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- 3. BEGINNINGS Cave Paintings: Outlines of everyday made from the Earth. Egyptian Artists: New colors invented (greens & blues) on Papyrus. Medieval times: Illuminated manuscripts were developed on parchment & vellum. Brushes were made of natural hair. Tempera Paint was used. Renaissance: Fresco was used heavily before the invention of oil & varnishes. Canvas also began being used heavily.
- 4. BEGINNINGS Impressionism / 19th century – saw the introduction of collapsible tube paints and newer colors. Allowed artists to move out of the studio. “en plein air” 20th century – Smooth flat colors. Collage was added.
- 6. Painting Types of paint: 1.Tempera 2.Oil (Oil Pastel) 3.Watercolor 4.Gouache 5.Acrylic 6.Encaustic 7.Casein *BOLD – ones we use!
- 7. Tempera Water based, egg binder, used prior to 1400’s, colors cannot be mixed, narrow range, fast-drying http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/t/tempera.html
- 8. Oil Paint Easily mixed, more permanent, used after 1400, slow-drying, can be used in thin layers called glazes or in thick lumps to make an impasto surface.
- 9. Watercolor (Aquarelle) Most common water-based paint, transparent. White paint is seldom used to lighten paint (water is used ) Light colors are applied first, then dark, working from background to foreground. http://www.artlex. com/ArtLex/wxyz/ watercolor.html
- 10. Gouache Water-based opaque paint, it has more body and dries more slowly than watercolor. Similar to tempera. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/g/gouache.html
- 11. Acrylic Paint Synthetic paint with plastic binder Recent (20th century), versatile, similar to oil but dries faster, not as shiny http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/a/acrylicpaints.html
- 12. Encaustic Ancient process of mixing pigments with wax, and then ironing the mixture to a surface. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/e/encaustic.html
- 13. Casein Painting Uses milk protein as a binder, glue-like consistency Too brittle to be used on canvas. http://www.sinopia.com/casein.html
- 14. Fresco Mixing pigments with plaster (walls, ceilings) Buon “true” Fresco: paint is bound in the wet plaster Fresco secco: paint is applied to dry plaster. http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/f/fresco.html
- 16. Paint Break-down Paint is composed of three materials: o Pigment o Binder o Vehicle (Solvent)
- 17. Pigment Natural or synthetic colored materials finely ground into a powder. Clay, gemstones, minerals, plants, insects http://webexhibits.org/pigments/
- 18. Binder Holds the pigment together and adheres the paint to a surface. Examples include: Egg yolks, linseed oil, wax
- 19. Vehicle (Solvent) Is added to thin or thicken paint, slow or speed up its drying time. Examples include: Water or oil.
- 21. BRUSHES You’ve heard of the bristles, ferrule & handle. Don’t forget the: » Toe » Belly » Heel
- 22. BRUSH FIBERS Natural: Sable Squirrel Hog Camel Ox Pony Goat Synthetic: Nylon White Synthetic Sable
- 23. 8 MAIN (ACRYLIC) BRUSH SHAPES
- 24. BRUSH SHAPE Angular – For precise strokes and for lines & curves. Reach small areas with the toe & fill corners. Bright – For short, controlled strokes. Better for working up close rather than further away from your ground.
- 25. BRUSH SHAPE Fan – Useful for smoothing, blending, & feathering; special effects and textures. Filbert (Oval) – Blending; combination of rounds (details) & flats (over more space).
- 26. BRUSH SHAPE Flat – Use for bold, sweeping strokes or on edge for fine lines. Provides lots of coverage and easy maneuverability. Ideal for Impasto & Varnishing. All media. Round – Sketching, outlining, detailed work, controlled washes, filling in small areas. All media.
- 27. BRUSH SHAPE Pointed Round – Fine detailing & lines, delicate areas, spotting and retouching. All media. Detail Round – Details & short strokes.
- 28. BRUSH SHAPE What about EGBERT? Egbert – Soft, rounded edges, blending, figurative work. Oil and acrylic.
