The Effects Of Climate Change On The Planet

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Planet
The effects of climate change have become more apparent than ever within the last 100 years.
Increasing climates have been proven; with the warmest temperatures in 30 years being recorded
(Houghton, 1994). Suggested cause of this increase is population change, the ever increasing
demand for natural resources to sustain economic growth has resulted in exploitation of ecological
systems at a rate never recorded before. These huge changes to the planet will have a knock on
effect to individual and global ecosystems resulting in varying levels of positive feedback.
Throughout this essay I will be discussing on various ways climate change effects the ecology of the
planet.
The planet shows fluctuations of temperature from millions of years ago. ... Show more content on
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Evidence such as the rising of sea level by 17cm in the last century or the 150–250km3 loss of
Greenland ice per year between 2002–2006 (NASA, 2014) proves that climate change is happening
to us currently and the effects are immediate.
The Carbon Cycle consists of the vital components for all animal and plant lives. It is primarily a
reflection on primary and secondary production (Krebs, 2009). As seen in Figure 2, carbon levels
have not been constant throughout history. Figure 3 represents the basic components of the Carbon
cycle. The diagram shows that the oceans are the largest sink of carbon, and is at a constant
equilibrium of atmospheric CO2 and aqueous CO2. The increase in atmospheric CO2 levels causes
ocean acidification by decreasing the pH of the oceans. PH values are said to have dropped by
0.1pH units since pre industrial levels and are expected to drop a further 0.3 units by the end of the
20th century (Scott C Doney, 2007). This chemical change will have knock on affects in many
marine ecosystems, which will be discussed later.
However, there are positive results of the rapid increase of CO2 in relation to plants a; CO2
enrichment will no longer be a limiting factor of photosynthesis. Evidence of this is results from
3,586 separate
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Global Warming And Its Effect On Ecosystems By Stimulating...
Abstracts
The uses of microcosm are resourceful in giving insight into the behaviors of larger scale systems.
global warming is increasing at escalating rate and could affect ecosystems. Ecosystems are a very
important part of humanity as they provide us with essential services to survive. It is important to
know the factors that could affect this. The use of microcosm experiments can be used to give
information into how ecological communities will be affected by climate change. In this study
sampled populations of the species Paramecium and Euglena were taken over 5 days at different
temperatures using PCR, Microscopes, Serial dilution and spectrophotometry techniques. The
results gathered form over the 5 days showed that increasing temperature over time has an effect on
the microcosms, negatively and positively. This experiment proved that the increase in temperature
through climate change has an effect on ecosystems by stimulating reproduction, interaction and
competition.
Introduction
Climate change through changes in the environment is rapidly increasing and creating a negative
impact on ecological services provided from biodiversity.
Ecosystems are essential to the sustenance of humanity as they provide us with many useful services
like food, energy, water and recycling. (Benton et al., 2007)
An ecosystem is made up of different types of plant and animal species which interact with each
other and most importantly with their environment as one functional unit. The

Biodiversity And Its Effects On Biodiversity
Abstract. Biodiversity is a variety of life and it is important to maintain biodiversity because it
provides everyone's needs for food source, water source and shelter. Currently, Georgia Gwinnett
College expanding with construction around the area, will this cause a disturbance where the
campus will not be able to have biodiversity or having some disturbance can increase it? The
research measured biodiversity in 5 different places around campus, these locations varying levels
of disturbance and resources. After analysis, it was determined that sites further away from the
stream at the downstream location had less biodiversity, and that the GGC site location had more
biodiversity than both of the stream locations, which may be due to more diverse habitats with the
location, or sharing more transition areas with areas of higher disturbance.
Introduction. Biodiversity is a variety of life on Earth at all levels from genes to ecosystems and the
ecological and evolutionary process that is able to keep biodiversity in balance (Willington, 2005).
Biodiversity is important because it satisfy's everyone including animals, organisms and humans
basic needs such as food and water source and as well shelter(Wood, 1997). The overall goal in
biodiversity conservation is to create a foundation in developing ways to protect and use biological
resources in a way where it does not destroy important habitats in an ecosystem (Nangendo, 2002).
In ecology it has been taught that everything from

The Management Of Coarse Fisheries Of Lakes And Rivers...
Introduction:
The aim of this literature review is to determine why set of structured points or methodology for the
management of coarse fisheries of lakes and rivers within the UK, is the best way forward to
achieve a good ecological status of surface water bodies in the UK. The following critical literature
review will attempt to explain why achieving a good ecological status is necessary, what it is and
why being applied to fisheries with UK is the most practical approach, the themes examined will be:
1. Fisheries within the UK and their significance
2. Good ecological status as per legislation requirements and for socio–economic and cultural
benefits.
3. Mitigation measures.
Information included within this critical review has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other uses involve fisheries for harvesting of fish, such as salmon farms. In 1994 there were an
estimated 0.8 million game anglers and 2.3 million coarse anglers. (Peirson, Tingley, Spurgeon,
Radford, 2001, p.416). Annual expenditure on all items related to angling/fishing involved the
purchasing of rod licences from the Environment Agency, tackle, bait, and permits on private lakes
as well as travel by anglers, in 1994, the total was estimated to be approximately £3 Billion (Moon
and Souter, 1994). By 2005 approximately thirty million days were fished by anglers on UK
fisheries which was substantially more than the year 2000 (Mawle, Peirson, 2009, p.44.) This
increase in angling activity increases competition between fisheries to ensure that the best quality
stocks of fish are available for anglers.
It is estimated by (Girdler, Wellby, Welcomme, 2010, p.3) that approximately 90% of the still water
bodies in the UK may be privately owned and marketed or operated as fisheries. Whilst running as a
privately owned fishery this could mean the fishery ends up removed from the direct influence of
significant regulating bodies such as conservation, freshwater scientists and regulators like the
Environment Agency, thus emphasising the role that fishery managers must independently regulate
the aquatic environment of their freshwater body. One of the main reasons as to why it is so
significant to

Organismal Biology
Organismal biology is the study of structure, function, ecology, and evolution at the level of the
organism. An understanding of the biology of animals and plants allows for a better prediction of
impacts on these organisms from human activity. Having a biological understanding of these
organisms also allows for better conservation practices. Organismal biology will allow me to have in
depth knowledge of species behavior, physiology, and evolutionary history, which is essential
information when making management and conservation plans for specific species. Understanding
the genetic structure and background, and evolutionary history of species and populations allows for
a better understanding of patterns of dispersal, and allows predictions to be made about how species
will react to future environmental threats such as climate change.
Ecology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Understanding how organisms interact with each other and their ecosystems is an important aspect
of conservation. Ecology will include the ecology of a diversity of species and environments such as
wildlife ecology and freshwater ecology. An understanding of ecology allows for better management
of human impacts on the environment. Ecology also provides necessary conservation tools such as
ways to model and organize ecosystems, which is necessary for areas such as wildlife management.
Ecology will allow me to understand the dispersal, migration, and population dynamics of species;
having an understanding of ecology is essential when working to create solutions for environmental
problems that species face, for example, in stabilizing populations of endangered

