The Solar Of Solar Module

The Solar Of Solar Module
Purpose
In the present era where energy demands growing rapidly the solar module is one of the solutions
and a good one. "More energy from the sunlight strikes the Earth in one hour (4.3 × 1020 J) than all
the energy consumed on the planet in a year (4.1 × 1020 J)" therefore solar energy has a bright
future ahead. The first solar cell was invented in 1953 and had efficacy rate of 4 present while
toady's solar cell is 40 present efficient. SolarCity is using the one of the efficient solar panels which
yields 30 to 40 percent more energy than similar size solar module available in the market.
Components
There are many components those makes a solar panel. These components can be defined as
external and internal components. A basic unit of the solar module is a solar cell and many solar
cells create one solar module and more than one solar module creates an array.
External Components
External components are components which are used in the solar module's external body as mention
in the figure below in layers.
Frame
Framing play a very important role in a solar module because it will hold the panels together in
addition, it protect the solar module from many environmental factors for instance wind and rain.
Aluminum is commonly used in the solar module framing because of its unique properties.
Aluminum can be recycle
Aluminum is light in weight and yet gives the similar strength as steel against the wind and other
environmental factors, therefore aluminum frame make
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A Report On The Solar Farm
Executive Summary
A 20GWh per year solar farm has been designed in this assignment. It is located at Yuma city of
Arizona in the United Sates. Yuma city has 313 days of sunshine and it is very good for solar
electricity generation. The solar farm will be installed at a desert region. There are two reasons, 1.
Reducing the environment impact. 2. Lower cost of land acquisition.
The tilt angle of solar panel strongly affects the electricity generation. To finding the annual
maximum power output, three different angles have been calculated. 32.6° is the best angle for solar
electricity generation in Yuma city. Setting at 32.6°, the solar farm can generate 23,983,400kWh per
year from 56,000 solar modules. Furthermore, the solar farm footprint ... Show more content on
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If the lifetime of solar farm is 25 year, the costs can significantly be cut down to US$4.78 cents in
sixteenth–year and US$5.61 cents in twenty–fifth–year.
In order to encourage deployment rate of solar cell, many governments use feed–in tariffs (FITs)
program. Due to high initial investment of solar cell, it can shorten the time to reach the break–even
point. On the other hand, solar farm regulations in Arizona, it is required permits. The schedule of
requiring permits takes 24 to 34 months and 12 kinds of permit are needed. 1. Design a Solar Farm
1–1. Selection of Geographic Location
According to National Climatic Data Center, the sunniest state is Arizona in the United Sates, which
is 193 clear days pre year.(1) Yuma City where in State of Arizona has 313 days of sunshine. This
climatic condition is good for solar power generation. In order to reduce the environment impact, a
desert region is a proper choice. There are two more benefits. The cost of land is much cheaper than
urban area. In addition, there is no any shelter nearby. Nevertheless, solar farms have to be
maintained regularly. If install a solar farm at an isolated location, it will be hard to maintenance. A
location of photovoltaic farm has been chosen as Figure 2. It is situated in a desert region for
decreasing the environment impact and next to a road for maintenance easily. Figure 1. Map of
United States(2) Figure 2. Location of photovoltaic farm(2)

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pv Array
MAIN COMPONENTS
PV ARRAY
An interconnected system of PV modules that function as a single electricity–producing unit. In
smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module. The PV array produces DC electricity. It
flows through wires to the inverter, which converts the DC electricity to AC electricity.
Multiple Solar PV modules can be wired together to form a Solar PV array. Solar PV modules and
arrays produce direct current (DC) electricity. They can be connected in both series and parallel to
produce any required voltage and current combination
SOLAR PV ARRAYS–PHOTOVOLTAICS
Solar PV requires only daylight and it has capable of generating electricity on cloudy days. Solar PV
works equally well in urban or rural locations. It can be installed ... Show more content on
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These types of systems may be powered by a PV array only, or may use wind, an engine–generator
or utility power as an auxiliary power source in what is called a PV–hybrid system. The simplest
type of stand–alone PV system is a direct–coupled system, where the DC output of a PV module or
array is directly connected to a DC load .
Since there is no electrical energy storage in direct–coupled systems, the load only operates during
sunlight hours, making these designs suitable for common applications such as ventilation fans,
water pumps, and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems. Matching the
impedance of the electrical load to the maximum power output of the PV array is a critical part of
designing well–performing direct–coupled system.
For certain loads such as positive–displacement water pumps, a type of electronic DC–DC
converter, called a maximum power point tracker, is used between the array and load to help better
utilize the available array maximum power

Monsters and Men in a Array of Literature
Monster and Men have been around for ample number of years. In addition to this, every
circumstance they have been portrayed in literature of some sort varies from the author to the time
period to the genre. Three indigenous pieces that differ from each other are obscure from the:
Macbeth, Beowulf, and Frankenstein. All three writers published each for separate purposes.
William Shakespeare Constructed Macbeth for the king and was hinting advice toward the king. In
reflection, the epic poem of Beowulf is not similar to Frankenstein in anyway. However all of these
pieces of literature have an allusion to monsters and men. In stating this monsters and men are not
universal throughout the genres of tragedy, epic poem, and romanticism novel.
The play of Macbeth was written at consent of the king of England. This play symbolizes a leader
who had once been everyone's prize to garbage. Lady Macbeth was portrayed as the parasite of the
monster qualities later found in Macbeth. After the execution of the fellow king the conscience of a
monster was unveiled. Then resulting in uncontrollable action of bloody killings and corruption
arise in redemption of keeping the throne as a king. However, fate was against him as the men of the
forest arrive to the castle of Dunsinane. This produces a skewed definition of what monsters and
men are in a tragic play in comparison to a novel or poem.
Macbeth could have been once characterized as a hero and a man. But the alter caused the

Application Of Field Programmable Gate Array
Proc. of the Second Intl. Conf. on Advances in Computer, Electronics and Electrical Engineering ––
CEEE 2013 Copyright © Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978–981–07–6260–5 doi:10.3850/ 978–981–07–6260–5_25
"FPGA BASED SINGLE PHASE MULTILEVEL INVERTER"
Ms. Anuja Murar Nazare
Student M Tech (Digital Systems )
Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,
Rajaramnagar–415416
Email ID:anu.333.me@gmail.com
Abstract–
The application of Field programmable Gate Array(FPGA) in the development of electronics circuit
control scheme has drawn much attention lately due to its shorter design cycle, lower cost and
higher density. This paper presents an FPGA based gate signal generator for single phase multilevel
inverter employing an sinusoidal PWM switching strategy to control its output voltage. The
XILINX FPGA based single phase multilevel PWM inverter was constructed by adding a bi–
directional switches to the conventional bridge topology. The inverter can produce three and five
different output voltage levels across the load. FPGA is chosen for the hardware implementation of
switching strategy mainly due to its high computation speed that can ensure the accuracy of the
instants that gating signals are generated. VHDL language is used
to model the inverter switching strategies The PWM pulses was downloaded in
FPGA(XC3S400PQ208) from Spartan 3. In addition to FPGA, Xilinx/modelsim software was used
for simulation and verification of the proposed

