Mexico Earthquake

Mexico Earthquake
An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The
surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane. The location below the earth's surface where
the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the
earth is called the epicenter.
A 7.1–magnitude earthquake hit Mexico Tuesday, killing over 200 people and crushing buildings in
Mexico City. According to CNN.com the devastating earthquake is the second to hit the country in
two weeks after an 8.1–magnitude quake rocked the country earlier this month.
According to U.S.News.com Officials say the death toll is at least 217 people, but that number is
expected to rise as rescue workers and ordinary citizens search collapsed buildings in the country's
capital and the surrounding states of Puebla and Morelos. Just hours earlier people around Mexico
had conducted earthquake drills. It was the 32nd anniversary of the 1985 earthquake that killed
thousands. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to U.S.News.com the federal Education Department reported late Tuesday 25 bodies
were recovered; all but four were children, AP reported.
Preparation is the key in being ready for an earthquake. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that
there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the world each year. Approximately 100,000 those are
strong enough to be felt and 100 of them cause damage. Even the most minor earthquake can cause
damage to a two–story apartment that has not been properly prepared. With a little forethought,
though, all of us can live with the knowledge that if an earthquake does hit, we'll be equipped to
handle
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Chile 1960 Research Paper
In Valdivia, Chile 1960 an earthquake changed the lives of many. An earthquake is the violent
shaking of the ground that will destroy homes, buildings, landforms, historical monuments, and
lives. Earthquakes begin with the breakage of rock along a fault line. When two tectonic plates rub
against each other they create an earthquake. Earthquakes will ride along a fault line which will
determine how long the quake will go on. The larger and longer the fault like the bigger the
earthquake. Earthquakes send out waves, primary waves or, p waves and secondary waves or, s
waves travel along the interior of the earth. These two waves are called body waves. While detecting
the waves, the primary waves appear first then the secondary waves. Primary waves travel through
solids, liquids, and gasses, which means they are about to travel through the liquid center. Secondary
waves are only able to travel through solids which are why scientists have found that there is a loss
of these waves once they reach the center. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the quake hit the day before, there were a series of shocks that tipped off to people of Chile
that something was coming. The day that the earthquake hit, it was a rated a 9.5 on the Richter
Scale. The intensity of this caused thousands of buildings to be destroyed and 2,000,000 people left
homeless. The population of the city had greatly decreased and the city also needed to pay for the
damage to be repaired. It would be 800 million American dollars to complete the cleanup and
repairs of the city almost completely. This earthquake was called "The Great Chilean Earthquake"
because of the total destruction and because of the expansion of it where other countries received the
aftershocks and effects. Japan had received a tsunami a day later, killing 138 people and leaving
1600 homes destroyed. Japan was left to pay 34 million dollars for damage

Essay On Mexican Earthquake
Powerful earthquake hit central Mexico last Tuesday September 19, 2017, that cause more than 225
people to death. Building and school collapsed for the second time in just two weeks.
After the said commotion rescuers were stressed digging out people trapped under and this includes
the children buried or covered their school. In that day 21 students confirmed and believe to have
been killed in the collapse of the school.
According to the investigation the earthquake struck at exactly 1 p.m. About 100 miles far from the
Mexico City. It registered a preliminary magnitude of 7.1 caused heavy and prolonging shaking in
the capital.
About 40 buildings and other structures in Mexico collapsed and this includes one other school in
the said city.
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Volunteers kept lists of every dead child's name that was confirmed by the rescuers as they emerged
from the wreckage. Frenzied parents paced the scene, wondering about the fates of their sons and
daughters or screaming in agony upon seeing their bodies.
Buildings also collapsed across the neighborhood of Condesa, another fashionable district in the city
constructed atop soft soil and extremely vulnerable to earthquakes. Outside, thousands and
thousands stood in the streets, avenues and sidewalks, filling the popular neighborhoods with a
sense of dread
The sound of shouts filled the air, men barking orders at one another. Then came a call for silence to
listen for the voices of anyone trapped inside, screaming for help.
There were also reports of deaths and extensive damage in Jojutla de Juárez, Morelos, a city about
60 miles west of the epicenter. Residents said that many buildings, including businesses and homes,
had been destroyed. Electricity was cut, and water was scarce because water tanks

Who copes better with Earthquakes: HICs or LICs
Who copes better with Earthquakes: HIC or LIC?
This report will focus on examples of different earthquakes happening around the world and explain
why some countries cope better than others. To cope well, the country should have low death tolls,
good communication with rescue services and other countries willing to help, evacuation and other
emergency plans are planned well, and minimizing the amount of damage done to the country.
What are HIC and LIC countries?
HIC, also known as MEDC, stand for Higher Income Country or More Economically Developed
Country and LIC or LEDC mean Lower Income Country or Less Economically Developed Country.
HICs have a high standard of living while LICs usually have a low standard of living. HICs are in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although some of their earthquakes killed more than expected and caused more damage, San
Francisco has learned from these mistakes and have designed stronger and more earthquake proof
buildings and bridges. They have opened an Earthquake Simulator at the California Academy of
Sciences to show what earthquakes actually feel like. US $400 million were lost due to the damage
done in the earthquake.
Case Study: Tangshan, China
This earthquake occurred on July 27th, 1976 northern eastern part of China in Tangshan. The
earthquake had a magnitude of 7.5, but there was a major aftershock 15 hours later. The actual
number of people dead was never really confirmed, but people say that over 244,000 people were
killed.
Shifts along the Eurasian and North American on the convergent boundary were thought to be the
cause of the earthquake.
At least 500,000 people were injured. Many farm crops were lost during the earthquake. The
farmers lost all of their farmland, giving them no more financial income. The electrical supply
system, water supply and communication services all failed to work. Tangshan's coal mines were all
destroyed. Collapsed highways and railroads made it extremely hard for rescuers to get to the people
in need. 95% of city homes and 78% of commercial buildings were destroyed.
The Chinese government refused international aid from United Nations. Shanghai sent 56 medical
teams to

