Symptoms And Treatment Of Pituitary Apoplexy Essay

Symptoms And Treatment Of Pituitary Apoplexy Essay
PITUITARY APOPLEXY INTRODUCTION Pituitary apoplexy is a rare condition that can be
missed or misdiagnosed if a strong clinical suspicion is not present. The consequences can be
deleterious for vision or even life threatening. This remains a poorly understood entity in both its
pathogenesis and optimal management. The aim of treatment is to preserve life, vision and
functionality of the gland. There is still controversy regarding the optimal management of these
patients, especially conservative versus surgical management and the timing of surgical intervention.
What is known for sure is that the diagnosis of pituitary apoplexy remains a neuroendocrine
emergency and requires decision making as to whether to manage the patient conservatively or
surgically. CASE A 33 year old female presented to the Emergency Department of the University
Hospital of the West Indies with a one month history of worsening headaches and a two day history
of visual deterioration. She also complained of irregular menstrual periods for the previous six
months and galactorrhoea for three months. There was no change in her conscious level, no seizures
or syncopal episodes. She denied any fever or photophobia. The headaches were mostly frontal with
a severity of 9 on the visual analog scale (VAS). There was no previous history of an chronic
illnesses. She was admitted to the Ophthalmology service for investigation of her deteriorating
vision. She was referred to the neurosurgical department
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ( Vegf )
. Introduction
Behc¸et's disease is a systemic vasculitis of unknown origin, characterized by recurrent oral and
genital ulcers, uveitis, vas–cular manifestations and other multisystem affections [1,2]. Vasculitis
causes endothelial destruction and thrombosis [3]. Inflammatory thrombosis is well–known in BD
[4]. It has been recognized that vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs in BD and plays a
substantial role in the vascular lesions. The path–ogenic mechanism is uncertain [5].
There are several identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members: VEGF
(VEGF–A), VEGF–B, VEGF–C, VEGF–D and placenta growth factor which are key regulators of
physiological and pathological vasculogene–sis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, hematopoiesis
and vascu–lar permeability. VEGF is essential for angiogenesis and inflammation that are
pathophysiologic factors of BD [6]. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent cytokine
that modulates angiogenesis and vasculogenesis by acting as an essential mitogen for vascular
endothelial cells [7]. It is an important factor in the progression of atherosclerosis [8].
Common carotid intima–media thickness is an endothelial cell dysfunction parameter that may be
associated with athero–sclerosis [9]. Its thickness is a known good predictor of cardio–vascular
accidents in the general population [10] and has been reported in the patients with different
rheumatic diseases as a strong predictor of cardiovascular events [11]. The

Neuro-Psychophamacology Essay
A Comprehensive Review of Progress in Neuro–Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
Nicholas Beyrooty
North Seattle College
Biol 212, Spring 2017
Katie Barndt
June 7, 2017
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non–psychotomimetic phytochemical, is a substance that is derived from
Cannabis sativa. Cannabidiol in the medical world has been shown to have many positive medical
uses with a wide range of disorders. It is known to have amazing anti–inflammatory effects when
administered to a patient suffering from one of the many conditions that it has been shown to help.
One disorder that Cannabidiol may be useful in helping control and treat is brain ischemia. Brain
ischemia is a condition that can result ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brain ischemia was induced into the mice and doses of 10 mg/kg CBD were injected immediately
following the surgery at thirty minutes before, 3, 24, and 48 hours. Behavioral testing began seven
days following surgery. There were two groups that were going to be tested. Both went through
identical surgeries with the exception that the SHAM mice did not have their carotid arteries
occluded where in the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) mice they were
occluded. A few different behavioral tests were selected to test for different behavioral traits. These
tests included open field tests, elevated zero maze, y–maze, object location tests, forced swim tests,
histology and immunohistochemistry tests, quantitative analysis, nissl and kluver barrera staining,
and western blot. Mice were subjected to these test prior to the surgery and introduction of CBD to
evaluate the behavioral changes following the surgery. The results of this study do back up the
hypothesis that CBD can help reduce the effects of brain ischemia over the short–term when tested
on rats. The difference seen between the control group and test group show a significant enough
difference in results that it can be concluded from this study that CBD does help with symptoms of
brain ischemia. It was shown that short–term CBD treatment following occlusion of the carotid
artery in mice prevented cognitive and emotional impairments and

Cerebral Blood
Measuring the cerebral blood volume has always been a focal point of several neuroimaging studies
in order to get a better understanding of the varied structure–function relationships within the human
brain. Being one of the most complicated structures in the human body, the brain sits inside our
head, protected by the skull and is made up of billions of neurons. The Cerebrum, cerebellum, and
the brain stem, which turns into the spinal cord, are the three parts of the brain which are responsible
for carrying out actions, thoughts, and maintaining hemostasis. (4) The cerebrum is divided into four
parts: the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and the occipital lobe. While the frontal lobe is
involved in one's consciousness and thinking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doppler ultrasound is a way to measure the peak systolic and diastolic velocities. Resting peak
velocities in both common carotid and internal carotid arteries decrease as individual ages. If a
stenosis is present, then the internal carotid velocity increases relative to the normal values. To get
an estimate of the blood flow, researchers use Doppler and B–mode ultrasound measurements. (3)
By examining the blood flow at the bifurcation ridge in the carotid artery, we could determine few
key features of the blood that is being delivered to the brain via the carotid arteries. Nearly two–
thirds of the entire flow, enters the internal carotid artery and the velocity of the blood in the
proximal internal carotid artery is usually higher on the wall next to the bifurcation.

Domain Analysis Of Common Carotid Artery Images Using...
1 Transform Domain Analysis of Common Carotid Artery Images using Multiwavelets for the
Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases R.Nandakumar 1 and K.B. Jayanthi 2 1Professor, Department
of ECE, K.S.R.Institute for Engineering and Technology 2Professor, Department of ECE,
K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology E–mail: nandhu.r79@gmail.com, jayanthikb@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: According to the report given by World Health Organization, by 2015 almost 20
million people will die from cardiovascular diseases (CVD). People in low– and middle–income
countries who suffer from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases have less access to effective
and equitable health care services which respond to their needs. The main objective of this work is
to develop a classifier for the diagnosis of abnormal Common Carotid Arteries (CCA). This paper
proposes a new approach for the transform domain analysis of longitudinal B–mode ultrasound
CCA images using Multiwavelets. Analysis is done using HM and GHM multiwavelets at various
levels of decomposition. Multiwavelet preserves high frequency information in image and provides
good energy compaction efficiency. Energy values of the coefficients of approximation, horizontal,
vertical and diagonal details are calculated and plotted for different levels. Plots of energy values
show high correlation with the abnormalities of CCA and offer the possibility of improved diagnosis
of CVD. It is clear that the energy values can be used as an index of individual

