How To Perform Cpr

How To Perform Cpr
1. CHECK – CALL – CARE a. If the infant is unconscious and/or not breathing you will begin to
perform CPR 2. Lay the infant on his or her back and place the palm of your hand on the infants'
forehead. This will allow the airway to remain open while perform the chest compressions. 3.
Kneeling beside the infant, use two to three fingers and rub along the infants' chest to find the
sternum. It will be where the last ribs on the left and right side of the body come together towards
the center of the chest. a. Due to the infants' size, the sternum should be located right below the
nipple line. However, if you locate the notch or tip of the sternum, move your fingers slightly
towards the infants' head to avoid injury during compressions. 4. Once your fingers are properly
placed, you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You will conduct the same up–down motion used when performing CPR on an adult or child. b.
Keep a steady rhythm and DO NOT allow the fingers to lose contact with infants' chest during
compression 5. Once you have completed 30 chest compression, you will give the infant two rescue
breaths by covering the infants mouth and nose with your mouth and blowing in to make the infants
chest rise. Each rescue breath should last at least one second. a. If you do not feel comfortable
making direct mouth–to–mouth contact, you can use a mouth barrier or a thin cloth to prevent the
transference on any body fluids. b. If you are unwilling to giving rescue breaths, you can skip this
step and continue performing another round of chest compressions. 6. If the chest does not rise
during rescue breath, STOP and check if there is an object blocking the infants' airway. If so, remove
it. 7. Repeat the cycle of 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths until the infant become
conscious, or the emergency medical personnel arrives. a. If the infant becomes conscious, place
him or her into recover position. This is achieved position the infant face–down along your forearm
(American Red Cross
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The Skeletal System
The Skeletal System
The skeletal system is the framework of the body that consists of bones and connective tissues that
protects and supports the body tissue and internal organs. The skeletal system function is to form a
shield or a solid framework that supports and protects the body's organs and skeletal muscles. Each
bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. Further
more the skeletal system provides attachment points for muscles to allow movements at the joints.
Overall the importance of the skeletal system is that it acts as a guard or shield that protect the brain
and internal organs.
The human adult body consists of 206 individual bones. These bones are divided or rather arranged
into two major divisions or parts. One of which is the Axial skeleton. The Axial ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a disease in which the bones become fragile and prone to fracture. Some of the symptoms of
this disease is back pain, loss of height and stooped posture, curved upper back, and broken bones
that might occur in minor injuries. unfortunately, there is no cure discovered yet for this disease.
Another disease associated with the skeletal system is leukemia which is a type of cancer that
involves white blood cells. The symptoms of leukemia include excessive sweating, fatigue that
doesn't go away, weight loss, bone pain, and tenderness. There is no known way to prevent
leukemia. However most patients with leukemia are treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
and bone marrow transplantation. These are only some of the disease included with the skeletal
system.
The skeletal system is a system in which it is the framework of the body including the bones in your
body. People need to start improving their skeletal systems health in order to prevent diseases and
unhealthy decisions that would affect their lives

Sphenoid Bone Research Paper
The skull is very important to our head because it protects our brain and creates the shape for our
head. Ethmoid bone is one of the bones that associate with the skull bone that protect the vital
organs in the nasal cavity and it's an irregular–shaped bone. Frontal bone is an irregular–shaped and
flat bone. It protects the brain and provides support to form the face locating in the front of the skull.
Occipital bone is an irregular–shaped and trapezoidal–shaped bone locating in the back of the skull.
It creates the back portion to protect the brain. Parietal bone is paired, flat bone create part of the
roof and sides of the skull which to protect the brain. Sphenoid bone is unpaired, irregular–shaped
bone in the shape similar to a butterfly. It forms part of the base of the cranium and the eye sockets
which covering some part of the brain and protecting the eyes. Temporal bone is paired, irregular–
shaped, and flat bone. It covers the base and sides of the skull alongside the temporal lobes of the
brain which support the skull and temples. Hyoid bone is in the U shape that goes between thyroid
cartilage and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cervical vertebra locates in the neck between occipital bone and T1 vertebra. It helps hold up the
skull and protects the spinal cord. Atlas and axis are very special bones because they provide the
movements for the head. Atlas is a ring–shaped vertebra that rotates and axis is a pivot that helps the
head to turn side to side. Thoracic vertebra has a very important job is to protect the heart and lungs
which locates in the trunk between C7 and L1 of the body. Lumbar vertebra is consider as the lower
back between T12 and S1 in the body that can helps support the weight of the body. Sacrum and
coccyx located in the lower back between L5 and C1. Sacrum is a very tough bone that supports the
weight and coccyx, also known as the tail bone, connects with the muscles to the pelvic

Pectus Excavatum
January 26, 1999 in Detroit, Michigan is when my entire life changed. I was outside of a grocery
store with my family when an unfamiliar face walked buy, pulled out a hand gun, and shot me in the
chest. I was less than one year old at the time and even today I still have marks. The bullet when
directly into my sternum and as a result my chest has been deformed and pointed in for the rest of
my life. Sure this story is a complete lie, but I still enjoy using it to explain the hole in my chest. I
was diagnosed with what is called Pectus Excavatum which is a result of a pointed in sternum and
leads to a concaved chest. It is physically visible, and it always manages to turn heads when my shirt
is off. Growing up, the common question I had

Structure Of Skeletal System Of The Human Body
Structure of Skeletal System
The human body is made up of 206 bones held together by ligaments, whilst joints provide mobility.
Ligaments are a band of tough, flexible connective tissue which connects two bones. The skeleton
forms a frame at which the internal organs rest and over which muscles and skin is layered over.
The bones of the human skeleton are divided into 2 groups: axial and appendicular skeletons. The
axial skeleton forms the axis of the body and it includes the bones of the skull, ribcage and the
spine. These bones are there to support, protect and carry other body. For example, the spine is a
part of the axial skeleton and it protects the spinal cord.
The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the upper and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Flat bones– Thin, flattened and slightly curved. They have 2 outer layers of compact bone with
cancellous tissue between them. The sternum and scapula are flat bones.
Irregular bones– Complex shapes that fit none of the other categories of bone because of their odd
shape. The facial bone and vertebrae are some examples.
Sesamoid bones– Specialised function: they make joint movement easy and resist friction. They are
covered with a layer of cartilage as they are found where bones articulate. Although they look small,
sesamoid bones vary in size. The largest is the patella.
Location of major bones
The human skeleton consists of groups that contain one or more major bones.
Skull– the bony framework of the head consisting of facial and cranial bones which form the
cranium. The skull protects the brain.
Shoulder girdle– This consists of 4 bones, two clavicles and two scapulae. The clavicle connects the
humerus to the torso. An end of the clavicle is connected to the sternum and the other end is
connected to the shoulder blade.
Chest– The chest is made up by the ribs and sternum and it protects the heart and the lungs. The
sternum is a flat bone that is found in the middle of the chest. The ribs are thin and flat and there are
24 bones in total to make up the ribs (12 pairs). The first seven pairs are connected to the spine and
the sternum by cartilage. The next 3 pairs are attached to the