Earthquake Insurance Research Paper
For the majority of earthquake travel insurance policies, they will include emergency medical and
emergency evacuation if a person gets injured during an earthquake. Another one of the benefits of
having earthquake travel insurance is that if there were an earthquake prior to the flight, depending
on the policy, an individual can cancel his trip or even return home early. Normally, a policy
requires that the person was directly affected by the earthquake for coverage, and his current
accommodations are no longer inhabitable because of extensive damage.
Before buying earthquake insurance, an individual should first look at the position statement of their
policyholder. They should see what coverage will be available. In addition to emergency

What Is Hanger Wire?
Hanger Wire
The primary support for the exposed grid system are hanger wires, also known as suspension wires.
See Figure 7. Hanger wire has a minimum strength requirement of 12–gauge, galvanized mild steel
wire. Hanger wire attaches to main runners within 8" of the perimeter walls and spaced 4' o.c. along
the main runner. A hanger wire is required for cross tees when they exceed 8" in length along the
perimeter boundaries of the ceiling. There are many methods to attach hanger wires to the structure.
These are the same methods discussed in the 15/16" exposed grid workshop and will not be repeated
here. Wrap tie the hanger wires to main runners and cross tees using one of the punched holes on
each side of the rout slot. A proper wrap tie has three complete wraps around the wire within 3" of
the main runner or cross tee web. Do not use rout slots for tying wires. Figure 7– 12–Gauge Hanger
Wire
9/16" Exposed Grid Accessories ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beam end retaining clips, called BERC clips, attach to the end of main runners or cross tees and
slip over the vertical flange of the wall angle. Install BERC clips when using 7/8" and 9/16" wall
angles in seismic zones D, E, and F. BERC clips can be screw attached to the suspension members
to prevent movement or not screwed to allow lateral movement of the suspension members. The
BERC2 clip shown in Figure 8 allow up to 2" of movement. BERC clips serve the same purpose
as stabilizer bars by keeping the perimeter of the ceiling system intact during an earthquake.
BERC clips provide an alternative method to the stabilizer bar and install during the grid
installation as shown in Figure

Comparing Mercalli And Richter Scale
Q: 1. Differentiate between Mercalli and Richter scales?
Mercalli Scale:
The Mercalli scale measures how people feel and react to the shaking due to an earthquake. It is a
relative scale ranging from I to XII, because people experience different amounts in different places.
It is based on a series of key responses such as people awakening, the movement of objects and the
damage to household. The farther from the epicenter, the less shaking is experienced. Mercalli scale
distinguishes between small, intermediate and large earthquakes.
Richter scale:
The Richter scale is a mathematical measurement of the intensity of the Earthquake measured as
seismograph. It is actually measurement of the amplitude of the waves produced by the Earthquake.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thirdly, Deflation also occurs in deserts thus removing finer grain particles rapidly.
Q: 5. List and describe the evidences used to support the plate tectonics theory?
1. The shapes of many continents are such that they look like they are separated pieces of a single
jig–saw puzzle named as Pangaea.
2. Many fossil comparisons along the edges of continents that look like they fit together suggest
species similarities that would only make sense if the two continents were joined at some point in
the past.
3. There is a large amount of seismic, volcanic, and geothermal activity along the conjectured plate
boundaries.
4. There are ridges, such as the Mid–Atlantic Ridge where plates are separating that are produced by
lava welling up from between the plates as they pull apart. Likewise, there are mountain ranges
being formed where plates are pushing against each other (e.g., the Himalayas, which are still
growing).
5. Magnetic reversal pattern striping symmetric around mid ocean ridges.
6. Age of the Sea floor.
7. GPS measurements can track plate motion in real–time.
8. Study of paleomagnetism.
9. Hot–spots

Seismic Activities In The United States
Fracking: Main Cause of Seismic Activity in the Central Parts of the United States and Solutions for
the Problems it Created Over the years there has been a multitude of earthquakes, which has been
felt across the Great Plains Region in the United States and many other surrounding states. These
states that do not normally have seismic activities are experiencing an increase of quakes near oil
and natural gas sites. Many of the states that have not felt the seismic activities are now
experiencing earthquakes. As a result there has been new research that has been devoted to the
effects of hydraulic fracking. Hydraulic fracking is a technique that uses pressurized water to to
break apart the shale and extract oil and gas. The fossil fuels that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many experts in this field say that the large number of seismic events in Kansas is directly linked to
fracking. Although hydraulic fracking is an old process, it is more widely used today. (Petit, 2015, p.
14) The process that is being used for hydraulic fracking is by using pressurized water to break apart
the layer of shale. After the water is removed it is filled with salt and many other minerals which are
in the rocks. Once that is done, then the companies will transport it to a waste site. The disposal site
can be several hundred or thousands of miles away, depending on where they must dispose
wastewater. When the water is being disposed of the wastewater is being put underground in one of
the disposal sites. When this is done there are certain regulations that must be followed. There are
many scientists that have done research on the link between fracking and earthquakes. "Wastewater
disposal, at least in the U.S. has been the primary cause of earthquakes." as stated by Arthur
McGarr. (BOB, n.d., para. 10) There are several people have differing opinions about hydraulic
fracking. "The likelihood that induced seismic events will occur in properly, permitted and operated
[disposal wells] is very small," as stated by Edward Cross. (Wayne, 2015, para. 6) The experts in
this field still have to determine when hydraulic fracking is the main cause of earthquakes or if the
main cause of seismic activity is due to the disposal of wastewater. (BOB, n.d., para. 11) There are
many people in the United States that think the same thing when it comes to fracking. When
Americans were asked to explain the surge of the earthquakes many of them said that the cause was
fracking. (Petit, 2015, p. 15) The industries that are using hydraulic fracking are trying to take the
necessary precautions when it comes to facking and the disposal of the wastewater. Furthermore,

