These slides would cover specifically on hospital-acquired infections (HAI), and the various pathogens responsible for serious cases of HAI. Serious cases of HAI includes complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), complicated intra-abdominal infection (cIAI) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). While these infections are caused by certain pathogens, Gram-negative bacteria predominate which accounts to about 70% of cases in ICUs. The healthcare industry is in need of new classes of antibiotics that can treat patients with such infections.

1. Advanced Antibiotics VS.
Complicated Infections
Part 2: Serious Hospital Acquired Infections
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2. Hospital-acquired Infections (H.A.I)
Also known as a nosocomial
infection, is an infection that is
acquired in a hospital or other
health care facility.
The infection can originate from
the environment, another
infected patient or staff, and
sometimes the patient’s own
microbiota.
At any given time from every 100 hospitalized
patients, 7% in developed and 10% in developing
countries will acquire at least one HAI.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection

3. Source: https://www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/gpsc_ccisc_fact_sheet_en.pdf
Key H.A.I Facts
1.7 million HAI
cases reported
annually in the
USA (CDC)
*Infections from
all types of
microorganisms,
including
bacteria and
fungi combined.
HAI is Costly
Financial losses up
to €7b in Europe,
and $6.5b in the
USA.
Average 99,000
deaths each year
in the USA.
37,000 deaths each
year in Europe.
Gram-Negative
Infections
Infections from Gram-
negative pathogens
accounts for 2/3 of
deaths.

4. Serious Hospital-acquired Infections (H.A.I)
Hospital
Acquired
Pneumonia
(HAP)
Complicated
intra-
abdominal
infection (cIAI)
Complicated
urinary tract
infection
(cUTI)
These are the more serious
categories of HAI.
Source: https://www.healthline.com/health/hospital-acquired-nosocomial-infections

5. Complicated urinary tract Infection (cUTI)
Source: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353447
A urinary tract infection (UTI)
is an infection in any part of
the urinary system — kidneys,
ureters, bladder and urethra.
UTI is generally easy to treat,
but it can get complicated
(cUTI), and regular treatment
isn’t enough.
Most infections involve the lower urinary
tract — the bladder and the urethra.
SYMPTOMS:
• Strong,
persistent
urge to
urinate
• Burning
sensation
when
urinating
• Strong-
smell urine

6. Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infection (cIAI)
Source: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/peritonitis-symptoms-causes-treatments#1
Intra-abdominal infection (IAI)
describes a diverse set of
diseases within the abdominal
area.
When it is complicated (cIAI),
the tissue that lines the inner
wall of the abdomen
(peritoneum) is infected
(peritonitis).
The most common symptom is
severe abdominal pain.
Peritonitis can rapidly spread into the blood
(sepsis) and to other organs, resulting in
multiple organ failure and death.
SYMPTOMS:
• Abdominal
tenderness
• Chills/Fever
• Not passing
urine
• Difficulty in
bowel
movement
• Vomiting

7. Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia
HAP is pneumonia (infection
of one or both lungs)
contracted by a patient in a
hospital at least 48–72 hours
after being admitted.
It is the 2nd most common HAI
(after UTI) and accounts for
15–20%. It is the most common
cause of death among HAI
and is the primary cause of
death in ICUs.
HAP typically lengthens a hospital stay by 1–
2 weeks, making it costly.
SYMPTOMS:
• Fever
• Purulent
sputum
• Ill-feeling
• Loss of
appetite
• Nausea &
vomiting
• Sharp chest
pain

8. Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria
Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3107499/
MDRGN bacteria are a type
of Gram-negative bacteria
with resistance to multiple
antibiotics.
Gram-negative bacteria
predominate in cases of
ventilator-associated
pneumonia (47%) and urinary
tract infections (45%).
Gram-negative
bacteria are
responsible for
>30% of HAI.
In ICUs, Gram-
negative bacteria
account for about
70% of HAI.

9. Known Associated Pathogens
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
Streptococcus
Complicated urinary
tract Infection
(cUTI)
Complicated Intra-
Abdominal Infection
(cIAI)
Hospital-Acquired
Pneumonia
(HAP)
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria

10. Drug-resistant Strains
Carbapenem-
Resistant
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
(CRPA)
Methicillin-
Resistant
Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA)
Penicillin-
Nonsusceptible
Streptococcus
pneumoniae
(PNSSP)
Vancomycin-
Resistant
Enterococcus
(VRE)
Carbapenem-
resistant
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
(CRKP)
Penicillin, vanomycin, carbapenem
and methicillin are all classes of
antibiotics.
Source: https://www.sciencealert.com/the-12-deadliest-drug-resistant-bacteria-have-officially-been-ranked

11. RECARBRIO™ by merck
Source: https://investors.merck.com/news/press-release-details/2019/FDA-Approves-Mercks-RECARBRIO-imipenem-cilastatin-and-relebactam...
FDA has just approved a new
combination antibacterial
called RECARBRIO™ (contains
imipenem, cilastatin, and
relebactam).
Indicated for adults of 18
years or older, it can be used
to treat cUTI and cIAI.
Recommended for patients
with limited or no alternative
treatment options available.
RECARBRIO™ is administered by injection
(1.25 grams).

12. Cefepime/AAI101 By Allecra Therapeutics
Source: http://allecra.com/pipeline-2/
Cefepime/AAI101 is intended
as a powerful 4th generation
antibiotic (cephalosporin) to
treat cUTI, cIAI, and HAP.
AAI101 is an extended-
spectrum ß-lactamase
inhibitor that is effective
against many drug-resistant
Gram-negative pathogens. The Cefepime/AAI101 combination candidate has
been granted Fast Track Designation by the FDA.

13. Xeraya Capital: Partner in the fight against HAI
Xeraya Capital is currently partnered with Allecra Therapeutics in the
fight against serious hospital infections, mainly caused by multidrug-
resistant Gram-negative bacteria.
Allecra’s mission is to contribute towards the global effort to
developing new therapeutic modalities to overcome complicated
hospital-acquired infections in patients.

14. • A hospital-acquired infection (HAI) is an infection that is
acquired in a hospital or other health care facility.
• Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for >30% of HAI and
account for about 70% of HAI in ICUs. 2/3 of deaths are
caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
• Treatment of patients with a serious HAI is costly and difficult
due to the nature of Gram-negative pathogens that are
resistant to antibiotics.
• The healthcare industry needs new and advanced antibiotics
to treat patients suffering from serious cases of HAI.
Conclusion

15. By xeraya capital
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