- 29. OTHER SUPPLIES Palette & Painting Knives.
- 31. Painting Surfaces • Canvas • Hardwood Panels • Hardboard Panels • Metals • Plastics • Impermanent Materials • Paper – Acrylic Paper – Watercolor Paper – Other Papers
- 32. Hardwood Panels • Hardwood Panels – Oak – Birch – Mahogany – Walnut PROS: Long lasting CONS: Very heavy & expensive.
- 33. Hardboard Panels • As referred to as Masonite. • Made from a mixture of wood fibers through a heat/pressure process. PROS: Cheap & Durable. CONS: Can bend & warp over time.
- 34. Hardboard Panels • MDF board is a more recent hardboard. • Stands for Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF). PROS: Cheap, Durable & Long-lasting. CONS: Toxic due to the resin used to make it.
- 35. Metal & Plastics PROS: New look; Experimentation. CONS: Needs to be sanded first to give tooth and remove “shiny.” *Must have something to grip to.
- 36. Impermanent Materials • Cardboard • Construction Paper • Tissue Paper • Newsprint. PROS: New look CONS: Not acid-free and will begin to turn yellow and brittle soon. Needs varnish.
- 37. Paper • Acrylic Paper • Watercolor Paper – Artists’ grade – Students’ grade • Bark papers (Homemade) PROS: Durable & Strong. CONS: If not preserved properly then it will not last.
- 38. Canvas • Either linen or cotton. • Fibers glued to a panel or stretched over a frame. • Each fiber contains different textures or weights. PROS: Versatility. CONS: Expensive
- 39. Canvas • Texture = the weave. – Finely woven = smooth – Loosely woven = rough • Weight = thread density. – Higher the weight, the better quality. Linen is the best and most expensive, but will last the longest.
- 40. Canvas • Stretched Canvas • Canvas Rolls • Canvas Panels • Canvas Pads
- 42. Primer / Gesso Primer is a type of “ground.” Primer allows paint to adhere to a surface by making it more absorbent and providing tooth for the paint to grip. Acrylic primer is often called “gesso.” Traditional gesso is made from animal glue & chalk.
- 44. Varnishes Applied as a finish protective coating to a painting. Protects from dust, UV rays, humidity, scuffing and yellowing. Three Main Types: Gloss, Matte, & Satin. Two Different Formulations: Resin & Polymer
Editor's Notes
- Sable: The ultimate soft brush is made from the hairs on the tail of a sable marten; these taper naturally, so when they're put into a brush they form a point. Sable brushes are expensive, but are renowned for their softness, flexibility, and fine point. Squirrel: Cheaper than sable, squirrel is a soft hair with little spring. Larger squirrel brushes work better than smaller ones because the mass of hairs together gives them support. Hog/bristle: The ultimate hard brush is made from the hairs on the back of a pig (hog), which are strong yet springy. The bristles have natural split-ends, which increases the amount of paint they hold. Used for oils and acrylics. Camel: Brushes labeled 'camel' hair are really made from other types of soft hair. Camel hair is unsuitable for brushes because it's too woolly. Ox: Long, strong and springy hair. Pony: Coarse hair that doesn't form a good point. Often used in cheaper brushes Goat: Lacks spring, but forms a good point. Used in calligraphy and Chinese Brush painting. Nylon is a synthetic fiber specially treated to taper toward the tip. The fibers form flat brushes which are very suitable for acrylic painting. However, they are not capable of forming the point required for traditional watercolor painting or for round oil color brushes. Additionally, they don't hold oils in the same manner as bristles. White Synthetic Sable is the industry's answer to quality at an economical price. Synthetic sable brushes are made of high-quality, long-lasting artificial hair. The important difference between these brushes and common straight-line synthetics is that each hair is tapered to come to a point. They are as soft and resilient as natural sable, but at a fraction of the cost.
