Social Security Coverage- Tanzania

Social Security Coverage- Tanzania
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
THE NATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY POLICY
MINISTRY OF LABOUR, YOUTH DEVELOPMENT AND SPORTS
JANUARY 2003
TABLE CONTENTS
Social Security Policy Glossary............................................................ Foreword
............................................................................................. CHAPTER I 1.0 1.1 1.2
INTRODUCTION........................................................
Background............................................................................... The Concept of Social
Security................................................. CHAPTER II 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 SITUATION
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN
TANZANIA.................................................................. Objectives of Social Security Services
....................................... Informal Social Security Systems............................................... Formal
Social Security System................................................... The Impact of Social Security System in
Tanzania.................... Challenges In The social Security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tier one, which is financed by the government, caters for those who are not able to purchase social
security services e.g. sick, disabled, elderly e.t.c. Tier two caters for those who can contribute and is
compulsory and supervised by the government. Tier three caters for those who can afford to
supplement their Tier two security by purchasing commercial insurance benefits. Tier three is
voluntary and privately managed. Three–Tier system is designed to reduce the government
expenditure on social assistance/security programs through expansion of coverage of Tier Two and
Three.
2.
3.
4.
5.
iii

6.
Actuarial Valuation: It is the process which involves assessing the current level of funding of the
scheme by comparing scheme assets with liabilities accrued to the date of valuation and to
determine the level of contributions that need to be paid in future to achieve the level of funding
necessary to pay out the benefits promised. Actuarial reviews are conducted in intermediate periods
to ensure that the fund is sustainable and this is reflected in the projections are of a long time frame
e.g. 25 years.
7.
Social Insurance Principles: Is a social security administration where the resources are pooled
together for meeting various contingencies, every one is included regardless of the level or risk
exposure and the motive is social protection as opposed to profit maximization. Defined
Contribution v/s Defined Benefits: Defined
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The Social Determinants Of Health
Norma James is a 65 years old widow who lives alone. Mrs. James has a medical history of Type 2
diabetes mellitus and hypertension and has also been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. Mrs. James
has been a smoker since her 20s and smokes about a ½ pack of cigarettes per day. She has two adult
sons who lives far and has minimum contact with them. She does not work and has a very limited
savings. She relies on Old Age Security Benefits for income. She has been living in the same
neighbourhood for years but has only few individuals who she considers friends. She prefers to
spend her time alone at home watching television, reading or watching over her six cats.
Social Determinants of Health are conditions such as living conditions or environments one has
experienced while living their life and how that affects one's health (Mikkonen, J., & Raphael, D.,
2010). In this case study of Norma James presented above, the three Social Determinants of Health
(DOH) relevant to this case study are Income and Income Distribution, Health Services and Social
Safety Net. The following of the paper will discuss the three DOH's relevant to Mrs. James and how
they are affecting her.
The first DOH that is relevant to the case study of Mrs. James is Income and Income Distribution.
Out of the fifteen DOH's Income and Income Distribution is considered the most important (Kozier
et al, 2014). With a low or high income, one's ability to purchase food, shelter, and other essential
health requirements

The Pros And Cons Of Welfar Welfare State
While living in a state, the individuals expect and expect rightly that they ought to be given their
essential necessities of life by the state and the government. In the advanced idea of state, securing
the essential rights of the individuals and giving them the necessities to carry on with a superior life
are considered as the fundamental elements of a state. (Sherzai, 2013)
Indeed, the elements of a state, to a large degree, rely on upon the end it seeks after. Some time ago
the state performed extremely constrained capacities and was essentially concerned with the upkeep
of lawfulness and insurance of the nation from outside hostility. This sort of state was known as
Police State. Nonetheless, in the advanced times the way of the state has experienced completely
change. It is no more simply a police state performing extremely confined number of capacities.
Then again the elements of the state have colossally extended and it has been changed into a welfare
state, which attempted to perform most extreme of capacities, contingent upon its assets. (Sherzai,
2013)
The welfare state takes numerous conceivable structures yet underlines more noteworthy balance of
income distribution and opportunity, more prominent certification to all of sufficient nourishment,
apparel, shelter, and therapeutic care, and more prominent general economic stability and security.
(Wilson, 1965) The point of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first concerns the financing of welfare capitalism after the financial crisis: slower growth and
productivity are accelerating the process of de–industrialization in favor of the emerging powers.
The second challenge relates to the disjuncture between existing social protection regimes, and new
social risks and needs. Structural changes in labor markets, demography, and families create new
pressures and demands that traditional social protection systems are often poorly equipped to
negotiate. (Policy Network,

Social Class Of Social Mobility
Social Class Myths in America Social mobility in the United States is commonly seen as an
opportunity available to every individual to assume a higher economic status through conscientious
willpower. However, recent studies have brought to question the extent to which social mobility can
be achieved. The extent to which social mobility can be attained is directly tied to various factors
such as the intersectionality of people's identity and government aid stigmatization. In the few
exceptions, where individuals achieved social mobility– rising from lower class to middle class, it
was through the safety–net that government programs provided. The myth of feasible social
mobility through talent and a moral high ground has transcended generations and cemented itself in
American culture. One of the stories that deeply perpetuates this idea of social mobility is Horatio
Alger's "Ragged Dick."Alger tells a the story of a man who unknowingly seizes an opportunity and
achieves social mobility: Dick completely disregards his own safety and saves the drowning son of a
business tycoon without hearing the business man's initial monetary offer– acting simply on his
moral high–ground. Alger illustrates an idea of social mobility being attainable for anyone with high
moral standards through Dick's bravery in quickly rising to action to save the boy without ulterior
motives as he had not heard the father's monetary offer. Furthermore, Alger suggests talent as vital
in social mobility,

The United States Health Care Public Safety Essay
Background The United States health care public safety net system largely provides healthcare
services to the uninsured and the under insured. However, this vulnerable population still cannot
access adequate care and compared to the privately insured population, the uninsured receive less
preventative and specialty health care services. The need for safety net providers to improve the
delivery and access to care has led to increased funding through the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act (PPACA) as well the expanded community health centers (CHCs)
(HealthCare.gov, 2010). Following the passage of the PPACA and increased federal support for the
CHCs, the American public health care system witnessed significant changes. Some of these
changes include increased access to healthcare, restructurings of private health coverages and
containing Medicaid and Medicaid (). One of the key provisions of the PPACA was to extend health
care coverage to the uninsured population in the country. Among the most affected are the safety net
providers whose sole objective is to provide healthcare services to the uninsured Americans. These
providers of last resort have played a critical role in ensuring that even the most vulnerable persons
access basic healthcare. Nevertheless, as previous research has shown, access to preventative and
specialty care among the uninsured still remains a challenge. Very few studies have identified how
safety net providers have impacted maternal and infant