Tectonic Plates Research Paper
The earth is made up of land masses under the crust called tectonic plates. These tectonic plates sit
on the upper mantle and lower crust also known as the lithosphere. Tectonic plates are always
moving because of the magma churning underneath them in convection currents. Because the
tectonic plates are always moving it can cause plates to run into each other which means that one
must give way to the other and slide under this can create mountain ranges as the pressure has to do
somewhere, this is called a subduction zone this usually occurs with one oceanic plate being pushed
under a continental plate. Plates can also slide beside each other and get stuck so pressure builds up
and then they will quickly slide past which can cause very major earthquakes to cities along the
plate margins, this is the main cause of earthquakes this is called sliding plates.
Diagram 1 (http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/tectonics/tectonics–slide.html)
Sliding Plates (refer to Diagram 1) occur when two plates at a margin cannot move past each other
easily so the two plates lock against each ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
P waves or primary waves are the first waves that a read on a seismograph because P waves travel
faster that S waves. P waves are longitude waves which means that the vibrations are sent out in the
same way as the direction of travel. S waves or Secondary waves are the second reading on a
seismograph as they travel slower. S waves are diverse waves which means that are at a right angle
to the direction of travel. Both waves can be detected close to the earthquake centre but only P
waves can be detected on the other side of earth as P waves can travel through solids and liquids but
S waves can only travel through solids.

Essay On Mount Vesuvius
In 79 CE, a disastrous eruption from Mt. Vesuvius occurred. This eruption affected many towns, but
one famous town affected was one that was located about five miles from the volcano. This ancient
Roman area was known as Pompeii. After the eruption, it was abandoned for many years, until
explorers rediscovered Pompeii in 1748. Below the dust and debris, was a town that once lively;
mostly everything remained intact. For a long time, people thought that the Pompeiians had
suffocated, but now many historians believe that those who perished in Pompeii died after being hit
by an explosion and hot debris. Evidence has been collected to prove this theory including body
casts which captured villagers in their last living moments, skeletons in nearby towns and facts
about volcanic behaviour.
When the site was rediscovered, archeologists found the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are 1,510 active volcanoes in the world; Mt. Vesuvius and Mount St. Helens are two of these
volcanoes. They are both stratovolcanoes, which means they are conical–shaped. Pyroclastic flows
can set apart stratovolcanoes from the rest. Pyroclastic flows have a big amount of extremely hot gas
and rock, which slide down the volcano. In 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted, sending pyroclastic
flows – this was the first time they had witnessed a pyroclastic flow; this helped further understand
what happened in Pompeii. This piece of evidence shows that pyroclastic flows killed the
Pompeiians.
Due to new evidence surfacing, it is believed that Pompeiians were engulfed in pyroclastic flows,
which killed them. Body casts created from plaster, in particular the body cast named 'The
Muleteer'; Herculaneum's cracked skeletal remains; and factual information about volcanic
behaviour ensures that this theory is true. Mt. Vesuvius caused the deaths of many innocent lives by
boiling hot gas, debris and rock that rushed down the side of the

California Earthquake Analysis
On October six a small earthquake shook part of southern California. It started along the Newport–
Inglewood Fault near Long Beach, California. The quake itself was weak and not cause any damage
to the local. However the significant part about this earthquake is that it originated from ten
kilometers underground, or about 6.2 miles. Which was interesting because seismologists report on
October seventh. That Rocks at that depth should be too hot and malleable to snag and break. Which
is a key cause of earthquakes. This implies that there is some unknown process at the root of the
fault. That caused this quack to happen says study coauthor Asaf Inbal, a seismologist at Caltech. It
was also said that these earthquakes shouldn't be in direct threat

History Of The San Francisco Earthquake
The San Francisco earthquake was the first time man had ever seen the most disaster city of the state
of California had ever seen. Most people think that it took hours and hours but it took a minute. But
no one would ever know. And now the greatest disaster ever. But it took so many lives though.
You might wondering how earthquakes happen. An earthquake is when the rocks break apart and
slide by each other. If the world didn't move and rotate earthquakes wouldn't happen. The falt is
where the rock is going to break. The falt line is we can kind of can tell where the earthquakes are
going to happen but we don't know where. When the rocks breaks radiation and energy come out all
around the rock. If the rocks didn't break the earth would

Two Main Ways Scientists Learn About Earth's Interior
Plate Tectonics There are two main ways scientists learn about Earth's Interior. The first way is, of
rock samples. Scientists use drills to get as close as they can to get to the center of the earth, they
also looked at rocks that spat out of volcanos during a volcanic explosion. The second way is,
because of seismic waves. They study how seismic waves travel through Earth, seismic waves are
vibrations that travel through Earth carrying energy, released during an earthquake. Those were the
two main ways how scientists learned about Earth's interior. Crust, Mantle, and Core
There are three main layers on the Earth. The first is, the crust, the outer layer of Earth. It's
everywhere, on dry land and the ocean floor, however it's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One evidence of this theory is molten material. Molten Material is magma erupting from mid–ocean
ridges. Alvin the submarine found weird rocks shaped like pillows or toothpaste. This tells us this
magma cools quickly underwater. Another type of evidence are magnetic stripes. Magnetic stripes
are patterns in the ocean floor to prove Earth's magnetic field has reversed itself in history. Scientist
also looked at the "magnetic memory" of the rocks. Scientist drilled pipes through water to drill
holes into the ocean floor. Scientists discovered that the older rocks were further away and younger
rocks were closer. Those were the three types of evidence that scientist used to support the theory of
Sea Floor Spreading.
Plate Boundaries
There are three different types of plate boundaries. The first type of plate boundaries is, the
spreading boundary. A spreading boundary is when two plates move apart. The spreading boundary
is also known as a divergent boundary. The second type of plate boundary is a colliding boundary. A
colliding boundary is when two plates come together, or collide. It is also known as convergent
boundary. The third is, a sliding boundary. A sliding boundary is when two plates slip past each
other moving in opposite directions. It is also known as transform boundary. Those were the three
different types of plate