How Different Features Of The Musculoskeletal System...
This essay will talk about how different features of the musculoskeletal system functioning in terms
of movement, support and load bearing, the factors which affect tensions in developed muscle and
different roles of muscle and their roles in movement. The first part to start with is to understand
what musculoskeletal system is and the function of it. The basic function of musculoskeletal system
is to support the human body, allow movement, support and protect organs, it also known as the
loco–motor system. The system is formed by bones, cartilage, ligaments, muscles, tendons, joints
and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The skeletal part of
the system works as storage system for calcium and phosphorus. It is essential for bones to regulate
mineral balance in the bloodstream, and then the variation of minerals is high, these minerals are
stored in bone; when it is low, minerals are withdrawn from the bone. The skeleton system has a
critical relationship with blood production (hematopoietic) system. The hematopoietic system
locates in long bones and there are two distinctions of bone marrow. The yellow marrow has fatty
connective tissue, the body uses the fat in yellow marrow for energy; the red marrow is important
for blood cell production. The bones also provide stability to the body; muscles keep bones in place
and also play a role in movement of the bones. When movement happens, different bones are
connected by joints and

A Comparison Of Life And Respiration For Speech
A Comparison of Respiration for Life and Respiration for Speech Respiration is a necessary bodily
function in sustaining life. Its basic objective is to oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide by
way of four stages: ventilation, distribution, perfusion, and diffusion (Seikel, Drumright, & King,
2016, p. 147). Respiration is also vital to the production of speech, but the way in which respiration
occurs while producing speech is different than the process of respiration for life in a few ways.
Respiration for life is a passive process while respiration for speech is an active process, requiring
some conscious effort. During respiration for speech, the respiration cycle is altered in order to
maintain appropriate pressures and volumes needed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thoracic muscles involved in forced expiration include the interosseous portion of the internal
intercostals, innermost intercostals, transversus thoracis, subcostals, and serratus posterior inferior.
The function of the interosseous portion of the internal intercostals and the innermost intercostals is
to depress ribs 1–11. The transversus thoracis are found on the inner surface of the rib cage and
function to depress the rib cage for forced expiration. Within the inner wall of the thorax the
subcostals can be found, functioning to depress the thorax. Contraction of the serratus posterior
inferior muscles helps to pull the rib cage down, supporting expiration. Abdominal muscles of
expiration include the transversus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique
abdominis, rectus abdominis, and quadratus lumborum. Of all the anterior abdominal muscles, the
transversus abdominis is the deepest and its function is to compress the abdomen. Positioned in
between the transversus abdominis and the external oblique abdominis, the internal oblique
abdominis rotates and flexes the trunk as well as compresses the abdomen. The most superficial and
biggest group of abdominal muscles are the external oblique abdominis. When these muscles
contract bilaterally, they flex the vertebral column and compress the abdomen. When they are
contracted unilaterally, they rotate the trunk. The rectus abdominis muscles run along the midline of
the body and are responsible for flexion of the vertebral

Is Ectopia Cordis An Uncommon Congenital Abnormality?
Introduction
Ectopia Cordis is an uncommon congenital abnormality in which the heart is found in part or
absolutely outside the thoracic cavity. Ectopia Cordis occurs in 5 to 7 per one million live births and
is correlated with an extremely high mortality rate. The estimated prevalence rate of ectopia cordis
is 0.079/10,000 births and is said to occur more in female infants ( Robert, 2013).There are four
different types of Ectopia Cordis that are corresponded by the position of the heart outside the body.
Today, most cases of Ectopia Cordis are diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy. Ectopia
Cordis is mainly associated with the improper development of chest cavity's structure during the
embryonic stage, specifically in the 8th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Third, thoraco–abdominal, constitutes 20% of the total cases. The heart is located in the area
between the thorax and the abdomen. Lastly, abdominal, constitutes 10% of the total cases. The
heart is located in the abdomen of the infant. In which the heart passes through a defect in the
diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity. To conclude, Thoracic and thoraco–abdominal ectopia
cordis constitute the vast majority of known cases (Meena, 2016).
Prognosis of Ectopia Cordis
The prognosis of Ectopia Cordis generally depends on three factors: Location of the defect, the
extent of cardiac displacement, and the presence of any abnormalities (Obstet 1958). In most cases
the prognosis is most commonly poor. Most babies are stillborn while other babies expire after
shortly after delivery due to hypoxemia, cardiac failure, and infection. The poor prognosis is related
to the difficulty of returning the heart back into a small thoracic cavity (Amato JJ, 1995). Ectopia
Cordis is associated with Cantrell's pathology. Pentalogy of Cantrell, also called thoraco–abdominal
disorder is an uncommon and deadly inherent peculiarity that includes the stomach, pericardium,
heart, lower sternum and the abdominal wall (Zelen J, 1995). It has a pervasiveness rate of 1 for
each 100,000 births and is for the most part more typical in male newborn children. Ectopia Cordis
is one of the five characteristic presentations of the Pentalogy of Cantrell, along with

Facial Bone Research Paper
The skull is the bony protective encasement of the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium.
The skull consists of twenty–two bones which are broken down into two set of bones which are the
cranial and facial bones. The cranial or cranium bone are bones protect the brain and is an
attachment site for the head and neck muscles. The cranial bones consist of eight bones which are
one ethmoid bone, one frontal bone, one occipital bone, two parietal bones, one sphenoid bone, and
two temporal bones. The facial bone is a bone that forms the structure of the face, has special sense
organs for sight, taste, and smell, provides an opening for air and food passage, secures teeth, and is
an anchor for facial muscles expression for our feelings. The facial bone consists of fourteen ...
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False ribs are ribs that are attached indirectly to the sternum or lack sternal attachment. The floating
ribs are ribs that have no anterior attachment.
The pectoral girdle or shoulder girdle are bones that are attached to the upper limbs to the axial
skeleton. The pectoral girdle is part of the clavicle which is the collar bone and the scapula are the
shoulder blades.
The pelvic girdle or the hip girdle are paired coal bone and sacrum that are attached to the lower
limbs of the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle is part of the ischium, the ilium, and the pubis bones.
The ischium is a poster inferior of the hip bone, the ilium is a large flaring bone that is part of the
superior region of the hip bone, and the pubis also known as the pubic bone is an anterior portion of
the hip bone.
The difference between the thumb and finger bones are that the finger bones or digits are numbered
from I to V starting at thumb also known as the pollex. Each hand has fourteen phalanges. The
thumb has no middle phalanx. Each finger has three bones which are the distal, middle, and
proximal

Exam/Projections: PA Chest
Exam/Projections: PA Chest
Critique:
This is a proper radiograph and meets all evaluation criteria.
All desired anatomy is demonstrated such as lungs, apices, and costophrenic angles.
The scapula does not overlap the lung field.
The right and left sternal ends of the clavicles are the same distance from the center line of the spine
thus ensuring no rotation and good positioning.
It shows a minimum of ten pairs of posterior ribs.
The radiograph displays exposure at the end of 2nd deep inspiration with no motion.
There are sharp outlines of the diaphragm, lung, and heart markings. Plus it displays faint shadows
of ribs and superior thoracic vertebrae.
Marker was placed correctly.
Correct collimation was used.
A lead ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A 14x17 cassette was used. Dependent on body habitus it was either placed crosswise or lengthwise.
A grid is used on chest x–rays to reduce scatter and improve image contrast.
Source to image receptor distance is 72–120 inches. The longer the source to image receptor
distance causes less magnification because the x–ray beam has less divergence.
Central Ray:
Central ray is aligned correctly. It is perpendicular to T7, or 7–8 inches below vertebrae prominens.
Which is also near the level of the inferior angle of the scapula. The top of the image receptor was
about 2 inches above the shoulders.
The patient is in an erect position facing the image receptor to result in less heart magnification. Feet
should be slightly apart with weight distributed evenly. The chin was raised, and hands are placed on
the bilateral hip regions with palms facing out, or having both arms around the bucky. The shoulders
should be rolled forward and depressed to down to prevent superimposition of scapulae over the
lung field.
The midsagittal plane of the body was placed in the middle of the image receptor to ensure no
rotation.
Labeled Anatomy:
A. Air filled trachea
B. Left