A Study On Ecosystem Profile
Part A: Ecosystem Profile
On the 10th and 11th of August, Year 11 Biology students from Trinity Lutheran College went on a
fieldwork excursion to monitor the quality of water in the surrounding ecosystems of 3 lakes in the
Gold Coast region.
Aquatic ecosystems are an integral part of our environment and play an important role in
maintaining the quality of water. The quality of water is important in lakes because it doesn't just
protect the health of the public but it also provides ecosystem habitats, contributes to recreation and
tourism and is used for fishing, mining and farming. It's essential to measure the quality frequently
so biotic and abiotic features are surviving in a sustainable ecology. If the quality isn't maintained,
not only will the environment suffer but the recreational and commercial value of water resources
will also reduce (NSW Environment and Heritage, 2014). Water quality is measured using different
tests to investigate the pH, temperature, salinity, suspended solids, light penetration, nitrates and
phosphates.
pH
The pH of water is a measure of its degree of acidity or alkalinity (Biology Textbook). Its scale has a
minimum of 0 and maximum of 14. The higher the number the more basic it is, the lower the
number, the more acidic it is. A pH of 7 is considered to be neutral. The pH of water determines the
biological availability and solubility of chemical components including nutrients and heavy metals
(Department of Ecology, n/d).

Creating A Sustainable Terrestrial Ecosystem Within A...
Mesocosm Lab
Exploration
Research Question:
With the plants chosen, is it possible to create a sustainable terrestrial ecosystem within a sealed
glass jar?
Background Information
The purpose of this experiment is to become familiar with how an ecosystem works, and discover
the most sustainable kind of ecosystem. Based on knowing how an ecosystem works, predictions
have been made that state if a terrestrial mesocosm is sealed for four weeks with plants inside, it can
continue to live and thrive sealed from the outside environment because the plants will gain their
moisture from the humidity left in the sealed jar. The plants will use photosynthesis and carbon
dioxide in order to transform the carbon dioxide into oxygen and water.
A mesocosm is any outdoors experimental system that examines the natural environment that is
brought under controlled conditions. It is used to model a larger ecosystem. (Oxford Journals)
Mesocosms help scientists as they allow a more accurate prediction of previously unpredictable
events. (What is a Mesocosm) Mesocosms give scientists the opportunity to investigate the reaction
of organisms to environmental change and have been used in experimental ecology since the early
20th century. They have been used for almost over a 100 years, but just recently became significant
as a way of investigating certain ecological ideas. Mesocosms became more significant due to the
study of climate change, since the late 90s. Through mesocosms, scientists are

The Value Of Taking Responsibility Essay
The Value in Taking Responsibility During the late 1800's and early 1900's a series of laws and
campaigns were instated to prevent forest fires. It was believed that forest fires would greatly
damage the timber industry due to the loss of trees the forests would suffer as a result. The longer
these campaigns persisted, the worse the forest fire breakouts became, and the forests continued to
degrade. Many animals were also displaced and threatened as a result of these intense fires.
Eventually forestry researchers and conservationists started looking at what fires did to the various
ecosystems. They found that fires actually promote the growth of healthier, stronger trees by burning
the weak trees and providing more nutrients for the soil. By suppressing fires, the forests
experienced large amounts of degradation, and many animals were threatened by the loss of
sustainable habitats. Controlled burns every few years actually benefits all the organisms living in
that ecosystem, however, in some places it's nearly impossible to burn. After so many years of fire
suppression the leaf litter has accumulated to such large amounts that any fire started would burn to
hot and high for the forest to survive. Human interests often times have profound affects on the
world around them. There are many instances like the above example in which peoples own self–
interests end up hurting and degrading the environment around them. In the aftermath of events such
as this, there are many

Energy Flow Among Organisms of a Food Chain in the Desert...
Corinne N Bryant
May 2, 2013
University of Phoenix
The lives of the organisms in the desert require a substantial amount of survival skills. The
temperature in a desert biome is always very high and it does not rain very often so it is also
extremely dry. Any organisms that live in the desert must be able to adapt to these conditions in
order to live. For example, one organism that can be found in the desert is cacti. Cacti roots are
closer to the surface than other plants so it is able to drink the rain water. They also have think skins
which are a protection from the heat along with the fact that its stems grow upward instead of
outward protecting it from the sun (Big Site of Amazing Facts, 2013). The cactus is also an expert ...
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In the desert biome, no organism would be able to survive without another organism. Their
interactions are constant. Plants provide shelter and food for animals and animals help to pollinate
and grow flowers (Bailey, 1999). One example of the interactions of organisms in the desert is
between birds and other small animals and the cactus. Desert birds and animals that are small
enough to navigate between cacti sharp needles use the cactus for shelter and for water. Another
example would be how bats spread pollen from one part of a cactus to another part which helps the
cactus grow flowers. The Joshua tree makes fruit in which animals eat, too. These are all examples
of how organisms in the desert interact with each other. Although animals living in the desert have
had to evolve in order to adapt to the desert conditions, those conditions are very fragile. The desert
may be a hard place for non–natives to survive, but the desert's ecosystem is very sensitive and not
easy to regenerate. "Development, off–highway vehicle use, livestock overgrazing, construction of
roads and utilities, military training exercises, air pollution and the spread of non–native plant
species have seriously altered the desert ecosystem over the last century" (Barton, 1999). These are
the hazards by humans that are directly affecting the ecosystem in the desert. According to Barton
(1999) the off–highway vehicle use, construction, overgrazing, and military usage damages the
desert's

A Brief Note On Science And Its Effects On The Middle Of A...
Dylan Fox
Professor Brinkerhoff
3/4/15
Advanced Ecology Midterm (1) Why is scale important in ecology?
Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, their interactions between each
other and their environment, and the structure and function of ecosystems. To this end, the scale
(spatial, functional, temporal, organizational, etc.) at which we observe nature and the multitude of
environments that comprise it is an extremely important factor in the study of ecology. Dumping
sewage effluent in the middle of a small pond is not going to register even a slight disturbance on a
global or even regional scale , but there is a still massive disturbance to the organisms at the small
scale of that pond ecosystem. Similarly, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Large–scale variations in these gradients are easy to observe, like an ecotone transitioning grassland
into desert. Smaller scale variations are harder to detect with the naked eye, and micro–variations in
habitat are harder to see still. The physical size of environmental heterogeneity / variation is not
indicative of its importance to biodiversity or its ecological relevance, however, as Hutchinson
reveals in his 1959 paper. He discusses the importance of the mosaic nature of the environment as a
significant contributor to biodiversity. While large–scale variations in habitat are certainly important
factors in organismal diversity and are responsible for niche differentiation, smaller scale and even
microscopic habitat variations are arguably just as (if not more) important factors that contribute to
biodiversity around the globe. Because the vast majority of animal species on Earth are physical
small, even the tiny variations in a landscape that define its mosaic nature allow for more numerous
and specialized niche differentiations than larger (and less numerous) land animals can fill .
Hutchinson's mosaic nature postulate was an extremely important breakthrough in modern Ecology,
and helped spawn further research into the importance of examining nature at many different scales
– microscopic, macroscopic, and everything in between.
Scale is an extremely important