2010 Chile Earthquake Case Study
Earthquake Case History:
2010 Mw = 8.8 Mega–thrust Earthquake, Maule, Chile
5/2/13
By Travis Eddy
1. Introduction
In early 2010 central south Chile experienced a Mw = 8.8 earthquake and large tsunami waves that
devastated areas on the Chilean Pacific coast, nearby offshore islands, and areas near the epicenter.
In addition to the tsunami, the earthquake had many other geological consequences including
aftershocks, terrestrial and submarine land–sliding, elevation changes, and a gravity shift. The
purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyze the earthquake, its consequences, the resulting
damages, and mitigation.
2. Geologic Setting
Figure 1: Profile of area around the epicenter (Moscoso, et.al., 2011)
The site of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most severe impacts were observed on the Chilean coastline adjacent to the epicenter from San
Antonio – Tirua, and 670 km offshore on the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Synolakis, 2011;
Yamazaki and Cheung, 2011). The tsunami hit many areas close to the epicenter within 30 minutes
of the main event, however due to bathymetry and coastline shape, tsunami directions, impacts, and
arrival times vary. (Synolakis, 2011; Yamazaki and Cheung, 2011). For example, Talcahuano Harbor
located in The Bay of Concepcion 100 kilometers south of the epicenter experienced an impact from
a resonated 129 minute period oscillating wave three hours after the main event (Yamazaki and
Cheung, 2011). Resonance such as this occurred in various areas along the Chilean coastline, and
was caused by standing and partial standing wave systems produced along the coast due to wave
reflection between the continental shelf and the headlands, resulting in radiated tsunami energy to
become trapped over the continental margin (Yamazaki and Cheung, 2011).
6. Land sliding
The main event caused both terrestrial and submarine land sliding to occur in the area. Around 30
slides were delineated, with a majority of them being submarine (Volker, et.al., 2011). These
submarine slides were confined to the walls of various submarine canyons, and were characterized
as thin transitional slides retrograding into open slopes adjacent to the canyons (Volker, et.al., 2011).

7. Ground Changes
Figure 6:

Northridge Earthquake California 1994: A Case Study
Prevention and Protection: Northridge Earthquake California 1994
On Monday, January 17, 1994 at 4:31 a.m. an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 shook the Northridge
area and the entire LA metropolitan area. Even though the first major earthquake lasted only 20
seconds it caused moderate damage to the buildings, infrastructures and freeway overpasses.
Because of the earthquake people displaced from their homes are estimated to be around 80,000 to
125,000. "A multi–agency team, organized under the auspices of the Interagency Committee on
Seismic Safety in Construction and headed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology,
arrived at the earthquake site within days of the event to document the effects of the earthquake"
(NIST, 1994). What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Public Information and Warning uses effective and accessible indications and warning systems to
communicate significant threats and hazards to involved operators, security officials, and the public
(including alerts, detection capabilities, and other necessary and appropriate assets)" (FEMA,2014).
Critical tasks are to determine protocol as to how to protect stakeholder information. Information
should be share d appropriately taking into consideration the processes that address the needs of
children; disabled individuals; people who are deaf and blind (will need sign language and
appropriate auxiliary aids). The information should be shared among all government levels. The
actionable measures should be shared immediately with the community and among all levels of
Government and public and private sector. The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System,
National Terrorism Advisory System, and social media sites and technology should be utilized to
their maximum capacity for effective communication with the public (FEMA,

The Supervolcano In Yellowstone Earthquake
The supervolcano in Yellowstone had an earthquake swarm that hit more than 1,200 events. Most
park roads in yellowstone are closed for the season because of safety precaution this event and there
are currently 1,284 tremors. Together with frequent earthquakes, vigorous hydrothermal activity, and
abundant emissions of volcanic gases, relatively slow movements of the ground surface attest to
ongoing activity in the vast magmatic–tectonic system beneath Yellowstone National Park.
Imperceptible to the naked eye, episodes of uplift, subsidence, and stretching or contraction of the
surface are monitored by repeated surveys and networks of sensitive instruments operated by YVO
and its partners. Yellowstone is one of the most seismically active areas

Credible Earthquake Analysis
The analysis of the seismicity data around the site under investigation is carried out to define the
design or credible earthquake. The design earthquake is a term representing the largest earthquake
and/or ground acceleration expected to struck the site over a certain time window. The approaches
used to define the credible earthquake may be classified into deterministic and probabilistic.
The deterministic one inspects the seismic history around the site to pick the largest reported event
in the catalogue. This event is termed as credible earthquake and certain increment is added to its
magnitude as a safety factor. In general, the increment equals 0.5. The probabilistic method, on the
other hand, applies probabilistic model to predict the

Essay On Chilean Earthquake
People tremble when they hear the word; destruction, and tragedy: all words that come to mind
when "earthquake" is heard. Earthquake is a natural calamity that has the power to destroy human
lives in a few seconds; it is responsible for the huge damage to living and non–living things. It
occurs without warning and can cause millions of money in destruction and deaths and also it is one
of the most unpredictable and devastating occurrences Mother Nature dishes out. There is a sudden
slip in the earth's crust, which makes the earth shake causing mass destruction to buildings and
people in the surrounding areas. These areas in the earth's crust are called faults; the ground bends to
a certain limit until the point of breaking, when it finally snaps, it sends vibrations up to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The world's largest earthquake occurred on May 22, 1960 near Valdivia, in southern Chile. It was a
magnitude of 9.5; it is refereed to as the "Great Chilean Earthquake" and the "1960 Valdivia
Earthquake". Before the Great Chilean earthquake, three earthquakes stuck Chile which were a
fore–shock to the main event and are known as the "1960 Concepción earthquakes"; the first
earthquake struck on 21st May 1960 it had a magnitude of 8.1 and lasted for about 35 seconds
which destroyed a third of the buildings and city of Concepción in Chile. The second happened the
following day with a magnitude of 6.8, while the third was a 7.9 magnitude on May 22, just 15
minutes before the Valdivia earthquake (Anirudh, 2016). In the case of this enormous earthquake,
the subduction (downward movement) of the Nazca plate under the the South American continent is
what caused the major quake back in 1960. In fact, the Nazca plate continues to dive down below
the continent and it's this constant slow movement (with some occasional rapid shifts leading to big
jolts) that creates earthquakes throughout that region (Extreme