Carotid Artery Disease Research Paper
1
Running head: PROBLEM STATEMENT
2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Problem Statement A cerebrovascular accident, which is commonly known as a stroke, is the leading
cause of disability and the fifth leading cause of death in the United States ("About Stroke," n.d.).
Two fundamental causes of stroke are atrial fibrillation, where the heart flutters rather than
contracting in the manner of a normal heartbeat, and carotid artery disease (Sobieszczyk &
Beckman, 2006). Carotid artery disease is the narrowing of the carotid arteries, which are located on
either side of the neck and deliver blood to the brain (Sobieszczyk & Beckman, 2006). Blockages
consisting of low–density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol often cause this narrowing (Sobieszczyk &
Beckman, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two diseases are analogous, as deposits of LDL cholesterol can cause narrowing of blood vessel
walls and decrease blood flow in both types of arteries (Chambless et al., 1997). However, coronary
artery disease affects the coronary arteries – arteries that branch off of the aorta and deliver blood to
the heart (Chambless et al., 1997). Nevertheless, coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease
share many common risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol
(Chambless et al., 1997). Antiplatelet drugs are commonly prescribed for those suffering from
coronary artery disease; thus, many patients who undergo a carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery
disease, a procedure that removes material on the inside of an artery in order to correct narrowing,
are on blood–thinning medications (Knight, 2003). Two of the most common antiplatelet drugs
include acetylsalicylic acid, which is more commonly known as aspirin, and Clopidogrel (Knight,
2003). Both of these drugs can be effective in preventing blood clots in those with coronary artery
disease, but they can induce serious complications for those with carotid artery

Common Carotid Atherosclerosis Model
We sum up that the IPB–1+CO diet could induce similar characteristic in body measurement and
plasma lipid profiles with western atherogenic diet and suggested that responsiveness could be a
good sign to choose the individual monkeys as an atherosclerosis model with any atherogenic diet,
included IPB–1+CO. If there was no increase of TPC at the first 3 months of feeding, the monkeys
might not produce a hypercholesterolemia, although for long term feeding, and might not form the
plaques in the arteries.
4.2. Ultrasound scanning
Imaging of arteries will become increasingly useful, justified, and available to determine
atherosclerosis condition [14] (Ibanez 2009). The goal of imaging is similar to that for examination
of plaque by pathological techniques. In clinical trials, the measurement of atherosclerosis most
frequently defined in carotid artery [33] (Tang et al. 2000). Our present study proved that 1 year
feeding with IPB–1+CO ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IMT of common carotid artery was usually measured because of its easier accessibility and
perpendicular location to the ultrasound beam, whereas carotid atherosclerosis predominantly occurs
earliest downstream in the bulb (and often only in the bulb), which may not be as easily visible with
B–mode ultrasound [34] (Finn et al. 2010). The standard value of common carotid IMT that indicate
the presence of atherosclerotic plaque in animal model M. fascicularis have not been mentioned
before. From all the parameters (size, shape, echogenicity and homogeneity changes), we
determined that plaque in cynomolgus in this study was presented at the IMT at least 0,3 mm. In
human, normal common carotid IMT has been established arbitrarily as approximately 0.05 to 0.11
cm; thus, values 0.11 cm are considered to indicate the presence of an atherosclerotic plaque and its
correlates linearly with the number of atherosclerotic risk factors like hyperlipidemia [35]
(Baldassarre et al.

Epicardial Fat Cardiography
Epidemiologic data exhibits that rheumatoid joint inflamation is a self–governing risk component
for cardiovascular disease. Epicardial fat tissue is a novel cardio–metabolic risk component. Our
point was to evaluate epicardial fat thickness (EFT) using echocardiography as a piece of patients
with rheumatoid joint aggravation stood out from sound control subjects. Besides, we analyzed
relationship between epicardial fat thickness and clinical and echocardiographic parameters in
patients with rheumatoid joint irritation Technique: The study masses fused 76 constant patients
with rheumatoid joint irritation (64 female; mean age, 53 ±11 years, center disease time allotment,
7.8 years) and 50 strong subjects as controls (39 female; mean age, 52 ± 6 years). All patients
experienced echocardiography to overview left ventricular diastolic brokenness, left ventricular
hypertrophy and EFT. All qualities were taken a gander at between social occasion ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thickness of Intra Ventricular Septum (IVS) (1.1±0.06 and 9.8±0.08; p=0.001) and back divider
(PW) (0.98±0.05 and 0.93±0.08; p=0.015) was higher in patients with rheumatoid joint torment
stood out from sound controls. Early diastolic myocardiac peak speed or late diastolic mitral top
pace (E/An) extent was lower in rheumatoid joint torment patients appeared differently in relation to
strong patients (1.1 ±0.8 and 1.24±0.1 p=0.001) and, E/e' was higher in Rheumatoid joint agony
(RA) patients than sound patients. (E/e':8.7±1.6 and 8.0±1.4 p=0.020). In patients with rheumatoid
joint aggravation, EFT was vehemently connected with hypertension and period of time of ailment
and E/e' (r: 0.10, p: 0.010, r: 0.306, p: 0.004 and r: 0.465 p: 0.007 independently) and EFT was
conflictingly associated with E/A (r: – .262

Frankenstein's Monster
In many books and stories the monster is portrayed as a mysterious, awful, powerful and inhuman
creature created for numerous reasons. In one story the monster was created so that the creator could
prove that he could make life and be just like God or be a God, in another no one knows the origin
of the monster as a fact making the stories merely legions. Additionally, there was even a story
about a man who didn't want to feel any empathy for the crimes he committed so he created his own
special kind of monster, himself. All of these monsters have very strange abilities that make them
seem unreal and very inhuman yet also very believable at the same time, thus why they are such
good stories, but over the year's big movie industries such as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When you start to take little characteristics out the story, even if they don't seem like they are that
vital, it could take away a big part of the story for the audience. With the monsters talked about they
were portrayed a certain way in the writing that made them seem fictional, but possible making
them such good stories to read. So, when the movies started to come out and they were missing
some of the key details the audience who had never read the books didn't understand the full concept
of what they were watching, they didn't understand that the monster on the screen was meant to be
more realistic and believable to scare them and make them think that the being on the screen could
be real or possible. That is why details are important in stories, and when creating a something based
off a book or story it should be as close to the description as possible. Otherwise you could ruin the
idea of the story based on only a few

Case Study Carotid Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy in Moyamoya disease: a case report
We report the case of a 55–year–old female who was operated for stenosis of the right internal
carotid artery in the setting of Moyamoya disease previously treated with extensive carotid and
cerebral vascular reconstructions. The atherosclerotic plaque was excised and the right internal
carotid artery was repaired with bovine pericardium. The utilization of carotid endarterectomy in the
surgical management of Moyamoya disease is poorly described in the literature.
Moyamoya disease is progressive cerebral vasculopathy characterized by bilateral stenosis or
occlusion of the arteries of the circle of Willis that entails a poor prognosis without cerebral
revascularization. We report a case of severe stenosis of the right internal carotid artery refractory to
percutaneous intervention in the setting of complex Moyamoya disease.
CASE REPORT
A 55–year–old white female with a past medical history significant for ischemic stroke of the right
frontal cortex, multiple episodes of transient ischemic attack, hypertension, and temporal arteritis
presented to the hospital for right carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Past surgical history was notable
for bilateral encephaloduroarteriosyngiosis, right superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral
artery bypass, coiling of aneurysms in the right ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Casana et al. reported the first case of extracranial ICA stenting in a patient with moyamoya disease.
In that patient, right CEA was performed, Moyamoya disease was diagnosed postoperatively, and
the left ICA was subsequently stented. To our knowledge, there are no other case reports of carotid
endarterectomy in the setting of Moyamoya disease. It is unclear whether this represents
underreporting or rather that severe extracranial ICA stenosis in the setting of Moyamoya disease is
a truly unique

