It is about anatomy and all its systems. It is full of information and you may use it if you want. This is my Gr.9 anatomy project.

1. WHAT IS ANATOMY
BY:SAYEM

2. WHAT DOES ANATOMY MEAN?
• Anatomy is the identification and description of living things
• Plant, animals, and humans have a part in anatomy
• There are around 13 different systems that make up anatomy (Ex. Skeletal system, and immune system)
"The word anatomy comes from the Greek ana- meaning "up", and tome-
meaning "a cutting". Anatomy, especially in the past, has depended heavily on
dissection."-From MNT (medical news today)

3. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT
Human anatomy is important because without it people won’t be
able to find where to inject medicine, where the injury was and how
you can fix it. Also a lot jobs need anatomy like dentists, and anyone
in the health region and other places. It helps not only the helps us
learn more in the medical field but also archeological fields by
allowing us to know more about ancient/extinct animals and
humans and their origins.

4. HOW WAS IT DISCOVERD
Anatomy became discovered by no one because many kings/queens,
and other people who killed sacrificial victims, or animals found a
skeleton, brain, organs, or other parts. Although it was always there
always was anatomy, it was first written about by Andreas Vesalius.
He was born during 31 December 1514 to 15 October 1564 which
was around 500 years ago. Also known as the founder of modern
anatomy his book was one of the most influential on anatomy
because it talked about the body in a lot of detail.

5. HOW IS IT USED TODAY?
Today people use anatomy for knowledge and learn more
about the human body. It created more subjects such as
cytology(study of cells), and physiology(how the parts work
in the body). We also use it for learning about animals,
plants, or other beings. Anatomy has led to many great
discoveries and we still learn more with it today.

6. HISTORY OF ANATOMY
• the study of anatomy goes back to the 1600BC at Egyptian pictures showing veins
• Later on when the Greeks came along they made major additions to anatomy in animals which created
biology
• then when a Greek researcher by the name of Galen came he managed to overthrow some other
anatomy discoveries about oxygen which was that all arteries though he made the error which was that
blood goes back and forth from to the heart. He also influenced anatomy in the wrong way for couple
centuries
• Leonardo Da Vinci created artwork that showed what was inside the body in a new way and made
accurate drawings that would help modern anatomy

7. RECENT DISCOVERIES
• there is an organ in the eye that has been discovered that helps focus light
• researchers found new vessels that connect the brain to the immune system
• there is a ligament in the knee that plays a big part for the function of it

8. DEBATES/CONTROVERSIES ABOUT ANATOMY
There are many debates going on whether it is right to dig up bodies, or allow
people to let others use our body parts after we die. People think that if dome
people will allow digging up bodies or using human corpse after people die for
scientific reasons then we will learn more about the body. Even though digging up
bodies are good for scientific reasons it is disrespectful and bad because bodies are
meant to kept in the grave after we die and not to be used/tested on for scientific
reasons and it seemed inhuman.
In the past people were allowed to use bodies that were going to be executed to
be tested on but some high profile people where allowed to use servants bodies in
some places. They led to great discoveries but it was still inhuman.

9. THE SYSTEMS IN YOUR BODY

10. SKELETAL SYSTEM
the skeletal system is about where bones are in the body. there are many bones (around 200) in your body
and your bones fuse as you grow. in the following slides you will see some main parts of your skeletal
system.

11. SKELETAL SYSTEM (SPINE)
The spine is one of the most important part of your body. It gives your body support and
allows you to control yourself. The spine protects the spinal cord which connects your
brain with the rest of your body. Also keeping your spine healthy is needed because it’s
extremely important.
The spine is made up of 24 bones (called vertebrates which are building blocks of your
spine). The spine has three main parts/vertebrates: cervical (1st 7 vertebrates), thoracic
(12 vertebrates), and lumbar vertebrate (5 vertebrates, sometimes 6). Between each
vertebrate are small rubbery do
When you stand up for a long time you usually start to keep a straight back because the
spine like to keep an “S” shape. An “S” spine helps keep your spine healthy and can with
stand a lot of stress compared to a slumped position.

