2. RENAL AGENESIS
Renal agenesis is a condition in which a
newborn is missing one or both kidneys.
Unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is the
absence of one kidney. Bilateral renal
agenesis (BRA) is the absence of both
kidneys.
3. Bilateral Renal Agenesis is the absence of both kidneys
at birth. It is a genetic disorder characterized by a
failure of the kidneys to develop in a fetus. This
absence of kidneys causes a deficiency of amniotic
fluid (Oligohydramnios) in a pregnant woman.
Normally, the amniotic fluid acts as a cushion for the
developing fetus. When there is an insufficient amount
of this fluid, compression of the fetus may occur
resulting in further malformations of the baby.
4.
5. Renal hypoplasia is defined as a
small kidney, which contains normal nephrons
(qualitative) that are reduced in number
(quantitative). Renal dysplasia is defined as a
small kidney with disorganized and
maldifferentiated tissue (quantitative and
qualitative).
6.
7. Horseshoe kidney occurs in about 1 in 500
children. It occurs during fetal development as
the kidneys move into their normal position.
With horseshoe kidney, as the kidneys of the
fetus rise from the pelvic area, they become
attached (“fuse”) together at the lower end or
base.
8.
9. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an
inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts
develop primarily within your kidneys,
causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose
function over time. Cysts are noncancerous
round sacs containing fluid. The cysts vary
in size, and they can grow very large.
10.
11. Obstructive uropathy is when your urine
can't flow (either partially or completely)
through your ureter, bladder, or urethra due to
some type of obstruction. Instead of flowing
from your kidneys to your bladder, urine flows
backward, or refluxes, into your kidneys.
12. Ureteropelvic Junction Stenosis (UPJ Stenosis)
It is one of the most common benign diseases
causing renal pelvis dilatation. It mosttly occurs
in children and is mainly congenital (from
birth). Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) is the
point where the ureter meets the renal pelvis.
13. Hydronephrosis is the swelling of a kidney
due to a build-up of urine. It happens when
urine cannot drain out from the kidney to
the bladder from a blockage or
obstruction. Hydronephrosis can occur in
one or both kidneys.
14.
15. Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are
obstructive membranes that develop in the
urethra (tube that drains urine from the
bladder), close to the bladder.
The valve can obstruct or block the
outflow of urine through the urethra.
16.
17. Urethral meatal stenosis is
a narrowing (stenosis) of the opening of
the urethra at the external meatus
thus constricting the opening through which
urine leaves the body from the urinary
bladder.
18.
19. Bladder exstrophy is a congenital
abnormality that occurs when the skin over
the lower abdominal wall (bottom part of the
tummy) does not form properly.
The bladder is open and exposed on the
outside of the abdomen.
20.
21. An epispadias is a rare type of
malformation of the penis in which the
urethra ends in an opening on the upper
aspect of the penis. It can also develop in
females when the urethra develops too far
anteriorly.
22.
23. Hypospadias (hi-poe-SPAY-dee-us) is a
birth defect (congenital condition) in
which the opening of the urethra is on
the underside of the penis instead of at
the tip.The urethra is the tube through
which urine drains from your bladder and
exits your body.
24.
25. Phimosis is a condition in which the foreskin
can't be retracted (pulled back) from around
the tip of the penis. A tight foreskin is common
in baby boys who aren't circumcised, but it
usually stops being a problem by the age of
3. Phimosis can occur naturally or be the result
of scarring.
26. Paraphimosis is a condition that only affects
uncircumcised males. It develops when the
foreskin can no longer be pulled forward over
the tip of the penis. This causes the foreskin to
become swollen and stuck, which may slow or
stop the flow of blood to the tip of the penis.
