Chapter 1Basic Word StructureCopyright © 2008, 2005 .docx

Chapter 1
Basic Word Structure
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier
Inc. All rights reserved.
*
Chapter Learning ObjectivesIdentify basic objectives to guide
your study of the medical languageDivide medical words into
their component parts.Learn the meanings of basic combining
forms, prefixes, and suffixes of the medical language.Use these
combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to build medical words.
*
Analyze words by dividing them into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the
human body.
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.

Chapter 1
Lesson 1.1
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OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING
THE MEDICAL LANGUAGEAnalyze words by dividing them
into component parts.
Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the
human body
Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems.
*
Word Analysis

HEMAT/O/LOGY
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Word Analysis
HEMAT/O/LOGY
combining vowel
hemat means blood
-logy means process of study
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Word Analysis
Important elements:Root: foundation of the termSuffix: word

endingPrefix: word beginningCombining vowel: vowel (usually
o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root and
aids pronunciationCombining form: combination of the root and
the combining vowel
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Combining vowel has no meaning of its own.
Which element appears at the beginning of a medical term?
A. Suffix
B. Prefix
C. Combining Vowel
D. Combining Form
QUICK QUIZ:
*
Correct answer is B; the prefix is the element that appears at
the beginning of a medical term.
Word Analysis
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM

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Word Analysis
ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM
combining vowels
electr means electricity
cardi means heart
-gram means record
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Word Analysis
GASTR/ITIS

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Word Analysis
GASTR/ITIS
root suffix
gastr means stomach
-itis means inflammation
Note: Drop combining vowel when suffix stars with a vowel (as
in “-itis”)
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Word Analysis
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY

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Word Analysis
GASTR/O/ENTER/O/LOGY
combining vowels
gastr means stomach
enter means intestines
-logy means process of study
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All medical terms have:
A. A Combining Vowel
B. Two roots
C. A suffix
D. A prefix
QUICK QUIZ:

*
Correct answer is C, all medical terms have a suffix. See page
5 of text.
Word Analysis (cont’d.)
THREE General Rules:
Read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the
beginning of the term and across
Drop the combining vowel (usually o) before a suffix beginning
with a vowel: gastritis not “gastroitis”
Keep the combining vowel between two roots: gastroenterology
not gastrenterology
*
When a term contains two or more roots related to parts of the
body, what often determines which root is listed first?
(anatomical position)
Word Analysis
SUB/GASTR/IC

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Word Analysis
SUB/GASTR/IC
prefix root suffix
sub- means under
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to
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Word Analysis
EPI/GASTR/IC

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Word Analysis
EPI/GASTR/IC
prefix root suffix
epi- means above
gastr means stomach
-ic means pertaining to
*
*

COMBINING FORMS
aden/o _________
arthr/o _________
bi/o _________
carcin/o _________
cardi/o _________
Combining Form Meaning
*
. Refer to pp. 8-9 for definitions and medical terms made with
these combining forms.
aden/o gland
arthr/o joint
bi/o life
carcin/o cancerous, cancer
cardi/o heart
COMBINING FORMS

*
. Refer to pp. 8 for definitions and medical terms made with
3. Which term means inflammation
of the gland?
arthritis
adentitis
adenoma
cephalic
QUICK QUIZ:
*
cephal/o _________
cerebr/o _________
cis/o _________
crin/o _________
cyst/o _________

COMBINING FORMS
*
cephal/o head
cerebr/o cerebrum
cis/o to cut
crin/o to secrete
cyst/o urinary bladder
COMBINING FORMS
*
cyt/o _________

derm/o or dermat/o _________
electr/o _________
encephal/o _________
enter/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
*
. Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms made with
cyt/o cell
derm/o or dermat/o skin
electr/o electricity
encephal/o brain
enter/o intestines
COMBINING FORMS
*
Refer to pp. 9 for definitions and medical terms using these
word parts