The Solar Panel Market Today, Panels Vs Roofing Shingles
THE SOLAR PANEL MARKET TODAY, PANELS VS ROOFING SHINGLES By: Amanda
Meredith EPCT 1311 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE In today's market
roofing shingles are sold by the bundle and it takes three bundles to make a square. There are several
different brands of shingles including strip asphalt, dimensional asphalt, and premium asphalt. Three
tab or strip shingles are expected to look like slate and are usually single layered, they are also the
lightest weight shingle and carry the least warranty. Dimensional asphalt shingles are usually multi
layered with a thicker and richer appearance to give a multi– dimensional look. As opposed to strip
shingles, dimensional shingles are usually heavier and carry a better warranty, the ... Show more
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Depending on where you live will depend on what type of roofing underlayment you will need to
use. Roofing felt is around $ 16 a roll and covers approximately 216 square foot per roll, there is
also ice and water shield underlayment that is around $144 a roll and covers approximately 225
square foot per roll. You will also need nails, drip edge, ridge cap and someone to install your new
roof. Depending on the quality of shingles that you have chosen to use to put a new roof on your
home. You could be spending anywhere from around $4.50–7.50 a square foot. That means that a
new roof could cost you anywhere from $ 18,000–29,000. The average life expectancy of a 3 tab
shingle roof is about 15–18 years. Dimensional and premium shingles have a life expectancy of
about 24–30 years. Here are a few factors that will also help determine the life expectancy of a
shingle roof. The color of your shingles will help determine the life expectancy of your roof the
darker the color the more heat your shingles absorb shortening the life expectancy. The angle or
pitch of your roof will help determine the life expectancy of your shingles the higher the pitch the
better the life expectancy of your shingles. If you have one or more layers of shingles, the quality of
the product, the quality of the installation and attic ventilation will also help determine the life
expectancy of your roof. Trees near your home with branches rubbing on the roof and leafs being
collected

An Array Of Patterns Of Nonrandom Mating
Species that mate assortatively choose their mate according to their own phenotypic characteristics
(Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). It is a term used to describe an array of patterns of nonrandom
mating (Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). It encompasses a correlation, which can be positive or
negative, between the male and female phenotypes, similarities or dissimilarities, respectively (Ng
& Williams, 2014). Assortative mating has several impacts on the evolution of a species or
population. When it is positive it can increase homozygous characteristics, thus decreasing the less
favorable intermediate phenotypes and going more towards the phenotypes that increase fitness and
survival but can also work to keep the species/population phenotypically the same when it is
thriving (Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). It also increases speciation, especially sympatric speciation
(Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). By comparison, negative assortative mating can increase
heterozygous characteristics, this is favorable to create a stabilizing evolution for the species
(Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). Species can choose the way they mate, depending on what is best for
the species, and there can be a mixture of the species for the intermediate phenotypes versus the
extreme phenotypes (Ng & Williams, 2014). In each of the three studies the species (the convict
cichlid fish (Amatitlania siquia), bridge spider (Larinioides sclopetarius), and dioecious mangrove
snail (Littoraria ardouiniana))

New Arrays Of Consumption Increases
As the need for new arrays of consumption increases, so do manufacturers make efforts to
understand purchaser behavior, with a more nuanced understanding beginning to appear based on
shared insights from an enormous number of disciplines – including psychology, sociology,
marketing, economics, neuroscience and evolutionary biology to name but a few. The idea of
understanding consumer behavior as a sequential decision–making process is common in marketing
(Kotler, 2010). The decision process itself is presented as a logical flow of activities, working from
problem recognition to purchase and then to post–purchase evaluation. This decision–making
process is affected by some more sophisticated influences. Some of these influences relay on the ...
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Leading markets for the Auto Mobil include the USA that held a 60% share global wise as Norway
coming second with 9.4% and the countries; China, the Netherlands–Denmark, Germany and
Switzerland taking the remaining market share (Jeff, 2016). Historically, this car became the second
best–selling after the Nissan Leaf.
From its introduction to the market, it has won awards including The Motor Trend car of the Year
2013, The 2013 World Green Car of the Year, The Automobile Magazines 2013 Car of the Year; The
Consumers report top scoring car ever and The Time Magazine best 25 Innovations of the Year 2012
award. The car and Driver named the Model as the car of the century (Don, 2015). Although the
year 2016 saw the Tesla Company completely update the design of the Model S, the previous design
had performed exemplary well (Cobb, 2016). In this report, I will elaborate the parts and structure
that influenced customers to acquire this model and will also develop the Tesla's company selection
of the target market, the determinants of the Model S positioning and the conclusion and
recommendation. Influences on Consumers
Understanding the behavioral responses of customers to the actions of a company is an on–going
need for businesses and organizations providing goods and services within a competitive
environment (CSSP, 2007). Consumers' choice behavior has significant prevailing conditions that
must be taken into account while one is

The Degradation Of Solar Cell
Solar Cell Degradation in Space Abstract:
This paper will present the degradation of solar cell performance when exposed to solar wind in
space, particularly in the Van Allen belt region. Also, solar cell theory is mathematically modeled
and described using Matlab simulation software accompanied by the SRIM software to generate the
targeting data. Follow with the degradation modeling of Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge triple–junction space
solar cells when are exposed to high energy charged particles, especially protons and electrons in the
Mega–electron–Volt range. In this model, carrier removal rate of the base layer and damage
coefficient of minority carrier diffusion length in each sub–cell are considered as radiation
degradation parameters. In addition, this paper will present the status of high radiation–resistant
solar cells made from Si, InGaP/GaAs/Ge for space application to guarantee the successful
operation of the satellite.
Acknowledgement:
This Project had been smoothly carried out and implemented at the California State University of
Long Beach. Initially, I would like to thank to Dr. Chu Chow Long for his supervision and support
for this research project.
List of the Figure:
Figure 1: Standard Solar Spectra
Figure 2: Cross–section of the typical solar cell.
Figure 3: Plot of I_sc and V_oc and the power for 100 〖cm〗^2 cell area.
Figure 4: Solar photon effect
Figure 5: A solar panel array of the International Space Station
Figure 6: High

Solar Energy: How Solar Panels Work
In the Valley of the Sun, where cloudy days are few and far between, one would think rooftop solar
is a great way to reduce or eliminate your utility bill. This paper will focus on three aspects of
deploying rooftop solar: cost, efficiency, and permitting. For those thinking of pulling the trigger on
this popular energy saving option please read on. Rooftop solar is comprised of solar panels, an
inverter, and a meter connection to the electric grid. Solar panels are made from different types of
silicon that produce direct current when exposed to sunlight. The direct current from solar panels is
routed via metallic wires into an inverter which converts direct current to alternating current, also
known as DC to AC conversion (Solarworld, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Remember though, in order to be funded in any leasing option, you have to meet all the financial
criteria, have a great credit score, put down a deposit and usually a sizable regular income. This is
something that the majority of the working middle and lower class may not be able to qualify for on
a regular basis. Next, you must look into the local utility rebates along with federal and state tax
credits. Utility companies across the United States are being mandated to reduce their carbon
footprint by 2025 (EPA, 2013). All this may sound good and be a momentum changer for the green
power industries but do not be fooled into believing utility companies are not looking at ways to
gain back any lost revenue. Utility companies accomplish this by changing their rate structure per
kilowatt hour, adding fees to maintain the wires and passing on additional infrastructure costs. In
Phoenix, Arizona, local utility company, Arizona Public Service, offers no rebate for putting rooftop
solar on your home (Azsolarcenter, 2014). The State of Arizona does provide a $1,000 break while
the Federal government honors a 30% onetime deduction (Arizonagoessolar, 2010). Add this up to
the average cost of $17,056 as mentioned earlier and you have a dismal $6,116.80 savings, leaving
you still with $10,939.20 to absorb.