1906 Earthquake: Shake Maps
Shake Maps
Shake Maps provide an alternative way to investigate a seismic event, with an emphasis more on
surface strength and its impacts, than in ground– motion modelling. Shake maps rely on the use of
the Modern Mercalli Intensity scale (referred to in the rest of this literature review as the MMI
scale) to represent the strength an earthquake. MMI is a scale which is used to show the strength of
an earthquake, with regards to the damage it causes. This is an area of investigation for the 1906 San
Francisco in which there are numerous sources from Lawson et al. as volume one of the report
contains countless reports of damage caused across the state of California by the 1906 earthquake.
While adjustments have been made to the scale we use

The Market Street Railway And San Francisco
The Market Street Railway, Sutter Street Railroad, and the San Francisco & San Mateo Railway
merged in 1902 to become the United Railroads of San Francisco (URR). The URR was created by
the aggressive capitalist consolidator and modernizer named Patrick Calhoun. An early project was
to make uniform the rolling stock and track gauges, which led to the abandonment of the last four
miles of horsecars that had been the backbone of transportation just a generation earlier. By this
stage, the company had changed hands again. Over the years many independent lines had been
absorbed, including the Clay Street Hill Railroad, the Presidio & Ferries Railway, and the Ferries
and Cliff House Railway. At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, the great San Francisco

Research Paper On The Great San Francisco Earthquake
The great San Francisco Earthquake was a very deadly earthquake that occurred on April 18, 1906
at 5:12 a.m. The quake was so big that it could be felt from South Oregon to LA, as well as central
Nevada. It broke the San Andreas fault, both north and south, 296 miles total. Fires occurred right
after the quake, and because the earthquake had broken most of the water pipes, the fires burned for
three days, causing around 28,000 buildings to burn down and more than 3,000 deaths. This caused
$500,000,000 ($500 million) in damages in 1906 – currency. In our currency as of last year, this
would have costed them a little over $12.6 billion dollars, $12,640,444,679.72 to be exact, in
damages.
The city had had building codes that kept the homes

Argument Analysis: The Jalisco Block
The claim that is correct is claim 3. The Jalisco Block is convergent to the Rivera Plate and
divergent from the North American Plate which best explains the patterns of Earthquakes and
Volcanoes on the Jalisco Block. I believe at this claim is correct because fro any plates to be
convergent to one plate, they must be divergent to another plate. This case happens for the Jalisco
Block. The card that support this statement is card A which tells us that scientists found the same
rock on either side of the Tz Rift Zone where they were originally formed a team he same time at
the same place when today they are 24 km apart. This matters because it shows that there is volcanic
activity at divergent plate boundaries and it also proves the the

The Next Big One Analysis
Earthquakes are a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as
a result of movements within the earth's crust. You can't know when or how much the damage of the
shock will be. I think that predicting earthquakes is a bad science because of how often and not they
happen. In the article The Next Big One the author says, "You see right there a fundamental problem
with earthquakes: They refuse to operate on human standard time. They're on their own peculiar
schedule. Earthquake faults have a nasty way of combining patience with impulsiveness. Wait,
wait,wait– lurch." This explains how they go whenever and that you can't just know when they are
gonna happen. They have predicted this "major" earthquake that will

What Is The Cause Of San Francisco
SAN FRANCISCO'S DISASTROUS EARTHQUAKE AND FIRE An earthquake that caused many
people to die and things to get destroyed or damaged changed a lot of things in people's lives. By:Jia
Yong Sun, AIMS sixth grader On April 18, 1906, a powerful, destructive earthquake and decimating
fire crept up on the inhabitants of San Francisco, causing many injuries and deaths. At 5:13 a.m.,
when most people were not even conscious from their sleep, a tremor spread throughout San
Francisco. It startled people and caused many to panic. Since the first tremor caused a lot of shock
andpanic, the aftershock was even more intense. "The quaking began as crowds gathered around
bulletin boards to read the latest telegraphic dispatches from San Francisco.

Mt. Everest Earthquake
The highest point on earth is the peak of Mt. Everest. Rising 29,035 feet above sea level, it is still
constantly growing. This snow–covered mountain was formed when the tectonic plates pushed
together, as they still are today. Therefore Mt. Everest has had many earthquakes, but on April 27,
2015 one earthquake changed everything.
On this day Mt. Everest had an earthquake that was rated a 7.8 in magnitude. It flattened towns,
knocked over buildings and created an avalanche that killed over 18 people. The avalanche swept
through base camp, ripping tents to shreds and making a devastating scene. But the avalanche wasn't
the only devastating obstacle of that day. During the 2015 tragedy on Mt. Everest people were stuck.
They couldn't climb up or down. Climbers at camp 2 were stuck for at least 2 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Khumbu Icefall, a frozen river with the glaciers as tall as 12 story buildings is the most
treacherous part of the journey. The Icefalls crevasses are so deep that you can't see the bottom to
them and you have no choice but to cross it with just ladders and 2 ropes to hold onto, provided the
Sherpas like to say that if you fall into a crevasse you fall all the way to America. In addition to that,
this lethal frozen river moves about 6 feet per day towards base camp, consequently you can only
climb during the early hours of the morning while it is still very cold outside in hopes that it won't
move. They can still topple over, cave in, and just about anything else unpredictable, even when it is
well below the freezing point.
After the 2014 and 2015 climbing expeditions on Mt. Everest were cancelled, many people thought
that climbers wouldn't climb during the 2016 expedition. They were wrong. Even with all of the
tragedies and complications the determination of the climbers proves truly amazing as the get ready
for the 2016 climbing of Mt.