Essay On The Injection Of The Drug
Figure 23 [67]. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the drug to a mouse which is fixed in a
stereotaxic frame. The drug will be injected to the right lateral ventricle of a mouse. For an
alternative administration of the antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD–RITC, intrathecal (IT) injection allows
delivery of the drug into the subarachnoid space. After anesthetizing the GAD65 –/– mouse, near the
base tail hairs need to be shaved. The drug will be injected into the groove of L5 and L6 vertebrate
by inserting a polyethylene (PE–10) catheter without injuring the spinal cord (Fig. 24) [68]. The
mouse will be recovered after the pharmacological process. The same experiment will be
implemented on the group of GAD67–/– and GAD65 & 67–/– mice to compare the ... Show more
Moreover, in a different set of negative control experiment a solution of free GAD65 and GAD76
will be administered after IN administration of antiGAD antibody as a negative control experiment.
After one time IN administration of antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD–RITC, mice will be monitored for a
period of 6 weeks to quantitatively investigate the drug sustainability. Figure 25 [72]. Intranasal (IN)
administration of the drug to a mouse. The drug will be administered into the olfactory mucosa of a
mouse. To determine whether the antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD is active after administration, the motor
unit activity of all mice will be recorded by electromyography (EMG) device. EMG will
demonstrate a higher rate of involuntary motor unit firing as well as continuous motor unit activity
in control GAD65–/– mice due to lack of synaptic vesicular GABA as an inhibitory
neurotransmitter. However, drug administered GAD65–/– mice will show normal motor unit activity
(predicted result). In addition, to determine in vivo activity of antiGAD–SHNNC–GAD, mice need
to be sacrificed and the amount of GABA can be determined by LCMS as described before (Fig.
26). We will also monitor neural activity and seizure development in GAD65–/–, GAD67–/– and
GAD65.67−/− mice with electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings (telemetry system, IMT–100E,
Star Medical, Tokyo Japan) following by analysis of their GABA–dependent emotional behavior, in

My Study On My Body Alignment While Sitting
I started my project and research by picking some research and learning goals. I decided I wanted to
investigate what my own patterns of tensions were, how to release them, the relationship to the way
I sit and neck tension and alignment, and what in particular causes this type of tension for me. My
original hypothesis was "I would like to study my body alignment while sitting, specifically in my
upper back between my two scapula and my neck. I want to study this alignment by actively
journaling the changes I 'm feeling with our exercises in class, what triggers my notices, through a
series of progressive pictures, and by testing different positions". After being in the class for a little
while and learning more about somatic theory and important principles, I decided to write a new
thesis that reflected my expanding area of learning. My new thesis was "I want to study my biggest
patterns of tension and how releasing that tension changes my Body Map and Stress Level. I want to
study how breath affects this process. I also want to study how this new–found release affects my
dancing & teaching ability". I started my actual research within the neck with the basics: common
injuries and range of motion. I found that most neck injuries are from major accidents or from
habitual tension and stress. The basic range of motion is a 45 degree tilt forward and back, as well as
side to side. Additionally you have an 80 degree range of motion looking side to side. All of these
ranges are

Exposure Of Airborne Particulate Matter From Vehicular...
Exposure to Airborne Particulate Matter from Vehicular Exhaust Results in Progression of Brain
Injury Following Experimental Stroke
Qinghai Liu, Ryan Radwanski, Robin Babadjouni, Peter Baumbacher, Shuhan He, Jonathan Russin,
Todd Morgan, Constantinos Sioutas, Caleb Finch, William J. Mack
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Animals
All procedures utilized in this study were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee (IACUC; protocol # 11968) of the University of Sothern California and carried out in
accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NIH). Cohorts consisted of
male C57BL/6J mice (15–16 weeks of age; 24–29g).
Middle cerebral artery occlusion Mice were anesthetized with 4% isofluorine at induction and
maintained at 2% isofluorine during the procedure. Rectal temperature was maintained at 35.5 C,
and a midline cranial incision was made in order to attach a laser doppler flowmetry (LDF) microtip
to the skull at 1mm posterior and 5mm right lateral to the bregma. The mouse was then rotated to
the supine position and a midline cervical incision was made. The right common carotid artery
(CCA), right external carotid artery (ECA), and right internal carotid artery (ICA) were exposed.
Three sutures were placed loosely around the CCA, and one suture was placed loosely around the
ECA. Once all the sutures were in place, the rostral most CCA suture was used to ligate the CCA.
The ECA suture was then used to ligate the ECA, and a

Essay On Resveratrol
Resveratrol Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via inhibiting the
expression of TXNIP in Rats Abstract Objective: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a fatal
condition with a few available effective treatments. Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic
compound, has a powerful anti–apoptosis property. In addition, its neuroprotective effects has been
exhibited in neurodegenerative diseases, ischemic brain damage, and SAH. However, the underlying
molecular mechanism of RES in protecting against early brain injury (EBI) after SAH remains
unclear. Our preliminary findings have revealed that thioredoxin–interacting protein (TXNIP) might
participate in EBI by promoting neuronal apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to ... Show more
Introduction Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), predominantly caused by a ruptured aneurysm, is a
devastating neurological disease that has a morbidity and mortality rate higher than 50% [1]. Early
brain injury (EBI) was reported as the primary cause of mortality and poor outcomes in SAH
patients [2–4]. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies aiming at elucidating EBI after SAH are
required. It has been proven that a series of complex pathophysiological processes are involved in
the pathogenesis of EBI. Among them, neuronal apoptosis plays a vital role [3,5,6]. Therefore,
preventing neuronal apoptosis can be a prospective target to improve severe neurological deficits
and outcomes in patients with SAH. Resveratrol (trans–3, 4′, 5–trihydroxystilbene, RES), a natural
polyphenolic compound mainly found in grape skin and red wine, has attracted wide attention lately
because of its antioxidant, anti–inflammation, anti–aging, anti–diabetes effects as well as control of
cell cycle and apoptosis [7–9]. It has been proven that RES can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
[10]. Previous studies have shown that RES induced anti–apoptosis in various diseases, such as
cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases [11–14]. Many investigators affirm
that RES can reduce the neuronal apoptosis, but very few reports are available regarding the
underlying molecular mechanisms of reducing neuronal

Biography Of Chuck, An African American Male
Chuck, an African American male, was brought to my funeral home after an autopsy had been
completed on him. Chuck passed away in a car accident after his car crossed the centerline, was hit
by another car and then upon impact burned. Amazingly, Chuck got out of the car but later died on
the side of the road before help had arrived. Chuck's ability to get out the car and dying on the side
of the road led to this being an autopsy case. While preparing Chuck for his services, I noticed that
he has light discolorations on his hands and face due to his car catching on fire. This goes to show
that he suffered first degree burns. First–degree burns or hyperemia is any injury caused by heat,
which produces redness of the skin. This type of burn does not present any unusual difficulty when
embalming or preparing the body. Although it is discolored, we have to be thankful that the skin will
just be red, unbroken and has no tissue destruction. For the discoloration, I used a stronger than
normal arterial injection solution as a precaution against skin slip, applied massage cream during the
embalming process and used cosmetics after embalming to help reduce the visibility of the burns on
his hands and face. The fact that Chuck has a ruptured aorta causes some difficulties and will affect
the embalming process, however embalming can still take place. A ruptured aorta will cause the
embalming fluid to fill the cavity rather than going through the arterial system. If one

