1. The document discusses various social psychology concepts including downward social comparison, observational learning, the bystander effect, framing heuristics, and social perception. 2. Downward social comparison is comparing oneself to others perceived to be worse off to make oneself feel better, while observational learning occurs through observing the behavior of others and then imitating it. 3. The bystander effect describes how individuals do not offer help to a victim when other people are present because they assume someone else will help.