brief knowledge regarding preschoolar

1. T OF
PRESCHOOLE
RS

2. AGE GROUP
– 3 TO 5
YEARS

3. PHYSICAL
GROWTH
AND
DEVELOPM

4. Biological growth
Children in the
preschool years grow
relatively slowly; they
become taller and
thinner without
gaining much weight.

5. WEIGHT AND HEIGHT
The preschool gains approximately 1.8 kg
per year.
At 3 years- 12.5-16.5 kg
At 4 years- 13.5-19.5 kg
At 5 years- 15.4-21.4
GROWTH AND HEIGHT OCCUR
AT A STEADY PACE.
At 3 years- 90.5-101.5 cm
At 4 years- 95-109 cm
At 5 years- 103—115 cm

6. integumentary
system
As the skin matures, skin problems
present in infants and toddlers
decrease. Because of the increased
activity of the melanin-forming cells,
the skin is better protected from the
harsh rays of the sun.

7. cardiovascular
system
By age 4 years, the heart size is four
times birth size and is now similar to
that of the adult heart. The pulse rate
continues to decrease and the blood
pressure increases slightly

8. PULSE RATE
AT 3 YR: 105 +15
BEATS/MIN
AT 4 YR:100 +10
BEATS/MIN
AT 5 YR: 95 +15
BEATS/MIN

9. BLOOD PRESSURE
 AT 3 YR: 100/67 mm of Hg
 AT 4 YR: 100/60 mm of Hg
 AT 5 YR: 100/60 mm of Hg

10. Blood values
During the preschool years,
fat replaces the red bone
marrow of the long bones.
The total leuckocyte
count is slightly higher:
5000-13,000 from 4-6
years of age.

11. respiratory system
With growth, the length
of structures in the
respiratory tract has
increased and incidence
of infections decreases.
The respiratory
decreases slightly.

12. RESPIRATION RATE:
 AT 3 YR: 25 +5 BREATH/MIN
 AT 4 YR:24 + 4 BREATH/MIN
 AT 5 YR: 22 + 3 BREATH/MIN

13. gastrointestinal system
The process of digestion is mature at this time, but the
gastrointestinal system is vulnerable to stress. During this period
the child has learned the defecation (passes of stool) process.

14. genitourinary system
The urinary system is nearly mature by age 5
years. The urine output in this age group is 600-
750 ml for a 24-hour period. Daytime bladder
control is achieved by the end of the preschool
period, with nighttime control still variable.

15. immune system
Adult level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) are reached
during the preschool years. IgA assists in
controlling local infection in the body.
nervous system
By age 5 years of age, the nervous system
comprises 1/20th
of the total body weight. The
child can handle some normal routine activity
own self.

16. Motor development
AT 3 YEARS OF AGE
Gross motor
Walks a straight line
Walks backward
Walks on tiptoes
Runs without looking at feet
Catches ball with extended
arms
Kicks a ball
jumps from a height of
several inches

17. Finemotor

Builds a tower of 9-10
blocks
Copies a circle
uses blunt scissors
with one hand to cut
shows preference for
handedness
puts beads on string
can help with simple
household task

18. AT4 YEARS OFAGE
Gross motor
 runs on tiptoes
 balances on one foot 3-5 seconds
 jumps from greaterheights
 pedals a tricycle quickly
 catches a ball with extended arms and with
hands
 climbs ladders, trees, playground equipment
 alternates feet when descending stairs

19. Fine motors
copies a
square
draws a
simple face
cuts around
picture with

20. AT 5 YEARS OF AGE
Gross motor
skips, alternates feet
jumps rope and jumps
over objects
walks a balance beam
imitates a dance steps
if taught
catches a ball smoothly

21. Fine motor
copies a triangle
crosses a vertical line
copies letters

22. PSYCHOSOCIA
L
DEVELOPMENT

23. According
to Erickson

24.
AT 3 YEARS OF AGE
Beginning development of
sense of initiative
Negative counterpart:
guilt
Egocentric in thought and

25. Able to share but
expresses idea of
“mine”
Less dependent on
parents but needs
reassurance and
help
Tolerates short
separation from
parents


26. AT 4 YEARS OF AGE
sense of initiative
Egocentric- unable
to see others
viewpoints
Tends to be
impatient and
selfish
Usually separates
easily from

27. Physically and verbally
aggressive
Still has fears
Dreams and night
mares continue
Sexually curious
Jealousy of sibling may
be evident
More cooperative in
play although reminds

