breaking up
equipment and sorting it out into valuable pieces for resale in their original form or melted down.
The parts deemed unsaleable are them discarded or burnt in the open in the Agbogbloshie vicinity.
As you are getting close to the recycling area of Agbogbloshie, you will have no need for

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