Essay about Wzhou22
Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42–0008–01–01
Purpose
Please explain the purpose of this lab. Include in your explanation the major concepts you learned
and any safety concerns associated with the lab.
Learning the structural and functional differences among arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Identify the major arteries arising from the aorta through observation and dissection of a preserved
specimen. identify the major veins draining into the superior and inferior vena cava through
observation and dissection of a preserved specimen
Exercise 1: Microscopic Structure of Blood Vessels Observations Sketch your slide in the space
below and label the structures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Axillary artery supplies blood to the upper arm while brachial artery supply upper arm region below
the elbow. Radial artery supply lateral side of forearm, ulnar artery supply medial side of the
forearm, and palmar arches supplies hand and fingers (Wright, 1993)
E. List the arteries that branch from the descending abdominal aorta to the femoral artery.
Mesentaric artery, vena cava, abdominal aorta iliolumbar artery and vein common iliac vein, iliac
artery, iliac vein.
F. What is the large vein that enters the liver? Where do its branches originate from?
Lower vena cava.
Branch root is another name for lateral root. Originates from the pericycle
G. Name the major artery and vein that deliver and drain blood to and from the kidneys.
The main artery that supplies blood to the kidney is called the renal artery.
H. What are the differences (if any) you noticed between the major arteries and veins in the human
versus those in the cat?

In the human, the right common carotid artery branches from the brachiocephalic artery, whereas the
left common carotid artery comes directly from the aortic arch. In the cat, both common carotid
arteries branch from the brachiocephalic artery.
Conclusion
Do some research on the internet about deep vein thrombosis (DVT). What

Takayasus's Arteritis in Northeast Iran
Our aim was to describe the demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of Takayasu's
arteritis the in northeast of Iran. Introduction: Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a chronic vasculitis of
unknown etiology. TA affects adolescent girls and young women. It has a worldwide distribution,
with the greatest prevalence in Asians 1–2. A generalized inflammatory syndrome with fever, night
sweats, malaise, anorexia, weight loss, and diffuse myalgia often dominates initial manifestations of
TA. These symptoms are frequently misdiagnosed as infection 3.Takayasu's arteritis primarily
affects the aorta and its primary branches 4. The inflammatory processes cause thickening of the
walls of the affected arteries. The proximal aorta can become dilated due to inflammatory injury.
Narrowing, occlusion, or dilation of the arteries in varying degrees results in a wide variety of
symptoms 5. Involvement of the carotid and vertebral arteries leads to neurologic and
ophthalmologic symptoms, including dizziness, tinnitus, headaches, syncope, stroke, and visual
disturbances. Atrophy of facial muscles and jaw claudication are mostly late manifestations.
Occlusions of the brachiocephalic and subclavian arteries impair blood flow to the upper
extremities, presenting as arm claudication, pulselessness, and discrepant blood pressures. The
detection of bruits can be helpful in making the diagnosis 6. TA is not very rare in Iran 7. We aimed
to study the clinical, laboratory characteristics,

Carotid Injury Research Paper
Introduction
The carotid arteries are the two main arteries on either side of the neck. They supply blood to the
brain. Carotid artery disease, also called carotid artery stenosis, is the narrowing or blockage of one
or both carotid arteries. Carotid artery disease increases your risk for a stroke or a transient ischemic
attack (TIA). A TIA is an episode in which a waxy, fatty substance that accumulates within the
artery (plaque) blocks blood flow to the brain. A TIA is considered a "warning stroke."
What are the causes?
This condition is caused by:
Buildup of plaque inside the carotid arteries (atherosclerosis) (common).
A weakened outpouching in an artery (aneurysm).
Inflammation of the carotid artery (arteritis).
A fibrous growth within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adjusting your diet.
Surgery. You may have:
A carotid endarterectomy. This is a surgery to remove the blockages in the carotid arteries.
A carotid angioplasty with stenting. This is a nonsurgical interventional procedure. A wire mesh
(stent) is used to widen the blocked carotid arteries.
Follow these instructions at home:
Take medicines only as directed by your health care provider. Make sure you understand all your
medicine instructions. Do not stop your medicines without talking to your health care provider.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Stay physically active. It is recommended that you get at least 30 minutes of activity every day.
Do not use any tobacco products including cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or electronic cigarettes. If
you need help quitting, ask your health care provider.
Limit alcohol use to:
No more than 2 drinks per day for men.
No more than 1 drink per day for nonpregnant women.
Do not use illegal drugs.
Keep all follow–up visits as directed by your health care provider.
Eating and

Neonatal Cerebral Hypoxia Ischemia ( Hi ) Remains A Major...
Neonatal cerebral hypoxia–ischemia (HI) remains a major cause of death and neurological
disability. Neural stem cells (NSCs) shows great promise in restoring HI–associated neurological
tissue damage and hypothermia is reported to be beneficial for HI recovery in animal studies. We
aimed to investigate whether mild hypothermia after neonatal cerebral hypoxia–ischemia (HI) could
enhance the therapeutic effect of NSCs transplantation with a neonatal HI mouse model. Postnatal
day 7 mice underwent right common carotid artery ligation followed by 1.5 h of hypoxia. After HI,
these mice underwent different treatments with hypothermia, NSCs transplantation, or both.
Animals were sacrificed at 24, 48, 72 h and 1, 2, 4 week after the HI. The numbers of apoptotic
cells, survived, and differentiated grafted cells were counted. The levels of caspase–3 and NF–κB
protein were analyzed. And the restoration of sensorimotor and behavioral functions of HI mice was
assessed. We found caspase–3–dependent apoptosis and inflammation were significantly lower in
the NSCs+hypothermia group. Meanwhile, transplanted cells survived and differentiated better in
the NSCs+hypothermia group, and animals of this group exhibited enhanced functional recovery in
sensorimotor and behavioral tests. These observations suggest that mild hypothermia enhances the
therapeutic effect of NSCs in HI mice through protecting grafted cells, suppressing apoptosis, and
attenuating NF–κB signaling.
Keywords: neonatal cerebral

A Study On The Carotid Artery Thickness And Cardiovascular...
CAROTID DOPPLER STUDY TO ASSESS THE CAROTID ARTERY THICKNESS IN
END STAGE RENAL DISEASE PATIENTS ON HEMODIALYSIS
INTRODUCTION:
Cardiovascular diseases are frequently associated with chronic kidney disease patients on
hemodialysis, and it is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients. The
spectrum of cardiovascular diseases range from arterial vascular diseases to cardiomyopathy.
Arterial vascular diseases are prevalent in chronic kidney patients, as it is caused by atherosclerosis
and vascular calcification. Accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcification are frequent in the
medium sized vessels in chronic kidney disease patients.[1] The increase in thickness of the intima–
media layers of carotid arteries can be a predictor of coronary atherosclerosis and is also a
prognostic factor for cardiovascular accidents.[2][3]
Numerous studies have shown a direct correlation of the carotid artery thickness and the
cardiovascular risk in ESRD patients.
Carotid artery disease thickness is assessed as a part of ESRD pre–transplant patient with high
cardiovascular risk. Identifying cardiovascular disease is important because according to ..................
Cardiovascular risk can be assessed from the prevalence of extend of carotid artery thickness. We
looked at the intima media thickness of the common carotid artery (CCA), external carotid artery
(ECA), and internal carotid artery (ICA) bilaterally in ESRD patients to assess the prevalence and
extent, using