How To Use Abdominal Massage Therapy
We recommend that anyone who really feels comfortable in the massage treatment room ask to have
abdominal massage added to their fullbody massage. Many therapists will ask, but some will have
gotten into the routine of leaving this wonderful experience out of their normal daily bodywork. If
your therapist is truly a dedicated Swedish or Esalen Massage therapist you will always feel the
deep relaxation that comes with skillful application of abdominal massage.
If you are willing to support your own health self–massage can provide one with the benefits of this
massage technique without needing the presence of a massage therapist. You can use lotion or oil
with the following directions if you have sensitive skin and are applying the pressure ... Show more
If lying in a supine position on the back, increase the effects of the massage by moving bent legs
from side to side with the circular movements.
Many times digestive discomfort and abdominal bloating discomfort can be resolved without
heading toward the medicine cabinet. We are bombarded daily by ads for medications that are
intended to help resolve acid reflux and heartburn only to hear an endless list of negative side effects
for the medication. An alternative to prescribed and over the counter medication is self–abdominal
massage.
Abdominal Massage with Abhyanga
Get massage smarts' page on the art of Abhyanga hot oil massage offers a self–oil massage video
that includes abdominal massage as a part of a daily self–care routine. For those seeking touch
therapy to improve digestion and the functionality of their digestive track we offer a link to our page
on foot reflexology. In the middle of this page you will find a video that shows the connection
between the digestive track and foot reflexology presented by Adam Thomas a Canadian foot
reflexologist. At the top of the page is a link to American Reflexology Certification Board for those
interested in finding a certified reflexologist in their

Is Ectopia Cordis A Rare Disease?
Ectopia cordis is a rare disease that it is the abnormal position of the heart outside the thorax
associated with defects in the parietal pericardium, diaphragm, sternum, and, in most cases, cardiac
malformations As of 2001, 267 patients have been reported 102 (39.2%) of the thoracic type and 99
(38%) of the thoracoabdominal type. Ninety percent of the infants died in the first year of life. Cases
of the cervical type rarely survive a single day. Most (95%) newborns have associated cardiac
malformations. There is no cure for this disease, however with surgery and physical therapy there is
a slim chance of survival. There are two know cases of survival, with sever retardation.
Ectopia cordis can be classified into five types: 1) Cervical, in which the heart is located in the neck
with sternum that is usually intact; 2) thoracocervical, in which the heart is partially in the cervical
region, but the upper portion of the sternum is split; 3) thoracic, in which the sternum is completely
split or absent, and the heart lies partially or completely outside the thorax; 4) thoracoabdominal,
which usually accompanies Cantrell 's syndrome; and 5) abdominal, in which the heart passes
through a defect in the diaphragm to enter the abdominal cavity.
The formation of the thoracic and abdominal walls is complete in the 9 th week of pregnancy and of
the heart in the 8 th week. Complete or incomplete failure of midline fusion at this embryonic stage
can result in a variety of disorders

Anatomy of Thorax Mcqs
Anatomy of the Thorax MCQ and Spotter
Hint: Cross section: Which artery (vein also indicated)?
The correct answer is: Internal thoracic artery
Click on the correct name for this structure:
The correct answer is: Descending aorta
Click on the correct name for this structure
The correct answer is: Rib: head
The correct answer is: Pulmonary artery
The correct answer is: Sternum: xiphoid process
The correct answer is: Posterior intercostal artery
The correct answer is: Brachiocephalic artery
The correct answer is: Vertebra: articular facet
The correct answer is: Rib: angle
The correct answer is: Descending aorta
The correct answer is: Sternum: angle (of Louis) (BUMP)
The correct answer is: Left subclavian artery
The correct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
False chordae tendineae
Left superior lingular tertiary bronchus
Anterior–medial basal bronchopulmonary segment of left inferior lobe

Left atrium
Atrioventricular (AV) node
N.B. AV is based on the left side of the heart when you dig into the pulmonary veins!
Costal cartilage: 3rd
Right anterior tertiary bronchus
Coronary sinus LOOKS LIKE IN LEFT ATRIUM BUT IS IN RIGHT ATRIUM!
Left apical–posterior tertiary bronchus
Cristae terminalis
END OF THE CHORDAE TENDINADAE?
NOTE MUSCULI PECTINATI ARE IN RIGHT ATRIUM
Right middle secondary bronchus]]
#.
This is the opening of which vessel
Coronary sinus
Right upper secondary (eparterial) bronchus
Sternum: manubrium
Sternum: manubrium
Aortic arch
Left

Personal Reflection
In the Fall of 2011, it had been decided I was going to have a surgery called pectus excavatum repair
in September of 2012. When I was age five, my mom had started noticing my chest sinking into me
like there was a person pressing on my breastbone. She immediately took me to my pediatrician to
get me checked to see if there was anything wrong. The doctor diagnosed me with a pectus and told
my mom there was a surgery to fix it, but they would have to make an incision from my collarbone
to my belly button, then put a metal rod in me. After major discussion, my parents decided to wait
for a new, less invasive option. We had waited a few years, and my condition had gotten worse; it
had become time to rethink surgery.
By the time I was ten, my athletic performance was declining because the pectus was pushing my
heart and lungs to the side. We scheduled an appointment to reconsider surgery since it had been
redesigned multiple times. At the end of the appointment, my parents agreed it was best for me to
have the surgery. We had to book a myriad of appointments for blood tests, allergies, and scans. A
terrifying appointment was the blood testing because I suffer from trypanopobia. The nurse was not
patient with me when I started crying about the needle; little did she know I was going to rip my arm
away at the last second.
The day had come when they would lay me on the table and slice open my chest. My family signed
the consent forms, then we were moved into a private room. A

Tietze Syndrome Research Paper
Lizet Ocampo Biol 2401 Tietze Syndrome Tietze syndrome, not to be confused with
costochondritis, is a rare inflammatory disorder thatis recognized by chest pain and swelling of the
cartilage of one or more of the upper ribs. Tietze and costochondritis are differentiated by whether
there is swelling or not. Tietze syndrome can be considered benign, or not life threatening, since it
can usually resolve itself without treatment. The symptoms of Tietze syndrome tend to be the same
symptoms of other conditions and therefore it is hard to diagnose without additional tests done.
There are many possible causes of Tietze syndrome, but an exact cause is not known. In the thoracic
cage, one can find the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs. It encloses the heart, the lungs,
and provides attachment for the pectoral girdle and the upper limb. The cage protects the thoracic
organs, the spleen, most of the liver, and the kidneys. The thoracic cage's most important role is in
breathing. It rhythmically expands by the respiratory muscles and creates a vacuum that draws air
into the lungs, and then compressed to expel air. The sternum is divided into three regions: the
manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. The body and the manubrium are joined at the
sternal angle, where the second rib attaches. The manubrium and body have ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The pain varies, is usually sharp, and can last from hours to weeks. The pain can also spread to the
arms and shoulders. The pain can be made worse depending on one's posture, adding pressure on the
chest, deep breathing, coughing, sneezing, and physical activity. Pain, along with the swelling over
the affected joints, can disappear after a few weeks or can last for months. These symptoms can
develop gradually or