What Is the Future of Social Security?
What is the future of Social Security? There is much–heated debate on the issues of Social Security
today. The Social Security system is the largest government program of income distribution in the
United States. People are concerned that they won't see a dime of what they worked so hard to
contribute into the Social Security system for so many years. Social Security provides benefits to
about forty–three million Americans. Not only to retired workers, but also to their spouses and
dependents of the workers who die prematurely. It also provides benefits to disabled workers and
their dependents. Social Security appears to most people like a simple retirement saving's account.
After all, you generally contribute through payroll ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alternatively, all plans to privatize social security come with an adverse effect. Most noticeably, is
the tax increases which are necessary to make privatization work in view of the fact that payroll tax
revenues are not adequate to pay both benefits today and the build up of reserves in new personal
accounts. As we all know tax increases are not good ways to make friends. However, supporters of
privatization argue that public confidence in social security has decoded so far that the only way to
restore worker's faith in the system is to give them control. They say that privatization alone can
strengthen the safety net and restore the long–term solvency of the system without increasing taxes.
Nothing about privatization suggests that workers must invest entirely or heavily in stocks. Those
concerned with security would be free to invest more heavily in fixed income instruments. All
privatization proposals retain a basic safety net for the elderly; this safety net can take various
forms. In Chile, for example, the government "tops up" investment accounts for older workers with
small lifetime accumulations to ensure a minimum retirement annuity. Regulatory structure also
protects workers from other performing pension funds. More generous "guarantees" are possible,
but at the greater cost for workers. American workers would be better off if they were permitted to
invest a portion of their social security taxes in private

Zwolinski And Libertarianism
In Matt Zwolinski's article Property Rights, Coercion, and the Welfare State: The Libertarian Case
for a Basic Income for All, he attempts to do just as the title suggests and show why libertarians
should believe in a basic income for all. His main thesis is that libertarians should be in favour of a
welfare state in the form of a universal basic income. He believes that this should be considered a
legitimate system that should be adopted and not as a compromise between no welfare state and the
present welfare state. In other words, it is good on its own accord and not relative to other the
current welfare states. Zwolinski connects his argument in three parts. He argues the natural rights
of private property, why these property rights need ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zwolinski makes the claim that an attempt for the state to give subsidies is a way of policing those
requiring government assistance into what they should and should not buy. He says that libertarians
strive to be less paternalistic and therefore because subsidies give the government permission to be
more paternalistic in how recipients spend their money, libertarians should prefer a universal basic
income over a subsidy–based system. However, Zwolinski confuses the idea of financial
independence that libertarians strive for. Yes, libertarians advocate for less government interference
financially but, this only when one's money is earned through the free market. Libertarians would
completely agree with Zwolinski someone had exchanged their labour for money, for example, if
someone gets a job and begins earning a wage the government should not be involved in the
spending that money, only the individual. Zwolinski uses this logic on money that is not earned
through the free market. The money was acquired through public means not private. This would
violate the libertarian concept of self–ownership, the concept that Johnathon Wolff describes in
Robert Nozick: Property, Justice and the Minimal State as "the view that only you have the right to
decide what is to happen to your life, your liberty and your body, for

Poverty in the U.S.
According to a 2013 article in the Economist, the US currently boasts the highest post–tax level of
income inequality of any high–income country in the world (Economist 2013). The nations Gini
Coefficient – a measure of wealth inequality – currently stands at .42, well above that of other
nations such as Switzerland and Sweden, which have Gini Coefficients of .31 and .33 respectively.
Unfortunately this high level of income and wealth inequality is growing. Between 1979 and 2011,
American earners in the top one percent saw wages increase by 113 percent, earners in the 95th
percentile saw wages grow 37 percent (Fuller 2014). However, the income growth for the median
worker during that same period was a mere six percent. These simple ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Without adequate health insurance, many families become burdened with healthcare debt, further
tightening the shackles of poverty, and making upward mobility almost impossible. The US
economy relies heavily on the middle class, and the lower class, to keep the economy growing, and
to create jobs (Reich 2014a). When gains from economic growth disproportionately advantage the
top one percent, the purchasing power of rest of society, especially the middle class, is diminished
and they struggle to perform their necessary function. This situation disproportionately
disadvantages the poor. As largely unskilled and less educated laborers, they are the first to be fired
and the last to be hired. They bear the burden of declining wages and benefits. The middle class is
also shrinking, and can no longer generate enough tax revenue to provide adequate education, safety
nets, and family/social services for themselves and the poor. While wages, job accessibility,
educational quality, and social services decline, and while income inequality grows to favor the
wealthy, the income ladder gets longer and harder to climb. Upward mobility is increasingly
daunting, and the shackles of poverty are growing tighter. Many conservative politicians openly
deny or lack recognition of the connection between inequality and political power (Reich 2014a).
However, this naïve and disingenuous sentiment emanates

Australia vs. China: An Economic Comparison
Australia and China adopt very different economic systems in order to cater the best for their
society. However, Australia's economic system is more successful than China's and, due to the
writer's right–wing value system, will be measured in terms of environmental efficiency, labour and
entrepreneurial resource efficiency and the standard of living.
The basic economic problem for any country is that resources are scarce while wants are infinite.
This means that countries must decide what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce in
the most efficient and equitable way possible. Australia and China both take different approaches to
solving this economic problem, even though both can technically be classified as a mixed economy
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Australia's power distribution is very effective with very few blackouts and 24 hour assistance in
case of emergencies (Metcalfe, 2007). Like any other country, Australia has environmental issues
however it is trying to become more environmentally friendly and efficient. Australia is building
more infrastructure and becoming more environmentally friendly. China on the other hand does not
have effective energy distribution. Blackouts are a common thing in China due to the overwhelming
demand for energy (Xinzhang, 2007). Right now China faces the problem that there is not enough
transmission capacity to provide additional supplies which results in poor distribution. Coal is the
main resource used for energy supply in China by a staggering 63.4% compared to 6.9%
hydroelectricity (China Today, 2005). Coal use in Australia is significantly less than this with only
42% of its energy source being coal (Metcalfe, 2007). China has overwhelming carbon dioxide
emissions, so overwhelming that China is accountable for 15% of the world's emissions (World Fact
book, 2007). This has very negative social costs with acid rain being a frequent problem for China.
5% of China's GDP is spent on trying to fix the social costs of pollution (China Today, 2007). Not
only is this not statically efficient, but it is not dynamically efficient either. Therefore, even though
both countries have environmental issues, Australia is able to provide a better power supply