28. AT 5 YEARS OF AGE
Sense of initiative
Continues to be egocentric
Separates easily from
parents
Independent and
trustworthy
Has fantasies and day
dreams
Looks for parental
encouragement and
support

29. PSYCHOSE
XUAL
DEVELOPM
ENT

30. ACCORDI
NG
TO
SIGMUND
FREUD

31. DEVELOPMENT
As per Freud’s
psychosexual theory,
preschoolers are in the
Phallic Stage in which
both, boys and the girls
experience a period of
attachment to the
parents of opposite sex
and hostility toward the
parent of the same sex.
Boys encounter the

32. SPIRITU
AL
DEVELO
PMENT

33. Preschool children
continue in Fowler’s stage
of Intuitive-Projective
Faith. Children do not
follow a religion because
they understand it but
because it is expected of

34. INTELLECT
UAL OR
COGNITIVE
DEVELOPM
ENT

35. Preoperational
thought
AT 3 YEARS OF AGE
Sub stage I-
Preconceptual (2- 4
years)
Sub stage II-
Intutiitive stage (4- 7
years)

36. Tries to please and
conforms to requests
Characteristics of
thought include
animism and realism
Able to follow
directional commands
Has a beginning
understanding of

37. AT 4 YEARS OF AGE
Sub-stage I and sub-stage
II
Classifies objects
according one
characteristics
Not able to conserve
matter
Obeys because parents
sets limits, not because of

38. MORAL
DEVELOPMEN
T

39. Preschoolers conform to rules strictly for the purpose of self-interest
that is to avoid punishment and to have favors returned. This can be
interpreted to mean that although they believe in the sanctity of
laws, they are willing to accept changes in the rules, especially if
they are the beneficiary of the change.
At 3 years of age At 4 years of
age
Pre-conventional Morality Pre-conventional
morality
Stage I( 2-3 years) Stage 2 (4-7 years)

40. LANGUAGEANDSPEECHDEVELOPMENT

41. Preschool children use
language in a symbolic
way. They not only
imitate sounds at this
stage but also use words

42. AT AGE OF 3 YEARS
Recept i ve l anguage
Can obey two prepositional
commands i.e. on, under
Expres s i ve l anguage
Uses 4- word, sentences-
asks why, uses plurals
Gives sex and full name
Names figures in a
picture

43. AT AGE OF 4 YEARS
Receptivelanguage
Understands directives (on, under, in back, in front)
Expressivelanguage
 Names one ormore colors correctly
 Uses “I”
 Counts to 5
 May use profanity forattention
 Uses 3 to 7 word sentence
 Has a vocabulary of 1500

44. AT AGE OF 5 YEARS
Receptivelanguage
Carries out instruction with three suggested tasks i.e. wash, dry,
sit down
Expressivelanguage
 Names primary colors
 Asks meaning of words
 Counts to 10
 Has a vocabulary of 21000

45. PLAY
 PRE-SCHOOLERS I NTERACT WI TH
OTHERS DURI NG PLAY---
ASSOCI ATI VE PLAY.
 PLAY SHOULD PROVI DE FOR
PHYSI CAL,MENTAL AND SOCI AL
DEVELOPMENT.
 CONSTRUCTI VE,CREATI VE AND

46. PLAY PATTERNS
 TOY PLAY
 DRAMATIZATION
 CONSTRUCTIONS
 GAMES
 READING
 MOVIES,RADIO AND TELEVISION

47. PLAY STIMULATION-3YRS
 LIKES THINGS THAT
MOVE,TALK,MAKE NOISE.
 CRAYONS,PAINTS,TRANSPORT
ATION TOYS
 PLAY TELEPHONE,RECORD
PLAYERS
 SINGLE PUZZLES,SOAP
BUBBLES.

48. PLAY STIMULATION-4YRS
 PROVIDE:DOLL
HOUSE,BLACK
BOARD,CHALK,PAPER,
SCISSOR,GARDEN
TOYS,BLOCKS OF ALL
SIZES,PAINTS,CLAY.
 PLAY COOPERATIVELY
WITH OTHERS

49. PLAY STIMULATION-5YRS
 LOVES TO
TRANSPORT THINGS
IN TRUCKS,CARS.
 CONSTRUCTION
TOYS,PAPER
DOLLS,BOOKS AND
PUZZLES
 SIMPLE GAMES FOR
TEAM PLAY.

