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Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1
The Language OfThe Language Of
MedicineMedicine
1010thth
editionedition
Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
Chapter 4
Prefixes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3
Chapter Goals
• Define basic prefixes used in the medical
language.
• Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes
and other word elements.
• Learn about the Rh condition as an example of
an antigen-antibody reaction.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4
Combining Forms
• carp/o wrist bones
• cib/o meals
• cis/o to cut
• cost/o rib
• cutane/o skin
• dactyl/o fingers, toes
• duct/o to lead, carry
• flex/o to bend
• furc/o forking, branching
• gloss/o tongue
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5
Combining Forms (cont’d)
• glyc/o sugar
• immun/o protection
• morph/o shape, form
• mort/o death
• nat/i birth
• nect/o to bind, tie, connect
• norm/o rule, order
• ox/o oxygen
• pub/o pubis; anterior portion of pelvic or
hipbone
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6
Combining Forms (cont’d)
• seps/o infection
• somn/o sleep
• son/o sound
• the/o to put, place
• thel/o, theli/o nipple
• thyr/o thyroid gland; shield
• top/o place, position, location
• tox/o poison
• trache/o windpipe, trachea
• urethr/o urethra
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7
Suffixes
• -blast embryonic, immature
• -crine to secrete
• -drome to run
• -fusion coming together; to pour
• -gea substance that produces
• -lapse to slide, fall, sag
• -lysis breakdown, destruction, separation
• -meter to measure
• -mission to send
• -or one who
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8
Suffixes
• -oxia oxygen
• -partum birth, labor
• -phoria to bear, carry; feeling
• -physis to grow
• -plasia development, formation, growth
• -plasm structure or formation
• -pnea breathing
• -ptosis falling, dropping, prolapse
• -rrhea flow, discharge
• -stasis stopping, controlling
• -trophy development, nourishment
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9
Chapter 4
Lesson 4.1
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10
a-, an- no, not, without
ab- away from
ad- toward
ana- up, apart
ante- before, forward
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and Terminology
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11
anti- against
auto- self, own
bi- two
brady- slow
cata- down
con- with, together
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12
contra- against, opposite
de- down, lack of
dia- through, complete
dys- bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
ec-, ecto out, outside
endo- in, within
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13
epi- upon, on, above
eu- good, normal
ex- out, outside, away from
hemi- half
hyper- excessive, above
hypo- deficient, under
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14
in- not
in- into, within
infra- beneath, under
inter- between
intra- in, within, into
macro- large
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15
mal- bad
meta- beyond, change
micro- small
neo- new
pan- all
para- abnormal, beside, near
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16
per- through
peri- surrounding
poly- many, much
post- after, behind
pre- before, in front of
pro- before, forward
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17
pros- before, forward
re- back, again
retro- behind, backward
sub- under
supra- above, upper
syn-, sym- together, with
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18
tachy- fast
trans- across, through
ultra- beyond, excess
uni- one
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
Prefixes and
Terminology (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19
QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means a muscle that
draws a limb TOWARD the body?
(Watch spelling!)
A. Adducter
B. Abductor
C. Adductor
D. Abducter
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. Which term means painful
breathing?
A. Dyspnea
B. Dysplasia
C. Apnea
D. Cephalgia
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21
A Closer Look: Antigens and
Antibodies; the Rh Condition
Background on Rh Condition
• Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the
body, that stimulates the production of
antibodies.
• Antibodies: Protein substances made by white
blood cells in response to the presence of
foreign antigens.
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22
Rh Condition (cont’d)
• Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody condition
that develops when there is a difference in Rh
blood factor between that of the pregnant
mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh
positive).
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23
Rh Condition (cont’d)
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Antibodies are made by what type
of cell?
A. Platelets
B. Leukocytes
C. Thrombocytes
D. Erythrocytes
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25
A Closer Look:
Congenital Anomaly
•Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a
structure or organ that an infant is born with
•Includes webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly),
heart defects, and clubbed feet
•Some are hereditary; others are produced by
factors present during pregnancy; for example,
when a pregnant woman drinks high levels of
alcohol, there is a pattern of physical and mental
defects in the infant at birth
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26
A Closer Look:
Recombinant DNA
• Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from one
organism and inserting it into the DNA of
another organism.