Property Rights Libertarianism
There is much controversy surrounding the proposal of an unconditional basic income. This system
would provide cash income to everyone, instead of offering compensation in the form of food or
health care to a margin of the population. In Matt Zwolinski's article "Property Rights, Coercion,
and the Welfare State: The Libertarian Case for a Basic Income for All", he defends the
unconditional basic income. He defends the unconditional basic income from a libertarian point of
view.
One of the most prominent components of libertarianism is an opposition to the initiation of force.
Libertarians, such as Matt Zwolinski, also stress the importance of property rights– one of the most
fundamental types is the one we have as individuals. In other words, our sense of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Locke, we acquire property rights by mixing our labour with resources. However,
claiming a property right is claiming the right to use force to prohibit others from using a resource
that was formerly open to all. It seems that this would be supporting a concept that restricts our
liberties– something that libertarians are normally committed to protecting. It is important to note
that mixing labour with rescues is not the sole condition for establishing a property right– the
Lockean proviso must be satisfied.
The Lockean proviso states that for one to take a resource out of the common stock of nature and
claim it as their own individual property, they must ensure that they are still leaving enough (if not
more than enough) of the resource for others. The purpose of the proviso is to ensure that all
individuals have access to our planet's natural resources in order to support their lives. It is
important to note that the proviso is individualistic, as opposed to aggregative. Most utilitarian
principles justify institutions in terms of the overall scheme

Impact Of Freedom In The Gilded Age
During the Gilded Age, growing disparities between the rich industrialists, financiers, and
employers of the era and poorer workers contributed towards a shift in people's opinions and beliefs
about freedom. The elite and the urban poor came to have contrasting views on what freedom meant
and what social conditions and governmental roles promote and protect the liberties of citizens.
The elite's definition of freedom began to focus on laissez faire economics and property rights. They
believed that control over the expression of property rights was paramount to freedom and that
government and labor unions should not interfere. Such interference, they believed, would be
detrimental to freedom and the public good. They embraced a "negative" definition of freedom that
promoted unregulated and unrestricted free markets and limited government. With views that were
increasingly influenced by Social Darwinism, they believed that interference would go against
natural law and social evolution. Social Darwinist thinkers took what Darwin had to say about
evolution, overly simplified it, and tried to apply it to social problems. They suggested that
evolution occurred in societies just as it does in nature. With this mentality, they believed
themselves and corporate industry as the fittest and best adapted to a changing world and economy,
which they felt was evidenced by their wealth, power, and dominance in the market place. Given
this thinking, they felt they were better suited than

The Problems that Come with the Gigantic Leaps in Computer...
In computers, there has been a big contrast from the twentieth century to the twenty–first century.
The word computer was first used in 1613, describing a person who performs calculations in their
head. In 1943 the Turing Machine was created by Alan Turing for theories about computing and
computers. This device printed symbols on paper. Then, in the early twenty–first century, companies
created computers that can surf the internet, let people create word documents, and play games. As
time goes on, computer technology advances through the centuries to awe–inspiring devices, but can
lead to safety and privacy issues not dreamed of. In the twentieth century, modern technology began.
As early as 1971, Intel created the personal computer which was used in businesses. The company
Apple offered to consumers and donated to schools, their version of the personal computer, but it
was slowly accepted. In the 1980's net book computers were introduced, allowing consumers and
businesses to take their play and work wherever they went. Early computers had numerous safety
hazards. Many consumers were not aware of how necessary it was to clean and manage their
personal computer. Dust and hair would get sucked into the computer's front fan and would stick to
the hardware components. This would cause the components to overheat and start a fire or just fry
the computer's motherboard. Another issue is viruses. Whether someone only used their computer
either for research, or for

Role Of Economics On Political Change
I also used interpolation to impute missing data for many of my independent variables. Interpolation
can reduce the ability of an independent variable to explain a dependent variable by reducing the
movement of the dependent variable (Allison 2001). Interpolation is comparable to replacing the
actual data with a trend. You don't expect the trend to explain short–term movements in the
dependent variable as well as the actual data. Future Research The findings of this study produce
puzzling conclusions. Moving forward, researchers should look at the role of economics on political
change in the South at a more local level. A mixed methods approach is most appropriate for this
future research because it would allow for interviews with local party leaders to guide the statistical
analyses. Also, most people are citizens of a community and less so citizens of a state, so those
people should be better able to notice the economic change on a community level instead of a state
level. One particular problem with doing research at the county level is that often data is not
available at the county level. Some of these issues are solved using multilevel modeling, but a
statistical "fix" does not cure the absence of data. One of the interesting findings of this project
concerned the role of turnout in affecting party strength. There are several ways forward. For
example, it is possible that turnout drove changes outside of the South. This seems unlikely because
the South had such anemic

Aboriginal People In Canada Essay
Canada a glorious country to spend one's life on has some jig–saw puzzles that are not completely
solved. The bottom three choices that makes individuals melancholy are the following: The way
Canada treats its aboriginal people is ranked 11, Canadian environment ranked 10, and Canadian
social safety net ranked 9. For the past few years, Canada treats the aboriginal people poorly and not
equally. The longevity of aboriginal Canadians is lower than non–aboriginal Canadians and many
babies die at birth. In fact, aboriginal Canadians are the poorest people among all Canadians living
in Canada ("Canada's First Nations: The Legacy of Institutional Racism").Aboriginals go to jail
more often than other Canadians and they don't get raised wages. According to ... Show more
For example, the unemployment rate of aboriginal Canadians to African Americans is 3% worse
("Canada's racism problem...").Which is really heartrending because Canada is known globally as a
peacekeeping country. Another factor that causes heartache to Canadians is the environment. Canada
doesn't quite pay attention to emission of greenhouse gas. Since there are a lot of buildings and
houses getting made the air is getting polluted. The agricultural land is getting cleared up due to new
constructions of houses. Canada has low gas emission tax ("Canada Dead Last in Ranking for
Environmental Protection.")Which means citizens will use a lot of gas since tax for gas is low.
Canada is ranked 24 out of 178 countries in the year of 2014. In the past few years Canada was in
the top 13 but now has dramatically fallen behind. ("Country Rankings"). In addition, Canadian's
social safety net is doleful. In the years 2008–2009 more than 363,000 people lost jobs ("Canada
declining safety net") and paying all those citizens welfare have cause Canada to decline on social
safety net. Even though Canada is slowly coming back up it is not one of the greatest country for
providing social safety net.