Essay about Understanding Ecosystems in Today's Society
Introduction:
An ecosystem is all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they
interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them (Campbell, 2012, G–
11). Our aim is to observe how these factors interact with each other and give a record of our
observations in our particular ecosystem. By observing these interactions we gain an appreciation of
the diversity and complex nature of ecosystems. Through observing our environment we can make
predictions of the feeding relationships that shape the ecosystem. By observing the plant life in an
ecosystem we can predict the following heterotroph factors, as autotrophs are the providers of all
energy. Through understanding ecosystems we see that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Laptop to record number of plant species.
Place chopsticks, or whatever stick objects you have, in the group in a 1x1m2 quadrat with string
wrapped around the sticks.
Count the number of plant species in the quadrat sectioning them off into five different groups,
trees, shrubs, herbs, grass and moss.
Trees being one singular wood growth while shrubs have multiple stems coming from the ground.
Grass is blade like leaves. Herbs are usually soft grass like plants with more leaves then blades. Add
these species into your table 1.
Once you've completed this extend your quadrat to 1x2m2. Add any additional species, making sure
not to count species you've already counted in the first quadrat, into your table 1.
Repeat this for sizes 2x2m2, 2x4m2, 4x4m2 and 8x4 meters2. Being sure to only record the new
species of plants in the table.
Repeat this process for another area close to your first ecosystem.
Results:
Area 1 Quadrat sizes (m)
Species 1x1 2x1 2x2 2x4 4x4 4x8
Herb 1 X
Herb 2 X

Grass 1 X
Shrub 1 X
Herb 3 X
Moss 1 X
Herb 4 X
Tree 1 X
Shrub 2 X
Tree 2 X
Herb 5 X
Tree 3 X
Cumulative number of species 6 1 3 1 1 0
Area 2 Quadrat sizes (m)
Species 1x1 1x2 2x2 2x4 4x4 4x8
Grass 1 X
Grass 2 X
Herb 1 X
Herb 2 X
Tree 1 X

Invasive Species In Yellowstone Lake
An invasive species is a plant, fungus, or animal species that is not native to a specific location and
one point should be noticed is that invasive species does not have to come from another country. For
example, lake trout are native to the Great Lakes, but are considered to be an invasive species in
Yellowstone Lake because they compete with native cutthroat trout for habitat. Although there are
some invasive species arrive with spread and establish populations, like the native butterflies feed
on non–native plants in California, the alien trees help restore abandoned pastures to a condition
suitable for native plants in Puerto Rico and even the much–maligned zebra mussel helps filter
toxins from great lakes, most policymakers regard invasive

Symbiotic Lion King
Ecology is how organisms interact with each other and the environment. The Lion King is linked to
ecology by showing how organisms interact with each other and the environment. My three topics
are how symbiotic relationships are important to a community, how limiting factors affect a
community, how communities respond to abiotic or biotic factors, and how this is linked to the
movie and Ecology. Symbiotic Relationships are interactions between two species and how they
affect each other. There are three different types of symbiotic relationships Mutualism,
Commensalism, and Parasitism. Symbiotic Relationships are related to ecology because they both
talk about interaction with others. One example from the Lion King is when the birds go onto the
tusk of the elephant. This is an example of Commensalism because the birds are eating insects off
the Elephant's tusk and the Elephant just sits there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These factors will affect how organisms will behavior and how organisms will survive. An example
is when the hyenas came to pride rock. This is a biotic factor because it affected the whole pride
land by making the herds leave and making everyone hungry. Another example is when water
became scarce in the pride land. This is an Abiotic factor because it made the populations leave the
pride land and everyone scours for water. The examples from the movie happen in real life because
when someone like the hyenas comes to a community they always disrupt the community. An
example from real life is in the Tundra, plants have to adapt to the very long cold winters because
the sun does not come up. This is an example of Abiotic factor because it shows the plants have to
respond in order to survive. The examples in the movie and the real life example have much
common. The animals and plants both have to respond to changing abiotic and biotic

The Valuation And Commodification Of Ecosystem Services
The Valuation and commodification of Ecosystem Services
Ecosystems in our world act as vital and fundamental sections to maintain health, living, well–being
and survival of human beings and other creatures (Robert Costanza et al, 1997; Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), 2005; TEEB Foundations, 2010; TEEB Synthesis, 2010). They
provide different kinds of service, such as production of goods, life support processes, and life–
fulfilling conditions (Gretchen C. ,2000). Ecosystem significantly contributes to both economic and
non–economic value of our planet, but when compared to market efficiency, it seems to be paid less
attention when involved in decision making. In the majority of the ongoing projects that have
numerous debates on, it seems common for people put a price tag on ecosystem services and
evaluate them by means of commodification. When the immediate or intuitionistic benefits fail to be
derived, it is less likely for ecosystems to be protected or reserved. Therefore, the importance of
ecosystem services is often poorly appreciated and only to be seen when facing severe problems.
People are less likely to come up with solutions to protect the ecosystems of their own will than to
make a better trade to exchange ecosystem services for money. Also, it is quite often to fail to define
the difference between "valuation" and "privatisation", considering ecosystem services more of
tradable products than a part of nature system. It is often overlooked that the market

Ecology and Biology: An Overview
Ecology and biology: An overview Ecology has been defined as "the branch of biological sciences
dealing with the interactions between living beings and their environment," versus the study of the
morphology or behavior of species in isolation (Nahle 1997). Another definition of ecology is that it
is "the scientific study of interactions of organisms with one another and with the physical and
chemical environment" (What is ecology, 2012, Science Education). Ecology has become associated
with the study of specifically environmentally–related problems such as pollution, global warming,
and the ways in which the human species has had a specific (often negative) impact upon the earth.
The goal of many research studies in ecology today revolves around finding ways to minimize the
negative impact of specific behaviors on the planet and to optimize the use of natural resources. The
study of ecology is also critically linked to a more full understanding of evolutionary biology both
human evolution and the evolution of all species upon the earth. "All evolutionary change takes
place in response to ecological interactions that operate on the population, community, ecosystem,
biome and biosphere levels" (What is ecology, 2012, Science Education). The development of one
species affects other species. Patterns of species development likewise affect the planet, as
environmental changes affect us. The discipline of ecology divides the ecosystem, or the entirety of
living beings, into