• Recombinant techniques are used to
manufacture insulin outside the body
• A related term is polymerase chain reaction
(PCR); the method of producing multiple
copies of a single gene
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27
A Closer Look:
Syndrome
• Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that
commonly occur together and indicate a
particular disease or abnormal condition
• Reye syndrome is characterized by vomiting,
swelling of the brain, increased intracranial
pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of
the liver; may occur in children after a viral
infection that has been treated with aspirin
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28
A Closer Look: Transurethral
Resection of the Prostate Gland
• Transurethral resection of the prostate gland
(TURP)
• A portion of the prostate gland is removed with
an instrument passed through (trans-) the
urethra
• The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue
increases (hyperplasia) and interferes with
urination
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29
A Closer Look:
Ultrasonography
Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves
to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue.
Echocardiogram: ultrasound image of the heart
Sonogram: fetal ultrasound image
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30
Pronunciation
• ā as in āpe
• ē as in ēven
• ī as in īce
• ō as in ōpen
• ū as in ūnit
• ă as in ăpple
• ĕ as in ĕvery
• ĭ as in ĭnterest
• ŏ as in pŏt
• ŭ as in ŭnder
Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31
Pronunciation (cont’d)
• Examples
antigen
contralateral
malaise
prolapse
• ĂN-tĭ-jĕn
• cŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ăl
• măl- ĀZ
• PRŌ-lăps

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Chapter004 150914193131-lva1-app6892

  • 1. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 The Language OfThe Language Of MedicineMedicine 1010thth editionedition Davi-Ellen ChabnerDavi-Ellen Chabner
  • 2. Chapter 4 Prefixes Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2
  • 3. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Chapter Goals • Define basic prefixes used in the medical language. • Analyze medical terms that combine prefixes and other word elements. • Learn about the Rh condition as an example of an antigen-antibody reaction.
  • 4. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Combining Forms • carp/o wrist bones • cib/o meals • cis/o to cut • cost/o rib • cutane/o skin • dactyl/o fingers, toes • duct/o to lead, carry • flex/o to bend • furc/o forking, branching • gloss/o tongue Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
  • 5. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Combining Forms (cont’d) • glyc/o sugar • immun/o protection • morph/o shape, form • mort/o death • nat/i birth • nect/o to bind, tie, connect • norm/o rule, order • ox/o oxygen • pub/o pubis; anterior portion of pelvic or hipbone Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
  • 6. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Combining Forms (cont’d) • seps/o infection • somn/o sleep • son/o sound • the/o to put, place • thel/o, theli/o nipple • thyr/o thyroid gland; shield • top/o place, position, location • tox/o poison • trache/o windpipe, trachea • urethr/o urethra Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
  • 7. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Suffixes • -blast embryonic, immature • -crine to secrete • -drome to run • -fusion coming together; to pour • -gea substance that produces • -lapse to slide, fall, sag • -lysis breakdown, destruction, separation • -meter to measure • -mission to send • -or one who SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
  • 8. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Suffixes • -oxia oxygen • -partum birth, labor • -phoria to bear, carry; feeling • -physis to grow • -plasia development, formation, growth • -plasm structure or formation • -pnea breathing • -ptosis falling, dropping, prolapse • -rrhea flow, discharge • -stasis stopping, controlling • -trophy development, nourishment SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning
  • 9. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Chapter 4 Lesson 4.1
  • 10. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 a-, an- no, not, without ab- away from ad- toward ana- up, apart ante- before, forward PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology
  • 11. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 anti- against auto- self, own bi- two brady- slow cata- down con- with, together PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 12. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 contra- against, opposite de- down, lack of dia- through, complete dys- bad, painful, difficult, abnormal ec-, ecto out, outside endo- in, within PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 13. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 epi- upon, on, above eu- good, normal ex- out, outside, away from hemi- half hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, under PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 14. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 in- not in- into, within infra- beneath, under inter- between intra- in, within, into macro- large PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 15. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 mal- bad meta- beyond, change micro- small neo- new pan- all para- abnormal, beside, near PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 16. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 per- through peri- surrounding poly- many, much post- after, behind pre- before, in front of pro- before, forward PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 17. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 pros- before, forward re- back, again retro- behind, backward sub- under supra- above, upper syn-, sym- together, with PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 18. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 tachy- fast trans- across, through ultra- beyond, excess uni- one PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning Prefixes and Terminology (cont’d)
  • 19. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 QUICK QUIZ: 1. Which term means a muscle that draws a limb TOWARD the body? (Watch spelling!) A. Adducter B. Abductor C. Adductor D. Abducter
  • 20. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d) 2. Which term means painful breathing? A. Dyspnea B. Dysplasia C. Apnea D. Cephalgia
  • 21. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 A Closer Look: Antigens and Antibodies; the Rh Condition Background on Rh Condition • Antigen: A substance, usually foreign to the body, that stimulates the production of antibodies. • Antibodies: Protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens.