Social Welfare System in Hong Kong
Question 1: Identify one type of the social welfare, discuss its services of Hong Kong and a)explain
its values, rationales and objectives; b)ways of service delivery; c)discuss the strengths and
weaknesses of the service and d)make suggestions to improve the services in future.
CSSA–AN INTRODUCTION
The comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme (CSSA) is surely one of the most influential
social welfare in Hong Kong, in terms of money and beneficiary. In the fiscal year of 2010 alone, 19
billion was spent on CSSA, which increased noticeably by 40% as compared with the expenditure
ten years ago. As at the end of 2009, total number of CSSA cases amounted to 289 139, representing
an increase of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It seems that CSSA was able to fulfill the very basic philosophy of social security policy and social
policy in general terms, which is residual or remedial. CSSA is somewhat a passive scheme as a
rescue if the applicant himself, or his family failed to help. It is remedial because it functions only if
you fall and will not prevent you from falling.
This is of no doubt that CSSA can solve immediate issues, but not the root of it. In fact there are
changes that CSSA can make to help better cope with this problem. Moreover, there is room of
improvement of the efficiency of the scheme, as it has become more and more complex that
something can be done to make it more efficient as a safety net. And as progress, it is vital that we
look at the possible policy that can be adjusted to better cope with the situation as things do change
over time.
One of the major characteristics of CSSA is that it is a means tested scheme. In a nutshell, as long as
the applicant meets the requirements, the applicants are entitled to get the benefits, as a matter of
right. What they do is to assess the quantitative elements of the applicants, such as how many assets
they have, how much they earn per month, the severity of his sickness, and treat them as fair as
possible, without looking at

Death of a Salesman Essay
By: Raleigh Mullin
In the play, Death of a Salesman, the main character, Willy Loman's tragedy is due to both his own
flawed character and society's flaws. Advancements in science throughout this century have led to
tremendous advancements in industry. In this case however, advancements in industry have not
always led to advancements in living conditions. For some, society has created mass wealth. For
Willy Loman, however, mass society has created only tremendous grief and hardship, based on
endless promise. For these reasons, his tragedy is due both to societies flaws and to the flaws in his
own character. It was society who stripped him of his dignity, piece by piece. It was society who
stripped him of his lifestyle, and his own sons ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would identify people who are a danger to themselves or to others and treat them. If such a net
had existed, Willy Loman might now have met his premature end. Instead, he could have received
psychiatric help and recovered from his condition. It was the direct result of the flaws on society,
which led to Will Loman's death. It was the greed that was so predominant around him that led to
his unhappiness. It was the lack of compassion from society, which allowed his unhappiness to
flourish, and which eventually consumed him. In the end, it was the lack of a social safety net,
which failed to save him from himself. Everyone has conflicts that they must face sooner or later.
The way in which people deal with these personal conflicts can differ as much as problem to get it
out of the way. Willy Lowman's technique in Arthur Miller's play Death of a Salesman, leads to very
severe consequences. Willy never really does anything to help the situation, he just escapes into the
past, whether intentionally or not, to happier times were problems were scarce. The use of this
escape throughout the play can be compared to the use of a drug, because he uses his escapes as if
they were narcotics. As the play progressed, the reader learns that it can be a dangerous drug,
because it is addictive and deadly. The first time that Willy is seen lapsing off into the past is when
he encounters Biff after arriving home. The conversation between Willy and Linda reflects Willy's

The Pros And Cons Of The New Deal
The New Deal allowed the government to create new programs that either provided relief or
recovery, or were a reform for the problems during that time. In the time of an economic crisis, the
government should get involved and provide a safety net for Americans. Government involvement is
necessary to work towards a resolution, but too much involvement will put too much power in the
Government's hands, which could lead to a government type we do not want in America. During
economic busts, the government should use the programs that are currently in place to provide a
safety net and support Americans. However, during economic booms Americans should provide for
themselves and not be reliant on the government to provide for them.
One of the reforms created through the New Deal that still exists today is Social Security. Social
Security was established through the Social Security Act of 1935 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. It
established a national pension fund, a public assistance program for dependent mothers and disabled
people, an unemployment insurance system, as well as benefits for victims of industrial accidents
(Social Security Act of 1935). Social Security is very beneficial regarding its ability to help those
who need it, but it is also the largest federal program today, resulting in huge expenses. CNS News
published an article regarding the spending of the Social Security Administration, and stated in the
article is, "The Social Security Administration spent a total

America Needs Better Funding For The Safety Net Programs
America, where the famous so–called "American Dream" was born, used to be the most influential
nation in the world economy. However, since the Second World War, America's economy has been
in a free–fall. The "American Dream" is now only a remnant of long lost heydays. The reason why
America has gotten to this dreadful situation may lie in the path that its government chose to
develop. For instance, the truly needy do not have enough support from the Social Safety Net
programs to get out of poverty: the tax systems should be progressive instead of regressive; wages
and benefits are not equally allocated among the workers and the bosses, and there has been no
attention to the maintenance and improvement of infrastructure for a very long time. In order to alter
the unpleasant–big–picture of poverty and inequality, America needs better funding for the safety
net programs, restructuring of the tax system, adjusting wages and benefits for both employers and
employees so they can maintain their jobs and pay their bills, and ensuring that the federal
government pay more attention to the development of infrastructure along the way.
First things first, the safety net programs matter because they are a slew of projects that prevent the
poor from falling below a certain poverty level. Safety net programs can be provided by public
sector (state or aid donors), or private sector (non–governmental organizations, private firms,
charities, or unofficial household transfer). The programs

The Current Policies Of The Canadian Columbia
Income Assistance Rates in British Columbia: Why "Maximum" is Not Enough
Income Assistance rates in British Columbia have been stuck at a paltry maximum of $610 for a
single employable individual for the past 10 years. Although the cost of living has steadily
increased, Income Assistance rates have remained stagnant. The current social welfare policies
adopted by the Canadian Government in general and the provincial Government of British
Columbia in particular are reflective of the strong liberal political ideology that has taken root in
Canadian society. A political belief system that puts profit and economic growth above social
equality and prosperity for all, is one that is in desperate need of repair. The current policies that
govern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Canada's acceptance of the welfare state was brief however, and the economic downturn of the
1970's, as well as right–wing campaigns calling for an end to social programs saw massive cuts to
the social safety net so many Canadians depended on (p.46). It was believed that to combat
economic stagnation and see a return to profits, many social programs must be eliminated. During
the 1980's and 1990's government spending on social programs was drastically reduced, effectively
dismantling much of the welfare state (another book).
Furthermore, 1996 saw the end of the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) (p.49) that was established in
1966 and helped to standardize and fund nationwide Social Assistance (p.46). This program was a
consolidation of federal and provincial programs, with financial responsibility shared 50/50 between
federal and provincial governments and among many things, saw that anyone determined to be in
need would receive funding without a work requirement imposed to receive assistance (another
book p.113). CAP and Established Programs Financing (EPF) were combined into the Canadian
Health and Social Transfer (CHST), this merger eliminated many of the requirements laid out in
Canadian Assistance Plan by the federal government that required the provinces to uphold certain