- Angular – For precise strokes and for lines and curves with thick or heavy color. Watercolor or acrylic Bright – For short, controlled strokes, and with thick or heavy color. Oil or acrylic. Fan – Useful for smoothing and blending, special effects and textures. All media. Filbert (Oval) – Soft rounded edges, the filbert is suitable for blending and figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Egbert – Soft, rounded edges, blending, figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Flat – Use for bold, sweeping strokes or on edge for fine lines. Provides lots of coverage and easy maneuverability. All media. Round – Useful for detail, wash, fills and thin to thick lines. All media. Pointed Round – Fine detailing, fine lines, spotting and retouching. All media. Detail Round – Details & short strokes. Holds more than you might think.
- Angular – For precise strokes and for lines and curves with thick or heavy color. Watercolor or acrylic Bright – For short, controlled strokes, and with thick or heavy color. Oil or acrylic. Fan – Useful for smoothing and blending, special effects and textures. All media. Filbert (Oval) – Soft rounded edges, the filbert is suitable for blending and figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Egbert – Soft, rounded edges, blending, figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Flat – Use for bold, sweeping strokes or on edge for fine lines. Provides lots of coverage and easy maneuverability. All media. Round – Useful for detail, wash, fills and thin to thick lines. All media. Pointed Round – Fine detailing, fine lines, spotting and retouching. All media. Detail Round – Details & short strokes. Holds more than you might think.
- Angular – For precise strokes and for lines and curves with thick or heavy color. Watercolor or acrylic Bright – For short, controlled strokes, and with thick or heavy color. Oil or acrylic. Fan – Useful for smoothing and blending, special effects and textures. All media. Filbert (Oval) – Soft rounded edges, the filbert is suitable for blending and figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Egbert – Soft, rounded edges, blending, figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Flat – Use for bold, sweeping strokes or on edge for fine lines. Provides lots of coverage and easy maneuverability. All media. Round – Useful for detail, wash, fills and thin to thick lines. All media. Pointed Round – Fine detailing, fine lines, spotting and retouching. All media. Detail Round – Details & short strokes. Holds more than you might think.
- Angular – For precise strokes and for lines and curves with thick or heavy color. Watercolor or acrylic Bright – For short, controlled strokes, and with thick or heavy color. Oil or acrylic. Fan – Useful for smoothing and blending, special effects and textures. All media. Filbert (Oval) – Soft rounded edges, the filbert is suitable for blending and figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Egbert – Soft, rounded edges, blending, figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Flat – Use for bold, sweeping strokes or on edge for fine lines. Provides lots of coverage and easy maneuverability. All media. Round – Useful for detail, wash, fills and thin to thick lines. All media. Pointed Round – Fine detailing, fine lines, spotting and retouching. All media. Detail Round – Details & short strokes. Holds more than you might think.
- Angular – For precise strokes and for lines and curves with thick or heavy color. Watercolor or acrylic Bright – For short, controlled strokes, and with thick or heavy color. Oil or acrylic. Fan – Useful for smoothing and blending, special effects and textures. All media. Filbert (Oval) – Soft rounded edges, the filbert is suitable for blending and figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Egbert – Soft, rounded edges, blending, figurative work. Oil and acrylic. Flat – Use for bold, sweeping strokes or on edge for fine lines. Provides lots of coverage and easy maneuverability. All media. Round – Useful for detail, wash, fills and thin to thick lines. All media. Pointed Round – Fine detailing, fine lines, spotting and retouching. All media.
- Stretched Canvas – Canvas wrapped over stretcher bars. Canvas Roll – Save money, used to stretch unusual shapes or very very large. Whole rolls can be expensive . Canvas Panels – Good for beginners. Cheap, compact & lightweight. Not permanent and will degrade over tiem. Canvas Pads – Great for beginners. Might last years, but not remembered. Inexpensive alternative.
- Gloss – Glossy/Shiny Matte – Flat / Not shiny Satin – Semi-gloss. Resin – Better high gloss finish. Polymer – Non-Toxic & can be diluted with water. Easy to cleanup.