Atacama Large Millimetre Array
The Atacama Large Millimetre Array
What is the ALMA? The Atacama Large Millimetre Array is the largest radio telescope system in
the world, imaging space at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths. The ALMA is equipped with
fifty 12–m antennas and sixteen 7–m antennas, along with advanced receivers that can be adjusted
up to frequencies of 1 Thz to meet any atmospheric or imaging requirements. In addition, the ALMA
is located in the Chajnantor plateau of the Atacama desert within Chile, at an altitude of over
5000m. This is because a location with dry, and thin air is crucial in order to reduce atmospheric
interference and for the telescopes to produce high–quality images.
When, why and by whom was it originally developed? The ALMA was an international
collaboration between the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern
Hemisphere (ESO), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Institutes of
Natural Sciences of Japan (NINS), all with the cooperation of the government of Chile. Smaller
parts of the telescopes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this, the ALMA is used to observe very distant objects in order to determine the origins
of the solar system. Some examples of the research that the ALMA has been used to conduct include
the imaging of gas clouds forming into planets and stars, as well as the imaging of distant galaxies
near the edge of the observable universe, which appears to us as it did 10 billion years ago. Some
discoveries made by the ALMA include the finding of methyl cyanide in a gas cloud, which contain
the nitrogen atom that is vital in order to make the building blocks of life; and the discovery of giant
previously unseen carbon monoxide clouds between galaxies, which are a reservoir for the birth of
more stars in the

MATLAB Essay
MATLAB stand for Matrix Laboratory, developed by MathWorks. First version of MATLAB was
written by Dr. Cleve Moler in 1970s. MATLAB provide easy access to matrix software developed
by the LINPACK (linear system package) and EISPACK (Eigen system package) projects.
MATLAB is used in areas of applied mathematics, education, research and in the industry.
For technical computing MATLAB is a high–performance language. MATLAB provides easy–to–
use environment for integrates computation, visualization, and programming where issues and
solutions are given in familiar mathematical notation. Main applications include
Math and computation
Algorithm development
Data acquisition
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides solution to many computing issues, especially those with matrix and vector formulations.
It takes less time than non–interactive language such as C or Fortran [69].
MATLAB have optional toolboxes that are collections of specialized programs designed to solve
specific types of problems. Toolboxes are collections of MATLAB functions (M–files) that extend
the MATLAB environment to solve problems. MATLAB have many toolboxes such as digital signal
processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others
[70].
7.2 Features of MATLAB
MATLAB provides advance algorithms for high–performance numerical computations.
It has a wide collection of predefine mathematical functions and the ability to define one's own
functions.
It have feature of 2–D and 3–D graphics for plotting and displaying data.
It provides online help option.
It gives powerful, matrix/vector oriented, high–level programming language for particular
applications.
MATLAB have capability to cooperate with programs written in other languages and for importing
and exporting formatted

Office Of Selling And Installing Solar Power Panels
In every summer season, many people in sunny areas complain about their electricity bill, and how
surprisingly high it gets. It is because the heat that comes from the sun light, and in result of, the air
conditioning that gets used more often. In the summer season, the stability in one's financial status
may get interrupted. People have always wanted to come up with new, alternative, cheaper, and a
green way to generate power, and they have. Scientists have invented the solar power panels that
generate electric power using only the sun light. This new technology targets high–middle to high
class home–owners. ABCO Solar Company here in Tucson, Arizona provides the service of selling
and installing solar power panels. In ABCO's website, one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It actually tells the audience that they are able to learn about this new technology. By clicking on
that statements, the audience gets taken to a page that is full of plenty, well–organized information
and common questions about solar panels, which shows an absolute hospitality, and also shows a
high level of confidence about the quality of the products and services. The second statement is even
more effective, and also takes the audience's trust to the next level. It tempts the audience by using
the word "own" not only once, but twice. Owning something is an instinctive logical character in the
human being's mental structure. This character gets motivated when one reads such sentence, which
raises the possibility of reaching the purpose. The word "join" affects the audience too. The action of
joining is considered "cool" to most of people. Actually, most people like to join other people and
share something that they have in common. When the audience read such statement, they feel the
desire of owning solar panels, and also be a part of the "solar revolution". ABCO's homepage
effectively continues to convince the audience to buy their products, and shifts to the logical appeal
by communicating with their sense of logic using extraordinary statistics. In the homepage, there is
an option that says "Statistics", and another one that says "Get a Free Estimate" (ABCO). When one
of the audience clicks on the statistics link, it shows a verity of tables and charts

Practice Problems: Array Paper
ARRAYS 5–5 Practice Problems, Module 5, Chapter 9 5–5 Practice Problems: Arrays Using the
scenario below, answer the following questions: You are preparing for the Boston Marathon. In
order to prepare, you need to train for 10 weeks, running an increasing number of miles per week,
starting at running at least 2 miles your first week up to 26 miles by week 10. 1.) Initialize the array
with the appropriate number of values. ? (Reference: array tutorial, & Pg. 558 of Text Book) int []
Miles = {0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26}; 2.) What is the value in the array element when the index
contains 2? (Reference: array tutorial) Since the array index always starts with zero, [2] = 5. 0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 0 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Reference: Pg. 559 of Text Book) Since int [] Miles = {0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26}; The List
Length = 10. 0 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.) Calculate the sum of the total miles
you spent running over the 10 weeks. Calculate the average number of miles you ran. (Reference:
Pg. 560, Example 9–3 of Text Book) import java.util.*; public class Total_Miles { public static void
main(String[] args) { int[] miles = new int[] {0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26}; double avg = 0; int
sum = 0; for (int index = 0; index < miles.length; index++) sum = sum + miles[index]; avg = sum /
miles.length; System.out.println("Total miles = " +