New Vocabularry : Fantastic Voyage By Isaac Asimov
Logan Morley Period 4 10 October 2017 Fantastic Voyage by Isaac Asimov 185 Pages New
Vocabulary Cavalcade – A formal procession of people walking, on horseback, or riding in vehicles
"They were all in, and the cavalcade moved off, picking up speed." (Asimov 16) Asepsis – The
absence of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms "Grant glanced out through the observation
window to see the usual sight of men and women in white, bustling about in almost visible asepsis,
surrounded by the hard gleam of metalware, sharp and cold; and all of it dwarfed and rendered
insignificant by the proliferation of electronic instruments that had converted medicine into a branch
of engineering" (Asimov 22) Rostrumed(Rostrum) – A raised platform on which a person stands to
make a public speech, receive an award or medal, play music, or conduct and orchestra "The Heart
Sector was laid out in detail on the TV screen that was rostrumed just under Reid." (Asimov 42)
Vociferous – Expressing or characterized by vehement opinions; loud and forceful "Duval was one
of the most vociferous and outspoken leaders." (Asimov 48) Stanchion – An upright bar, post, or
frame forming a support or barrier "His own arm was slipping from the stanchion, as he reached for
her" (Asimov 85) Fakir – A muslim religious ascetic who lives solely on alms "It came out of the
special release hatch like a cobra coming out of a fakir's basket at the sound of the pipes." (Asimov
110) Indifferent – Having no

Carotid Atherosclerosis Research Paper
While most people have heard of strokes, many don't know the importance of your carotid artery in
causing a stroke. It's important for everyone to understand the signs of carotid artery disease and
how to reduce the risk of it leading to a stroke.
What are your carotid arteries?
Your carotid arteries are blood vessels in your neck that carry blood up to your brain and face. Your
common carotid arteries enter your neck on both the left and right side before splitting into an
internal and external carotid. The internal carotid is the most important as this is the one that carries
blood to your brain.
Carotid artery disease
Sometimes atherosclerosis occurs in the carotid arteries, especially at the bifurcation or the point
where the common carotid divides into the internal and external carotids. Atherosclerosis means that
a potentially dangerous plaque has formed on the artery wall. Plaque is a sticky material made of fat
and calcium which hardens the arteries and can block the flow of blood. This narrowing is
sometimes called a carotid artery stenosis, meaning that the carotid artery has narrowed
significantly.
Carotid artery disease and stroke ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this instance, a piece can break off. If it travels up the internal carotid artery into the brain it will
cut off blood flow to part of the brain, causing a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or a stroke. The
initial symptoms of both are similar and can range from numbness and paralysis in part of the body
to difficulty speaking to dizziness and vision changes. In a TIA these symptoms resolve completely
within 24 hours as no permanent damage has been caused. However, strokes can be catastrophic or
even fatal due to the permanent damage

Carotid Dissection Case Study Examples
Carotid artery dissection remains to be the least recognized entity among the variety of
cardiovascular syndromes (Stapf, Elkind, & Mohr, 2000). Dissection of the carotid artery is caused
by a tearing of the arterial wall layers, usually the intima from the media. The tear flaps freely in the
arterial lumen creating a false lumen, where blood can enter and may form a thrombus (Kupinski,
2013). The weakening of the arterial wall caused by the separation of the layers may also result in a
pseudoaneurysm (Schievink, 2001). Although carotid dissection account for less than 2% of all
ischemic strokes, they are the leading cause of ischemic strokes affecting all age groups, including
children, especially with patients in their fifth decade of life (Schievink, 2001). Most patients may
present with minor stroke symptoms with localized pain in the neck or face and some patients may
be asymptomatic. The diagnostic goal is to identify these patients prior to an ischemic event. Duplex
ultrasound has proven to be a reliable and safe imaging modality that provides accurate diagnostic
data for early carotid artery obstructive disease and follow–up for dissections. Case Study A 63–year
old man presented at the clinic for carotid stenosis. He had a type A aortic dissection in 2010
extending to the bilateral carotids ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most commonly presented symptoms are unilateral headaches, facial or neck pain ipsilateral to the
dissection, as was the case for this patient, but they could also experience mild cranial nerve
dysfunction or a complete ischemic event (Stapf et al., 2000). Ischemic events frequently occur with
about 50% of patients reporting ischemic symptoms preceding a stroke (Schievink, 2001). There is a
higher risk of a stroke within the first month of the onset of a dissection, thus, early diagnosis is
important to initiate management and prevention of stroke (Adkins et al.,

Major Anatomical Complications Associated Risk And...
As with any invasive surgical procedure, there is a certain amount of associated risk and
complication. Some important complications surrounding any operative procedures utilizing general
anesthesia include bleeding, respiratory decompensation, infection, and relapse. Outcome and
prognosis of Lefort procedures depend on many factors before, during, and after surgery. Major
anatomical complications reported with Lefort I osteotomy include nasal septum deviation,
ophthalmic and lacrimal duct injury, malocclusion or mal–union of the maxilla, and injury to
stenson's duct. A reciprocating saw is generally utilized to perform the osteotomy with sufficient
cooling methods to reduce heat damage to the underlying bone. Overheating puts bony structures at
risk of osteonecrosis. Separation of the nasal septum is crucial and care should be taken to avoid the
nasotracheal tube on the side of nasal intubation. Sectioning the tube would compromise the
patient's airway and cause significant risk to the procedure. Separation of the pterygoid plate from
the maxillary tuberosity is another technique sensitive step during final completion of the osteotomy
in the region of the infratemporal fossa (Patel).
Vasculature has a major influence on the success of treatment and bleeding is a common surgical
complication. The maxillary artery is a major branch of the external carotid artery passing through
the infratemporal fossa, coursing around the lateral pterygoid muscle and supplying soft tissue

Quetiapine Case Study
White matter impairment is a feature of vascular depression. The anti–psychotic quetiapine has been
shown to enhance the therapeutic effects of anti–depressants on vascular depression, but the
mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we found that 2 weeks of treatment with quetiapine
prior to bilateral carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion, in an animal model of vascular depression,
resulted in reduced myelin breakdown and oligodendrocyte loss compared to placebo–treated mice
on post–operative day (POD) 7. For late stage of recovery (POD40), quetiapine treatment resulted in
enhanced oligodendrocyte maturation relative to placebo. The results suggest that quetiapine is a
potential intervention for oligodendrocyte damage and this may ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
2008; Sheline et al. 2010), we hypothesized that atypical anti–psychotics (e.g., quetiapine) may
augment the anti–depressant effects by altering white matter impairments.
Our previous studies have shown that quetiapine alleviated depression–like behaviors and neuronal
damage in mice with bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (BCCAO) (Yan et al.2007a,b), an
animal model of global cerebral ischemia (GCI) and vascular depression (Gaur and Kumar 2010). In
this study, we tested the hypothesis that pre–treatment with quetiapine protects the brain from OLG
loss and enhances OLG regeneration in GCI mice.
Materials and methods
Male CD1 mice (18–20 g, Charles River, St. Constant, QC, Canada) received either quetiapine (10
mg/kg in saline, AstraZeneca, Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada) or vehicle (saline) treatment (i.p.) for
14 days. On day 15, the mice were assigned to a sham or a BCCAO surgery to induce GCI as
previously described (Yan et al.2007b), which generated four treatment groups: Sham (sham +
saline), QTP (sham + quetiapine), GCI (GCI + saline), and G + Q (GCI + quetiapine). Briefly, mice
were anesthetized with ketamine (110 mg/kg) and xylazine (15 mg/kg). Both common carotid
arteries were exposed and occluded with cotton thread for 60 min, after which the thread was
removed to allow reperfusion. The sham group underwent the same procedure without arterial
occlusion. Animals recovered for either 7 or 40 days post–operative (POD) and were