Four Types Of Tectonic Waves : Proofing Of An Earthquake
Earthquake Proofing
An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the earth due to the sudden release of energy, causing
seismic waves that make the ground shake. This occurs when two tectonic plates push against each
other until the force of friction is overcome releasing the built–up energy and allowing a small
amount of movement of the plates. This movement of the tectonic plates produces the 4 types of
seismic waves we feel in earthquakes, P waves, S waves, Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
P waves (or pressure waves) have a motion similar to sound waves in that the particle of the rock
move in the direction of propagation, compressing and dilating the rock. P waves have the ability to
travel through rock, and through liquid such as magma. In an Earthquake, these faster traveling P
waves are the first felt, but often cause little damage other than shaking and bumping windows.
S waves (or secondary waves) are slower moving than p waves, and the particles in the rock move
perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Because of this, S waves are unable to travel through
liquid. After the P waves, the S waves with their multi–directional motion shaking the ground both
vertically and horizontally arrive, and it is this motions that causes the greatest damage to structures.
The motion of the Love wave is similar to that of the S wave excluding the vertical displacement.
This motion moves the ground from side to side at right angles to the direction of propagation. This

Mistakes: The Cause For Alaska Earthquake
A 7.1 magnitude earthquake struck Alaska, which led to explosions due to gas leak in four houses,
but there were no reported injuries.
Many Alaskans woke up in the middle of the night at 1:30 am local time, about 162 miles from
Anchorage in Kenai Peninsula in southern part of the state.
About 20 people were evacuated from their homes, and two homes exploded of gas leak several
hours after the earthquake, while the other two were destroyed by fire, according to The Sacramento
Bee.
The evacuated people took shelter at the National Guard Armory in Kenai after the earthquake
which swung buildings, caused power outages in at least 10,000 homes, and threw items off the
shelves at supermarkets.
The earthquake was also felt in Anchorage.
Vincent

Frederick Douglass Earthquake Madness
"Earthquake Madness" "It is not light that we need, but fire; It is not the gentle shower, but the
thunder. We need the storm, the whirlwind, and the earthquake". This quote was written by
Frederick Douglass. Every year, more than three million earthquakes take place. Most of these
unnoticed by humans. In addition, a severe earthquake is the most frightening and catastrophic event
of nature, which can occur anywhere on the surface of the planet. An earthquake happens which
causes cracks in the ground. The cracks open wide from the pressure of the buildings. Then the
buildings fall through; with people left with no home, work, etc. An earthquake also causes the
ground to shake. Which some buildings can't take the intensity

Women In Pompeii
In the sixth century B.C. the Roman Empire ruled many cities but the most famous one was
Pompeii. Pompeii was a city that was built on a plateau that Mt. Vesuvius had formed from its lava
flow. Pompeii was also a well–known city before and after the eruption, of Mt. Vesuvius, where it
left the whole city covered in its ashes. The person who discovered Pompeii and started its
excavations was R.J. de Alcubierre, C. Weber, and F. la Vega but later on in the next centuries the
excavation was led by other archeologists. The buried city of Pompeii showed the people that
discovered it the many great paintings and how the Pompeian people's lives were unique and the
city lively. Pompeii did not only suffer from Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. but also from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They would take care of their personal hygiene and take care of cleaning their bodies to avoid body
odor, the Pompeian women would wear two types of perfume, the diapasmata, and unguentum.
Most of the females in the 21st century are similar to the females in Pompeii they both think about
fashion and their beauty. They would also use makeup on their faces like a red color on their lips, a
pinkish shade on their cheeks and eyeliner, they would also have wrinkle remover to look younger.
The women would also focus on their hairstyles, just like the females in the 21st, the Pompeian
females had many choices of hairstyles to choose from. The rich women in Pompeii would be the
woman in Pompeii who could wear jewelry and also perfume, the jewelry will be made of gold,
pearl or another material.
The men in Pompeii were mostly gladiators but the other men could also participate in the sports.
The men had all the power in the household and they were also in charge of choosing the husbands
for their daughters. The boys were either taught education from their father or become a gladiator.
The men in Pompeii are similar to the men in the 21st century by some leading a business or
working to maintain their property. The men had much more power than the women when they give
birth when a baby is born they put the baby at the father's feet and he chooses if he accepts him or
not by carrying

Research Paper On Mount St. Helens
When Mount St. Helens erupted it took lives and destroyed at least fifty miles of the surrounding
area. A volcano is a mountain or hill where a vent forms in the earth's crust, letting ash, lava, and
steam escape. Mount St. Helens included many details common to volcanic eruptions, caused
damage and destruction, and how the area has recovered. Volcanoes are classified with the Volcanic
Explosively Index (VEI) scale. Mount St. Helens was ranked at a five, the highest is an eight. The
volcano erupted at 8:32 AM May 18, 1980. In all fifty–seven people died, twenty–seven bodies were
lost, and the surrounding town was wiped out. After the explosion there was a massive mudslide.
Mount St. Helens wasn't just a lava eruption, it was also an