The Human Impact On Natural Resources And An Ecosystem
Introduction
1. Create a food web to analyze the importance of each organism within the web.
2. Describe the human impact on natural resources and an ecosystem.
3. Interpret ecological pyramids from data.
4. Explain the effect of limiting factors on population growth.
5. Describe the pattern of succession that follows an environmental disturbance.
6. Define and describe the interactions between species and their affect on the stability of an
ecosystem.
7. Evaluate the effect of non–native/invasive species on the stability of an ecosystem.
8. Explain the biogeochemical cycles and their role in ecosystems.
3.4: Describe how matter cycles through an ecosystem by way of food chains and food webs and
how organisms convert that matter into a variety of organic molecules to be used in part in their own
cellular structures.
3.5: Describe how energy from the sun flows through an ecosystem by way of food chains and food
webs and how only a small portion of that energy is used by individual organisms while the majority
is lost as heat.
4.1: Explain that the amount of life environments can support is limited by the available energy,
water, oxygen and minerals and by the ability of ecosystems to recycle the remains of dead
organisms.
4.2: Describe how human activities and natural phenomena can change the flow and of matter and
energy in an ecosystem and how those changes impact other species.
4.3: Describe the consequences of introducing non–native species into an ecosystem and

Lab Report Biodiversity
INTRODUCTION
Biodiversity presents occurrence of variety of species and their natural community in which they
live. By the definition it is "The degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem,
biome, or an entire planet. It is a measure of the health of ecosystems and is in part a function of
climate." (Rutherford) Ecosystem is on the other hand, " community and its abiotic environment"(
Rutherford). Biodiversity exists in every ecosystem, weather it is big one, or just ecosystem of one
garden, it has the same importance because without it nature loses its ability to perform major
functions needed for life on Earth, as it is oxygen production. Trough this investigation, two
different ecosystems will be explored and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Data collected in garden at 3 m2 area Type of species | Number of organisms | | Measurement
number 1 | Measurement number 2 | Measurement number 3 | Measurement number 4 | Mean value |
Tulip | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | Rose | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | Carnation | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | Total number of species: 3 | |
Mean value:
Tulip: (6+6+5+6)/4=5.75≈6
Rose: (4+4+4+4)/4=4
Carnation: (6+4+6+6)/4=5.5≈6
Graph 1. Percentage of species at meadow
Graph 2. Percentage of species at garden
* Calculating Simpson`s reciprocal index for meadow species: N– Sum of all individuals n– Total
number of organisms of a particular species D = N (N–1) / Σ n (n–1) D = 80(80 –1)/
(930+552+110+42+42) D=6320/1676 D=3.77
* Calculating Simpson`s reciprocal index for garden species: N– Sum of all individuals n– Total
number of organisms of a particular species D = N (N–1) / Σ n (n–1) D = 16(16 –1)/ (30+12+30)
D=240/72 D=3.33 Graph 3. Simpson`s reciprocal index at meadow and garden
DICUSSION
After I carried out the entire investigation, I got the results showing biodiversity of two different
ecosystems trough Simpson`s reciprocal index showed in graph 3. If we look generally on
biodiversity index of both ecosystems, in both cases it is higher than 1, meaning that biodiversity

index is not low. As the maximum value is equal to the number of species in the sample, we can say
that in case of meadow, biodiversity is optimal, at medium

Community Ecology Lab
Ecosystem is made up of all populations living together and the physical factors with which they
interact with their environment. The ecosystem gets its energy from the only source, the sun, which
make it important. The sun plays significant roles in ecosystem functioning of photosynthesis. In
this lab, we will focus mostly on population and community ecology. Population ecology is a group
of organisms of the same species living in the same place at the same time. Factors that affect the
number of individuals living in a habitat are the population growth rate, size, birth and death rates.
Community ecology focuses on the interactions between organisms as to preys and predators. These
will lead to the causes that affect animals population; including ... Show more content on
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Sargeant Reynolds. We explored and observed the different types of plants and animals in the forest
that make up the ecosystem. We found a diversity of plants and animals: millipede (apheloria
virginiensis), Darkling beetle, pine cone, northern pin, holly tree, and turkey tail fungus. (trametes
versicolor) Records were kept of the presence and absence of different species. Not all of the species
of interest were found during the observing time. The time and day that we did the observation is
also the cause of the absences of certain animals.
Purpose:
The purpose of this lab is to analyse and explain how the ecosystem work in our community. How
birth and death rates have impact on the living population. If the rate of the bug–eating bird grow
larger then the population of the insects will decline. Discussion:
Food web is a network of food chains with a number of feeding connections amongst different
organism of a biotic community. The food chain starts from decayed plants and animals to the
micro–organisms and then to detritus feeding organism and to other predator. There are three trophic
levels. Starting with producers, consumers, and decomposers. Plants such as holly leaves and pine
trees are types of producer that make their own food through photosynthesis and do not depend on
any other organism for nutrition. Millipedes and darkling beetles are in the next trophic level,

My Personal Statement Of Ecology
For me to fall in love with science, and ecology in particular, has been a lifelong process. I was
lucky to have experienced an early discovery of the joys and nuances of nature and this was
supported throughout my youth and adulthood by teachers, peers, and most importantly, my family.
My first memory, of seeing light filtering through swaying trees above me, is indicative of the
beauty and tranquility that nature has provided me throughout my life. Although I have always had
an innate respect and enjoyment of the environment, this feeling was amplified every time i would
visit my family in Valparaiso, Zacatecas, Mexico. These frequent trips to a pristine environment
were what ultimately changed my perspective on the world, my personal values, and led me to
pursue an education in ecology.
As the name of this small town ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although they had never studied it in universities, they knew more about their land and its
conservation than I ever could. They were aware of the common names of every species, of how to
grow what they needed, how to pollinate and take care of the soil, and how to raise and maintain
animals. My family knew how to live off of the land while tending to it for future generations. My
mom and her siblings were able to turn the soil to maintain maximum growth and could grow
livestock to use the resources provided by them. They know which plants are medicinal and
beneficial, as well as which ones can be deadly. These concepts, of being able to conserve the
environment, are what I focus on learning now. When I apply the concepts I learn in my biology
classes, such as on a recent restoration project in Baja California, I am reminded of what my family
taught me to do from a young age. Due to my experience of the beauty and grandeur of Valparaiso,
Mexico, it feels only natural for me to keep pushing towards the conservation and restoration of
places like

Six Key Aspects of Ebm
Ecosystem and Human Activity
SIX KEY ASPECTS OF ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT
October 27, 2013
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Six Key Aspects of Ecosystem Based Management..........................................3
Integration of ecological, social, and economic goals and recognition of humans as key components
of the ecosystem.............................................................................3
Consideration of Ecological Not Just Political– Boundaries....................................5
Accounting for the Complexity of Natural Processes and Social Systems and Using an Adaptive
Management Approach in the Face of Resulting Uncertainties.........7 Engaging Multiple
Stakeholders in a Collaborative Process to Define Problems and Find
Solutions..........................................................................................8 Incorporating ... Show more
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Urbanized areas also modify microclimates and air quality by altering the nature of the land surface
and generating heat (Oke, 1987). Although ecological impacts of urban development often seem to
be local, urbanization also causes environmental changes at larger scales. Today's cities are
sustained by a socioeconomic infrastructure that operates on global scales; the ecologically
productive area required to support an urban area can be 100 to 300 times larger than the urban
region (Rees & Wackernagel, 1994). A new cooperative relationship between science, business
and policy is needed to gather all the information needed and to find a solution that benefits all of
society. The study of urban ecology ultimately involves studying how to integrate this new
interdisciplinary knowledge about urban ecosystems into policymaking processes––to improve
interactions between policymakers and scientists so as to help society achieve more sustainable
existence. Today, the scientific and political communities lack the effective two–way
communication and trust that they need to address urban ecological problems. Although science can
help society formulate a range of options to achieve societal goals, it cannot make value judgments.
In addition, scientists often cannot deliver definitive answers to questions posed by policymakers.
To be able to find solutions to the larger issues