Operation Safety Net Essay
Operation Safety Net is a local program for the city of Pittsburgh that strives to better the lives of
individuals who are homeless. As described on the program's website, Operation Safety Net
provides its consumers with necessary health care and an increase of hope and self–esteem
(Operation Safety Net, 2015). This program has proven to help close the critical health inequity of
homeless individuals living without healthcare. Healthy People 2020 define a health disparity as, "a
particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or
environmental disadvantage." (Disparities, para 6, 2015). This includes individuals having access to
safe housing, culturally aware health care professionals and the opportunity to have health
insurance. Therefore, there is a clear rationale for the Operation Safety Net program to be assisting
people in Pittsburgh experiencing these inequities. Operation Safety Net is funded by the Pittsburgh
Mercy Health System through the Sisters of Mercy (Operation Safety Net, 2015). The Sisters of
Mercy have been in the United States and in Pittsburgh since 1843 serving the poor through several
social justice efforts. Also, Pittsburgh Mercy Health System funds several large initiatives in
Pittsburgh including Mercy Behavioral Health (About Us, 2015). Based on the history and
credibility Pittsburgh Mercy Health System has in this region, it is viable that Operation Safety Net
will be funded long–term. Furthermore, the

A Country Measure Ourselves Using Poverty
We as a country measure ourselves using poverty, which is one of the key social indicators. The less
fortunate persons in the United States are too disparate to be categorized along any one dimension.
This paper illustrates the poverty measures that vary by selected features that consist of poverty
measures, income of the people, the depth of poverty, and poverty relief. The Current Population
Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) directed by the U.S. Census Bureau
conducted statistics on poverty in the United States was done in the year 2014. The research shows
that real median household income in 2013 was not statistically different from the 2012 median
income. The approved poverty rate reduced between 2012 and 2013 ... Show more content on
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The new measure creates a multipart statistical picture integrating supplementary items such as tax
outflows and work outlays in its family reserve assessments. Inceptions used in the new portion are
derivative from Consumer Expenditure Survey expenditure statistics on necessities, that is, food,
shelter, clothing, and utilities. These are accustomed for environmental alterations in the cost of
housing. The new inceptions are not envisioned to assess suitability for government programs. The
Census Bureau published preliminary poverty assessments using the new approach in November
2011, November 2012, and November 2013 (Iceland, 2013). Poverty tolls were lower for
youngsters, sophisticated for those aged 18 to 64 and 65 years, and older than under the sanctioned
poverty ration. The proportion of all 25–54 year olds who hold jobs (i.e., "prime age employment")
was nearly five percent lower in November 2013, that is, six years after the start of Great Recession,
than it was in December 2007, both for men and women equivalent. The ratio for men, currently at
82.7, is the 10th worst ratio over the last thirteen years. The ratio for women is currently at 69.2, is
the twelfth worst ratio over the last thirteen years. The long–term joblessness ratio for men and
women equally is near the all–time extraordinary for the period since 2000. Even though the Great
Recession ended

The Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic...
The Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness
I. Introduction Economic openness is the phenomenon in which individual economies from all over
the world become increasingly connected and interdependent through greater liberalization of trade
and the vast movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. With the rise of globalization,
positive effects have resulted from economic openness. The widespread benefits of globalization
have resulted in global economic growth, prosperity, and have increased the overall standard of
living in the world. However, globalization has also been blamed as being the principal culprit for
numerous global problems including poverty, wealth disparity, and environmental ... Show more
"The welfare state looked doomed, with no power to counter the economic horror of the global
market." Although the welfare state was perceived to be in decline, economic openness brought
significant benefits to the both the domestic and global economies. The increase of free trade
through the reduction of tariff and non–tariff barriers allowed consumers to purchase foreign goods
and services at cheaper prices, and foreign investors provided considerable amount of capital to the
country as well as job creation and technological innovation.
With its widespread of benefits, is globalization really a threat to social stability? Has it advanced so
far "that national governments are essentially powerless to regulate their economies and use their
policy tools to further social ends?" Although globalization and the welfare state often diverge from
another, globalization has not eroded national sovereignty and capacity nearly as much as previously
thought by skeptics of globalization. National governments, particularly in the developed world, still
"retain substantial autonomy in regulating their economies, in designing their social policies, and in
maintaining institutions that differ from their trading partners." Globalization is what states make of
it. Although governments have made some concessions in recent years to accommodate the
globalizing

How Did The Great Depression Affect Canada
The Great Depression impacted millions of people globally. Canada was not an exception. However
the lessons we learnt from it helped us better manage the impact of the 2008 recession.
Canada suffered during the great depression, due to a lack of effective leadership that
underestimated the impact of the situation at hand. After world war one, Canada was the fastest
growing economy in the world. However, in the late 1920s, when the Great Depression hit, Canada's
economy faltering. This downturn in the economy meant that many people started becoming more
dependent on the Government as their livelihoods were lost.
The Bennett Government defeated the Liberals in the 1930 election, commanding a majority in the
Parliament... Bennett did not see a strong role for Federal government in overseeing the economy,
hence the poor state of the economy in the depression era. Some have gone so far as suggesting that
Canada was being run with a Laissez– Faire attitude since Bennett's understanding was that the
federal government should not interfere into matters that concerned only Municipal and Provincial
governments ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bennett, in trying to salvage the economy and his position as Prime Minister, resorted to policies
that further worsened the state of the economy. He raised trade tariffs to unprecedented amounts in
order to protect Canadian markets. This lack of understanding and poor economic management
resulted in |Canada's unemployment rising to 27%! Young men began, "riding the rods" – traveling
the country seeking work that wasn't there, as Canada did not have any social assistance, such as
unemployment insurance, welfare, or health

Safety Net Examples
In America, after you lose your job you can qualify for a safety net. A safety net is like an insurance
for a worker if anything happens in the future with health. An example of safety net is Medicare,
which can help coverage some hospital bill and medicines. It is very different from Medical because
it coverages all your health insurance, but medicare is like half of medical. When you work at a job,
you have to pay for a small amount of medical or Medicare every month and you can have a good
medical insurance provide from your work but it all depends. The best thing to do is pay the
payment every month, then paying for something that you want. Having a full insurance is a good
and safe way to protect yourself in the future. Safety net could ... Show more content on
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If you get a job that pays less than what you were working is still better than nothing.
Unemployment tries to reach everyone with jobs it takes a person's decision to take it or not. The
author tries to give a point by exampling, "The results suggest a hump–shape response of
unemployment duration over the one–year pre–unemployment wage distribution; individuals at the
bottom and top of the wage distribution reacted less than those in the interquartile range"
(Centeno).Some people do not accept the job they get because they are lower income then the job
they have been working. The people who try to find jobs for themselves, try to find good and
official jobs so they do not need to worry of getting laid–off. There are good state jobs but you need
to be quality for it or taking care of ill people is another good job. Find a job that you can work with
full honesty and not back out responsibilities. In any case,it explains, "It is a federal– state
partnership to provide short– term cash benefits to people who lost their jobs through no fault of
their own. As such, the number of claims varies strongly with the business cycle"(Lindner). You
don't get to decide about how much payment you get for unemployment it is decided by the state.
The state check your history of working throughout the year and he also depends on your age.
People like elders who can not work do get payments for their needs from the government because