Term that means study of cells:
cystoscopy
cystitis
cytology
hematology
QUICK QUIZ:
*
Correct answer is C, cytology.
erythr/o _________
gastr/o _________
gn/o _________
gynec/o _________
hemat/o or hem/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
*

erythr/o red
gastr/o stomach
gn/o knowledge
gynec/o woman, female
hemat/o or hem/o blood
COMBINING FORMS
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Refer to pp. 9-10 for definitions and medical terms made with
these word parts.
hepat/o _________
iatr/o _________
leuk/o _________
nephr/o _________
neur/o _________
COMBINING FORMS

*
hepat/o liver
iatr/o treatment, physician
leuk/o white
nephr/o kidney
neur/o nerve
COMBINING FORMS
*
Refer to pp. 10 for definitions and for medical terms from these
combining forms.
onc/o _________
ophthalm/o _________

oste/o _________
path/o _________
ped/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
*
onc/o tumor
ophthalm/o eye
oste/o bone
path/o disease
ped/o child
COMBINING FORMS
*

psych/o _________
radi/o _________
ren/o _________
rhin/o _________
sarc/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
*
Refer to pp. 11 for definitions and medical terms made with
psych/o mind
radi/o x-rays
ren/o kidney
rhin/o nose
sarc/o flesh
COMBINING FORMS

*
sect/o _________
thromb/o _________
ur/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
*
these combining forms..
Using the given combining forms, can you form and define
other terms not listed in the slide?
sect/o to cut
thromb/o clot, clotting
ur/o urinary tract, urine
COMBINING FORMS

*
-ac _________
-al _________
-algia _________
-cyte _________
-ectomy _________
SUFFIXES
*
these suffixes.
SUFFIXES

-ac pertaining to
-al pertaining to
-algia pain
-cyte cell
-ectomy excision, removal
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Refer to pp. 12 for definitions and for terms made with these
suffixes.
Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove?
-ectomy
-scopy
-itis
-opsy
QUICK QUIZ:
*
Correct answer is A, -ectomy, meaning excision, or removal.

-emia _________
-genic _________
-globin _________
-gram _________
-ic, ical _________
SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.
-emia blood condition
-genic produced by or in
-globin protein
-gram record
-ic, ical pertaining to
SUFFIXES
*

suffixes.
-ion _________
-ist _________
-itis _________
-logy _________
-oma _________
SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.
-ion process
-ist specialist

-itis inflammation
-logy process of study
-oma tumor, mass, swelling
SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.
-opsy _________
-osis _________
-pathy _________
-scope _________
-scopy _________
SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.

-opsy process of viewing
-osis condition, usually abnormal
-pathy disease condition
-scope instrument to visually examine
-scopy process of visually examining
(with an endoscope)
SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.
-sis _________
-tomy _________
-y _________

SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.
-sis state of; condition
-tomy process of cutting
-y process, condition
SUFFIXES
*
suffixes.

PREFIXES
a-, an- _________
aut-, auto _________
dia- _________
end-, endo- _________
epi- _________
ex- _________
*
Refer to pp. 13-14 for definition and for terms made with these
prefixes.
a-, an- no, not, without
aut-, auto self, own
dia- through, complete
end-, endo- within
epi- above, upon
ex- out
PREFIXES
*

Refer to pp. 13-14 for definitions and for terms made with these
prefixes.
exo- _________
hyper- _________
hypo- _________
in- _________
peri- _________
pro- _________
PREFIXES
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prefixes.
exo- outside of, outward

hyper- excessive, above, more
hypo- deficient, below, under, less
in- into, in
peri- surrounding, around
pro- before, forward
PREFIXES
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prefixes.
re- _________
retro- _________
sub- _________
trans- _________
PREFIXES
*
prefixes.

re- back, backward, again
retro- behind
sub- below, under
trans- across, through
PREFIXES
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prefixes.
Pronunciation of TermsWhen ¯ is above a vowel, the sound
is long. For example:
ā as in āpe
ō as in ōpenWhen ˘ is above a vowel, the sound is short. For
example:
ă as in ăpple
ŏ as in pŏt

*
Review long and short vowel sounds with the students.
Examples:
adenitis ăd-ĕ-Nī-tĭs
biology bī-OL-ō-jē
cephalic se-FĂL-ik
iatrogenic i-ăt-rō-JEN-ik
resection rē-SEK-shŭn
Pronunciation of Terms (cont’d.)
*

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