Energy As An Source Of Energy For Electricity Essay
What is the idea –Solar Energy as an alternate source of energy for electricity. Why is this important
idea –– There are many reasons why l think the installation of solar power should be considered as
an alternating source of power in our homes: 1. We must be concerned about the environmental
effect and reliance on fossil fuels (Since United State has 67% of its source of power from fossil
fuels). 2. We should improve the value of our property by investing in solar panels. 3. We would like
to be less dependent on big business supplying our energy needs. To whom is it important––
especially industries, people living mostly in the rural and urban areas get affected by shortage of
electricity The installation of the solar panels is not difficult to develop. Solar electricity, is
generated when electrons are freed by the interaction of sunlight with the semiconductor materials in
the solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, and are then captured in an electronic current. This DC current is
then carried through an inverter that converts the current into 120C AC power (which is the current
used by American appliances. The current conversion will be different in other countries). The AC
power then travels via a disconnect switch (for safety) to your fuse box and your appliances or into
the main electricity grid if your panels are producing more electricity than you are using at the time.
A solar power system consists of panels, an inverter, a disconnect switch, wiring, and an

The Benefits Of Solar Panels
In the world today, we have found that we are using up a great deal of our energy resources such as
oil and coal. It has also become evident that our alternate sources like natural gas are not suitable
considering the safety hazards involved with them. With these ideas being considered, many people
are opting to use renewable green energy resources. Green energy, although still controversial, is
quickly becoming the new trend. Plus there are many options available to those who decide to go
green, whether they use green roofs, high–efficiency lighting and windows, or even solar panels.
One by one people are becoming aware that the benefits of these resources far outweigh its cons
especially when it comes to solar panels and films. In order to understand the benefits of solar
panels, we must first comprehend what exactly they are as well as how they work. For those who are
not familiar with solar panels, solar panels are "forms of active solar power [which] harvest sunlight
and actively convert it to electricity" (Cooler Planet 1). As for how they work, that becomes a bit
more complex. In the article "How Much Could you save with Solar Panels," Cooler Planet explains
the inner workings of solar panels by stating that:
"Solar panels are made up of multiple individual solar cells, which act as large semi–conductors and
utilize large–area p–n junction diodes. When the solar cells are exposed to sunlight, the p–n junction
diodes convert the energy from sunlight into usable

Solar Power : The Benefits Of Solar Energy
Solar power is among the very best environmental choices within the energy sector that is accessible
to everyone. This source of energy will be in existence for as long as the earth exists. However, you
must determine if it's not fiscally unwise to spend money on this alternative power source resource.
These suggestions can help you in your journey to utilizing solar power.
Routine care helps to ensure that the solar–powered add–ons work correctly. The panel surfaces
have to be cleaned, and all equipment needs to be inspected. You save more if you are doing this by
yourself, although you may want an expert to do it.
You are in need of a trusted way of keeping energy that is generated from your solar power program.
Purchase a battery that'll allow you to promote the energy back to the power system, or to power
your house during the evenings.
Think over your financial plan carefully prior to starting to consider purchasing solar panels.
According to where you are, a solar power setup might cost a great deal, to be worth the energy
savings that are available, do your calculations prior to spending any money. Without attentive
evaluation of the amounts, you will be setting up your–self for a jolt in the future that is truly awful.
Check the inverter regularly, in the days and weeks following your solar panel system installation.
Find a green–light (or confirmation). When it is blinking or off, you need to phone your solar power
business. Many owners are not proficient enough

Cis170 Final Exam Guide
.
MC
1.
(TCO 13) Text files are what type of file?
4
Points :
Sequential Random access Binary Consecutive
Instructor Explanation:
Lecture / Chapter 13
Edit 3. MC 1.
Delete
(TCO 13) To create an input file object, what kind of type would you use?
4
Points :
ifstream ofstream fstream instream
Lecture / Chapter 13.1 Introduction
Edit 4. MC 1.
Delete
(TCO 13) To create an output file object, what kind of type would you use?
4
Points :

ifstream ofstream fstream instream
Lecture / Chapter 13.1 Introduction
Edit 5. MC 1.
Delete
(TCO 13) The header file that defines the classes for processing and manipulating files is called the
_____.
4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
13. 14. MC 3.
Delete
(TCO 13) When a file is opened in the append mode, the file pointer is positioned _____.
4
Points :
at the end of the file at the beginning of the file in the middle of the file after the file header
Edit 15. MC 3.
Delete
(TCO 13) The function used to determine whether an entire sequential access file has been read is
called _____.
4
Points :
close() function eof() function open() function None of the above
Edit
Delete
16.

MC
3.
(TCO 13) When a file is opened in output mode, the file pointer is positioned _____.
4
Points :
at the end of the file at the beginning of the file in the middle of the file after the file header
Edit 17. MC 3.
Delete
(TCO 13) Which class is used to read data from a text file?
4
Points :
ifstream readstream readme None of the above
13.2.2 Reading data from a file
Edit 18. 19. 20. MC 4.
Delete
(TCO 13) Which of the following functions should be used to determine if a file was successfully
opened?
4
Points :
is_active is_open is_closed is_ready
Instructor

An Overview Of Maximum Power Point Tracking
MPPT: An overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking
Only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation converts into electrical energy by solar panel.
For improve the efficiency of the solar panel Maximum power point tracking technique is used,
which track the maximum power of solar panel.
The Maximum Power Point Tracking works on the impedance matching theory.
When the Thevenin impedance of the circuit (source impedance) matches with the load impedance
maximum power output of a circuit is obtain. this is according to maximum power transfer theorem.
Boost converter is connected to a solar panel in source side which is used in order to enhance the
output voltage that can be used for different applications.
Source impedance and load impedance can match by appropriately changing the duty cycle of the
boost converter.
Different MPPT techniques:
Few of the most popular techniques used to track the maximum power point is as below:
1) Perturb and Observe (hill climbing method) 2) Incremental Conductance method
3) Fractional short circuit current
4) Fractional open circuit voltage
5) Neural networks
6) Fuzzy logic
1.Perturb & Observe:
In Perturb & obserbe (P&O) only one sensor is used that is voltage sensor which is used to sense the
PV array voltage.
The cost of this method is less and it is easy to implement. Time taken by this method is very less.
On the reaching to the MPP it doesn't stop at MPP and keeps on perturbing on the both the
directions.
Rapid change of