50. NEEDS OF
PREESCHOOLER
1. EMOTIONAL – SOCIAL NEEDS
 LOVE AND SECURITY
 GUIDANCE
 DEPENDENCE PROGRESSING TO INDEPENDENCE
SENSE OF INTIATIVE ARE MAKING STRIDES IN
BECOMING INDEPENDENT IN SELF CARE
ACTIVITIES.

51. CONTD….
 DISPLINE LEADING TO SELF CONTROL
SELFISHNESS
CHILDREN ARE NOT BORN WITH THE
ABILITY TO SHARE WITH
OTHERS.SLOWELY THEY LEARN THE
JOY GIVING AND OF SHARING WITH
OTHERS.

52. CONTD….
BEDTIME PROBLEMS -SLEEP
CHILDREN WHO RESIST GOING
TO BED,SUGGESTED
INTERVENTION LIKE
APPROPRIATE TIME FOR
SLEEP,IGNOREING CRYING OR
OTHER ATTENTION-GETTING
BEHAVIORS.

53. CONTD….
HURTING OTHERS
SMALL CHILDREN HURT
OTHERS AND ARE THEMSELVES HURT
WHEN THEY PLAY TOGETHER.IF
CHILDREN PERSISTENTLY TRY TO HURT
OTHERS,ADULT HELP IS NEEDED TO
PREVENT SERIOUS INJURY TO ANOTHER
CHILD.

54. NEEDS OF PREESCHOOLER
CONTD…
2. PHYSI OLOGI
C---
BI OLOGI C
NEEDS
CONTROL OF
BODI LY
FUNCTI ON
PROBLEMS

55. HAZARDS OF PRESCHOOLER
 PHYSI CAL HAZARDS
1. ACCI DENTS
I NFECTI ONS,BURNS,FR
ACTURES,CUTS
2. I LLNESS—
RESPI RATORY
3. OBESI TY

56. CONTD…
 PSYCHOLOGI CAL HAZARDS
1. SPEECH
HAZARDS (STUTTERI NG)
CAUSES
HEARI NG LOSS,DEVELOPMENTAL
DELAY,LACK OF VERBAL
STI MULATI ON

57. INJURY PREVENTION
1.MOTOR VEHI CLE
AND PEDESTRAI N
I NJ URI ES
 TEACH CHI LD NEVER
TO GO I NTO ROAD
ALONE
 USE SAFETY
GATES,BI CYCLE
HELMETS AND SEAT
BELT.

58. INJURY PREVENTION CONTD…
2.DROWNI NG
 TEACH CHI LD NEVER
TO GO I NTO WATER
WI THOUT ADULT.
 PROVI DE
SUPERVI SI ON
WHENEVER CHI LD
NEAR WATER.

59. INJURY PREVENTION
CONTD…
3.BURNS
 KEEP MATCHBOX AND CI GARETTE
LI GHTERS OUT OF REACH
 PROPER SUPERVI SI ON

60. INJURY PREVENTION CONTD….
4.NEEDLE AND SHARP
I NSTRUMENTS
POI SONS,CHEMI CALS
 KEEP THI NGS OUT OF
REACH
5.ELECTRI C SHOCK
 DO NOT TOUCH THE
CHI LD TO ANY SWI TCH
BOARD

61. HEALTHPROMOTION
1.NUTRITION
 TOTAL CALORY—1300-1700kcal
 PROTEIN -30gms
 MID-MORNING AND MID-
AFTERNOON SNACKS IS NEEDED
 TIME OF EATING PROVIDE
CHEERFUL ATMOSPHERE
 PROVIDE
MILK,GHEE,JAGGERY,VEGET-
ABLE,FRUITS,FISH AND SO ON.

62. NUTRITION CONTD…
CONSTITUENTS QUANTITY IN gms
PULSES
GRAINS
MILK
EGG,FISH
SUGAR,JAGGERY
LEAFY VEGETABLE
VEGETABLES
FRUITS
OIL,GHEE
50-60
115-180
450-500ml
35
50
45
40
30
15

63. CARE OF CHILDDURING
HOSPITALIZATION ANDILLNESS
 HELP THE CHI LDREN FEEL SAFE I N
THE STRANGE ENVI RONMENT
 ALLEVI ATE FEAR AND ALLOW
EXPRESSI ON OF FEELI NGS
 MAI NTAI N I DENTI TY AS A PERSON

64. BYE ….SEE
U
NEXTYEARINTHESCHOOL
BYE ….SEE
U
NEXTYEARINTHESCHOOL