Analysis Of Bolsa Familia Springs From A Long Tradition Of...
Bolsa Familia springs from a long tradition of welfare and development strategies in Latin America.
Economic and social development are of central concern to governments and development agencies
worldwide due to their direct link to equality. This can be explained through the well–defined link
between income levels and health, education and nutritional outcomes, emphasizing the importance
of addressing inequality in order to break the cycle of intergenerational poverty. Thus, reducing
inequality is central to the success of policy initiatives, as the Bolsa Familia's strong focus on
developing human capital is what makes it a 'poverty reduction program rather than a social
assistance one' (Fitzbein et al, 2009: 11). Targeting development ... Show more content on
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Figure 1: Social security, health, and education expenditure in Brazil
Source: Haggard and Kaufmann, 2008: 388.
Welfare can be defined as the minimum level of responsibility of the state for its citizens – this is
what I will attribute to 'social security' in Figure one. Welfare can be in the form of a steady base
transfer, in order to provide ongoing, or short term payments to alleviate financial hardship. In
contrast, human capital accumulation (HCA) can be attributed to investments in 'education' and
'health' (Figure 1). HCA is the increased education, health and productivity of potential workers, to
which 'social security' is only a precondition. It is a central driver of human and economic
development. Thus, Bolsa Familia's conditionality is what distinguishes it from a welfare scheme to
a poverty assistance scheme. Furthermore, the conditionality aspect of cash transfers is what assures
requirements regarding human capital accumulation will be met.
CCTs are a site of convergence of international and statist development policy initiatives, which are
played out at the community level by administrators and agents on the ground. Thus, Bolsa Familia
is led by governments, endorsed by the World Bank, and implemented by local authorities. CCTs are
seen as 'an alternative to more traditional and paternalistic approaches to social assistance' (de la
Briere and Rawlings, 2006: 6). It is this level of decentralisation which contributes to their appeal on
both the

Human Capital Accumulation And Reducing Inequality
Outcomes in health, education and wellbeing are fundamentally connected to building human
capital accumulation and reducing inequality. However, the previous examination of Bolsa Familia
has shown there is no significant improvement in indicators of nutrition, growth, anaemia and
cognitive development among the recipients of Bolsa Familia. Thus, to assure CCT programmes
will contribute to eventual outcomes of human capital accumulation requires an extension of CCT
programs towards the quality of provision in social services, particularly those which oversee the
education and wellbeing of beneficiaries. The context of development has significant effects on the
outcomes of social development. Environmental vulnerability, gender biases and geographical
isolation could have significant impacts on the outcomes of programmes. Thus, to build eventual
outcomes in human capital accumulation requires acknowledging social safety nets emerge from a
particular framework which may undermine the long term human development outcomes.
Acknowledging the framework from which CCTs emerge may help partially overcome the barriers
and constraints to human capital accumulation by situating human development in the wider social,
political and institutional context.
The emphasis on data and data collection emphasizes a thin approach to human development. As I
have shown, the emphasis on data collection may encourage the presentation of statistics which
demonstrate economic performance with less

The Pros And Cons Of Intermediate Corrections
Public safety is best secured by a comprehensive system that executes imprisonment for the most
serious offender and supervision for offenders who are reentering society. As offenders transition
from prison back to the community, the primary objective of intermediate sanctions is to protect
public safety through alternatives other than incarceration. Rehabilitative and treatment programs
must be provided within an institutional setting and in the community to minimize the risks of
public safety. Seventy–eight percent of convicted offenders are supervised in the community. Some
fear that restorative programs could result in sanctions imposed on individuals, especially juveniles,
who would have simply been forgotten if intermediate sanctions

The Inequality Of Low Wage Workers
Low–wage workers in America are not being afforded the basic labor protections that skilled
workers enjoy. This neglect of low–wage workers is a personal trouble as much as it is a public
issue. According to C. Wright Mills, troubles are personal problems that take place within the
individual and their relations to others (1959). Issues, on the other hand, expand far beyond the
individual's personal characteristics and onto institutions in a particular historical time period (Mills
1959). Mills indicates that personal troubles can be easily detected by pointing at an individual's
characteristics, public issues on the other hand cannot be easily identified in that manner (1959). To
develop a personal and social understanding if individual troubles and societal issues, Mills uses the
sociological imagination (1959). Wage–labor, under the sociological imagination, can be identified
as a socially constructed issue and not just an individual's inability to be employed in something
better. By looking at wage–labor in a narrow sense, it becomes easy to blame the individual for their
troubles. Policies are then established to punish individuals and not the structural causes of their
troubles.
One way in which low–wage workers are punished for being in the situation that they are in is
through neglecting them as a whole. The lack of safety mechanisms available for low–wage workers
in the event of unemployment or underemployment, forces individuals to construct alternative
modes of

Documentary Analysis: The Waiting Room
The Waiting Room is a 2012 documentary film and social media project directed by Peter Nicks that
follows the life and times of patients, doctors, and staff at Highland Hospital , a safety–net hospital
in Oakland, California. The project includes a blog which features stories and conversations from
the waiting room as well as behind–the–scenes information about the project. Frequent video
updates from the project are posted on the blog. These videos examine what life is like in an
American public hospital caring for a community of largely uninsured patients. Many hospitals and
health systems provide charity care for uninsured individuals when they require acute care, but the
most forward thinking ones are also concerned with caring for this ... Show more content on
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Volunteer outlet for physicians. "One of the unintended benefits of clinics is they provide a great
opportunity for physicians to provide care and volunteer outside of their own office," says Mr.
Greeley. 6. IRS community benefit. Safety–net clinics also assist a hospital in demonstrating the
"community benefit" required to keep its tax exempt statues. "Most hospitals assist by providing
start–up support and some sort of continued funding, which helps demonstrate to the IRS their
community benefit," says Mr. Greeley.
7. Community Health Needs Assessment. The IRS requires non–profit hospitals conduct a
Community Health Needs Assessment every three years and then adopt and implement a plan to
meet the community's health. The development of a free clinic requires such a study and "clearly
demonstrates that the hospital taken action on the results," says Mr. Greeley.
8. Establishes community support and involvement. "Any hospital that develops a free clinic in
conjunction with local businesses, governmental units and, in some cases, religious organizations,
realizes significant new community support and involvement," he