SCADA Framework Example
1) Seismic photos have become more prominent exact with the advancement of more cutting edge
speed models, which contain actualities about the speed at which seismic waves visit by means of
shake layers. As specified over, these measurements are basic for unwinding the geologic privileged
insights concealed somewhere inside the earth. Recorded echoes create a lot of insights, and
effective supercomputers are required to the manner and examine the certainties to frame a 3–D
photo. Precision is urgent the better the pixel, the more prominent the shot that an exploratory
legitimately will confirm a revelation and pass nearer to creation.
2) It is a class of programming program programming application for strategy controls the
accumulation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
be that as it may, the pattern now in organization programming is to move to distributed computing,
whereby the organization developments a few or its total framework to the cloud. The ascent of
cloud application had finished in expanded adaptability inside the venture.
Decrease IT operational cost
Accelerated capacity to manage crests sought after for IT sources
Availability of Affords more secure registering condition Affords the capacity for bendy data
wellbeing strategies
Potential to region instability into a site utilizing cloud–based sources
It's likewise alluded to that distributed computing isn't the most straightforward answer for the entire
parcel. As an occasion, execution top to bottom applications comprehensive of video changing aren't
pleasantly perfect to the cloud, nor are different styles of programming that calls for over the top
execution desktop PC frameworks (those utilized for realistic format). Each organization has one of
a kind wishes and distributed computing has totally profited many endeavors through diminishing
their cost and enabling them to concentrate on their center undertaking competency as an option that
objectives IT and Infrastructure issues.
4) A run of the mill boss has hundreds and bunches of clients. To do their errand, each client keeps
running as a base 1/2 twelve or additional product on a PC or different gadgets. Distinguishing proof
control

Los Angeles Earthquake Report
The latest research results are showing an increased probability for the Los Angeles area to be hit by
a magnitude of eight or higher earthquake. According to Oskin (2015), "Looking at individual faults,
the southern San Andreas Fault near Los Angeles poses the greatest risk over the next 30 years, the
researchers said". This hypothetical scenario describes the possible result of a magnitude of 8 or
larger earthquake in the Los Angeles area. Additionally, this paper answers questions to the sudden
changes resident would have to deal with in their everyday life and the likelihood of emerging
communicable diseases in the area. Furthermore, I have included a short report for local authorities
to hep to prevent the situation getting worse.
Body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, life for tens of thousands of people changed forever. After the initial shake over one
thousand–people perished from collapsing buildings, freeway underpasses and power lines.
Unfortunately, this number have been doubled by the fires all over the city which fueled by broken
gas lines and years of extreme drought. As reality kicks in most of the resident struggle with
everyday life following the devastating effects of the quake. Water, gas, power lines are broken for
that reason large areas are without utilities. In the first days following the earthquake neighbors and
friends get together to help whenever help is needed. They are searching for survivals among the
rubbles of collapsed buildings, treating the injured and sharing the limited resources they left with.
As they realize that they won't able to get outside help for a while looting become the norm for
necessities like water, food and medicine. The local law enforcement unable to keep order as armed
groups of people roaming the city to collect resources for themselves. In the meanwhile, the air
become unbreathable outdoors for some due to the uncontrolled fires all over the city. Coupled with,
the

An Experiment On How Fast The Pressure Generated By The...
Shapiro and Dinske(2009) stated that this equation could enable geoscientists to know how fast the
pressure generated by the introduction of fluid is travelling into the rocks to be broken. Meanwhile,
this equation can only be applied to a homogenous, isotropic medium but in real life, geologic media
are hydraulically heterogeneous. For this case, times greater than t0(time at beginning) are
considered because if the injection stops at t0, the earthquakes and tremors will gradually cease to
occur. These times (t) also describe the propagation of a maximal pore pressure perturbation in the
space. The surface here separates the domain which is still active from the spatial domain which was
already active which yields the back front of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015) stated that seismic events occur in rock sections with high Young's
Modulus and low Poisson's ratio. Young's modulus refers to the ratio of amount of stress to strain
while Poisson's ratio is the ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain. They stated that a significant
amount of rock stress originated from elastic rock heterogeneity, and that the heterogeneity index of
rocks indicates these rock sections. Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015) concluded that seismicity
induced by fluid injection can be of two ways. One is by the shear reactivation which explains the
linear diffusion seismicity explained previously and the other is by tensile opening which only
occurs when the minimum effective stress becomes tensile. The reactivation probability of a
preexisting fracture is given by CFS calculation which involves cohesion, shear and normal stress,
coefficient of internal friction and pore pressure. If CFS is greater than 0, the fault is in a stable
state; if CFS is less than 0, the fault is unstable and if CFS is equal to 0, failure occurs. According to
Langenbruch and Shapiro(2015), a test was conducted where only the friction coefficient and
cohesion were kept constant while the other parameters were altered. This was done because there is
no direct measurement for

1906 Earthquakes Report
On April 18, 1906 a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck the city of San Francisco, California at 5:18 in
the morning. Major fires followed the quake, and burned down the city for several days, as the
firefighters had no water source to kill the fires. How did this earthquake happen? The answer: The
1906 earthquake occurred because of movement along the San Andreas Fault. Earthquakes are
constantly happening in different places and because of various reasons. Scientists are constantly
working to understand earthquakes and the reasons for their occurrences. Although some people
think earthquakes have simple causes, they may be interested to know that earthquakes are caused
by movement along faults, hydraulic fracking, and volcanic eruptions.
The most common cause of earthquakes is movement along faults. Earth's crust is divided into
tectonic plates, which grind past each other at fault boundaries. As tectonic plates move, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fracking is the process in which large amounts of water, sand, and other chemicals are injected into
rock formations in order to release natural gases. Scientists believe that this process of injecting
wastewater underground activates dormant faults. Although earthquakes from this process are rare,
they are largely increasing in number and magnitude throughout the United States. For example,
Oklahoma's seismic activity was seventy times greater in 2013 than before 2008. Before those years,
Oklahoma had an average of one and a half earthquakes with a magnitude three or greater each year.
Currently, Oklahoma has an average of two and a half earthquakes everyday with a magnitude of
three or greater. Fracking is a very important and rapidly growing cause of earthquakes. Places that
never experienced earthquakes may begin seeing earthquakes as a very common occurrence.
Hydraulic fracking, a human action, can cause earthquakes, but many earthquakes occur from
natural disasters, such as volcanic