Similarities Between Chicken And Chicken Skeletons
Belonging to different animal classes, the skeletons of humans and chickens have similarities
alongside expected differences. Analyzing a chicken skeleton led to the discovery that while there
are certainly visible differences between the bodies, both skeletons have a myriad of bones in
common. For example, the bones that both the chicken and human skeleton have in common
include: the mandible, the clavicle, the sternum, the scapula, the humerus, and the patella. However,
despite the common bones, the chicken skeleton contains bones that humans do not have such as the
pygostyle, furcula, and sclerotic ring, while as humans have bones that chickens do not share such
as the hyoid, calcaneus, and stapes.
Despite being different species, the chicken and human skeletons have numerous bones in common.
A few of the several shared bones includes: the mandible, the clavicle, the sternum, the scapula, the
humerus, and the patella. The mandible, located in the lower part of the skull in humans, functions
to move the lower jaw which allows the mouth to open and close. Used in conjunction with muscles,
the mandible allows humans to not only speak but also consume food and drinks (Healthline). In a
chicken, the mandible forms the bottom of the beak which allows for the consumption of foods and
liquids as well as killing prey, fighting predators or other chickens, and feeding chicks. Alongside
the mandible, chickens and humans both have the clavicle bones. In humans, the clavicle (collar

When You Shoot A Deer Research Paper
After you shoot a deer and you know it's dead, it's really good to know how to gut it and dress it.
This paper will show you how to do all that stuff including what kind of knives and skinners to use.
First off, you lay the deer on its back. You have to spread the legs apart and dislocate the hip joints if
you have to. Then, after you spread the legs apart, you take your knife and start at the butt. You stick
your knife in the butt and cut upwards. Do that until you hit the breast bone. The breast bone is
usually made up of cartilage and it has a round knob towards the end underneath the neck. Then you
take your knife or hatchet and hit the pelvis bone to make the guts from catching on it and tearing
them apart. Once you have the belly cut ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Never waste any part of the deer. Get as much as you can from it. When you cut the front legs, it's
really easy because they are free floating. That means that there are no joints or anything holding it
together. So, cut those off and then cut the inner loins out. Which is the inner muscle of the lower
back in the deer. Those are the most tender and sweetest part of the deer. The reason for that is
because that's what gives the deer the ability to jump high and all the blood rushes to that spot when
it's being used. Then you cut the back legs. Those are going to be a little harder to cut off because
they have joints attached to the hip. So you will need to pop that out. Once you are done with both
legs, cut off the back straps. That is also another great part of the deer. You start about the front
shoulder or higher and cut to the rib bone. Cut as far as you can down the deer's back. Once that is
all done, you can cut the neck meat out and put it in a stew. But I wouldn't recommend it because
that's where all the estrous and testosterone build up and it doesn't taste very good. Next is the rib
meat. You can cut off the ribs and save whatever you can from it but there isn't very much meat in
that area. You can make whatever you want from all the meat that you get from the legs, inner loins,
backstraps, and neck

Intervertebral Triangle Bone Research Paper
Cranium
The cranium is the part of the skull that encloses the brain. (14)
Mandible
The mandible is the jaw or the jaw bone. (15)
Sternum
The sternum is a long flat bone located in the middle of the chest. (16)
Intervertebral Disk
An intervertebral disk is a pad of cartilage that fits between two vertebrae's. (17)
Ribs
Ribs are a series of curved bones that are connected with the vertebrae and take place in pairs,
humans have 12 on each side of the vertebrae body. Some of the pair are connected to the sternum
and form the thoracic wall. (18)
Sacrum
The sacrum is a triangular bone that lies just beneath the spine. The sacrum has five sections that are
joined together into one large bone. The coccyx joins to the bottom of the sacrum. The sacrum ...
(39)
Spongy/Compact Bone
Compact bone is the hard external layer of all bones that protects and surrounds the medullary
cavity filled with marrow.
Spongy or cancellous bone tissue consists of trabeculae that are arranged as rods or plates with red
bone marrow in between. (40)
Bone Marrow
Bone marrow is a soft substance that fills bones and it comes in two types. Type A is yellowish bone
marrow that consists chiefly of fat cells and is found especially in the cavities of the long bones.
Type B is a reddish bone marrow that contains little fat, is the chief site of red blood cell and blood
granulocyte formation, and occurs in the normal adult in cancellous tissue especially of certain flat
bones.(41)
Major Joint Types Description Location in the Body Diagram
Gliding Gliding joints are formed between two bones that meet at flat surfaces. They allow bones to
glide past one another in any direction. (42) Wrists, Ankles and Spines. (43)

Condyloid The end of one bone is shaped like an oval that fits into the other that is shaped like an
elliptical cavity. Condyloid joints allow movement in every direction except axial. (45) Wrist,
Forearm and the Hand.

Drug Abuse ( Polysubstance ) Essay
On the 10/05/2016, I took care of a 29 year old female who has been on admission since
09/24/2016. EMS found her in a ditch intubated her (ETT), mechanical ventilated, and brought her
to the hospital. The patient informed me that police tried to stop her and her boyfriend but her
boyfriend refused to stop, so she decided to jump out of a moving vehicle. Later she informed me
that her boyfriend is in jail. However, her story about her incident is unclear. Her admission record
shows that she started drugs at the age of 12. In addition, she is homeless, and her mom died when
she was very young. Furthermore, her past medical and surgical histories are type 1 diabetes,
ADHD, depression, anxiety, history of MRSA, TB ( latent TB per history from patient's mother),
history of drug abuse( polysubstance abuse) and hysterectomy. She has no known allergies. The
following list of her home medications are Seroquel, Neurontin, Celexa, Remeron, Ativan, Klonipin,
and Xanax. Patient was placed on contact isolation because of MRSA & TB.
The admitting diagnosis is rib fracture, lung contusion, sternum fracture, femur fracture, right
occipital condyle fracture, spine fractures, pelvic fractures, and right hand fractures. Due to her
multiple orthopedic injuries, she was placed on morphine & Dilaudid for pain relief because she
rated her pain 7–10 during my shift. She was extubated on 10/04/2016 but still on 3liters of Oxygen
via nasal cannula. In addition, she has a lot of stitches due to her

How Did Galen Change The World
Renaissance Anatomists Changing the World For years scientists had no idea how the human body
worked or functioned. They had many questions and were looking for answers until Claudius Galen
seemed like he could answer all of the question. Through Galen's discoveries he uncovered things
that still help us today and others that have been changed by others because of wrong findings.
Galen was a Greek physician, born in the year 129. He moved to Rome and became a famous doctor
to the Roman Emperor. There he wrote over 60 works on medical practice which became the
accepted textbooks on medicine during that time period. Galen's ideas and methods were very
useful, but he also made many mistakes. Though he dissected some human bodies many of his ideas
on human anatomy were based on dissections of various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Some of his discovers consisted of that the skull mandible consists of only one bone with contradicts
Galen's predictions that the mandible was two separate bones in the head. Another one of Vesalius's
discoveries which proved that Galen had the wrong idea was is the sternum which is made up of
three parts. Galen thought the sternum had seven parts because of his dissections of apes. Vesalius
was also the person who discovered the different parts of the heart such as that inferior and superior
vena cava, left atrium, and pulmonary vein, which is still taught the same way in schools and
colleges today. Galen believed that the vena cava was in the liver and that the whole blood supply
came directly from there too, but Vesalius proved him wrong. The only mistake that he made was on
the kidneys when he still followed Galen's idea of the liver containing all the blood supply so he
said that the kidneys filtered out blood and not only urine. Vesalius later went and changed these
works to correct

