The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system, describing its key components and functions. It discusses lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and how lymph is formed and circulates. The summary highlights that: 1) The lymphatic system helps fight infection and removes cellular waste and debris. 2) It contains lymph capillaries that form lymph fluid from tissue fluids, as well as lymph vessels and lymph nodes that filter and drain lymph back to the bloodstream. 3) Lymph nodes act as filters to trap pathogens and produce immune cells, helping the body fight infection.

1. 1
GOODMORNING

2. 2
“LIFE SAVING POWERS OF
LYMPHATICS…”

3. INTRODUCTION
3

4. SEMINAR ON
4

5. 5

6. 6
WHAT IS
LYMPHATICS ????

7. Definition and components:-
7
Lymph
capillaries

8. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:- an overview
8

9. LYMPH ???
9
LYMPH???

10. lymph
10
•Fluid formed by ISF.
•Transparent,Colorless,slight
yellow,
• specific gravity -1.015;
resembles blood plasma, but
is more dilute.
• lymphocytes –present.

11. DEVELOPMENT
11
Proposed by FLORENCE
SABIN.
Starts by fifth week of IUL
from mesoderm.
Offshoot of venous
system,begins as series of
lymph sacs.

12. 12
2 PAIRED;
2 UNPAIRED

13. SCAMMON’S GROWTH
CURVE
13

14. 14
LYMPH CAPILLARIES
• squamous.
•larger than blood
capillaries.
•one-way valves
•Opened by
pressure of
interstitial fluid.
•Anchoring
filaments

15. HOW LYMPH IS
FORMED IN
CAPILLARIES ???
15
How lymph formed
in capillaries ????

16. Lymph;-
16

17. DISTRIBUTION OF CAPILLARIES
17
• Except : -
• CNS.
• MENINGES.
• EYE BALL
• EAR
• STRAITED
MUSCLE.
• CARTILAGE.
• LIVER LOBULE.
• SPLEEN PULP.
• NON-VASCULAR
ORGANS..
Present in all organs and
tissue……………

18. • L•
• Delicate.
• Coat are transparent -the
fluid is seen.
 Has valves-semilunar
,prevent backflow,unlike
capillaries.
 Found in all,except-non
vascular.ex-nails, catilage
,hair ……..
LYMPH VESSELS
18

19. Structure of vessels
19
1. THE INTERNAL COAT .
2. THE MIDDLE COAT .
3. THE EXTERNAL COAT
valve cusps
adipose
tissue

20. LYMPH NODES.
20
The principle lymphoid .
Small oval or bean-shaped
bodies.
Size- few mm to1-2 cm .
“waste water treatment
plant.”.
As traps forgein particles..

21. STRUCTURE OF LYMPH NODE
21

22. LYMPH NODE MAGNIFIED
22
a. Trabeculæ.
b. Small artery in
substance of same.
c. Lymph paths.
d. Lymph corpuscles.
e. Capillary plexus.

23. 23
Circulation in node

24. 24

25. 25
Functions
of
lymph node..

26. Functions of lymph node…..
26
1. Genesis of lymphocytes (cytogenic
function)
2. Scavenging the forgein particles..
3. Dead cells,removed from the
circulation
4. Synthesis of antibodies.
5. Satellite nodes receive lymph from
specific area,& spreads infection …
6. secondary deposits are found .

27. Applied histology of node
27
1. ACUTE LYMPH ADENITIS.
Ex:typhoid fever,glandular
fever……
2. CHRONIC ENLARGEMENT .
lymph node is casseated.
3. Irritation causing node
enlargement. .ex:silicosis .

28. Applied..
28
1. DERMATOPATHIC LYMPH
ADENOPATHY :- INVOLEMENT
of skin and lymph node..
2. Primary node enlargement .
ex:-hodgkins lymphoma. In
syphilis.

29. 29

30. Lymph
nodes.
Superficial
nodes
IN HEAD:
Occipital
Retroauricular
Parotid
Buccal(facial)
IN NECK:
Submandibular
Submental
Anterior cervical
Superficial cervical
Deep
nodes
Superior cervical
Inferior cervical
Retropharyngeal
Paratracheal
Infrahyoid
prelaryngeal
Pretracheal
lingual
CLASSIFICATION
30

31. Lymph nodes arranged as:--
31
A. Superficial Ring;
Submental, Occipital
nodes
B. Deep Ring: Pretracheal,
Retropharyngeal nodes
Submandibular,Buccal,
Parotid, Retroauricular&
C. Deep cervical chain along
Internal Jugular vein.
D. Jugular lymph trunk .
Deep cervical
subm
an submen
O
P
B

32. Lymph nodes of head……
• Occipital.
• Facial.
• Posterior
Auricular.
• Deep Facial.
• Anterior
Auricular.
• Lingual.
• Parotid.
• Retropharynge
al. 32

33. Occipital node :-
33
2-3 in no.
Afferent
from-posterior
part of scalp
&neck.
Efferent to –
deep cervical
lymph nodes.
Applied.
occipital
trapezius
Semispinalis
capitus

34. Posterior auricular nodes:-
34
Mastoid
node
sternocleidomastoid
1-2 in no.
Afferent –
temporal,parietal
scalp.post. Ear.
Efferent-superior
deep cervical.