  • 22. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Rh Condition (cont’d) • Rh Condition: An antigen-antibody condition that develops when there is a difference in Rh blood factor between that of the pregnant mother (Rh negative) and that of the fetus (Rh positive).
  • 23. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Rh Condition (cont’d)
  • 24. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 QUICK QUIZ: 3. Antibodies are made by what type of cell? A. Platelets B. Leukocytes C. Thrombocytes D. Erythrocytes
  • 25. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 A Closer Look: Congenital Anomaly •Congenital anomaly: An irregularity in a structure or organ that an infant is born with •Includes webbed fingers or toes (syndactyly), heart defects, and clubbed feet •Some are hereditary; others are produced by factors present during pregnancy; for example, when a pregnant woman drinks high levels of alcohol, there is a pattern of physical and mental defects in the infant at birth
  • 26. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26 A Closer Look: Recombinant DNA • Recombinant DNA: Taking a gene from one organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism. • Recombinant techniques are used to manufacture insulin outside the body • A related term is polymerase chain reaction (PCR); the method of producing multiple copies of a single gene
  • 27. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27 A Closer Look: Syndrome • Syndrome: A group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition • Reye syndrome is characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver; may occur in children after a viral infection that has been treated with aspirin
  • 28. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28 A Closer Look: Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Gland • Transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP) • A portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through (trans-) the urethra • The procedure is indicated when prostatic tissue increases (hyperplasia) and interferes with urination
  • 29. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29 A Closer Look: Ultrasonography Ultrasonography: A diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue. Echocardiogram: ultrasound image of the heart Sonogram: fetal ultrasound image
  • 30. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30 Pronunciation • ā as in āpe • ē as in ēven • ī as in īce • ō as in ōpen • ū as in ūnit • ă as in ăpple • ĕ as in ĕvery • ĭ as in ĭnterest • ŏ as in pŏt • ŭ as in ŭnder
  • 31. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31 Pronunciation (cont’d) • Examples antigen contralateral malaise prolapse • ĂN-tĭ-jĕn • cŏn-tră-LĂT-ĕr-ăl • măl- ĀZ • PRŌ-lăps

Editor's Notes

  1. The correct answer is C: adductor. (Answer A is misspelled. Answer B means a muscle that draws a limb away from the body. Answer D is misspelled.)
  2. The correct answer is A: dyspnea; dys- means painful; -pnea means breathing. Remember, medical terms do not need to have a root or combining form. Dyspnea, for example, has a prefix and a suffix with an imbedded root.
  3. Antigen examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium Immune reaction: reaction between an antigen and antibody What is a common name for an immune reaction against normally nonthreatening antigens?
  4. Discuss how Rh condition occurs. First pregnancy with Rh+ baby: the baby is not affected but the Rh- mother is sensitized. Second pregnancy with Rh+ baby: the baby develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Symptom of HDN: jaundice. How can the condition be prevented? (Prevent Rh condition with Rh immune globulin injection to Rh- woman within 72 hours of delivery, miscarriage, or abortion of an Rh+ fetus.)
  5. The correct answer is B: leukocytes or white blood cells.
  6. What are some examples of congenital anomalies? What are some causes of nonhereditary congenital anomalies?
  7. Describe the recombinant DNA technique used to manufacture insulin outside the body. What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
  8. List a syndrome example (other than Reye syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome), and ask students to list the symptoms.
  9. Notice the facial features in the ultrasound image. What is an echocardiogram?
  10. Have students pronounce each term. Which syllable is accented (stressed) in each of these terms?