12. SKELETAL SYSTEM(CHEST AND UPPER BACK)
The bones that form the chest and upper back make a strong,
protective rib cage to protect the vital organs that we need like
the hearts and lungs. These bones also connect the shoulders,
neck, and arms to the trunk of the body. It also has a lot of
muscles surrounding the bone. The rib cage has 12 ribs
coming from the thoracic vertebrate (the spine has three parts
which are broke into and the thoracic vertebrate is one of
them).

13. SKELETAL SYSTEM(SKULL)
The skull has 22 bones that are fused together except for your mandible. When
you are a kid your bones in you skull are separate so your brain can grow, and
when you are an adult it fuses to protect your brain. The mandible also known
as your jaw is the only movable joint that you can control.
The bones in your face (facial skeleton) supports soft tissues, so they determine
how we look a bit. The facial skeleton consists of 14 individual bone the smallest
bones in your body are called the lacrimal which are between the bones that
surround the nose and teeth (maxilla) and the
bone around the eye. There are things called sutures that connect the bones on
the top of the head. They are a type of fibrous that fuse around the age of 20.

14. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
The muscles in your body main responsibilities are for maintaining or
changing your posture, locomotion, and movement of your inside organs.
Our bodies have approximately 650 muscles (as a groups) that make half
our body weight. Each muscles are basically the same stretchable fiber
like material. Within each of the bundles of fiber are thousands
sometimes ten-thousands of strand of small muscles, also the more
muscles/fiber you have the stronger you are. Each strand of muscles are
about 40 mm in length, and those are made up of tiny strands of fibrils. All
these muscles are controlled by the CNS (Central Nervous System) also
known as the brain.

15. MUSCULAR SYSTEM PT.2
There are three muscle groups in your body: smooth, cardiac, and
skeletal muscles. Smooth muscles are for controlling hollow organs
and your intestines, stomach, and arteries. Cardiac muscles are
works nonstop all year because it only exists in the heart which
always works all year long. The muscles contract to make blood
come out and releases to make the blood come
in again. Skeletal muscles makes up 42% of mass in males and
36% in females. Skeletal muscles release heat when they contract
and release. They also help to make your face shape.

16. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, and your veins. Its
responsible forgiving nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and cellular waste to the
entire body. The cardiovascular system is always working until the path is
blocked or the heart stopped working. There are two colored veins red and blue.
Blue colored veins mean they have little oxygen and red means lots of oxygen.
There are three major types of blood vessels in your body: arteries, capillaries,
and veins. The artery vessel have thickened walls so they can with stand the
pressure of the blood. They take deoxygenated blood from the heart to your lungs
to be re-oxygenated. They bring blood directly from the heart which means that it
will have a lot of pressure. Smaller arteries have more muscular structure to
regulate the blood flow.

17. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM PT.2
The capillary vessel is the smallest and thinnest vessel in the body. They are
almost in every tissue of body and border edges of the avascular tissue (covers
edges of the body). The capillaries carry blood near tissues of the body to
exchange material like nutrients, gases, and waste products. There is barely any
thickness in the vessels walls.
The vein vessel are large return pipes for blood for arteries. The walls are
smaller and thinner due to the lack of pressure so it would not need. It relies on
gravity, and the force of the skeletal muscles contraction to bring back blood.
While it relaxes it closes a one way valve so the blood won’t go down until
another surge of blood cones.

18. IMMUNE SYSTEM
The immune system is your body’s defense system against
infections and diseases. It is made up of many cells, tissues,
and organs. An important cell in your body leukocytes
(Lymph’s) which are white cells. Lymph’s are stored and
produced in many locations which some are called lymph
nodes. The organs that make lymph’s are called lymphoid
organs. The main types of lymph’s are phagocytes which chew
up invading cells and lymphocytes which allow the body
remember old invading cells so they can destroy them.

19. IMMUNE SYSTEM PT.2
The nervous system has three types of immunity innate, adaptive, and passive.
Innate immunity gives us the immunity to diseases that other effect species but
not us and also the other way around, like HIV doesn't affect some animals.
Adaptive immunity is another immunity that gradually grows and develops as we
grow. It is the way vaccines work, by injecting the disease. Passive immunity is
taken from another source and lasts for a little while such as breast milk.
Everyone's immune system works differently by as you grow you become more
resistance to colds and other diseases that occur often. Though there are some
diseases that affect the immune system so you have to keep it safe by
vaccinations and other types of medical ways.

20. NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system are nerves where all information and made by a
Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain, and spine.
Then brain sends signal down to the body through the spinal cord, and to
the sensory organs, and anything that has a nerve (which is almost
everything). The signals that the brain sends are neurons (nerve cells).
The spine is plays a huge part in the nervous system. It is a huge bundle
of nerves protected by bones starting from the medulla oblongata to the
hip bone. The spine has three parts: cervical vertebrate which is by the
spine and helps support the skull and rotates the neck with, the lumbar
vertebrate is the shortest vertebrate with 5-6 vertebrate, the thoracic
vertebrate has all the ribs connected to it and has the most vertebrates.

21. NERVOUS SYSTEM (NEURONS)
Neurons are tiny electrochemical that transmit signals from the
brain to your body. Nerve cells look different from regular cells
because they have different looking shape, have some extra
organelles and don’t have some. There are three basic
neurons: afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and interneurons.
Afferent neurons transmits signals to the CNS. Efferent
neurons gives signals to effectors in the body such as muscles
and glands. Interneurons are there to integrate information and
give it to efferent neurons to direct the functions.

22. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system makes you breath. It has a lot of big
organs to function. The organs are lungs, trachea, bronchi, and
diaphragm. The lungs is one of the most important organ in the
body. It makes oxygen go into the blood so we can live by
deoxygenating the deoxygenized blood. The trachea is the
tube that oxygen flow through to the body. The bronchi are two
pipes that branch off to go to the lungs. The diaphragm makes
your lungs grow bigger and back to regular size as you
breathe.

23. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is a group of organs that break down food and
change it into energy and waste. It starts by food being broken down with
your teeth and saliva from your saliva glands. Then it travels down your
pharynx to your esophagus which connects the pharynx and stomach.
Inside the stomach there are hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes
that break down the food. Once the process of food being broken down is
done, the food starts to go into the small intestine where 90% of the
nutrients are taken away from the food. The liver plays a role by creating
bile which goes well with fat and water where fat does not go well with
water. Sometimes there are extra bile so the gallbladder stores it. While
the food is the small intestine the pancreas sends chemicals to further
break down food. Then the large intestine further breaks it down the
gather a bit more nutrients and then feces come out of the anal canal.

24. SENSORY SYSTEM
The sensory system is about your 5 senses. These 5 senses are touch,
smell, hear, taste, and sight. The sensory system processes and uses the
information and sends it to the brain. The sensory system uses sensory
receptors, neural pathway, and area in the brain which process ad uses
your senses. They all need the brain to produce these sensations. Smell
works by external stimuli sending signals to the brain and decoding it.
Taste works by food giving a sensation to the taste bud that the brain
decodes giving you taste. Hearing works by vibrations through the air
which your brain also decodes. Sight works by extremely good receptors
that uses light and manages to decode it with the help of the parts in the
eye, special cells in the eye, and the brain. Touch works by nerves in the
skin that react to certain substances like fire, and pressure.

25. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The endocrine system is a collection of glands that create hormones that regulate sleep,
reproduction, metabolism, and other things. The endocrine system consists of following
list from Live Science: the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas, thymus, adrenal gland. The list below tells which each organ does
what:
• * the Hypothalamus controls the hormones that are released across the body
• * the pituitary gland influences the entire body because it controls all hormones
• * the thyroid which is at the front of the neck controls how your body uses energy and
hormones that control metabolism
• * Behind the thyroid is the parathyroid which controls bone development
• * the thymus is important to your immune system when your young and then it is replaced
by fat when you hit puberty
• * the pancreas controls insulin which metabolizes sugar
• * the adrenal gland produces stress hormones called adrenaline, also they control the way
your body uses energy

26. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system consists of exocrine glands, hair, nails, and
skin. The skin is the largest organ in your body. The integumentary gland
is there for the following reasons
* Protects inside organs and tissues from damage and diseases
* Protection from dehydration
* Keeps you from changing your body temperature abruptly
* Disposes of waste materials
* stores fat and water
* gives you senses like touch to things like pressure, and pain

27. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM PT.2
The main part of the integumentary system is to
protect. To do this it has to interact with other systems.
This system works with the circulatory system to cool
of the body. It does this with capillaries (branching
blood vessels or a lot of blood vessels) near the top of
the skin. This system is the first line of defense for your
body so that is the reason you should keep it well.