Review of Wolves and the Ecology of Fear: Can Predation...
In this article, authors William Ripple and Robert Beschta focus on the issue of predation and the
way it affects biodiversity and otherwise alters ecosystems. While many other studies have stressed
the lethal effects of predation by carnivores, the authors of this study have chosen to focus on how
nonlethal outcomes of predation affect the structure and function of ecosystems. The authors give
two main objectives to their study: first to provide a short synthesis of the potential ecosystem
responses to predation risk in a three–level trophic cascade involving large carnivores, hoofed
animals, and vegetation; and secondly to present research that centers on wolves, elk, and woody
browse species in the northern area of Yellowstone National ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, their concept indicates that prey species will alter their foraging habits to the features
of the terrain in order to avoid areas with a high risk of predation. Predation risk in a changing
environment is also focused on by the authors. There are many environmental variables that may
influence the degree of predation risk such as weather, wildfires, and other conditions that influence
ungulates' access to vegetation. Finally, the authors focus on ecosystem responses to trophic
cascades–primarily on riparian functions and on beaver and bird populations. They also inform us
that wolves may represent an indirect control on beaver populations as well as cause ungulates to
avoid some riparian areas–therefore reducing herbivory on wooden browse species. The authors
eventually discuss the Yellowstone experiment and share their research results. They focus on the
northern winter range which is a large mountain terrain that mostly occurs within the northeastern
area of Yellowstone National Park. Here, the authors took into consideration annual precipitation
and even the average depth of snowpacks. After looking to historical data for the northern range of
Yellowstone, Ripple and Beschta evaluated recruitment on aspen and cottonwood over the last two
centuries and found that the extirpation of wolves allowed elk to browse unimpeded during winter
months. After going over data from Yellowstone after wolf

Biosphere Worksheet Essay
University of Phoenix Material Biosphere Worksheet Section A: Answer the following questions in
complete sentences. 1. Define biosphere. Describe the part of the biosphere where humans can
survive. Biosphere can be described as our whole earth and all living entities that dwell in it. 2.
Based on this week's required readings, what are the main causes of threats to the biosphere? The
main causes of threats to the biosphere revolve around all the no sustainable practices that directly
affect our world; more specifically, the immediate and long–term effects of the incorrect disposal of
waste. 3. Define sustainability. What do scientists predict will happen in Earth's future if we do not
increase our sustainability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| |Water |Water supply cost increases that are a |Effectively manage water by replacing | |Ineffective
Water Management |result of diminishing supplies from |inefficient water fixtures, reducing use, | |
|upstream users and/or growing demand from |reusing water that is currently being | | |the suppliers'
customer base. |discarded. | |Energy |Emissions from coal plants are a |Renewable energy sources
such as | |Coal |significant environmental and public health|hydroelectricity, biomass, geothermal, | |
|concern. |wind, solar electric, and ocean power. | |Pollution |Hybrid–Electric vehicles are more
expensive|Create affordable fuel cell vehicles which | |Vehicle CO2 Emissions |to purchase.
|combine oxygen from the air with a hydrogen| | | |rich fuel or biofuels that has been | |

Ecology Terrarium Project: Study Of Ecosystem
Ecology Terrarium Project–Essay
Ecology is the study of the interaction of living things between themselves, as well as their
surrounding in their environment. It is important to study ecology so we can understand how the
world around us works. The major components of an ecosystem are abiotic factors and biotic
factors. Abiotic factors include rocks, the temperature of the ecosystem, the soil, sand, and the PH of
the water. The Biotic factors are all the the autotrophs and animals that live in the ecosystem. A
biosphere contains all of the ecological levels, and the only biosphere we know of is our Earth. In
our Earth, the biosphere contain all ecological levels, but also the atmosphere. Our model shows a
miniature biosphere because it contains both abiotic and biotic factors, as well as the moisture from
the water input, that represents the atmosphere of the Earth.
Inside our terrarium, there is both abiotic and biotic factors, as well as gasses such as carbon
dioxide, oxygen, water vapor, and nitrogen. The only factors that can enter and exit the glass jar is
sunlight, because it can pass through the glass, but everything else is concealed inside the jar, unless
we open the jar, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The water cycle is the process in which water changes states of matter, from a solid, to a liquid, to a
gas, and the cycle continues. You can see this cycle in our terrarium. The condensation on the glass
is the visual representation of the gas for of the liquid water that we sprayed into the terrarium, that
evaporated. Unless it is cold enough, the water will freeze into ice. Photosynthesis is the process in
which plants take sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, and transform them into glucose, sugar, and
oxygen. The plant breaths when it takes in sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, but when put in the
dark, or there is no water or carbon dioxide left inside the terrarium, then the plant will die and

The Consequences Of Soil Diversity
The human population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050. This growth will demand almost
twice of currently globally produced agricultural products. However, long periods of intensive
agriculture have resulted in soil nutrient depletion, salinity accumulation, and acidification of
agricultural soils, resulting in an overall reduction of the soil's ability to support a growing
population (Godfray et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2013, Tillman et al 2011, Ray et al 2013). Despite the
fact that soil is one of the mankind's most essential and threatened resources, supporting food
production, wildlife biodiversity, and playing a central role in biogeochemical cycling (Carpenter et
al., 2009). Currently, one of the main practices applied to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Moreover, these studies have only a limited focus on the fate of environmental mobile element
under environmental changes. Thus, in order to access the real complexity of species interactions the
future studies MUST consider simultaneous measurements of multiple functions (Cardinale et al.
2012, Duncan et al. 2015) including rates of genetic information exchange encoded by mobile
elements. Thus, throughout my scientific career, I have been motivated to address fundamental and
practical questions associated with soil microbial ecology that are pivotal to many ecosystem
services. My primary research projects have involved: increasing carbon dioxide sequestration by
enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency of plants (M. Sc. thesis); stimulating plant productivity and
disease resistance through biochar soil amendments (Ph.D. thesis); and determining the fate of
phenolic compound in soils (B.Sc. project); Finally, during the last 3 years I have been studied, the
boreal peatland ecosystem response to climate change perturbations (Post.Doc. project)
Role of root associated bacteria in agriculture ecosystem functioning – Graduate research
My PhD research project has been dedicated to understanding the ecology, physiology and genetics
of root–associated bacteria with the overall goal of elucidating their effect on plant productivity and
ensuring food stability for future generations. Applying a combination of