Bios251 Week 7 Lab
BIOS251 Week 7 Lab Exercise
Joints
To complete this worksheet, select:
Module: Support and Movement Activity: Anatomy Overviews Title: Joints
1. a. From the main Joints page, click Fibrous Joints and identify each of the following structural
joint types.
Suture
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Suture Syndesmoses Gomphosis
b. Why are sutures and gomphoses classified as synarthroses?
In these types of joints the fibers are very short and allow for little of no movement. Synarthroses
joints come together at a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Locate body examples of the following joints and describe the movement of each.
Condyloid – joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus. Planar – joints between
intercarpal joints. Between carpal bones at the wrist.
Saddle – joint between the trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb.
Biaxial (Condyloid) triaxial (Plane Joint) Biaxial (Saddle Joint) Movement on two axis Movement
on three axis Movement on two axis
These types of joints are considered plane joints because they permit back–and–forth and side–to–

side movements between the flat surfaces of the bones, but they may also rotate against one another.
Pivot – The rounded pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another
bone and partly by a ligament. This type of joint allows rotation only around its own longitudinal
axis.
Uniaxial Joint between head and radius notch of ulna.
Hinge The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, Hinge joint are
uniaxial because they allow motion around a single axis. Produces an opening and closing motion.
Identify the trochlea and the trochlear notch.

Marcy Case Summary
CC
Marcy is a 34–year–old female here today with her daughter for a followup regarding her chest pain
and GERD. The patient tells me following her last evaluation on July 1st, she did take the Nexium
as was recommended. She was taking 40 mg for about a month. She said that worked very well. Her
symptoms lessened and ultimately resolved. However, when she ran out of the Nexium, the
symptoms are back again. She feels a pain in the lower sternum area, as well as in the upper
epigastric area and was relieved when it went away with the Nexium. She has not continued to take
it and wonders what she should do next. She is eating and drinking normally. She did try to cut back
on dairy as she initially thought that might be related, but found that was not the case and now has
that back in her diet. She is up three pounds since I last saw her and is at her highest weight that I
have in the office. She is having no nausea, no vomiting. No early satiety. There is no diarrhea. No
constipation. No blood in the stool. No melena. She wonders what the next step should be. She does
tell me that when she was talking with her family, her mother has had an ulcer and her sister has
been diagnosed with "stress ulcers" in the past. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alcohol is just a couple drinks a month.
O
Vital Signs
Temperature: 98. BP: 114/72. HR 70. R: 12. W: 127.
General
A well–developed, well–nourished female in no acute distress seated comfortably in the exam room.
Heart
Regular rate and rhythm.
Lungs
Clear.

Heart Assessment Essay
During inspection of the heart assessment observe abnormal finding. Inspect the jugular vein and the
carotid artery. Note pallor or cyanotic skin color, temperature, turgor, texture, and clubbing of finger.
Observe for swelling, edema and ulceration. Clubbing is a sign of chronic hypoxia caused by a
lengthy cardiovascular or respiratory. Poor cardiac output and tissue perfusion is noted by cyanosis
and pallor. For dark–skinned, inspect his mucous membranes for pallor. Decreases or absent of pulse
with cool, pale, and shiny skin, and hair loss to the area, and the patient may have pain in the legs
and feet may indicate arterial insufficiency. Ulcerations typically occur in the area around the toes,
and the foot usually turns deep red when dependent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Follow a systematic palpate the sternoclavicular, aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid and epigastric areas
using a systematic sequence. Using the ball of hand find the apical pulse then tips of finger over the
precordium. Note abnormal finding such as heaves, thrills and fine vibration (purring cat). Palpate
the other arterial pulses by pressing with the pads of your index and middle finger. Start at the
temporal artery and work down to the dorsalis pedis pulse. Abnormal finding such week pulse could
be due to cold weather or can indicate sever heart failure or peripheral vascular disease. Strong or
bounding pulsations usually occur in a patient with a condition that causes increased cardiac output,
such as hypertension, hypoxia, anemia, exercise, or anxiety. A thrill usually suggests a valvular
dysfunction.
Percuss at the anterior axillary line and continue toward the sternum along the fifth intercostal space.
The sound changes from resonance to dullness over the left border of the heart, normally at the
midclavicular line. Percussing is used to help locate cardiac borders. It is important to know that the
right border of the heart is usually aligned with the sternum and can't be

Pecus Excavatum Research Paper
Pectus excavatum is when someone's sternum grows in–word. Happens shortly after birth or
happens after a major growth spurt. This can cause moderate to major pressure on the heart and
lungs, which can cause: Pectus excavatum can also make teens very self–conscious about their body
image.
My chest started looking deep around the age of ten–twelve. I hated taking my shirt off to swim, it
hurt to run and felt sick more often then what I should. So I went to the doctor about it and they
gave me and my mother some phone numbers to some specialist for this type of condition. We call
Dr. Hunter in Chicago, Illinois at Loris Children's Hospital. The bad thing was, I walked the horrific
surgery, you could hear the bones snapping in place.
When we

Three Representative Organisms
Three representative organisms: Arthropods Coleoptera (beetle) The Coleoptera (beetle) is
characterized by "hardened front wings (elytra)" that "meet in a straight line down the center of the
back" ("Coleoptera," General Entomology, 2012). The complete development cycle of beetles
consists of the conventional egg, larva, pupa, and adult progression. The class is "divided into four
suborders. The most common are Aedephaga and Polyphaga. In the case of Aedephaga, "the first
abdominal sternum is divided by the hind coxae" and in the case of Polyphaga "the first abdominal
sternum is undivided" ("Coleoptera," General Entomology, 2012). Beetles come in a wide variety of
types. "Coleoptera is the largest order in the animal kingdom. It includes 40% of all insects and
nearly 30% of all animal species" ("Bug Bytes," General Entomology, 2012). Beetles can exist as
"predators, parasites or commensals" in terms of the way in which they survive and sustain
themselves ("Bug Bytes," General Entomology, 2012). Lepidoptera (Arctiidae) The class of
Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) is the second largest order in the insect world. Nearly all
organisms begin the form of larvae called caterpillars (Meyer 2009). After undergoing a pupae
stage, the adults emerge with "distinctive...large wings (relative to body size) which are covered
with minute overlapping scales" (Meyer 2009). The front wings are large and triangular–shaped
while the hind wings are smaller and fan–shaped (Meyer

Anatomy review
Chapter 8 Test Review Multiple Choice 1. Which is not a part of the axial skeleton? A. rib B.
vertebral column C. mandible D. clavicle 2. Which is not a part of the appendicular skeleton? A.
coxal bones B. parietal bones C. radius D. clavicle 3. The axial skeleton consists of: A. 60 bones. B.
68 bones. C. 74 bones. D. 80 bones. 4. The appendicular skeleton consists of: A. 102 bones. B. 118
bones. C. 126 bones. D. 137 bones. 5. The term sinus, as it relates to bone markings, may be defined
as a: A. raised area or projection. B. cavity within a bone. C. tubelike opening or channel. D. groove
or elongated depression. 6. Which bone is a part of the axial skeleton? A. rib B. clavicle C. radius D.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
maxilla C. ethmoid D. frontal 41. Another name for the zygomatic bone is the: A. malar. B.
sphenoid. C. ethmoid. D. sesamoid. 42. Going from superior to inferior, the sequence of the
vertebral column is: A. sacral, coccyx, thoracic, lumbar, and cervical. B. coccyx, sacral lumbar,
thoracic, and cervical. C. cervical, lumbar, thoracic, sacral, and coccyx. D. cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral, and coccyx. 43. The structure that furnishes the axis for the rotation of the head from
side to side is the: A. dens. B. spinous process. C. vertebral foramen. D. transverse process. 44.
Going from proximal to distal, the bones of the upper extremity would be: A. metacarpals, carpals,
ulna, and humerus. B. carpals, metacarpals, ulna, and humerus. C. humerus, radius, metacarpals, and
carpals. D. humerus, radius, carpals, and metacarpals. 45. Going from proximal to distal, the bones
of the lower extremity would be: A. femur, tibia, carpals, and metacarpals. B. metacarpals, tarsals,
femur, and tibia. C. femur, tibia, tarsals, and metatarsals. D. tarsals, metatarsals, femur, and tibia.
Matching Match the bones with their locations. A. ethmoid B. frontal C. hyoid D. mandible E.
maxillae F. occipital G. palatine H. parietal I. sphenoid J. temporal K. zygomatic 105. _____ neck
bone 106. _____ keystone of face 107. _____ keystone of cranium 108. _____ upper jaw 109.
_____ cheek bone 110. _____ lower jaw