Analysis Of Polymeric Counter Electrode
Abstract In this communications, PEDOT: PPS electrode is employed as a counter electrode in a
dye–sensitized solar cell for low–cost photosensor applications. TiO2 nanomaterial is used as
photoanode. The structure of the PEDOT: PPS film was investigated by atomic force microscope.
This DSSC behaves like Schottky diode at the dark condition. The photovoltaic behavior was
studied in the light intensity range 5 – 130 mW/cm–2. This cell has a stable fill factor of about 0.5
for all the studied illumination intensity range. The linear photo–response of the current suggests
that new designed DSSC with the polymeric counter electrode is a promising device for the low–
cost photosensor. The cell shows capacitance inversion from positive to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, it has hole transporting characteristics and shows good conductivities of up to 1000 S/cm
[10,11]. Emanuela Tamburri et al. [12] could determine the best experimental conditions to enhance
the redox performance of PEDOT: PSS films as the counter electrode in the DSSC. Sung Yeon Heo
et al. [13] demonstrated that 3D PEDOT: PSS films could be an as efficient Pt–free catalyst in
DSSC. Capacitance–voltage (C–V) characterization is a non–destructive technique which
determines the charge distribution and identifies the presence of interface states in semiconductors
when the applied biasing voltage participates in the carrier capture and emission at interface traps
[14,15]. Such traps are charged leading to the production of a dipole layer at the interface. Small
modulation in the AC bias will change the barrier height, and the position of the Fermi level will
shift relative to its equilibrium position. Thus, the characteristics of the device will be changed
[15,16]. In our study, a nanocrystalline PEDOT: PSS polymeric counter electrode was used instead
of the Pt counter electrode to reduce the cost of the DSSC. We present a detailed study of the
photovoltaic response as current–voltage (I–V) and C–V characterization of the DSSC based on
PEDOT: PSS. The conduction mechanism and the negative capacitance of the studied cell are
analyzed in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Arrays
What is meant by array? An antenna is a system of similar antennas oriented similarly to get greater
directivity in a desired direction.
2. What is meant by uniform linear array.? An array is linear when the elements of the array
arespaced equally along the straight line. If the elements arefed with currents of equal magnitude
and having a uniform Progressive phase shift along the line, then it is calleduniform linear array .
3. What are the types of array?
a. Broad side array.
b. End fire array
c. Collinear array.
d. Parasitic array.
4. What is Broad side array? Broad side array is defined as an arrangement inwhich the principal
direction of radiation is perpendicularto the array axis and also the plane containing ... Show more
Tapering is done fromcenter to end.
19.What is a binomial array? It is an array in which the amplitudes of theantenna elements in the
array are arranged according to thecoefficients of the binomial series.
20.What are the advantages of binomial array? Advantage:
No minor lobes
Disadvantages:
Increased beam width
Maintaining the large ratio of current amplitude in large arrays is difficult
21. What is the difference between isotropic and nonisotropicsource
Isotropic source radiates energy in alldirections but non–isotropic source radiates energy only in
some desired direction.
Isotropic source is not physically realizablebut non–isotropic source is physically realizable.
22.Define Side Lobe Ratio Side Lobe Ratio is defined as the ratio ofpower density in the principal

or main lobe to the powerdensity of the longest minor lobe.
23. List the arrays used for array tapering
Binomial Array:Tapering follows thecoefficient of binomial

College Is The Third Greenest College Of America By...
Oberlin college is ranked as the 4th greenest college in America by popularmechanics.com, and it
makes sense. It incorporates sustainability into its curriculum, but it also uses brand new
technologies, such as solar panels and electric cars. Campuses that are more sustainable seem to
have two main characteristics. The first is they are often in more rural settings, and usually use this
setting to their advantage, by having big farms and creating nature reserves. The second is that they
invest in more environmentally friendly technology before other colleges. Most colleges in the
United States are attempting to become more sustainable, but many are taking the wrong approach
to doing so. For example, USC is making efforts towards becoming more sustainable, and while
some of these efforts are valid, many merely appear to be so that USC market itself as more
sustainable. Colleges that put an emphasis on using new, more sustainable technologies tend to be
more sustainable than those that simply try to spread the ideas of sustainability. While creating an
environmentally conscious student body is important, it may not be achievable everywhere.
Right now, the most sustainable schools are in rural environments. This becomes quite evident by
looking at popularmechanics.com's top 10 most sustainable schools ranking; almost all of the
colleges on this list have many acres of campus, located in the outskirts of a small town or city.
Many of these college have sustainability classes

Portability Of The Electrical Hardware Housing Structure...
Portability
Many properties of our prototype contributed to its portability. The electrical hardware housing
structure for our prototype measured in at 7.375" x 6.375" x 5.000", which allowed for a small yet
fully functional device. These relatively small dimensions allowed us to easily transport our
prototype without concern of having to make accommodations for its size. Our prototype was
composed of simple PVC plastic sheets. We cut these sheets to the desired dimensions and attached
them using bent aluminum sheet metal. We used 6–32 threaded nuts and bolts to fasten the metal
angle brackets to the PVC sheets. This combination of materials and fasteners used to create the
housing structure for our electrical components made for a strong, yet lightweight prototype. This
strength allowed for our structure to be free standing and added a component of durability without
adding to the size or weight significantly. Also, this housing structure contained all of our wires and
components meaning that there were no extraneous pieces protruding from the structure. This
uniform structure kept components from getting snagged by outside materials during transport. By
producing the prototype from these materials at the given dimensions, we were able to create a
prototype structure that displayed durability, strength, and functionality while remaining quite
portable.
Temperature Measurements
Ambient temperature was measured (and reported by Bluetooth) by the use of an analog temperature

Hurricanes And Climate Disaster Events
1. Summary
Hurricanes and climate disaster events caused losses exceeding $110 billion in damages and 377
deaths across the United States, in the year 2012. This makes the year 2012 the second costliest on
record, after the year 2005 which witnessed $160 billion losses due to hurricanes, including
hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Sandy was the major driver of substantial damage costs in the year
2012 (approximately $65 billion). During the 1980–2005 period, the United States sustained over
$500 billion in overall inflation adjusted damages/costs due to extreme climate events. The analysis
of available data shows a significantly increasing trend in billion–dollar disasters. The economic
impact of hurricanes is huge and there is a need to improve the resiliency and the sustainability of
the built environment under extreme wind events, to protect our citizens and to reduce the massive
economic losses brought by hurricanes. The purpose of this project is to significantly reduce
devastating hurricane effects on infrastructure by implementing solutions to provide strategic
guidance on the aerodynamic mitigation of buildings, to help lessen roof suctions, a major source of
economic losses and community disruption. In addition, solar panels arranged aerodynamically to
reduce both roof suction and panel's loads will be investigated, in an attempt to create safer and
greener buildings, as well as to meet stringent wind requirements.
Evidence of the need for Ph.D. student involvement: The

The Connection Of Solar Module And Sensor Parameter
3.7.2 Proteus Simulation
Figure 3.6 shows the connection of solar module and sensor parameter. The temperature of the solar
sense by temperature sensor LM35. The temperature of the solar can also be used with humidity
sensor which it can sense the both humidity and temperature of solar surrounding. The LDR act as
an irradiance meter to detect the light intensity from the solar panel. However, the irradiance meter
is impossible to perform in this project because of its higher cost. The variable resistor act as voltage
sensor in order to monitor solar power energy.
Figure 3.6: The connection of solar module and sensor.
The coding of the Proteus simulation can be done by using Arduino software shown in figure 3.7.
The purpose of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The channel can be named based on the system that need to be monitor. The field is a parameter that
need to be monitor. Each of channel consist up to 8 fields. Figure 3.13 shows that the channel of
solar monitoring system and figure 3.14 shows that the purposed graph of the solar performance.
Figure 3.13: Channel of Solar Monitoring System.
Figure 3.14: Purpose graph of the solar performance.
Figure 3.15 shows that the API key number that need to be program together with the main program
of the component in the Arduino microcontroller. This API key enable to write data to a channel or
to read data from private channel.
Figure 3.15: The API key number
3.8 Hardware Testing
3.8.1 Interfacing of Temperature Sensor LM35 and Displaying Output on 16x2 LCD with Arduino.
This section shows the interfacing of temperature sensor, humidity sensor and displaying output on
16x2 LCD with Arduino. In this project, the LM35 sensor are used to sense solar temperature and
DHT11 are used to sense the humidity of solar panel. This sensor are basic and very popular
sensors. The reason for using this sensors are because it is very affordable and has very minimal

connection. It is also give output directly and degree centigrade. In this project, it will display the
temperature and humidity reading from LM35 and DHT11on the LCD screen. LM35 is an analog
sensor. From the datasheet shows that LM35