Ecology And Architecture Case Study
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
Acknowledgment
List of figures
Chapter 1 – Introduction to ecology and architecture
1.1 – A brief on ecology and architecture
1.2 – Research Questions
1.3 – Aims and Objectives
1.4 – Outline of the study
1.5 – Focus and challenges
1.6 – Methodology
Chapter 2 – Ecotecture towards sustainability
2.1 – Ecology and architecture
2.2 – Ecotecture – Less bad approach
Chapter 3 – Paolo Soleri – early 20th century principle
3.1 – Brief of Paolo Soleri
3.2 – Understanding the principle – Arcology
3.3 – Case study 3.3.1 – Cosanti in scottsdale 3.3.2 – Arcosanti 3.3.3 – Lean linear city
3.4 – Design for the city of future
Chapter 4 – Ken Yeang – later 20th century principle
4.1 – Brief of Ken Yeang
4.2 – Understanding the principle – eco architecture
4.3 – Practice of Ken Yeang ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since ancient times "designers" looked to nature for "solutions" to their common problems; they
saw nature as the perfect model to follow. Ecotecture is the art and science of designing human
systems that are integrated, functionally and aesthetically, with natural ecosystems. The word
"ecotecture" is a combination of the words "ecology," meaning pattern of relations between living
organisms and their environment, interactive with

Gesabelle
Instructional Unit on Ecology Week 6
Zachary Spooner
SEI 500
January 14, 2014
Michael Conway
SIOP® LESSON PLAN
Date: 12/5/12 | | Zachary SpoonerGrade/Class/Subject: Grade 8, Team A, Science | |
Unit/Theme: Introduction to Basic Concepts of Ecology
Standards: Region: USA– NAS– Science Education Standards
National Academy of Science
Type of Standard: Science Content Standards
Grade Range: Grades 5–8
Content Standard: Life Science
Area– POPULATIONS AND ECOSYSTEMS:
A population consists of all individuals of a species that occur together at a given place and time. All
populations living together and the physical factors with which they interact compose an ecosystem.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It covers the same information in the text but uses more simple language and includes pictures
associated with each vocabulary words. This is supplementary to the text so EL students and English
speaking students should each read both the handout and the text. The only exception would be for
EL's who's language challenges make it impossible for them to gain any comprehension from the
text. Most EL students will be encouraged to at least spend some time trying to read and understand
the text before goig over the handout. * Pass around some interesting photographs relating to
ecological systems to help gain some interest and motivation around the topic. * Further build
interest by discussing some interesting topics and facts related to ecology and

A Community Of Organisms With Their Environment
An ecosystem is a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their
environment. Ecology is a branch of biology having to deal with the relations and interactions
between organisms, their environment, and other organisms. A community in an ecosystem is an
assemblage of interacting populations occupying a given area. A habitat is an area or environment
where an organism or an ecological community lives. There is a large diversity in an ecosystem, for
example, the species, environment, and the plant diversity in the ecosystem. It's difficult to model
ecosystems because the model needs to be accurate and as well as precise.
In an ecosystem, organisms have many ways to get energy. One way is a producer, who makes their
own food. Only plants have this ability. Another way is being a consumer, who eats other organisms
for food and energy. An example of a consumer would be animals and humans. Lastly, another way
organisms can get food is being a decomposer, one who eats dead plants or animals. Decomposers
are mostly bacteria, fungus, or invertebrates. A food web is a series or organisms related by
predator–prey and consumer resource interactions. It is entirety of irrelated food chains in an
ecological community. There is also a trophic level. A trophic level is any class of organisms that
occupy the same position in a food chain such a primary consumers, secondary consumers, and
tertiary consumers. An autotroph is an organism that is capable of making

The Financial Success Of A Company 's Social And Economic...
The biggest opposition to the protection of these wilderness areas is logging companies, who profit
off clear cutting timber as quickly and efficiently as possible. These companies then sell off the
deforested land and move their operations elsewhere. Clear cutting forests can have some benefits in
specific instances, such as preventing the spread of disease or saving millions of dollars in Wildland
firefighting costs ("Biodiversity and the Cost of Clear Cutting" – Musicians for Forests, 2015).
Unfortunately, these timber clear cutting operations come at a cost to taxpayers, local ecosystems,
and to loggers themselves. I can acknowledge that the financial success of a company has social and
economic benefits within human society. However, I believe that allowing a company to profit at the
expense of our ecological environment, degrading the very foundations of terrestrial life, is
antithetical to ethical behavior and human prosperity.
The following section outlines the economic, ecological, and social costs of clear–cut logging in the
Northern United States. I believe that the costs far outweigh any good that politicians, lobbyists, or
logging companies could argue come from aggressive clear–cut logging operations. In 1993 logging
on public lands in the northern Rockies (Region One) by the United States Forest Service cost the
government between $100 million and $200 million more than the amount received for the sale of
the timber (Bass, 1996). Compare this with the $2.5

The Complex Processes Of Urban Development
The complex processes of urbanisation overarches and entails a set of social, cultural, economic,
political, environmental and technological functions that result in sprawl and densities, proportional
to core size and settlement. Further implicating the extensive use of natural resources from fringes
and rural spheres within city limits to be consumed and then later in turn converted into waste.
Urban ecosystems are therefore, complex multifaceted systems that require a burdensome amount of
natural resources input and negotiations for their adequate development. In urban discourse, the lack
of interdisciplinary and trans–disciplinary interest partly due to an absence of tools to which all
disciplines can use to further incorporate ecological theories to assessment and planning of urban
centers. All these connections have been made and academics have divided the complex concept
into biophysical processes and socioeconomic processes when examining cities in case studies. The
urban ecology theory and a closely related concept of urban metabolism can explain the technical
aspects of urban density and growth but human influences are not accounted for in the assessment.
However, human scholarship is a key component that shapes the metabolic processes in urban
ecologies and in turn alters the initial footprint.
By examining the historical context of urban ecology, the early stages and latter results of the urban
ecology theory being transformed from a multidisciplinary concept into

