Dna Fingerprinting

1. KENDRIYAVIDYALAYA,
KENDRAPARA
2019-20
AnInvestigatoryReport
DepartmentOfBiology
DNAFINGERPRINTING

2. SubmittedBy-
MahaprasadDas
RollNo-14
Class-XII(Science)
ThisiscertifythatMahaprasadDas
has
Satisfactorycompletedtheprojectin
biology
PrescribedbyCBSEcourseinthelab
Ofthisvidyalayaintheyear2019-20
Date- Teacherincharge-
Certificate

3. SubmittedforthePracticalExaminationin
Heldon
Teacher Examiner
IamthankfultoBhagirathiSahoo(PGTBIOLOGY),
KendriyaVidyalayKendrapadaforprovidingnecessary
usefullguidenessandsuggestionsintheselectionfor
theprojectworksanditscompletion.
Imustbethanksfulto (PrincipalofK.V,
Kendrapada)forhisusefulsuggestionfromtimeto
time.
Iextendmythanksto AttendantK.V
Kendraparaforprovidingtheessentialmaterialforthe
project.
Icouldgetthematerialsandguidelinesfromthe
LibraryofK.VKendrapara.SoIamthankingtoMrs
AshaTripathi,Librarian,K.VKendraparawhoprovided
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

4. methefacilities.
IamalsoHighlygratefultomydeepfriendsfortheir
encouragingsupportforthecompletionofthisProject
Work.
Guidedby-
ClassXII(science)
(PGTBiology)
TheprocessofDNAfingerprintingwasinventedbyAlec
JeffreysattheUniversityofLeicesterin1985.Hewasknighted
in1994.
DNAfingerprinting or DNAprofiling, anyofseveralsimilar
techniquesforanalyzingandcomparingDNAfromseparate
sources,usedespeciallyinlawenforcementtoidentify
suspectsfromhair,blood,semen,orotherbiologicalmaterials
foundatthesceneofaviolentcrime.Itdependsonthefactthat
notwopeople,saveidenticaltwins,haveexactlythesameDNA
sequence,andthatalthoughonlylimitedsegmentsofa
person'sDNAarescrutinizedintheprocedure,thosesegments
Introductio
n

5. willbestatisticallyunique.
HistoryofDNAFingerprinting
Upto1984,theonlymethodofestablishingand
authenticatingpersonalidentificationwasbythefingerprint
process.
DNAfingerprintingtechniquewasdevisedin1985byAlec
JeffreyatUniversityofLeicesterinEngland,whileworking
onthesequenceswithinmyoglobingene.
WhatisDNAFingerprinting
?
Itisatechnique,bywhichanindividualcan

6. DNAfingerprintingtechnology
hasmadeitpossibletoidentify the
sourceofbiologicalsamples foundat
scenesofcrime.This willresolve
disputesofmaternity /paternity,
identificationof mutilatedremains,
identificationofrape/murder,identificationofmissing
child,exchangeofbabiesinhospitalwards,forensic
DNAfingerprinting
technology

7. wildlife,protectionoffarmersrightsandbiodiversity.This
remarkabletechnologyprovidesexclusionaswellas
positiveidentificationwithvirtually100%precision.
BiologicalMaterialUsedforDNA
fingerprinting
BloodHairSaliva
Semen
Bodytissuecells
DNAsampleshavebeenobtainedfromvaginalcellstransferredtothe
outsideofacondomduringsexualintercourse.

8. StageOfDNAFingerprinting
• CellsbrokendowntoreleaseDNA
•DNAstrandscutintofragments
•Fragmentsseparated
•Patternoffragmentsanalysed

9. DNAfingerprinting:Methods
AcommonprocedureforDNA
fingerprintingisrestriction fragment
lengthpolymorphism (RFLP).Inthis
method,DNAis extractedfromasample
andcutintosegmentsusing special
restrictionenzymes. RFLPfocuseson
contain sequencesofrepeatedDNA
bases,whichvary widelyfrompersontoperson.
Thesegmentsareseparatedusingalaboratorytechniquecalled
electrophoresis,whichsortsthefragmentsbylength.The
segmentsareradioactivelytaggedtoproduceavisualpattern
knownasanautoradiograph,or DNAfingerprint, onX-rayfilm.A
newermethodknownasshorttandemrepeats(STR)analyzes
DNAsegmentsforthenumberofrepeatsat13specificDNAsites.
Thechanceofmisidentificationinthisprocedureisoneinseveral
billion.Yetanotherprocess, polymerasechainreaction ,isusedto
producemultiplecopiesofsegmentsfromaverylimitedamountof
DNA(aslittleas50molecules),enablingaDNAfingerprinttobemade
fromasinglehair.Onceasufficientsamplehasbeenproduced,the
patternofthealleles(see genetics )fromalimitednumberofgenesis
comparedwiththepatternfromthereferencesample.Anonmatchis
conclusive,butthetechniqueprovideslesscertaintywhenamatch
occurs.

10. DNAfingerprinting:Applications
DNAfingerprintingcanbeappliedinthefollowing
scenarios:
EstablishmentofpaternityandMaternity
Establishmentoftheparentageforchildswapping
cases
Establishtheidentityoftherapistinrapecases
IdentificationofmutilatedremainsInmurder,bomb
blast,aircrashesetc.
Wildlifeidentification,and
Seedauthentication.

11. Conclusion
Inconclusion,whileevidencescanbe
tamperedwithandwitnessescanturnhostile,DNAwill
neverlie.Itwillindeed,unravelthetruthevenseveral
decadesafteracrimehasbeencommitted.Sucharethe
powersofDNAFingerprinting.