Photographic Array: The Sixth Amendment
A photographic array is best defined as a grouping of photographs of people of similar appearance,
including the suspect (Wasberg, 2009). The witness then must choose which individual they suspect
to be the culprit of the crime. Using their memory, the witness must attempt to determine who they
saw. That being said, these individuals are not simply guessing who committed the crime. When
using a photographic array, individual rights are frequently questioned.
Many believe that photographic arrays should include the defendant's legal counsel. However, some
do not believe it is necessary. The Sixth Amendment, as interpreted by the court, states that an
arrestee or defendant has no Sixth Amendment right to counsel at a photographic array (Ingram,

The Solar And Integrated Photovoltaic Panels That Generate...
One of the most innovative and interesting ideas in renewable energy to hit the streets in recent
years, happens to actually be the streets! I'm talking about roadways with integrated photovoltaic
panels that generate electricity! The basic concept of this technology is actually quite interesting.
With over 2.5 million miles of paved roadway throughout the United States alone, even covering a
fraction of those roadway surfaces with solar panels could generate enormous amounts of clean
energy. There are currently two different approaches to the solar panel roadway concept, both of
which are currently in the Research and Development stages with prototypes already deployed.
First, a company aptly named "Solar Roadways" here in the United States, founded by Scott
Brusaw, a US Marine Veteran turned Electrical Engineer and his wife. Their concept replaces
traditional paved roads with 4 square foot hexagonal arrays. Each interlocking panel is individually
replaceable, removing just four retaining bolts and a single electrical/data connection. The Solar
Roadways design requires a sophisticated sub–surface road bed with steel support columns and
poured concrete with one side designated to channel water runoff and provide drainage. The other
side, large enough to support underground telecommunication lines, electric power lines, DC–AC
converters, roadway panel wiring and still allow for a man to fit inside to perform required
servicing. These panels incorporate photovoltaic cells, a

Case Analysis : Carlson Company
Case Study 3: Carlson Companies
William Garnett
Dr. Roy Fume
CIS505: Communication Technologies
August 13, 2015
Carlson Companies, a private company known for its existence in marketing, business, leisure
travel, and the hospitality industries, has over 180,000 employees across the United States. Carlson
Shared Services, the Information Technology (IT) division, provides services to its internal clients
and thus must support a wide range of applications and services. In 2002, the IT division decided to
implement a storage area network (SAN) that in turn would meet the six (6) goals established in
order to meet the needs of a growing company.
Carlson SAN Approach
The Carlson SAN approach in today's environment can be assessed by the preparation, impact and
benefits obtained by Carlson in using such an approach. Carlson established six (6) essential goals
reliant on data and applications that would ensure the IT services provided continued to meet the
needs of a growing company. In order to meet those goals, implementing a storage area network
(SAN) that "provided a reliable, highly scalable facility to accommodate the increasing demand of
its users" (Stallings, 2009) was vital in the potential success. In terms of the positive impact on the
business and advantages associated with this approach, Carlson was able to enjoy the lowered cost
Ethernet switches, which requires lower–cost management and maintenance as opposed to the Fiber
Channel switches used in the

CRISPR Array
Origin and Development of CRISPR–Cas9 System
CRISPR loci are first identified in archaea and bacteria when they systematically drew attention
from scientists with their biological function to fight phages and viruses (Hsu, Lander, Zhang,
2014). Structurally, a clustered set of Cas (CRISPR–associated) genes and a unique CRISPR array
constitute the CRISPR loci. The CRISPR array was further comprised of short repetitive sequence
interspaced by distinctive sequences (spacers) in correspondence with exogenous genetic bits
(protospacer). The natural CRISPR systems in bacteria and archaea carried out their adaptive
antiviral immunity by following a three–step mechanism, namely acquisition of spacers, crRNA
biogenesis, and interference (Wright, Nuñez, Doudna, 2016).
The infection by undocumented DNA starts the acquisition of viral DNA. Upon the detection of the
invasion of bacteriophages, bacteria defend themselves in a timely fashion by inserting bits of viral
DNA, the protospacer, into their chromosome at the end of CRISPR locus (Wright, Nuñez, Doudna,
2016). To maintain the structure of CRISPR array, bacteria initiate the replication of a repetitive
DNA sequence, the repeat (Barrangou et al., 2007).
Next, crRNA biogenesis takes place in two stages. First, the CRISPR array and the Cas gene are
transcribed respectively into a single pre–crRNA and Cas proteins. In this process, different types of
CRISPR systems are unique in their Cas proteins they encode. Specifically, type II

Essay about Chapter 6 solutions
Programming Logic and Design, 6e Solutions 6–1 Programming Logic and Design, 6th Edition
Chapter 6 Exercises 1. a. Design the logic for a program that allows a user to enter 10 numbers, then
displays them in the reverse order of their entry. Answer: A sample solution follows Flowchart:
Pseudocode: start Declarations num index num SIZE = 10 num numbers[SIZE] = 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
getReady() Programming Logic and Design, 6e Solutions 6–2 while index < SIZE getNumbers()
endwhile finishUp() stop getReady() index = 0 return getNumbers() output "Enter a number for
position ", index input numbers[index] index = index + 1 return finishUp() output "The numbers in
reverse order are: " while index > ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a. Daily Life Magazine wants an analysis of the demographic characteristics of its readers. The
Marketing department has collected reader survey records containing the age, gender, marital status,
and annual income of readers. Design an application

Providing Reliability For Raid 5 Array Using Different...
Providing Reliability to RAID–5 Array Using Different Techniques Sahana N
M. Tech IT
Department of Computer Science
Sahana.csy@gmail.com
Chandana V S
M. Tech IT
Department of Computer Science
Chandanavs05@gmail.com
Smitha B C
M. Tech IT
Department of Computer Science smithabc30@gmail.com Abstract: Reliability is the ability of an
apparatus, machine, or system to consistently perform its intended or required function , on demand
and without degradation or failure. This paper proposes to increase the reliability of RAID level 5
arrays used for storing archival data. Here, group of two or three identical RAID arrays are
considered at the initial stage. Next, a shared parity disk is added to each group containing diagonal
parities of their arrays. Now, the new organization can tolerate all double disk failures and between
75 and 89 percent of triple disk failures without incurring any data loss. Two techniques can be used
for increasing reliability such as Even–Odd scheme and Row Diagonal Parity (RDP) scheme. This
paper gives a study on Even–Odd scheme and Row Diagonal Parity (RDP) scheme for increasing
reliability and also proposes a new sparing technique, double parity sparing. Hence forth the
proposed scheme provides better reliability as compared to the existing.
Keywords– RDP, MTTDL, RAID, Reliability.
I. INTRODUCTION
Storage systems are categorized into two types based on the storage of data, archival storage and
conventional storage. Archival storage