Cerebral Circulation Of The Body
Cerebral circulation
Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through the blood vessels to supply the brain.As brain
is the most complicated structure of our body,it needs lots of energy,and then it needs lots of blood
supply.Almost 20 percent blood of the body is used by the brain.And the rate of the cerebral blood
flow is 750ml per minute for an adult,representing 15 percent of the cardiac output.The arteries
deliver oxygenated blood,glucose,and some other nutrients to the brain to make it function properly.
Blood supply to the brain
The cerebral circulation includes two systems:the anterior cerebral circulation system and the
posterior cerebral circulation system.The anterior circulation system supplies blood primarily to the
middle and front portion of the brain and consists of the left and right carotid arteries.The anterior
blood supply system originated from the carotid arteries.The carotid artery is from the heart and
goes up to the head through the neck.The carotid artery bifurcates into internal carotid artery and
external carotid artery,and the internal carotid artery will go inside the skull to supply blood to the
brain hemisphere,the external carotid artery goes outside of the skull to supply blood to the face.In
the anterior system,there are another two important arteries––––the anterior cerebral artery and the
middle cerebral artery.The anterior cerebral artery originate from the internal carotid artery,stays in
the midline of the brain and supplies blood

Essay On HIV
Stein et al. (2015) similarly conducted a prospective, randomized clinical trial comparing effects of
three ART treatments on carotid wall intima–media thickness (IMT). This was a multicenter project
taking place over 26 institutions and included a total 328 participants. Subjects included HIV
infected individuals who were not on any ART regimen and did not have known cardiovascular
disease or diabetes mellitus. Participants who reported use of statins, fish oil, fibric acid derivatives
or niacin were excluded from the study. All subjects received tenofovir/emtricitabine and
additionally were randomized equally between one of three regimens of atazanavir/ritonavir
(ATV/r), darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r), or raltegravir (RAL). Right common ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
RAL= 10.2 95% CI (8.3–12.2) μm/year; P = 0.044). As expected, total bilirubin levels were elevated
in the patients in the ATV/r regimen. The authors did not state how statistics were obtained other
than to say they were charted on a linear regression model.
Antiretroviral therapy cause endothelial dysfunction related damage (inflammation) in HIV affected
individuals
Shaked et al. (2014) studied the effect of macrophage inflammatory markers on subclinical carotid
artery disease in women with HIV in a longitudinal, interval based cohort study. This investigation
enrolled 264 HIV infected and uninfected women from HIV primary care clinics, hospital based
programs, community outreach sites from six US sites, in three recruitment time periods (1994–
1995, 2001–2002, 2010–2012). The subjects were assessed at 6–month intervals with a physical
examination and blood specimen collection. According to the authors, the study participants were
representative of the U.S. female HIV infected demographic. Controls were matched for age,
ethnicity and smoking status. A cross–sectional association between inflammatory macrophage
markers (Gal–3BP, sCD163 and sCD14) and subclinical carotid artery disease outcomes was
assessed. Macrophage scores ranging from 0–3 were defined as "number of biomarkers (Gal–3BP,
sCD163 and sCD14) that were found to have levels above the population wide medium."
Atherosclerotic lesions were assessed by ultrasonography of the

Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Fresh and...
Considering the results, one could conclude that freezing has an affect on the toughness properties
of the samples. Although, the quantitative mechanical properties changes by freezing the samples,
the qualitative behavior of the samples does not show any obvious changes in the toughness
properties, which is a macro–mechanical property.
This study has a number of limitation that has to be considered. First of all, although the fresh–tissue
samples were collected and tested shortly after postmortem, the fresh–tissue samples were dead and
their mechanical properties could be different in comparison to live tissue samples in the body.
Moreover, the sharpness and thickness of blades, the blades' angles and the type of lubrication affect
the fracture toughness values. In order to make the sharpness of blades steady–state, the blades used
in the experiments were preconditioned by passing through the discarded porcine tissue at least
twenty times before the tests. GEM single edge 0.009" aluminum–back razor blades were used.
Different types of oils were tested and the one causing the lowest amount of friction were selected
for the experiments. Furthermore, the consistency of the crack tip condition was assured by means
of utilizing the cutting blade constraining the crack tip configuration. However, crack blunting and
fiber pullouts cause toughening in the physiological conditions. The next step of this study could be
to study the histological variations between the frozen and

Presence Of Increased Stiffness Of The Common Carotid...
Study Design: Case–Control Study
Title: Presence of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in
severely obese children: A prospective study
Journal: The Lancet
Numerous epidemiological studies infer that cardiovascular complications have a directly
proportional relationship with obesity in children. The study I chose however, has gone deeper by
observing arterial changes as well as its relationship to cardiovascular risk in children who are
obese. One of the reasons this study design was chosen by the author comes from a 55–year cohort
study which evaluated the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in adults who were
overweight in their adolescent years. The study showed that of the adults evaluated, the adults with
obesity in their adolescent years had an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from cardio
vascular disease, regardless of their weight classification as an adult. What these studies did not
observe however, were the pathological changes that take place in the cardiovascular system, and
even more specifically how obesity–associated artherogenesis develops during the adolescent years.
Fortunately, with the development of new technology, different echo tracking procedures could be
used to observe the pathological function of the carotid and brachial arteries and children. These
new echo tracking techniques are noninvasive and can be used to determine if overweight children
show early pathological

Cardiovascular System Essays
The cardiovascular system, which consists of the heart and blood vessels, is the circulatory systems
in our body. The major function of the system is transportation; the heart is the system pump and the
blood vessels are the delivery routes. The heart transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and
other substances vital to the body's homeostasis to and from the cells by using the blood as a
medium.
The heart is a cone–shaped organ approximately the size of a fist with an apex and a base. It is
located within the mediastinum or medial cavity of the thorax. The heart is enclosed within a double
walled pericardium, a fibroserous sac. The pericardium has a superficial fibrous pericardium and
deep two–layer serous pericardium. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Left ventricle pumps the blood into the aorta, where the blood is supplied to the body tissues by the
systemic arteries.
Heart valves ensure one way blood flow through heart. The atrioventricular (AV) valves lie between
the atria and the ventricles prevents the back flow of blood in to the atria while the ventricles
contract. Chordae tendinae anchor AV values to papillary muscles. The left AV valve, the mitral or
bicuspid valve consists of two cusps of endocardium. The right atrioventricular valve, the tricuspid
valve, has three cusps. The second sets of valve are the semilunar valves. The pulmonary semilunar
valves lie between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk. Aortic semilunar valves lie between
ventricle and the aorta. Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the ventricle.
The hearts function as a double pump that serves two circulations. The pulmonary pump in the right
side of heart is provided for the gas exchange in the body, and the systemic circulation in the left
side provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues. The functional blood to the heart is
provided by the coronary arteries. Right coronary artery supplies the heart through the posterior
interventricular and marginal artery branches; and the left coronary artery supplies the heart via
anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex artery. The myocardium is drained by great, small,
and middle cardiac veins which