Science : Our Ecosystem And Environmental Systems Are...
Ideas to note:
Interdisciplinary lens: This issue deals with ecology, psychology, and sociology.
Underlying science: Our ecosystem and environmental systems are being disrupted. The human race
may be reaching carrying capacity on Earth. o Ecological collapse: when an ecological system
suffers drastic change reducing the carrying capacity for all organisms ("Ecological Collapse,"
2014) o Climate Change: measurable persisting changes within a climate ("Climate Change Basics",
2014) o Peak Oil: when oil production reaches a point from which it will continually decline. We are
currently at peak oil (Poland, Dooris, & Haluza–DeLay, 2011)
Innovation: How do we apply sociology to slow or halt the disruption we are causing to our planet
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the aforementioned paper, the triple ecological threat is described as "environmental degradation,
climate change, and peak oil", they further describe how this correlates socioeconomically, and what
can be done to change current ecological trends from a sociological standpoint (Poland, Dooris, &
Haluza–DeLay, 2011).
Environmental degradation reduces the carrying capacity of the affected area on a permanent or
temporary basis (Matthews, 2014). This definition has intentionally been left as a sweeping
generalization because our land, hydrosphere, and air are all possible subjects of environmental
degradation from many different sources (Matthews, 2014). Climate change, which is a persisting
climatic change, is evidence of disruption in previously stable ecological cycles ("Climate Change
Basics", 2014). According to the EPA, climate change is evidenced by the overall temperature
increase of our earth by 1.4°F, as well as changes is weather patterns ("Climate Change Basics",
2014). Peak oil is the maximum rate of oil production, past which the production rates will
continually decline (Poland, Dooris, & Haluza–DeLay, 2011).
This triple threat will affect those of lower socioeconomic statuses more directly than those with
higher socioeconomic standing. Hydrosphere degradation may include pollution of drinking

Ecosphere Vs. Commoner : The Ecosphere World And The...
Ecosphere versus Technosphere Commoner believes humans live in two worlds: the ecosphere
world and the technosphere world. Ecosphere is referred to as the physical, biological, and chemical
processes that occur naturally, such as storms, droughts, and floods. The technosphere world is a
man–made creation that helps us to survive within the ecosphere. These creations include
technology, homes, factories, laboratories, music, art, etc. According to Commoner (1992), we
accept responsibility for events in our own world, but not for what occurs in the natural one (pg. 3).
Human beings need to understand the interaction between these two worlds and the threats they
impose on each other.
Four Laws of Ecology The first law of ecology states, "Everything is connected to everything else".
Everything within the ecosystem has a responsibility to maintain the balance of the ecosystem in
order for living things to survive. The ecosphere is a habitat to numerous of living organisms. It is
very complex and interconnected in many ways. Commoner explains how the ecosphere produces
organic waste that nourishes microorganisms and aquatic plants. The plants are able to produce
oxygen into the environment by photosynthesis. Within the technosphere, the first law of ecology
pertains to it differently. A variety of man–made objects have relationships to there surroundings. It
is more harmful to the environment than beneficial. In Making Peace with the Planet, Commoner
used an example of a car

Organism, Community And Ecosystem Approaches To Study Ecology
1.) When taking the organism, population, community and ecosystem approaches to study ecology
one needs consider that there are levels that layout the specific details of what each approach is. For
organism approach, the processes look at the way an individual live in an environment and how this
individual behaves and adaption within its surrounding. The population approach concerns over a
group of organisms, the number of female and male, the differences within organisms, the similarity
that they share, and their genetic makeup within a whole population. The processes and structures to
understand the community deal with understanding of the diversity and different groups of
organisms living in the same place. The ecosystem approach looks at the overall chemical reaction
which is the transfer of energy and matter to make life possible. The processes occur in the
atmosphere, aquatic, and on land.
2.) In the Northern Hemisphere, many species of birds fly south during the autumn months because
proximate: shorter photoperiods and less abundant food. Birds fly south in search for their
alternative food because during the harsh winter their food resources go down. Ultimate: their
fitness increases by avoiding harsh winter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Water resists flow and the movement of organisms, which makes it hard for organisms with denser
bones to move. Physical structures such as bones and some proteins are dense and most likely make
organisms to sink. Through adaptations, features for aquatic organisms reduce their physical density.
For example as Ricklefs mentions many fish species have a gas–filled swim bladder whose size can
be adjusted to make their bodies equal to the surrounding water. Small marine creatures have long
filamentous appendages that take advantage of the viscosity and also prevent sinking. Adaptations of
aquatic organisms have make water as an easy way to move around in the

Wildfire On Invertebrate Community
I have been an avid outdoorsman for as long as I can remember. I grew up hiking the Appalachian
Trail in Pennsylvania and fly–fishing on some great trout waters. I was fortunate enough to spend
my college years in Colorado, where I continued to fish incredible rivers. And, even if I were not to
catch anything at all, I would still spend the day in some of the most serene environments that I had
ever seen. My passion to obtain a Master's degree and eventually a doctorate arises from my love of
the outdoors and my desire to contribute meaningfully to protecting the environment for the
enjoyment of future generations.
While at Colorado College, I studied German Language and Culture and minored in Philosophy.
During my senior year, I wrote a thesis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eric Larson, we have identified a topic that will fit into these broader research interests. I will
develop a project to better understand the links between laboratory behavior and field function of an
invasive species, the rusty crayfish. I have communicated with Dr. Larson via phone and email over
the last several months and have discussed the possibility of collaborating with an incoming doctoral
candidate. Dr. Larson has submitted an NSF proposal that would investigate population crashes of
this same invasive crayfish and, if funded, would mean the selected student will be working in the
same system that I plan on working in. I believe that being able to work together and having this
vertical connection within the lab will be beneficial to both of us, and that we will be able to
produce meaningful publications as a result. I am excited to help determine whether or not
laboratory behaviors of an invasive species can tell us anything about their field function, including
how they fit into the aquatic food web and whether controlled lab experiments might be a useful tool
in determining how we manage invasive

how come Essay
Grazing ecosystems support more herbivore biomass than any other terrestrial habitat (Sinclair
1975, Detling 1988, McNaughton et al. 1989, 1991, Huntly 1991). A functional consequence of this
disparity in trophic structure emerges by comparing the relationship between aboveground
production and herbivore consumption in the Serengeti and Yellowstone ecosystems with that in
other terrestrial ecosystems [ILLUSTRATION FOR FIGURE 3 OMITTED]. For consumption
measurements, we included plant material removed by all important herbivores, both vertebrates and
invertebrates. All values were energy equivalents (kJ), converted from biomass measurements using
standard conversion factors (Golley 1968). For productivity measurements, we considered only ...
Consumption also is higher in the Serengeti (average = 7737 kJ [multiplied by] [m.sup.–2]
[multiplied by] [yr.sup.–1], SE = 911) than in Yellowstone (average = 1332 kJ [multiplied by]
[m.sup.–2] [multiplied by] [yr.sup.–1], SE = 406), as is the percentage of production consumed,
65% (SE = 4) versus 40% (SE = 5).
Continued from page 2
There are two caveats to our interpretation of these findings. The first is that tropical forest habitat
cannot be confidently classified with a single sample. The second is that our analysis does not
include combined production–consumption data for tundra grazed by herds of caribou or reindeer
(Rangifer tarandus). The two high–consumption tundra samples in Figure 3 were from sites
experiencing rodent outbreaks, indicating that tundra can support high episodic rates of herbivory.
However, whether ungulate–grazed tundra supports the