Essay on Introducing SMART Antennas to Improve Throughput
1. Purpose and scope of the system In the current wireless networking standards, omni–directional
antennas are used to establish connection between the base station and the user. The radiation
emitted from this antenna is spread uniformly in a horizontal manner. These antennas are employed
because the base station is not aware of the location of the user. Hence most of the radiated beam is
lost or dispersed. Furthermore radiation from neighboring base stations with the same frequency will
cause interference. If it is possible to concentrate the beam/radiation only the user and introduce
nulls in the area of the interference, most of the radiated power can be made useful and gives users
with extended range. Introducing SMART antennas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Phased array antennas are to be used, whose array elements in a pattern (linear, circular, planar)
collectively give a directional pattern and by changing the phase of the current to these elements the
radiation pattern can be steered. Algorithms that is needed to achieve this is – DOA (Direction of
Arrival) and Adaptive Beamforming algorithm.
Many algorithms are developed:
Direction of Arrival Algorithms:
MUSIC – Multiple Signal Classification It is a subspace based DoA algorithm. Subspace algorithms
provide high resolution and are more accurate. The physical size of the array aperture is not a
concern. MUSIC algorithm is widely preferred. It involves extensive search through all possible
steering vectors. [1][2]
ESPRIT – Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques The algorithm is
robust than MUSIC algorithm. Complexity and storage requirements are lower than for MUSIC
algorithm. It explorers the rotational invariance property in the signal subspace created by two
subarrays derived from original array with a translation invariance structure.[2]
Root–MUSIC Polynomial version of MUSIC algorithm.
MVDR – Minimum Variance Distortion–less Response algorithm Aim of this algorithm is to
minimize the power contributed by noise and any signals coming from the interferer.
Beamforming Algorithms
There are two types of beamforming techniques. They are switched beam and adaptive array system.
Switched beam techniques use

Is Oberlin College Be More Sustainable?
Oberlin college is ranked as the 4th greenest college in America by popularmechanics.com which
makes sense. It incorporates sustainability into its curriculum, while still maintaining its use of
brand new technologies such as solar panels and electric cars. Campuses that are more sustainable
seem to have two main characteristics: they are regularly in rural settings, which they use to their
advantage by having big farms and creating nature reserves, and they invest in more
environmentally friendly technology before other colleges. Most colleges in the United States are
endeavoring to become more sustainable, but many are taking the wrong approach to doing so. For
example, USC is making efforts towards becoming more sustainable, and while ... Show more
Much of what allows the most sustainable campuses to have their title cannot be applied to many
other campuses. Many of these colleges use a variety of techniques to maintain their sustainability,
the most common of which is to have a farm on campus. They take advantage of the fact that they
have a massive campus, with open land that is cheaper for them to have, and set up a farm on it.
They may also use technologies that work in more places, but still not everywhere such as a
rainwater collector. While from the onset these may appear like great solutions, they may only be
possible in these rural locations, which most colleges don 't have the luxury of accessing. This gives
these colleges an enormous advantage, because they don 't have to worry as much about investing in
other technologies. They already have these which can help them immensely. If they 're already
saving energy thanks to their solar water heater, they don 't need to invest as much in solar panels,
because they don 't need the extra energy. Other colleges may not have the location or environment
to be able to implement these practices which makes it hard for them to be able to achieve the same
level of sustainability.
While part of these school's successes in the realm of sustainability can be attributed to their
location, they also take advantage of new technologies they have invested in.
Many of these

Analysis Of Hybrid System Using Feed Forward Neural...
ANALYSIS OF HYBRID SYSTEM USING FEED FORWARD NEURAL NETWORK
Chandrakant jaiswal1Dharmendra kumar singh2
Address for correspondence
1M Tech scholar, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,C V Raman University
bilaspur, C.G., India 2Associate Professor,Department of, Electrical and Electronics Engineering C
V Raman University Bilaspur, C.G., India
Email id: ckjaiswal13@gmail.com, Contact No.: 9977343076
Email id:dmsingh2001@rediffmail.com Contact No.:9039276048
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, renewable energy resources play an important role in replacing conventional fossil fuel
energy resources. Photovoltaic energy is one of the very promising renewable energy resources
which grew rapidly in the past few years. Photovoltaics has one major problem and which is that
with the variation of the operating conditions of the array, the voltage at which maximum power can
be obtained from it also changes. In the thesis, a PV model is used to simulate actual PV arrays
behavior, and then a Maximum Power Point tracking method and wind energy system using Feed
Forward Neural networks is proposed in order to control the power. Further more,the proposed feed
forward neural network technique using hybrid system is compared with the ANFIS(adaptive neuro
fuzzy interference system). Simulation results shows that the proposed feed forward neural network
maximum power point tracking method gives faster response than the ANFIS

A Study On Design A Solar Farm
1. Design a Solar Farm
1–1. Selection of Geographic Location
According to National Climatic Data Center, the sunniest state is Arizona in United Sates, which is
193 clear days pre year.(1) Yuma City where in Arizona State has 313 days of sunshine. This
climatic condition is good for solar power generation. In order to reduce the environment impact, a
desert region is a proper choice. There are two more benefits. The cost of land is much cheaper then
urban area. In addition, there is no any shelter nearby. Nevertheless, solar farms have to be
maintained regularly. If install a solar farm at an isolated location, it will be hard to maintenance. A
location of photovoltaic farm has been chosen as Figure 2. It is situated in a desert region for
decreasing the environment impact and next to a road for maintenance easily. Figure 1. Map of
United States(2) Figure 2. Location of photovoltaic farm(2)
1–2. Selection of Photovoltaic Module
In this assignment, the solar cell module that made by Neo Solar Power (NSP) will be chosen. NSP
is one of the biggest solar cell manufacturers in the world. It produces high–quality and high–
efficiency solar cell modules. The key specifications(3) of D6M_B3A 255W photovoltaic module
are:
– Maximum power voltage: 30.09V
– Maximum power current: 8.48A
– Module efficiency: 15.7%
– Maximum power output: 255W
– Temperature coefficient of Pmax: –0.427%/°C (From 20°C) Figure 3. Dimensions of D6M_B3A
255W Photovoltaic Module
1–3. A unit of