The Accuracies And Inaccuracies In Hart Hanson's Bones
For this assignment, I analyzed and critiqued an episode of the well–known series Bones, created by
Hart Hanson. Bones is a TV series based mainly on Dr. Temperance Brennan and Seeley Booth;
Brennan being a forensic anthropologist who has an impressive talent in solving cases using human
remains and Booth being an FBI agent who brings the remains to the forensic anthropology team. I
decided to watch the third episode of season one called, A Boy in a Tree. With the great knowledge I
have gained from this course in forensic anthropology, I will discuss the accuracies and inaccuracies
demonstrated in the episode I chose. In the episode A Boy in a Tree, human remains were found
hanging on a tree of an exclusive Hanover Preparatory School. Brennan and Booth were called to
investigate who the person was, and initially determine the cause of death, which was most likely a
suicide. Brennan discovered that the body belonged to a male named Nestor Olivos, who was a
student at the school. When analyzing the body, Brennan also noticed that Olivos' hyoid was broken,
which is extremely unusual for an adolescent. Further investigation and the broken hyoid helped
conclude that Olivos was murdered by his classmates Tucker Pattison and Camden ... Show more
Brennan is a forensic anthropologist, but was somehow always with Booth trying to solve the case.
An example of this would be when she was in the interrogation room when Booth was interrogating
the murder suspects. Solving cases is not a forensic anthropologists job, their only focus is human
remains (Shook 2018). Another inaccuracy I noticed was the technology used when Brennan
realized Olivas had Ketamine in his system before he died. She went to Angela Montenegro for help
and was shown a 3D model of what would happen to the hyoid of a hanging body. This technology
was far too advanced for the year 2005, as it even showed how long it would for the hyoid to

A and P Lab 5 Essay
AP – Lab Report Name: Jenny Strohbeck
Section: A and P 1 Online
The Axial & Appendicular Skeleton
Purpose: What is the purpose of this exercise? Is there any safety concerns associated with this
exercise? If so, list what they are and what precautions should be taken. To identify 3 main bone
groups and describe different vertebra
Exercise 1: The Skull
QUESTIONS:
A. Name the eight bones of the cranium. frontal bone, 2 parietal bones, 2 temporal bones, occipital
bone, sphenoid, ethmoid.
B. What function do the cranial bones serve?
To protect the sense organs and the brain
C. List the bones that form the eye orbit.
Zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, frontal bone, spenoid, ethmoid, and palatine ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What bones make up the bony thorax?
Sternum, Ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
B. What is the function of the bony thorax?
It creates a protective barrier for the organs whithin
C. What category of bones are the sternum and ribs?
Flat bones
D. Why are ribs 11 and 12 referred to as "floating" ribs?
They are attached indirectly to the sternum via shared cartilage
E. Propose a reason why the ribs are attached anteriorly by cartilage. Because if they were not they
would not be attached to anything and they would all be free floating ribs
Exercise 5: The Appendicular Skeleton

QUESTIONS:
A. What is the pelvic girdle? What is its function?
The pelvic girdle is formed by two coxal bones. They withstand stress of weight and locomotion. It
attaches the lower appendages to the skeleton.
B What is the pectoral girdle? What is its function?
Consists of the scapula and the clavicle (shoulder girdle). It attaches the upper appendages to the
skeleton and is a major attachment for the major muscle of the neck and trunk.
C. Name the bones of the upper appendages (arm, forearm and hand).
Humerous, Radius, Ulna, Olecranon process, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
D. Name the bones of the lower appendages (thigh, leg and foot).
Femur, Patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals (talus and calcaneus), metatarsals, and phalanges
E. Which of the four categories of bones do MOST of the

Literature Summary Of Thorax
Review of literature
Thorax is a composed of many integrated systems including the muscles, bones and other soft
tissues organ systems, the biomechanics of which, impart the thorax a high mechanical resistance to
injury, mainly due to distinctive elastic properties of the rib and spine system supported by muscles.
So, understanding the complex mechanics of the thorax is critical for understanding the vast
multiplex of injuries sustained in various different circumstances.
Anatomy
The skeleton of the thoracic wall is formed by
the spinal column and 12 thoracic vertebrae
the sternum
12 paired ribs and costal cartilages
The sternum
It is a dagger–shaped bone, which forms the anterior part of the thoracic cage and consists of three
parts.
The manubrium
The body
The xiphoid process
The ribs
The ribs run in an oblique, inferior direction from their posterior articulation to their anterior
articulation. For example, rib 2 articulates with the T2 vertebra posteriorly but with the sternal angle
at the T4 vertebral level anteriorly.
There are three types of ribs
1) True ribs –
1st to 7th ribs which attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilages.

2) False ribs –
8th to 10th ribs which are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them
3) Floating ribs –
11th and 12th rib which do not connect even indirectly with the sternum
Ribs can be further classified as –
1) Typical ribs – 3rd to 9th.
A typical rib has a head, neck,

The Human Skeletal Structure Of Ligaments
The Human Skeletal System The human skeletal anatomy is a mesmerising and complex structure
of ligaments that attach all 206 bones together, along with tendons that attach muscles to the bones
and also cartilage. All of the components are involved with the fundamental functions that are
essential to how the human body works and reacts. The skeleton assists in protecting the body's
organs, provides attachment sites for the musculature system that allows locomotion, also other
upholding the physical shape of the body, and protects vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord,
and heart. Defined as being in two parts, the axial and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton ...
Long Bones
The femur, ulna and radius, tibia and fibula, humerus and phalanges (bones of the fingers) are all
long bones. The periosteum is the outer layer of the long bone that consists of three main parts:
Epiphysis: consists of compact (cortical) bone on the outer layer and cancellous (spongy) bone
located within the lower and upper areas of the inner layer.
Diaphysis: Is the shaft and middle part of the bone that is made up of tougher also denser cortical
bone.
Both diaphysis and epiphysis are separated by epiphysis cartilages that solidify when the growth of
a human is totally completed.
Overall all the long bones make up the majority of a person's weight, especially the femur. The
femur is the longest bone within the human body and bares most of a person's weight and also helps
to maintain balance of the skeleton.
Short Bones
Short bones are all practically equal in length and width of each other that all consist of the same
structure with the outer layer being cortical bone along with the inner layer of cancellous bone that
contains red bone marrow. The bones that are identified as short bone are as follows:
Carpals: Carpals make the wrist.
Tarsal: Make up the ankle.
Flat Bones
Flat bones consist of a layer of trabecular (spongy/cancellous) bone between two thin layers of
compact bone. The flat bones are of a flattened shape, not rounded. Examples of flat bones are as
follows, the skull and ribs. Flat bones do contain marrow, but are not a bone marrow