RICA Case Study Essay
Case Report
During dissection, carried out in the anatomy laboratory, we found an absent right internal carotid
artery (RICA) with an extremely rare branching pattern. The specimen consists of a brain from a
male cadaver with the absence of the right internal carotid artery.
On the medial end of the stem of the left lateral sulcus, the left internal carotid artery (LICA)
bifurcated into the left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) and a single trunk. The left posterior
communicating artery arises from the left internal carotid artery just before its division. The left
middle cerebral artery enters the left lateral sulcus of Sylvius and it distributes as normally does. The
left main single trunk (LMST) runs anteromedially towards the longitudinal cerebral fissure, above
the optic tract and optic chiasm. Just at the beginning of the longitudinal cerebral fissure the left
main single trunk divides into four branches; the right middle cerebral artery, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These two small branches run caudally and then change their direction immediately toward the
olfactory sulcus (in a recurrent way) accompanying both the olfactory tract and the olfactory bulb,
most likely corresponding to the persistent primitive olfactory artery (PPOA)(fig. ). On the right side
this vessel is more prominent (fig 1, fig 2). At the confluence of the olfactory tract and olfactory
bulb, resembles a hairpin and then gives two branches, the anterior branch runs in the olfactory
sulcus distal to the olfactory bulb and distributes on the frontal pole on the area corresponding to the
fronto–polar artery normaly a branch of the anterior cerebral artery. The posterior branch runs
laterally and distributes on the orbital surface of frontal lobe. Before its division the right ppoa
supplies the ipsilateral straight girus with multiples

The Defense Of Self Defense
Self–Defense: The self–defense claim has been around for many years and has been categorized in
the courts as an excuse or justification. One of the rarely considered premises of the
excuse/justification debate is that defenses are naturally unified. (Nourse V F, 2001). Depending on
the individual cases self–defense might turn out to be both an excuse and a justification. If this is
accurate then the debate on excuses and justifications does not solve the problem of the theory of
necessity or imminence. Self–defense is when a defendant states that he or she was confronted by a
serious threat of bodily harm or even death, this threat appears to be imminent, and therefore the
only action for the defendant at that moment was both necessary and proportionate. There are two
factors that do not qualify under the defense of self–defense which are the defendant turned out to
be the aggressor or if the defendant failed to retreat from the threat. Self–defense rules that for a
defendants actions to be justified there needed to be an "imminent" threat. For many years there has
been a disagreement in whether the law has become subjective or that the instructions given to the
jurors are objective. Many scholars believe that one problem involving imminent is there being too
much time between the threat and the actual killing. The self–defense claim is commonly used for
victims of battered women. Many facts for women claiming battered women syndrome do not add
up to self–defense

Essay on Adam Interactive Lab
6.9
1. Label the following diagram.
A) Parietal brancha of superficial temporal artery
B) Frontal branch of temporal artery
C) Superficial temporal artery
D) External carotid artery
E) Internal carotid
F) Vertebral artery
G) Inferior thyroid artery
H) Subclavian artery
2. What regions of the face are supplied by the external carotid artery? The face.
3. What is the significance of the transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae? They carry blood
vessels and nerves from the body and the brain and vice versa.
4. Through what cranial structure does the carotid artery pass as it enters the brain? The carotid
canal.
6.10
1. Label the following diagram:
A) Anterior cerebral artery
B) anterior communicating artery
C) Middle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The gastric artery.
c. What branch supplies blood to the liver? The common hepatic artery.
5. What organs does the superior mesenteric artery supply? The intestine.
6.15
1. Adjust the image to match the diagram below, and then label the diagram.
A) Inferior vena cava
B) Right external iliac vein
C) femoral vein
D) Great saphenous vein
E) deep femoral vein
F) abdominal aorta
G) left common iliac artery
H) left external iliac artery

I) Left internal iliac artery
J) deep femoral artery
K) left femoral artery
2. What two arteries represent the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta? Right and left common
iliac artery.
3. What are the two terminal branches of the common iliac artery? The right and left internal and
external iliac artery.
4. Into what vein does the great saphenous vein drain? The popliteal vein.
5. What large artery, representing the continuation of the external iliac artery, provides the chief
arterial supply to the lower limb? The femoral artery.
6.16
1. Adjust the images in both windows so that they match he diagram below, and then place the
correct names of the labeled letters in the appropriate spaces below the diagrams.
A) Common iliac artery
B) External iliac artery
C) Internal iliac artery
D) Femoral artery
E) Lateral circumflex femoral artery
F) Deep femoral artery
G) descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery
H) Descending genicular artery
I) popliteal artery
2. Adjust the image in both

Annotated Bibliography On Vascular Access Essay
Vascular Access
Usually, accessing vascular structures is done through a needle to puncture the vessel
percutaneously, followed by a wire introduced through the needle to secure the vascular access. The
needle is then removed and a sheath is advanced over the wire. Vascular sheaths are hollow
structures with a built in diaphragm to prevent bleeding. Catheters are then placed into and out of
the sheath with a minimal loss of blood.11
Access to the Cardiovascular System
Femoral arterial and venous access is traditionally the method of choice in infancy. The right and/or
the left groins may be used. This port of access provides advantage of being away from the thoracic
region for ease of catheter manipulation away from the radiographic cameras surrounding the child's
thorax. Umbilical arterial and venous access can be used in newborn babies up to 7 days of age.
Other alternative route for arterial access includes: carotid artery, brachial artery, and axillary artery.
On the other hand, alternative venous access includes: internal jugular vein, subclavian vein, axillary
vein, and transhepatic venous access. Alternative vascular access (ARVA) is occasionally required
due to the lack of femoral vascular patency or the need to position the catheter at a particular
trajectory not provided through the traditional femoral access. The use of ARVA is safe and effective
for performing a wide variety of interventions across. In addition, its use may improve the results of
selected