Rationale. There Is An Array Of Literature On Female Genital
Rationale
There is an array of literature on female genital mutilation/circumcision (FGMC) with strong
emphasis on its complications especially in pregnancy and childbirth (WHO, 2008; Khamsi, 2006;
Momoh, 2005, Okunofa, 2002). On the contrary, no trial study has been conducted to improve the
outcome and experiences of women with genital mutilation during pregnancy and childbirth
(Balogun et al., 2013). Unavailability of these studies may be related to stigma and cultural beliefs
which would have otherwise reduced the problem of ethically appropriate care in pregnancy
(Balogun et al., 2013). In the most parts of Africa where FGMC is common, Nigeria (of particular
interest to the author) has a prevalence rate of 25% (UNICEF, 2014). The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is for this reason that the author has taken a keen interest in the activities and responsibilities of
professionals (and pregnant women) during normal labour and childbirth of the cohort. Based on
practice and personal experiences in many health centers in Nigeria, normal birth has been
associated with induction of labour (IOL), augmentation of labour, artificial rupture of membrane
(ARM), episiotomy and an array of interventions in so far as the woman births a live baby and both
are well after delivery. It would be worth it to explore the concept of normal birth as it applies to
care of women in this group. This topic has also been partly informed by learning from the
empowering midwifery as well as the evidence for social health modules. Both have inspired a new
philosophy of advocacy for women to achieve the kind of birth they so desire based on best
evidence with the hope that Nigeria can eventually share and adopt the same.
Aims and objectives
The broad aim of the study is to identify the kind of care offered to women with FGMC in labour
and to determine if this care is accommodated by the boundaries and limits given in the concept of
normal birth. With a critical review methodology, literatures around perinatal care of women with
FGMC would be reviewed and critiqued. The objectives that would be covered include:
1. Do women with FGMC have any preference for the kind of care they receive during the perinatal
period?
2. Does the

The Rise Of Solar Stadiums
The Rise of Solar Stadiums: Assessing the Motives and Environmental Impact Super Bowl XLVIII.
February 2nd, 2014. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. As time expires, Mason Crosby kicks a field goal
that soars through the uprights and hits . . . a wind turbine? Suddenly, this scenario does not sound
so far–fetched: the Philadelphia Eagles have announced their intention to convert Lincoln Financial
Field into the "world's greenest stadium" (Bauers). As part of the initiative, the Eagles plan to take
themselves "off the grid" by installing 100 wind turbines, nearly 2500 solar panels, and a
"cogeneration power plant that can run on biodiesel or natural gas" (Bauers). The Eagles' stadium is
part of the growing trend to "green" American sports ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The NRDC guide may already be having an impact: before the start of the 2011 NFL season, the
Washington Redskins unveiled 8285 solar panels that will "produce enough power to meet 20
percent of the stadium 's power needs on game days and all of its power on non–game days"
(Hoppes). Despite the solar stadium boom, there are dissenting viewpoints about the direct
economic benefit; one perspective maintains that solar panels increase profit margins by reducing
energy costs. In a 2010 press release, the NRDC stated that, "in most American cities, solar panels
can pay for themselves" ("US Stadiums Go Solar"). This breakeven estimate may be conservative: a
500–kilowatt solar system can cost as little as $2.28 million to install (Gelsi); and the Philadelphia
Eagles anticipate saving $60 million over 20 years with their solar and wind system (Bauers).
Additionally, solar panels are becoming more affordable with the emergence of "power–purchase
agreements," which allow stadiums to purchase "the power generated by the panels, rather than
owning them" (Gelsi). Solar profit margins are also likely to expand "as energy prices continue to
rise and solar panel efficiencies increase" ("Why Install Solar"). Despite this evidence, some
franchises question the direct economic benefits of solar power. Surprisingly, one dissenting view
came from the sun–soaked swamps of Central Florida. When constructing Amway

Essay on Digital Steerable Line Array
Loudspeakers and Line Arrays play a vital role in live sound reinforcement. The main goal of line
arrays is to evenly distribute the full range of frequencies and 'loudness' of the performance to the
audience, no matter where the people are standing. Stage hands and audio technicians work together
before a live performance in order to achieve the optimum sound quality for the audience's
satisfaction during their experience of the live event. Typically, traditional line arrays are set up by
technicians on ground level. With the help of motorized hoists, the speakers are hanged or "flown"
to be rigged at a specific height and achieve its J shaped curve– provided that the stage or venue is
able to properly accommodate the speakers' weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, each high frequency driver consists of several movable components in order to
optimize the "aim" of high frequencies. While ICONYX is supposedly one of, if not the first of its
kind, Renkus–Heinz is not the only company to develop digitally steerable speakers. Martin Audio's
version of digitally controlled line arrays is called the "Multi–Cellular Loudspeaker Array" or MLA.
Aesthetically, the MLA is more like the line arrays flown on big concerts and stadiums most people
are familiar with. Simply put, by using the provided software, the specifications of venues or
audience space is detected and analyzed by the array itself. Additionally, each of the 72 to 144
"cells" or parts of the line array is capable of having its own phase, level, and EQ individually and
independently set. All of this is controlled electronically, by further use of digital signal processing.
Due to the sheer amount of moving components, the MLA has the ability to constantly change its
directionality and arrangement in order to adjust the loudspeakers' coverage, or accommodate to
weather changes, or rigging height modifications; in real time. Unfortunately, further in–depth
scientific data and proof presented by Martin Audio is far beyond my understanding of physics and
acoustics, so I will not attempt to rehash the information and instead cite the source. Suffice to say,
MLA uses

Solar Roadways
Hilario Ramos
Ms.Kemp
Eng 009
Are Solar Roadways the future?
In the beginning Scott and Julie Brusaw became open on the subject for creating solar–powered
LED roadways, they have encountered an endless amount of doubt and even outright aggression.
The reaction was obviously expected given how new this sort of technology is. Not only is it new,
but it would quite difficult to execute the dream of electrifying roads and highways with reinforced
solar panels. Some questioned question if whether or not solar roadways are even necessary.
However, the most important company that governs American roads –– was willing to at least give
the idea a shot. Although the idea of solar roadways does sound amazing has many obvious
potholes, but its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Words will be able to be illuminated into roads, warning of wildlife ahead, a detour a couple of
miles in the distance, a recent accident blocking the road, or construction will now be much easier to
avoid than waiting to encountering it as it comes.
The LEDs can also be programmed to move along with cars at the speed limit, warning drivers
instantly when they are driving too fast. The LEDs will also be used to paint words right into the
road, warning drivers of an animal on the road, a detour ahead, an accident, or construction work.
Central control stations will be able to instantly customize the lines and words in real time,
alleviating traffic congestion and making the roads more efficient as well as safer. Cities and towns
will be able to customize the lines for roads and parking spaces to meet their own unique needs. For
example, here in Sandpoint, Idaho, we have Lost in the 50's Weekend each May. Currently, the city
puts out orange cones to remark the parking places and block off streets for the parade, car show,
and street dance. With Solar Roadways, they would push the "Lost in the 50's" button which would
repaint the road lines instantly. After the celebration, they would equally quickly return to the
default setting.
Everyone who has driven the dark roads during night time, but with Solar Roadways there will be
LED lights which will illuminate

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