Geology Career Research Paper
Geologist
Pursuing geology as a career began as a child, enjoying playing in the rocks as do many adolescent
children. Most of my youthful endeavors of this sort took place at my grandparent's home in
Jefferson City, Missouri. Specifically in their front and side yards in which they had pleasant
shrubbery to match the gravel of which their grandson had intentions of creating into excavation
sites. Minus the commercial equipment of course. For theatrical sake, let us imagine a five year old
running a backhoe. Supervised or not, it is quite a petrifying thought. While amongst the rocks years
later, thoughts about history that could be found within them arose. Then began my interest in
common fossils, preserved in the rocks found at any average ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both being the hardest obstacles I have ever faced in my short life thus far. Mathematics has been a
short coming for me because my entire educational life has been far too easy and frankly not
challenging at all. Now that I am faced with difficult classes, I really do not know what to do when a
lesson does not stick with me automatically. For instance, I have been failing my current
mathematics course for quite some time now and last semester I dropped Chemistry II because of
eminent failure as well. Failing is learning and learning means one will sometimes fail but it feels
open ended with my poor performances in my most self–desired courses. In the end, my humor will
always save me from these feelings for better or for worse. The best thing for me would be to face
these problems while something is putting them to the test so that I can improve my skills for future.
Preferably obtaining a job in this career outside of where we are now is the main goal. International
experience would be a phenomenal opportunity. Being able to see different cultures and societies is
my main goal in life. Where one grows up is a special place that I will always hold dear, but I know
we aren't meant to end where we started. Geology offers positions all across the world, mainly
because we live on one giant rock. I am hoping to have this career take me on an amazing adventure
through

The Likely Cause Of Earthquakes In The United States
Name: Olawale Oluwakoya
Media report: The likely cause of recent southeast US earthquakes.
The southeastern part of the United States should not encounter too many seismic activities because
it is located in the interior of the North American Plate, a good distance away from plate boundaries
where earthquakes mostly occur. However the southeast have seen some seismic, the latest was the
2011 magnitude–5.8 earthquake at Virginia.
Scientists recently reported in a new study a likely explanation for this unexpected incident, some
tiny pieces of the mantle under the region have been breaking off and moving deep down into the
Earth. Thereby weakening the remaining plates and making it more prone to slipping that causes
earthquakes. Most study authors have concluded that this process is ongoing and very likely ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earthquakes does not often occur in the middle of plates, however they do happen when old faults or
rifts far below the surface reactivate. These areas are weak compared to the surrounding plate, and
can slip easily and cause earthquake.
A CAT scan of the Earth
To find out what had been happening below the surface, researchers created 3D images of the
mantle portion of the North American Plate. Seismologists image the internal part of the Earth by
tracing the paths of seismic waves created by earthquakes as they move through the ground. The
waves move faster through colder rocks and less quickly through warmer rocks. Rocks cool and
harden as they become older, so the faster seismic waves, the older the rock.
The researchers used tremors created by earthquakes a little more than 2,000 miles away to create a
3D map of the mantle. They discovered that plate thickness in the southeast U.S. is uneven, they saw
thick areas of dense, aged rock stretching down and thin areas of less dense, younger

Oklahoma Is An Oil Rich State And The Most Important...
Introduction
Oklahoma has been on the spotlight for the last few years owing to the increase in earthquakes.
Particularly, 2014 served a wake–up call for stakeholders such as government, researchers and oil
and gas industry members as a result of a sharp rise in earthquakes reported in the area. The year
saw Oklahoma receiving more earthquakes than compared to California, a region that is more
culpable to the earthquakes scene. In adition, 2014 also marked the largest earthquake reported in
the history of the region, reporting a massive 5.6 magnitude. With these developments, continous
research has been conducted and the review of peer and academic journals written by past
reseaerchers and academic institutions collected to add on the data required to unearth the cause of
the frequency of registered earthquakes as well as the underlying factors that contribute to seismic
activity.
Oklahoma is an oil rich state and as such has seen the production of oil and gas become one of the
most important economic activities of the region. The methods applied during this process such as
the controversial hydraulic fracturing has come under increased scrutiny as it has been termed as
one of the main causes of increased seismic activity in the state. Scholars, researchers and scientists
on their quest to reveal the truth of the matter have reveaied different causes to explain the seismic
behavior. This paper will therefore focus on these research findings that attempt to answer the

Innovative Product of the Company
INNOVATIVE PRODUCT OF THE COMPANY To support mines and absorb seismic events in
mine which generally lead to accidents and injuries, company produced many products such as pre–
cut cable bolts, continuous coils, dynamic yielding cable bolts, dynamic solid bolts (Garford Cable
Bolts, 2014). Garford Pty Ltd came up with the innovative solution to support mines and for the
seismic events : Dynamic solid bolts. They were first used in USA and thereafter solid bolts were
redesigned in Australia with better material selection and some more advancement. Engineers went
through several material selection and selected 'STEEL' because of its properties as they are Ductile
: steel can be stretched into wires and can be pressed into any shapes Malleable : can be rolled into
sheets, bars and beams Strength : they are strong, fracture resistant Dynamic bolts are made of two
parts debonding sleeve and mixing device which are interconnected by a special mechanism
yielding device. Generally, the resin mixing device is 43mm diameter coarse threaded steel sleeve
crimped at the end of the bolt, whereas the debonding sleeve is M24 thread steel sleeve at the other
end of the bolt. Below the mixing device there is a dynamic section present which is a sliding
anchor mechanism that is pressed on to the bolt and rest of the part of the bolt is covered in
polyethylene sleeve. Whenever there is a subjected ground movement the bolt is forced through
constriction and elongates providing safety and

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