Trapezius: Clavicular Pectoralis Major
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE (7) – Trapezius (middle)
Smallest of the true vertebrae, cervical vertebrae are found just below the skull. Trapezius is a large
muscles, spanning the neck, shoulders and back.
CLAVICLE – Clavicular Pectoralis Major
Also commonly known as the collar bone, the clavicle is the only long bone in the body that is
horizontal, connecting scapula to sternum. Because of its position, the clavicular pectoralis major is
commonly referred to as the "upper chest".
CRANIUM – Trapezius (upper)
Made of flat bones, along with the mandible it forms the skull. The upper trapezius helps stabilize
the head and neck.
FEMUR – Rectus Femoris
The thigh bone, the largest and generally strongest bone in the human body. Rectus femoris is one of
four ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The longus is middle of three adductor muscles connected to the hip.
RADIUS – Brachioradialis
A long bone on the lateral side of the forearm, it is the second largest bone there.
Brachioradialis is a forearm muscle that flexes from the elbow.
RIB – Serratus Anterior
The curved, long bones that form the rib cage and protect the organs within. Serratus anterior
originates at the side of the chest on the surface of the upper ribs and inserts along the medial border
of the scapula.
SACRUM – Gluteus Maximus
Located at the base of the spine, the sacrum is a large triangular bone connecting to the tailbone.
SCAPULA – Teres Major
The shoulder blade, formed by the scapula's shape, is the bone that connects the collar bone to the
humerus. Teres major is a thick, flattened muscle of the upper limb.
STERNUM – Sternal Pectoralis Major
A flat bone also known as the breastbone. The sternal head of the pectoralis major serves as a
shoulder flexor.
THORACIC VERTEBRAE (12) – Rhomboids (underlying)
The middle segment of the vertebral column, connected with the ribs. Rhomboids,

Clinical Reflection
In the last four weeks, I have been attending Oak Hill Hospital as my second clinical rotation.
During this period, I noticed distinguished qualities in myself. Some skills I have strengthened over
time are informing the patient what I am doing before, during, and after the exam, how to position
using verbal commands, and giving the patient time and attention while in my care. These attributes
may seem subtle, but they have improved my attitude in the working field and gave off a positive
atmosphere around patients and co–workers alike. On the other hand, I have automatically sought
out to improve on several obstacles I came to face at Oak Hill Hospital. One of the weaknesses is
confidently operating the portable x–ray machines, especially knowing the correct tube angulation
for the portable or wheelchair chest exams. Another struggle I faced at the beginning of this clinical
rotation is transporting patients by stretcher and occasionally wheelchair. The body mechanics I
have used are poor with transporting the patient, which risks the quality of the patient's care
(Bontrager, 2014). Lastly, marker placement for fluoroscopic overheads and timed studies have been
an extreme struggle to battle against. With countless action plans from my clinical coordinator and
instructor, I have found several action plans to change my weaknesses into additional strengths.
Inside the rampage of multiple exams, transporting through the hospital, and verifying the patient, I
have not once slacked off to inform the patient what I am doing. The most important thing for me is
their trust and comfort under my care. When I introduce myself, I always ask them how they are and
why I am there for. As I guide them to the room, whether it is by stretcher, wheelchair, or walking, I
continue to talk to them to create a bond. I want the patient to know I am not there to just do a job
and never see them again. The whole point in all the chaos and bustling is helping somebody one
person at a time. I want to be able to assist this person to finding the answer to why they are here.
According to Bontrager, this action I strengthened is my social contract with them (Bontrager,
2014). As I welcome each patient into the room, I let them know what I

Articulated Skeleton Research Paper
There are two categories that in formation of the complete Articulated Skeleton: axial and
appendicular. Axial skeletal is the central part of body that consists of the bones of the head and
trunk of a vertebrate. It has 80 bones in total, and it is composed of 6 parts: the skull bones, the
bones of inner ear, the hyoid bones, the rig cage, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull forms
and supports the head and face structure. Except lower jaw (mandible), all bones of the skull are
joined by fixed joints formed by bony ossification. The bones of inner ear are also called ossicles,
they are the one of smallest bones in the human body, and they transmit sounds from air to brain.
The hyoid bone locates between the chin and the thyroid cartilage and base of the lower ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rib cage is located in the upper body and consists of 24 bones that serve the purpose of
protecting many vital organs. They divide into 2 parts of 12 bones that symmetrical to each other of
the body. The hearts, lungs and parts of stomach are all inside the rib cage. It sometimes describes as
thoracic cage because it is a major part of the thoracic cavity in the human body. The rib cage is not
only for protecting vital organs but also helps a person to breathe. "The sternum, commonly known
as the breastbone, is long, flat, narrow bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and stabilises
the thoracic skeleton. Several muscles that move the arms, head and neck have their origins on the
sternum." (Sternum, 2016) As well as rib cage, it protects vital organs inside the chest, such as the
heart. Vertebral column is also called spine or backbone, composed of a series of bones called
vertebrae, in the human vertebral column there are normally 33 vertebrae. There are 5 region of the
spine: 7 neck (cervical) vertebrae, 12 chest (thoracic) vertebrae, 5 low back (lumbar) vertebrae, the
rest are pelvic (sacral) vertebrae and

Alternate Aging Case Study
The Importance of Alternate Aging Methods While aging via the rib, or the costochondral junction
in Dr. Brennen's case, are highly accurate aging mechanisms, alternate methods of aging are
necessary to improve accuracy (Iscan, Loth Wright, 1984). Common methods are aging via the
pubic symphysis, intercortical morphometry, cranial sutures, and auricular surface. In a case study
conducted by Garvin, Nicholas and Passalacqua, 145 forensic anthropologists of the American
Association of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) anonymously participated in a questionnaire. The
questionnaire went over different ways to analyze the age range of the deceased based on the
skeleton. The objective was to determine whether or not there is a prevalent method used or if each
practitioner utilizes something different. The following were involved: most popular methods; use of
standard deviations, standard errors, age ranges or means; corporation of results into a final age
estimate; resolution of two discrepancies; personal experience. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On top of that they were asked to report the amount of cases they had been involved in. The
majority obtained a Doctorate degree and the same majority had worked on the most cases, as
expected. Questions five through seven covered the participants' preferred technique and section of
the skeletal region to determine age estimation. Contributors were asked from a scale of one to five,
one being most preferable and reliable and five being least, regarding pubic symphysis, sternal rib
ends, auricular surface, cranial sutures, and dental wear. The pubic symphysis was favored with a
1.28 average, sternal ends at 2.45, auricular surface at 2.71, and cranial sutures and dental wear at
4.3. The Pubic symphysis method was the most preferred method regardless of the experience of the
individual (Garvin et al,

