2. Methodology means the structural approaches for
doing one or more activities of EIA.
There are some specific characteristic which an EIA
methodology should depict.
These are:-(1)It should be appropriate to the
necessary task of EIA process such as impact
identification/comparison of alternatives.
(2)It should be significantly free from assessors
bias
(3)It should be economical in terms of costs, and its
requirement of data ,investigating time ,
personnel, equipment and facilities.
3. This stage of EIA identifies and
predicts the likely Environmental and
social impact of the proposed project and
evaluates the significance
5. *Public involvement typically
occurs at these points.
It may also occur at any
other stage of the EIA Process
Information from this process
contributes to effective EIA in the future
No EIA
Initial
environmental
examination
EIA required
Approved
Not approved
Redesign
Resubmit
Proposal
identification
*Public involvement
Screening
Scoping
Impact analysis
Mitigation
and impact
management
EIA report
Review
Decision-making
Implementation
and post-EIA
monitoring
6. Impact Identification attempts to answer the
question, “what will happen when a project
enters its operational stage?”
A List of important impacts such as changes in
ambient air quality, changes in water and soil
qualities, noise levels, wildlife habitats, species
diversity, social and cultural systems,
employment levels etc may be prepared.
The important sources of impact like smoke
emission, consumption of water, discharge of
effluents etc are identified.
7. Ad hoc method
Checklists
Matrices
Overlays
Networks
8. Simple method based on subjective environment
impacts on broad aspects.
Ad hoc method is useful when time constraints and
lack of information require that the EIA must rely
exclusively on expert opinion.
It provides minimal guidance for total impact
assessment while suggesting the broad areas of
possible impacts and the general nature of these
possible impacts.
When more scientific methods are available, it is not
recommended.
10. ADVANTAGE
Specialists on a
particular area will
provide guidance.
DISADVANTAGE
It require expert.
Short/long term
impact are merely
examined on guess
basis.
Identification ,
prediction and
interpretation of
impacts are quite
poor
11. Checklist means a listing of potential
Environmental Impacts.
This method is done to assess the nature of the
impacts i.e. its type such as adverse /beneficial
, short term or long term , no effect or
significant impact , reversible or irreversible etc
13. ADVANTAGES
Simple to
understand and
use.
Good for site
selection and
priority setting.
DISADVANTAGES
Do not distinguish
between direct and
indirect impacts.
Do not link action
and impact.
Sometime it is a
cumbersome task.
14. Matrix and its variants provide us a
framework of interaction of different actions
/activities of a project with potential EI caused
by them.
A simple interaction matrix is formed where
project actions are listed along one axis i.e.
vertically and EI are listed along the other side
i.e. horizontally.
It was pioneer by Leopold et al(1971).
It lists about 100 project actions and about 88
environmental characteristic and condition.
17. ADVANTAGES
Link action to
impact
Good method for
displaying EIA
results
DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to
distinguish direct
and indirect
impacts
Significant
potential for
double-counting
of impacts
Qualitative
18. It uses the matrix approach by extending it
take into account primary as well the
secondary impacts.
Shown in the form of tree called as
Relevance/Impact tree/Sequence diagram.
Identification of direct ,indirect /short and long
term environment impact is a crucial and intact
basic step of making Impact tree.
Used to identify cause-effect linkages
Visual description of linkages
20. ADVANTAGES
Link action to
impact
Useful in
simplified form in
checking for
second order
impacts
Handles direct
and indirect
impacts
DISADVANTAGES
Can become
overly complex if
used beyond
simplified version
Qualitative
21. Rely on a set of maps of a project area’s
environmental characteristics covering physical ,
social, ecological, aesthetic aspects.
Separate mapping of critical environmental features
at the same scale as project's site plan
e.g. wetlands, steep slopes, soils, floodplains, bedrock
outcrops, wildlife habitats, vegetative communities, and
cultural resources...
Older Technique: environmental features are
mapped on transparent plastic in different colors.
Newer Technique: Geographic Information Systems
(GIS).
22. ADVANTAGES
Easy to
understand and
use
Good display
method
Good for site
selection setting
DISADVANTAGE
Address only
direct impacts
Do not address
impact duration
or probability
23. A. Biological and Physio -chemical impacts.
B. Social impacts.
C. Health impacts.
D. Economic impacts.
24. It relate to effects on biological resources such
as vegetation ,wildlife , crops and aquatic life.
Interaction with Physical elements like air
,water , soil, rocks and solar radiation.
Chemical impacts like chemical change in air ,
water , soil quality etc.
25. Demographic – Displacement and
relocation effects and changes in
population characteristics.
Cultural – Traditional patterns , family
structure ,religious, archaeological
features , social networks.
Gender – implication of projects on
roles of women in society ,
employment opportunity and equity
Institutional – Housing , schools,
Criminal justice , Health, welfare
26. Examples of health impacts by sector
Communicable
disease
Non
communicable
disease
Nutrition Injury Psychosocial
disorder and
loss of well-
being
Mining Tuberculosis Dust induced
lung disease
Crushing Labour migration
Agriculture Parasitic
infections
Pesticide
poisoning
Loss of
subsistence
Industry Poisoning by
pollutants
Occupational
injury
Disempowerment
Forestry Loss of food
production
Occupational
injury
Dams and
irrigation
schemes
Water borne
diseases
Poisoning by
pollutants
Increased food
production
Drowning Involuntary
displacement
Transportation HIV/Aids Heart disease Traffic injury Noise and
induced stress
Energy Indoor air
pollution
Electromagnetic
radiation
Community
displacement
27. Duration of construction and operation
Workforce requirements for each period
Skill requirements (local availability)
Earning
Raw material and other input purchases
Capital investment
Outputs
The characteristics of the local economy
28. The accumulated knowledge of the findings of
the environmental investigations form the basis
for the prediction of impacts.
Once a potential impact has been determined
during scoping process ,it is necessary to
identify which project activity will cause
impact , and its magnitude and extent.
29. Best estimate professional judgement .
Quantitative mathematical models .
Experiments and physical models .
Case studies as analogues or
references .
31. Its purpose is to assign relative significance to
predicted impacts associated with the projects
and to determine the order in which impacts
are to be avoided , mitigated or compensated
32. Importance of affected resource
Magnitude and extent of disturbance
Duration and frequency
Risk/likelihood of occurrence
Reversibility
Contribution to cumulative impacts
33. 33
Be considered effective if
Information generated in the EIA contributed to
decision making.
Predictions were accurate
Proposed mitigatory and compensatory measure
achieved approved management objectives
Efficiency criteria are satisfied if
EIA decisions are timely relative to economic and
other factors determine project decisions
Costs of conducting EIA can be determined and are
reasonable.
34. The area in which the effects of the proposed
action will occur
The impacts that are expected in that area
from the proposed action
Other past, present, and reasonably
foreseeable actions that have or are expected
to have impacts in the area
The impacts or expected impacts from those
other actions
The overall impact that can be expected if the
individual impacts are allowed to accumulate
37. The above simple techniques of EIA such as
impact identification ,prediction ,evaluation are
used for measuring environment variables and
construction of a number of indices to describe
the changes in environmental inventory.