Safety Net
The effect of smaller government safety nets on families is drastic. The United States is one of the
few countries left in the world that has yet to understand the importance of strong supports for the
primary building block of our society. By continuing to balance our competing ideals of
individualism against marriage and family we are putting the very foundations of our country at risk.
Our current federal safety net is made up of many individual policies and programs. "They are
generally independent of each other and attack a single aspect of poverty. Taken as a whole they
represent a challenging matrix for the poor to use and the American taxpayer to understand" ("Safety
Net Programs – Federal Safety Net," n.d.).
In the instance of a family facing the crisis of raising a child with disabilities, this situation can be
both ineffective and confusing. For example, if a family faces the challenge of raising a child
diagnosed with autism life can change instantly. Immediately decisions ... Show more content on
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The safety net should have support systems available to aid in the family's ability to restructure its
dynamics and come to terms with a new reality. When this does not happen for a family, it leaves
them unsure of the next steps to take for their child, emotionally exhausted, and with fewer
economic resources. "When safety nets are smaller and less certain, families serve more prominent
roles as educators, healthcare providers, personnel managers, and social workers for their members"
(Bogenschneider, 2014, p. 115). As many families in America face caring for their family members
in situations such as autism, aging parents, children with disabilities, and others who are chronically
ill it is time to implement an effective government safety net to help families restructure and face the
challenges as an cohesive family

Shocks Advantages And Disadvantages
Figure 2 shows the number of shocks reported by households across all sites. The modal and
average number of shocks reported was two and four, respectively. About 77 % of the total
households interviewed reported experiencing at least one shock of some magnitude. Thus, a total of
924 out of the 1 200 interviewed households experienced at least one shock in the period under
study. About 75 % of those households, who reported having experienced shocks, did so at least
twice per year. Approximately, 79.2 % of the households reported experiencing moderate shocks and
35.5 % reporting severe shocks.
Table 3 shows the frequency with which shocks were reported by the households across all sites.
The most frequently experienced shocks were illness (33 %), hunger or food shortage (32 %), and
serious crop failure (22 %) and major livestock loss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similarly, the use of NTFPs as safety nets by households is positively related to the size of the
household. Therefore, big households who experience multiple shocks are likely to use NTFPs as
safety nets. As expected, there is a negative relationship between the usage of NTFPs as safety nets
and the total annual absolute household income. Therefore, as household income increases,
households tend to depend less on NTFPs as safety nets. The level of education of household is
significantly and negatively related to the usage of NTFPs as safety nets. The higher the education
level of household head, the less the household use NTFPs as safety nets. In addition, harvesting
certain NTFPs might be considered backward and not for educated people. Interestingly, the
relationship between usage of NTFPs safety nets and age of the household head is significant and
negative. This suggests that young headed households are likely to turn NTFPs in times of hardships
as compared old headed

The Impact Of Franklin D. Roosevelt During The Great...
28,2016
America has witnessed many presidents that handled number of crises. In 1933 Franklin D
Roosevelt was sworn in with a spoonful of problems, The Great Depression, one of multiple
dilemmas Roosevelt had passed down to him, left the economy crippled. The United States never
witnessed such a catastrophic and long term impact on the economy. Businesses, investors and
banks became bankrupt resulting in millions unemployed. However, The New Deal, a policy created
to lessen and recover from the aftermath of the economic downfall, has created instant relief for
millions and shaped our benefits we receive from the government today.
After the stock market crash, America was placed in an economic devastation. Chaos and panic
spread throughout America. Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Herbert Hoover made the next
three years of the depression worsen. Hoover believed The Great Depression was going to blow
over; therefore he did not enforce many policies to lessen the impact of the Depression. The failure
of banks, business and investors becoming bankrupt and wiped out, led to a drastic downfall ...
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Roosevelt first day in office William Woodin and himself drafted The New Deal. Roosevelt thought
providing brief help to unemployed Americans would make a speedy recovery and boost the
economy. It consisted of several programs and laws that were enforced in order to lessen the result
of The Great Depression. During The First Hundred Days 15 bills were passed to "restart" the
economy and immediately provide work for the unemployed. Programs such as The Civilian
Conservation Corps, Civil Works Administration, Public Works Administration, and Tennessee
Valley Authority used public–works projects to hire millions of people. Roosevelt introduced a
number of major reforms such as the within the formation of the American economy and
government in order to relieve people right away. Millions were becoming employed and slowly
recovering from the Great

Synthesis Essay On Minor E Big 5
According to Professor Allen Schick, "In a fundamental sense, the government is what it spends"
(Document A). There is a great deal of planning that goes into the federal budget each year, but yet
it's still not enough to satisfy every need. The truth is that however much money or planning that
goes into the budget, people will still feel that we are spending too much in some areas and not
enough in others. It is the government's responsibility to put in place a budget that satisfies the needs
of the people and follows the preamble to the Constitution. Many people believe that we are not
"slicing the pie correctly" and that the budget needs to be looked over and revised. In each of the
three budget clusters, the US government should make minor ... Show more content on
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The Little Guys consists of natural resources and environment, general science and space, energy,
FBI, and National Park services. Like I have stated previously, more funding needs to go towards
energy. There is only so much oil left in the Earth and it has already started wars. America needs to
stop its dependence on oil and the only way to do so is to put funding towards research to develop
alternatives. Another area that I feel doesn't get enough attention is NASA, which only received $31
billion in 2012 (Document E). NASA has been credited for many discoveries and is partially
responsible for why America is so great. When people think about America in the mid 1900s, they
think about the space race. They remember how America was able to prevail over another world
superpower, Russia, and beat them to the moon. The US has always been considered great and it has
been because of things like reaching the moon first. Even taking an extra %5 from either of the Big
Five to put towards funding for NASA would be worth it to me. NASA would help America get that
image that we once had but

Cultural Practices And Selfways Essay
In the world today, there are numerous cultures, each with their own practices and selfways.
Selfways are the traits and cultural participation patterns derived from a culture that define how a
person should act in the world (Markus, Mullally & Kitayama, 1997). Selfways are a key example
of how the people of the culture mold what the culture's integral characteristics are, while the
culture, itself, moulds the actions of the people of the culture. This process is called Mutual
Constitution: the symbiotic relationship between a culture's psychological processes and the
individuals who reside in the culture forming a collective reality between the culture and participant
within the culture (Fiske, Kitayama, Markus &Nisbett, 1998). The ... Show more content on
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Social safety net policies, like Medicaid, Social Security and Food Stamps, are types of socialist or
collectivist policies that are more supported by the Left side of the political spectrum. In a 2012 Pew
Research Center Values Survey, over 75% of Democrats believed that it is a part of the government's
role to provide poor people with means of shelter and food. The survey also showed that not only do
Democrats support the Social safety net programs but 65% of Democrats would like to see the
expansion of these programs (Pew Research Center, 2012). Consistent with these political practices,
these practices parallel the Jewish law and the Talmud mandate of the Jewish people to give sums of
money and time to charities in order to satisfy this portion of Jewish law and this is reflected in the
general voting pattern of Jews.
To add, daily experiences of Jews help shape their general beliefs about the world around them as
well as their voting patterns. In my life, I attended Hebrew School every Wednesday from 4:30 to
6:30 in the evening right after school. In Hebrew School, we were taught to about the various
principles in the Torah, one of which was the principle covered above, Tzedakah. To practice the
notion of Tzedakah, we were strongly recommended to bring at least one dollar or a canned good in
order to satisfy our