The Skeletal System: The Akeletal System Of The Human Body
The Human skeletal system
The skeletal system is an important system of the human body, consisting of all bones, joints and
other connective tissues. There are approximately 206 individual bones found in an adult human
body. These bones are divided into two main groups called the axial skeleton and appendicular
skeleton. The axial skeleton is made up of 80 bones whereas appendicular skeleton is made up of
126 bones.
The skeletal system mainly consists of all bones and joints. Joints can be defined as a junction
between two bones. It is classified into three types, immovable joint, slightly movable joint and
freely movable joint. This several types of joints gives the human body both mobility and stability.
Immovable joint
Immovable joints also known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A human skull consist of 22 bones in total, out of these 8 bones are of cranium and the rest are the
facial bones. The function of cranium is to protect the brain from any external damage as well as to
protect the organs of vision, hearing, taste, smell and equilibrium. Facial bones are attached to
muscles which permit for important movements such as chewing, speaking and controlling many
facial expressions.
A ribcage is a protective structure in the chest area made by the vertebral column, ribs and sternum.
There are twelve pairs of curved ribs in total. Out of these, seven are attached straight to the sternum
, 3 are attached to sternum via a cartilage bridge and the rest don't attach at all. The main function of
the ribcage is to protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Another important function is when
during respiration, they allow the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to expand and contract by
inhaling and

Psycholiosis
As a group, we all learned about the different parts within the vertebral column and the ribs. Each of
us took different parts and examined them. Destiny went over vocabulary, diseases that may affect
the vertebrae, and extra information on the five types of curvatures in the vertebrae. She passed out
a diagram of the regional characteristics of the vertebrae and the vertebral column. Next, Shelby
went over the movement allowed in the ribs and vertebrae, the bones in the axial skeleton, and ways
to remember the bones. She also created the 3D model for the ribs and labeled them. Finally, Kristin
went over the function of the vertebrae and ribs as well as blood cell production and mineral storage
in the bones. Kristin also brought in two bones from an animal one was from the vertebrae and the
other was from the rib. She also created ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I had already heard of the scoliosis, but I had never heard of kyphosis or lordosis. I learned about the
5 types of curvatures within the vertebral column. The 5 types of curvatures include: cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccyx. Within the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curvatures, there is a
certain amount of vertebrae bones. Within the sacral and coccyx curvatures, there is a certain
amount of fused vertebrae bones. In cervical, there are 7 vertebrates that are found in the neck. In
thoracic, there are 12 vertebrates found in the chest region. In lumbar, there are 5 vertebrates found
in the lower back. In sacral, there are 5 fused vertebrates. In coccyx (tailbone), there are 4 fused
vertebrates. There are 9 vertebrates that fuse to form the two composite bones, which are sacral and
coccyx. All together, the 26 single, irregular bones are separated by the intervertebral discs. I went
over vocabulary as well as a diagram that I passed out to the class of the regional characteristics of
the vertebrae and the vertebral

Sternocleidomastoid
The sternocleidomastoid are muscles that are considered accessory. They are active for inhalation
when needs increase or during high lung volumes as in hyperinflation. These muscles pull the
sternum up and increase the size of the upper rib cage in the AP dimension, sometimes taught as
pump handle elevation. These accessory muscles are affected by the position of the diaphragm and
changes in the ZOA.10Kyndy The diaphragm displaces the abdomen and the rib cage equally during
quiet breathing. If the resting tone in the oblique abdominals is insufficient, more than half of the
expansion would go into abdominal expansion allowing for superior migration of the anterior aspect
of the rib cage. This would decrease the ZOA, change the muscle lengths ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Weakness in the abdominals can have a snowball effect on posture and will be discussed later.1 Like
the diaphragm, the transversus abdominis modulates its activity for both postural and respiratory
functions, unlike the other abdominal muscles. It is not active during quite breathing but becomes
active as the demands for expiration increase. Its EMG activity is therefore out of phase with EMG
activity by the diaphragm. 8,11Hodges/Gandevia 2000 and Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson Various
studies have shown that the diaphragm and the transversus abdominis simultaneously contract prior
to movements in the extremities. Hodges et al demonstrated this co–activation 20ms prior to the
activation of the deltoid when the subject was asked to move an arm into flexion.8
Hodges/Gandevia/Richardson. Hodges monitored the diaphragm by measuring the length of the
ZOA because it+ is closely associated with the length of the diaphragm. He believed that the
diaphragm+ was contributing to postural stability by, "maintaining the hoop–like geometry" of the
abdominal wall.Hodges19 Vostatek stated that the diaphragm was contracting in order to provide
abdominal pressure for stabilization of the spine. He also stated that the ribs needed to stay down
and only expand out to the sides during inhalation in order to maintain

Midterm Review Anatomy 1 Lab
Review: Anatomy I Lab Chapter 1: Language of Anatomy What is anatomic position? – Human
body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at
the sides with palms facing forward. –two major divisions of human body surface are Axial, and
Appendicular 2. Body orientation and direction. ~Superior– above ex. the nose is superior to the
mouth ~Inferior– below ex. the abdomen is inferior to the chest ~Anterior– front ex. the face and the
arms are in the anterior body surface. ~Posterior– back ex. the spine is posterior to the heart
~Medial– toward the midline ex. the heart is medial to the lungs. ex. the sternum is medial to the
ribs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–Coccyx–formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 small irregularly shaped vertebrae. It is literally a human
tailbone, a vestige of the tail that other vertebrates have; is attached to the sacrum by ligaments. 7.
Sternum (bones of sternum and identify them in figure) 8. True ribs and false ribs *12 pairs of ribs –
True Ribs– first seven pairs; are directly connected to the sternum. –False Ribs– next five fairs; are
not directly connected to the Sternum. Chapter 5: Appendicular Skeleton How many bones are in the
appendicular skeleton –composed of 126 bones of appendages and pectoral and pelvic girdles which
attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. 2. The bones of the Clavicle and Scapulae –Clavicle
(collarbone) – sternal (medial) end– attaches to sternal manubrium –acromial (lateral) end–
articulates w/ the scapulae to form part of the shoulder joint. –Scapulae (shoulder blades) –known as
"wings of humans" –connects humerus (upper arm bone) w/ clavicle (collar bone) – two processes:
–acromion: connects clavicle –coracoid process: attachment point for upper limb muscles –has three
angles: superior, inferior, lateral 3. The Arm –consists of single bone called humerus –head fits into
glenoid cavity &

Skeletal System Research Paper
The skeletal system is composed of bones and joints that are made up of many cells, protein fibres,
and minerals. The skeleton provides support and protection for soft tissues that make up the rest of
the body.
There are 5 types of bones in the skeletal system these are called long, short, flat, irregular and
sesamoid bones. As shown in figure 9, long bones are longer than they are wide. They are 2 regions
that form this bone, these are called epiphysis they is located at the top and bottom of the bone, and
diaphysis that is located in the middle. These bones are located in places such as the femur, tibia,
fibula, phalanges and ulna. Short bones are long as they are wide. These include the tarsal and wrist
bones. Flat bones are broad bones ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bones in the arm include the humerus, which forms the elbow joint with the shoulder joint. The
other 2 bones in the upper arm region are called the ulna and the radius. The ulna forms a hinge joint
with the humerus at the elbow, and the radius allows the forearm and hand to turn over the wrist
joint. The lower region of the arm contain bones that form the wrist joint with the wrist joint with
the carpals, that provide flexibility for the wrist. These also connect to 5 metacarpals that form the
bones of the hand and connect to all the fingers, also known as the phalanges. The pelvic girdle
connects that is formed by the right and left hip bones, connects the leg bones to the axial skeleton.
The femur as shown in figure 10, is the only bone in the thigh region. It forms the socket hip joint
with the hipbone, and also forms the knee joint with the tibia and patella. The tibia and fibula form
the ankle joint with the talus. The talus belongs to a group of 7 small bones that form the posterior
end of the foot and heel; they also form joints with 5 metatarsals that then form joints with one of
the set of phalanges in the toes. (Innerbody

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