Coastal Ecosystem Response Paper
Coastal marine ecosystems are a very important part of the coastal economy as well as the natural
ecology. Not only do coastal systems provide socioeconomic benefits such as tourism and
aesthetics, but also several ecosystem services. The ecosystem services provided by coast
environments include coastal erosion, storm protection, recreational or commercial fishing, carbon
sequestration and filtration (Wingard and Lorenz, 2014). Unfortunately, these services have been
impacted by pressures such as altered flow of freshwater runoff, sea level rise (which in turn also
increases the frequency and intensity of storms) and man–made channels (Wingard and Lorenz,
2014). Another major factor that has impacted and deteriorated many coastal areas is urbanization ...
According to Cendrero and Fischer (1997), each indicator receives a value between 0 and 1 as well
as a weighing factor. The weight for each indicator is multiplied to the value of each indicator and
then these numbers are combine to get a total score. Cendrero and Fischer (1997) then developed a
"conservation–development diagram" that would map the values from the total combination and
could determine areas in need of conservation as well as areas that could potentially developed. On
the other hand, Barbosa de Araujo and da Costa (2008) developed a system where sixty parameters
are taken into consideration where natural parameters where given a values of 1, 2 or 3 and
socioeconomic parameters were given qualitative values of either "+" or "–." These were then added
and assed on a A–D grading scale. Alternatively, Marshall et al. (2014) developed a system where
each indicators was given a score of 1 (for poor), 2 (for fair) or 3 (for good). These were then added
together and compared. A score between 9 and 14 designated poor condition of the beach. Between
15 and 20 designated fair condition and between 21 and 26 designated good condition (Marshall et
al.,

Environmental Ethics And Its Impact On The Environment
ntroduction and Thesis
Environmental ethics is a branch of philosophy that examines human relationships to, and the ways
they interact with, the environment. When it was noticed, that the increasing world population was
negatively impacting the environment, as well as the use of pesticides, technology and
industrialization, environmental ethics emerged as a field of study. Environmental ethics takes into
consideration the value and moral standing of the environment and its non–human entities. It
focuses on the value humans place on nature and defines their moral and ethical obligations to it,
and there place in it.
Moral standing is when value is placed on certain things and this value is used to determine if
something is morally acceptable or not. Humans have moral standing when they do something for
the individuals sake and not for their or someone else ' benefit. There are different ethical
approaches that focus on the morality (right or wrong) of human behavior and their impact on the
environment, and this paper covers five that will argue for the best suited to resolve environmental
issues. This paper argues that Ecocentric Ethics is the best approach to environmental ethics.
Explanation of Views
This section examines the theories of Immanuel Kant, Tom Regan, Peter Singer, Paul Taylor, Aldo
Leopold, and Arne Naess. These philosophers have different approaches to environmental ethics,
and this paper discusses what constitutes moral standing, who or what deserves it,

Environmental Effects Of Invasive Species
The dangers to our world today have resulted in serious problems. In this regard, our ecosystems are
threatened by invasive species. These species have concluded into significant habitat destruction.
For example, Phragmites Australis, also known as the common reed is a major invasive species
around the world. These originated from Europe and are now found all over the United States. They
have been around for two centuries and are still around today. Common reeds are found to be native
and nonnative. This species is a part of the grass family, usually hollow and green with yellow
knots. They are around 6–13 feet tall and are found in wetlands and ditches. There are three lineages
created of the common reed, one, the North American lineage. Invasive species have negative,
detrimental effects on the ecosystems and environments.
In the article, Phragmites, Invasions Harm Riparian Property Values, studies are showing that the
common reed is a harmful plant. For example, they block parts of the sidewalks and restrict the
access to water, such as on lakes or ponds. For instance, residents pay excessive amounts of money
to live on lakes, that offer all the water activities and a pretty view in general, but when the invasive
species intrude they block the views and access to the water. In result, it ends up leaving these places
unable to manage. The other effect they leave is with sidewalks. They usually spread from ditches to
all over the sidewalks and such. Therefore, they

Ecology Lab Report: Creating an Ecosystem in a Bottle Essays
Objective: To create an ecosystem contained in a bottle with both terrestrial and aquatic
environments sealed to the outside world. Hypothesis/Predictions: I predict the fish will last for 3
days. I predict the crickets will last for a week. Materials: 1. fish 2. Water 3. 2 plants 4. Soil 5. Rag
6. Graphite 7. 2 Liter Bottle (2) 8. Tape 9. 2 Snails 10. 3 crickets Procedure: Cut top off 2 liter bottle
and bottom off another. Fill the one without a top with water and put a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The fish and crickets are still moving. The plants look a bit unhealthy but otherwise fine. The
flowers are beginning to bloom. Day 4 5/29/07 The water is a medium dark color. The fish is still
moving. The plants looked chewed up. Day 5 5/30/07 The water has become dark yellow. I can?t tell
if the fish is alive. The crickets are still moving. Day 6 6/4/07 The water is a dark yellow. The plants
are growing mold. 1 cricket is still alive when 2 crickets are dead and the fish is still alive. Day 7
6/6/07 The water is a Chinese tea color. The fish seems lively. The cricket is the last survivor of the
terrestrial environment. There is much mold on the plant yet there seems to be growth. Day 8 6/7/07
The water is still a Chinese tea color. Many of the features of yesterday are prevalent. More mold
growth has occurred but other then that the environment is the same. Day 9 6/8/07 The water is still
a Chinese tea color. More mold (Or could it be spider webs?) has dominated the plant. 1 cricket is a
survivor and the fish thrives. Conclusion: Throughout all the eras of this vast world there have been
different devotions and feelings. Leaders have risen and fallen and systems of government (As
invincible and as strong as some may seem) have done the same. Of course over the thousands of
thousands of years of human history has existed the urge to learn more about themselves and the
world around them.

Alaska Glacial Retreat And Acidification Impacts On...
AGLACIER: Alaska GLacial retreat & ACidification Impacts on Ecosystem Resilience
The EPSCoR Overarching Question is: How can we understand regime shifts and tipping points in
large–scale ecosystems in Alaska. The theme we will address is: Coastal margins and marine living
resources.
Overarching Goal: This proposed EPSCoR will focus on the impact of glacial melt on the physics
and chemistry of the marine environment, and their consequences for the intertidal and coastal
biological communities.
Objectives:
1) Build on historical ecological data that describes the physical, biological, and chemical variability
of Kachemak Bay, a subarctic biodiversity hot spot.
2) Determine the mechanisms that relate the present and anticipated future variability in glacial
dynamics to shifts in coastal ecosystem structure and function using laboratory and field
experimentation, observations, and modeling.
Question:
How is variability in current and future glacial input to the marine environment influencing the
structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems via changes to the physical and chemical
environment (i.e., temperature, salinity, stratification, turbidity, pH and the carbonate saturation
state)?
Intellectual merit:
Healthy coastal marine ecosystems are critically important to America's ecology, economy, and
standard of living. While Alaska contains nearly half of the nation's coastline, we have little
understanding of how future climate variability will impact ecological

The Effects Of Climate Change On The Planet

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