35. Preauricular & Parotid
lymph nodes
35
eyelid,nose
Temporal, frontal
ear
parotid
Deep cervical
gland
Pre-auricular.

36. Facial lymph nodes
36
Supramandibular-
front massetor.
Facial A.&V.
Buccinator-
ANGLE OF
MOUTH.
• EFFERENT TO
SUBMAXILLAR
Y NODE.
• AFFERENT
FROM -
CONJUCTIVA.
EYES,SKIN
OF CHEEK,
NOSE.

37. Lymph vessels of scalp.
37
PRE-
AURICULAR.
& PAROTID
RETRO AURICULAR
OCCIPITAL
INFERIOR DEEP
CERVICAL

38. Lymphatics of face
38
Parotid & pre-auricular
Buccal
submandibular
Deep cervical
submental

39. Lymphatics of nasal cavity
39
Anterior part
Post.2/3rd
&sinuses.

40. 40
LYMPHATICS OF
ORAL CAVITY…

41. Lymph vessels of teeth,gums,palate
41
Retropharyngeal ,sub-parotid -palate
L.Anterior
teeth,gums
Post.,uppers
teeth,gums.

42. Lymph vessels of tongue
42
jugulo-omohyoid
Or Inferior deep
cervical
Jugulo-digastric or superior deep cervical.
Submadibular
nodes.
Submental node

43. -pharynxWALDEYER’S RING
43

44. Lymphatics of larynx,thyroid,trachea
44
Pre-laryngeal
Pre-tracheal
Cricoid
cartilage.
Deep cervical glands.
infrahyoid
Superior set-
larynx
Inferior set-larynx,
Trachea,thyroid.
Trachea,thyroid

45. Lymph nodes of neck
45
• Submandibular lymph nodes.
• Submental lymph nodes.
• Superficial Cervical lymph
nodes.
• Anterior Cervical lymph nodes.
• Deep Cervical lymph nodes.

46. Submandibular lymph node.
46
Submandibular
lymph node
Anterior
Inferior
posterior
posterior
middle
Located:-
Subdivided as

47. Afferent and efferent of
submandibular node………
47
A
A
E

48. SUBMENTAL LYMPH GLAND
48
 location:-
Afferents from-
center lower lip,floor
of the mouth,tip of
tongue, lower incisiors
-gums, skin of chin;
Efferent to
submandibular
,jugulo-omohyoid..
Submental node
Anteriorbelly of diagastric

49. Superficial cervical lymph node
49
Close-external
jugular vein.
superficial to
Sternocleidomastoid
Afferent from-
parotid, prearicular
nodes and ear.
Efferent-to deep
cervical nodes…
Superficial
cervical
node

50. Deep cervical lymph nodes
50
Related
to
carotid
sheath

51. 51

52. FATE OF LYMPH?
52

53. 53

54. Palpation of a node….
54
• EXAMINATION-from behind
the patient.
• Normally nodes are;-
discrete, mobile, soft,
nontender . (palpable nodes
may be normal in adults.)
• Nodes more than ⅜” (1 cm)
in dia are cause for concern.

55. 55
Clinical importance of
lymphatics of head
and neck….

56. Importance;-
56
Tuberculous disease -
involve upper deep lymph
nodes from tonsillar
infection,adhere to internal
jugular vein ,get injured
during node removal.
Tongue cancer- jugulo-
omohyoid and vertical chain
of nodes are involved.

57. Clinical importance-
57
• Supraclavicular nodes enlargement in sc
in malignant disease of stomach, as
virchows nodes.
• Supraclavicular nodes infection may
spread to axillary nodes…
• Spinal accessory nerve lie close with
adenoid nodes ,excision of nodes may
injure nerve causing paralysis of
sternomastoid and trapezius muscle.

58. 58

59. Block dissection of lymph nodes…
59
 Affected nodes surgically
removed or treated by radiation.
 American academy of
otolaryngology,head and neck
surgery :-
Removal of enblock.the
lymphatics is related to carotid
sheath ,preserve carotid
arteries and vagus nerve…

60. Prescalene node biopsy..
60
Lower deep cervical lymph nodes related to
it ,biopsied to study secondaries.
Site of biopsy:-lateral to internal jugular
vein.
Caution:-not to injure-phrenic nerve,
subclavian vein, thorasic duct.
Purpose of biopsy-bronchogenic carcinoma
of lung..

61. Aging and lymphatic system..
61
The thymus after age of 10-12 begins
atrophy.
 T-lymphocytes unable to mature..New
produced only by replication (mitosis).
Faltering immune system makes the
elderly more prone to infections and
cancer…

62. 62
CONCLUSION
•UNSUNG HERO OF IMMUNE SYSTEM,
THAT SAVES LIFE .
•THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM CAN BE
YOUR BEST FRIEND OR YOUR WORST
ENEMY , WORTH TAKING GOOD CARE
OF YOU!!!
•THE REWARDS ARE GOOD HEALTH
AND LOTS OF ENERGY...

63. REFRENCES
63
• Grays anatomy,by Henry gray 1918,Anatomy of
human body.
• B.D chaurasia part 3,head,neck and face.
• Theime,atlas of human anatomy.Neck and internal
organs .
• The encyclopedic atlas of human anatomy.
• Anatomy of orofacial structure-Brand isselhard,7th
edition.
• Anatomy by Snell 7th edition.
• Sabin.F.R the development of lymphatic system.

64. 64

65. 65
QUESTIONS?