The Most Common Form Of Dementia
The second most common form of dementia is vascular dementia, which happens when there is a
blockage in the blood vessels that is in the vast system of the arteries that feeds the brain. Vascular
dementia is known to affect the thinking process and older people are generally more prone to
developing this disorder. Vascular Dementia, also known as multi–infarct dementia, occurs when
cells in the brain are deprived of oxygen. Mini–strokes, also known as silent strokes, are the cause of
partial blockage of the blood vessels. The people that suffer from strokes have a 30% chance of
getting dementia within three months of their stroke (Kumral and Özgören, 2017).
The vascular system oversees the blood vessels and provides the brain with oxygen. ... Show more
Which older people are more prone to blockage of these arteries
Correspondingly, there are two pathways that transports blood to the brain called internal carotid
artery and vertebral artery. The internal carotid artery has three layers call the tunica adventitia,
tunica media, and tunica intima. Tunica intima is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastin. The
basilar artery forms and it branches out to the posterior cerebral arteries. The posterior cerebral
arteries form the internal carotid arteries and when they connect they make cerebral arterial circle (
circle of willis). The middle cerebral arteries branch out two separate arteries called the anterior
cerebral arteries. Each of these arteries are the force that direct the blood flow to the brain. There are
three tiny vascular systems that work together to profuse the deep brain. Which are the pial,
subependymal, and lenticulostriate arteries. The small area of white matter that depends on blood
flow is called the subcortical "shed water" area. The subcortical is more prone than other areas of
the brain to have ischemia. The leading cause of ischemia is the fibrin builds up and this cause a
narrowing of the lumen. Which does not allow the flow of red blood cells and deprives the white
matter of tissue of oxygen. The tissue then losses density and produces white matter lesions. The
neurons become demyelinated which leads to loss of cognitive ability.
Furthermore, the symptoms displayed by vascular dementia will

Importance Of Cerebral Circulation
Cerebral Circulation
A constant flow of blood to the brain is vital to its proper functioning. Blood supplies the brain with
oxygen and to perform maximally the brain requires about 25% of the body's oxygen (Webb, 2016).
Lack of oxygen for a prolonged period results in cell death causing irreversible damage to the brain.
Two paired arteries, four total, supply the vital source of blood to the brain and spinal cord.
Arterial Structures
Blood supply to the brain is divided between the internal carotid arteries (ICA) and the vertebral
arteries. As stated in Cippola's text, the right and left ICA from the bifurcations of the common
carotid arteries and the ICA itself also split in the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Its primary
function is to supply blood to the cerebrum. The vertebral arteries originate from the subclavian
artery and then "join distally to form the basilar artery", (Cipolla, 2009). The basilar artery later
bifurcates into two posterior cerebral arteries , these arteries "supply the inferolateral surface of the
temporal lobe and the lateral and medial surfaces of the occipital lobe," (Webb, 2016). While the
ICA mainly provides blood to the cerebrum, the vertebral arteries are the primary supply to brain
stem and cerebellum. The ICA and the vertebral arteries join together to form what is known as the
Circle of Willis.
Circle of Willis
The Circle of Willis is also known as the circulus arteriosus. It is a structure that is formed by the
joining of the two

Oakland County: A Short Story
The Case of Oakland County
It was a seemingly calm and peaceful fall night when a soft murmur echoed throughout the damp
forest. "I can't believe I just did this," hung in the cool air and was carried away by the light wind. A
motionless body lay on the damp forest floor, blood trickling onto the ground and soaking into the
soil. Loud footsteps became fainter and fainter as they left the corpse and went far away. Lily Lucen,
a very depressed ex–wife, was drinking hot coffee while relaxing on her sofa. She never quite
understood why her former husband Luke went off to marry Kristina, and she was unsurprisingly
very resentful towards them. Lily daydreamed about the life she and Luke could have had, with their
two beautiful children Casey and Alex. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They had lost their own mother, and their father seemed to never be around. Casey, being a
rebellious 15–year–old, seemed to have completely changed as a person. She wiped tears out of her
sea blue eyes and dried her pale white face. Alex, however hit hard at first, was much more serious
and developed a fresh hatred toward Kristina. He never realized he could hate someone as much as
he hated Kristina, as she seemed completely unfazed with what happened, even though she caused
Lily to take her own life. Casey, getting ready for bed, had remembered she needed to work on her
research project. She had always done very poorly in school, but decided to turn things around in
respect for her mother. Her computer had broken down, so she decided to use Alex's. Her mouth
almost hit the floor when she saw what he had been searching online. She stared at the article about
murder and 'how to do it' on his computer. That same night, neither Casey's father or her brother
were anywhere to be found. As she was about to turn off her bedside lamp, Casey realized Kristina
was standing at her doorway, with an evil smirk on her wrinkled

Cerebrovascular Accident : The And Haemorrhagic Stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident: Ischaemic & Haemorrhagic Stroke
A CVA occurs when a part of the brain is damaged or destroyed due to an interruption of blood flow
to the area resulting in brain cell death (Martini, Nath & Bartholomew 2015 pp. 496–470).There are
two main types of a CVA, Ischaemic stroke and Haemorrhagic stroke (AIHW 2013). The most
common cause of stroke is ischaemic, which can be caused by embolism/thrombosis (AIHW 2013).
An embolism/thrombosis occurs when there is a clot in an artery or vein, which stops blood flow to
the brain (AIHW 2013). A haemorrhagic stroke is when an artery ruptures and bleeds into the
surrounding brain tissue (AIHW 2013). This form of stroke occurs when blood pools and forms a
clot therefore putting pressure on the area of the brain depriving it of oxygen and nutrients it needs
to remain healthy (AIHW 2013).
Lastly, Ischaemic stroke is fatal in one third of cases, making it the third most common cause of
death in developed counties (Nedeltchev & Mattle 2014, pp. 124–129). Among the survivors of
stroke, at least half are permanently disabled, making stroke a major cause of long–term physical,
cognitive, emotional, and social disability (Redfern, Mckevitt & Wolfe 2006, pp. 123–141).
However, there has been a reduction in stroke deaths over the last ten years due to an increase in
public awareness through programs and education around reducing risk factors for stroke (AIHW
2013). These programs targeted specific causes, such as; smoking,

Fissure Essay
Fissural development varies greatly and could range from a complete fissure (lung surface to lung
hilum) to an absent fissure, at the opposite end of the spectrum. High resolution computed
tomographic scan series have reported a prevalence of a partial of total incompleteness of the
oblique fissure on the right as 64–87% and on the left with 50–70%. (5),(6),(7)
Areas of incomplete fissures show fusion of pulmonary parenchyma of the two adjacent lobes.
Incompleteness of fissures may complicate anatomical lung resection, such as lobectomy, as a neo–
fissure must to be developed and carefully sealed to avoid postoperative air leak with its risk of
associated complications. Further, lobar fusion has significant implications for pulmonary ... Show
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The phrenic nerve branches are located deep within the muscle of the diaphragm. Merendino et al
described the consistent course of the phrenic nerve in 1954 (11). Thorough knowledge of it's
anatomy required to allow for safe surgical incisions in the diaphragm (12). There are three
muscular branches on each side, anteromedial, posterolateral, and anterolateral. The posterolateral
branch gives off a dorsomedial branch to the crura.
Vagus nerve
Left and right vagus nerves enter the respective superior mediastinum posterior to the
sternocalvicular joint and brachiocephalic vein. The right vagus crosses the subclavian artery
posterior to the right sternoclavicular joint where it gives off the right recurrent laryngeal nerve,
which in turn loops around the artery to ascend upwards. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve then
reaches the tracheoesophageal groove posterior to the common carotid artery. This nerve is rarely
damaged during thoracic surgical procedures but may be torn in a malignant decortication. Within
the thorax, the vagus nerve travels posteriorly in the superior mediastinum then posteromedial to the
right brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava. It passes behind the pulmonary hilum where it
assists in the formation of the pulmonary plexus. On leaving the pulmonary plexus the

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