Social Justice And The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights
Introduction Social justice is a long debated subject that continues to prove controversial and
divisive all over the world. Opinions on what constitutes social justice vary on a continuum from
more conservative opinions which note individual responsibility to a more liberal stance which
promotes a moral responsibility to support social equality (Mapp, 2008). Despite the varying
opinions of what establishes social justice, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
serves as the first step in promoting social justice by outlining the basic rights that should be
afforded to humanity (United Nations, n.d.). More specifically, Article 22 of the UDHR states that
all people should have access to social security protection that works to provide essential needs,
provisions for preserving dignity, and freedom to pursue personal interest (United Nations, n.d.). In
spite of the established declaration, social justice remains unavailable for too many people.
Worldwide, the lack of social protection leads to 1.4 billion people struggling to meet their essential
needs due to lack of access to resources which promote a decent standard of living. Another 100
million fall into poverty due to unforeseen complications (GIPSPSI, 2011). Therefore, there is a
crucial need to recognize social protection as a human right in order to guarantee equal access to
basic services and equal opportunity to all of humankind.
Social Protection Social protection is a set of polices which work to

Limitations Of Adult Social Care
Limitations of adult social care in England Underfunding Rigid system Unavailability of choice of
where to be treated– Neglect and abuse in some residential and care homes. Rising needs from an
ageing population with increasingly complex conditions. Rising costs to providers of adult social
care. Restricted public funds to meet those costs and a strain on the resources of those who pay for
their own care. Serious challenges in recruiting and retaining good quality staff. Solution Financial
transfers from the NHS, a social care precept in local areas, Calling on family and friends to do
more Flexible system Better remuneration package for staff Analyse similarities and
differences===demonstrate this by analyzing funding and delivery of services.describe some
practical realities. Case study Mr. M contacted a local charity just over two years ago saying he was
feeling suicidal. The charity referred Mr. M to adult social care who judged he was eligible to
receive support from a social worker. Mr. M had been out of work and very isolated for a long time.
His social worker gave Mr. M support in dealing with his landlord and energy provider plus some
budget and debt support. She also referred him to a local exercise programme for people with a
range of conditions and a peer support group for people with mental health conditions. Mr. M tried
LIFT (talking therapies) and volunteering but neither were right for him but he did start working
with his

Social Security
Social Security at 80:
Time to Retire? or Revise In 2015, America's Social Security System turns 80 years old. The
original act was a landmark bill, as it was the establishment of America's safety net. The promise of
the act was to ensure that America's retirees would have some protection from poverty. Since the
Social Security Act of 1935 was passed, the social safety net has been expanded to cover additional
groups and classes of people. The most important additional programs established being MediCare
and MedicAid. After years of running a surplus, Social Security has reached an inflection point. At
the current rate of drawdown, the trust fund will run dry, and Social Security will begin to operate as
a pay–as–you–go program, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This act created Medicare Part D which was the introduction of prescription drug coverage. Since
1965, prescription drugs have become more common but were excluded from the original 1965 act.
The law was meant to address the increasing dependency of elderly on prescription drugs to manage
chronic illnesses. Unlike the Veteran's Affairs prescription drug benefit plan, the MMA does not
allow the federal government to negotiate drugs prices. This has become a contentious point because
the same drug can cost the VA 50% than the same drug under Medicare.
Demographic Issues Affecting Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid The overriding issue facing
Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid is the changing of America's demographic makeup. Shortly
after the close of the Second World War, the U.S. saw a dramatic rise in fertility, called the Baby
Boom generation. The sharp rise and following fall of U.S. fertility produced what is often called a
demographic dividend. The demographic dividend provided by these workers coincided with an era
of unparalleled economic growth for the United States and the rest of the world. But the
demographic dividend provided by the Baby Boomers is coming to an end. Beginning in 2011, the
Baby Boomers began to retire and the aged dependency ratio is set to markedly increase. The Social
Security Administration estimate that the U.S. aged dependency ratio will rise to 35% in 2030 from
the 2010

Effects of Text Messaging Among Teens
Effects of Text Messaging Among Teenagers Introduction How often do/did you use your
cellphone/smartphone as a teen? When I was a teen, I received my first cellphone at the age of 15. I
thought personally this was the best invention ever created as a young teen and with that, I soon
found out that I just entered a whole new social world with these new technology devices. I entered
a generation that would be called the Tech–Generation filled with cellphones/smartphones and
social media. I quickly discovered the texting function with my cellphone and started to send texts
daily to my friends. My cellphone became a necessity for me; if I did not have my cellphone, I
would freak out. In addition, I started to replace phone calls and ... Show more content on
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Cell phones have been engineered over the past years to accommodate the demand of texting, such
as offering a full 1QWERTY keyboard (QWERTY is the acronym that commonly describes today's
standard keyboard layout on English–language computers), and many cell phone carriers offer plans
that contain unlimited texting. An example of one of this cellphones/smartphone would be the ever
popular IPhone, which holds functions that enables the users to be able to call/text/email and even
use special apps that give direct access to the internet or a social networking site. According to
Lenhart, 77% of adults and 71% of teenagers owned a cell phone and 38% of those teenagers (12–
17 years old) used their phones to text daily (30). A year later, the same survey was administered
with results increasing to 54% who text daily (30). The same survey was again administered from
the Pew Research Center by Lenhart in 2012 with the results increasing to 84% of Americans ages
12 and up owning a cell phone and 63% of teenagers saying they exchange text messages daily (2).
The problem is texting is giving teenagers the option to avoid face–to–face interactions and causing
teens to lose important social skills. Fraser J.M. Reid, (Associate Head at the Centre for Thinking
and Language, School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK), and Donna J. Reid,
(PhD Student, at the Centre

Resistant Behaviors
The student has a high tolerance for clients who do not comply with or are resistance to services.
However, at some point enough is enough and the student develops negative feelings towards the
client and believes that the client is wasting the student as well as others time, energy, and resources
which could be directed towards another who is need of support. Understandable there is a
movement in the social service field to remove the label of "resistant client" from clients who do not
embrace change happening in their life because the label suggest blame. However, in the student's
chosen profession, working for a social services agency coordinating and facilitating services for
individuals with an intellectual and or physical disability, the system reinforces resistant behaviors;
the more resistant the individual the more likely their health and safety are at risk which places
responsibility back onto ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The student eventually becomes frustrated with the individuals whose intellectual disability is not a
factor in their ability to comply with requested services. Through the working relationship and
history, the student has with an individual coupled with knowledge related to mental health
diagnoses, the student will be able to understand how the behavior and the diagnoses co–mingle.
Behavior is a form of communication. Behaviors do not happen for no reason. When an individual
who is normally not resistant to services becomes resistant it is a warning to the student that further
investigation is warranted. This change in behavior suggest that either the individual has
experienced a negative event that is not known to others or there is a medical concern that needs to
be further

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