1. Mexicanos by Manuel E Gonzalez A History of Mexicans in The United States Katherine Brown –History 33-

2. Chapter 1 Spanish & Native AmericansPrehistory -1521 The Spaniard . The beginning of the Chapter discusses the cultural diversity of the Spaniard .A major characteristic of the Spaniard is their strong Religious Zeal ( pg 12) . Strong Sense of Nationalism . Desire to expand their nation, spread Christianity and claim new territories; God, Gold and Glory!

3. Chapter 1 the Amerindian Columbus referred to these people asIndios . When Europeans fist arrived in the Americas, there were two large center population; the Andean altiplano &Mesoamerica . The transition from a nomadic to a sedentary society seems to have occurred first in the highlands of south Mexico

4. Chapter 1-The conquest of the Aztecs . Hernan Cortes (1485-1547) was the conqueror of the Aztecs . Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin had been the emperor of the Aztec nation since 1502 . It had been prophesized that one day Quetzalcoat would be beared again . Corte’s army appeared precisely at the time time Quetzalcoatl was to return

5. Chapter 1 Mexicans are a combination of Spanish and Indian culture Characteristics inherited from the Spanish and Indians are . Religion .Family . Art .work ethic The Spanish destroyed the Aztec capital , abolished its culture and robbed them of their riches

6. Chapter 2 – The Spanish Frontier . Spanish continued on to the far north after the destruction . Spanish were searching for Gold and wanted to spread Spanish Glory and the Christian faith .The Conquistadores failed and were not able to pick up anything for another century

7. Chapter 2 1521-1821 The Spanish Frontier . In the mid 1540’s rich silver lodes were found in the northwest part of Mexico.The pattern of settlement was dictated by Native American population..At the end of the 16th century there was two competing lifestyles among the Indian Tribes; Sedentary and nomadic

8. Chapter 2 –Major trends. At the end of 18th Century the Spanish expansion to the north was brought to a hold. .The last settlement was on the coastal region of Alta California.Frontier Society by 1800 was notably different from which it evolved in the Mexican interior during the course of the 18th century.Family life continued to stay the center of existence..Father was the patriarch.Marriages were arranged.The average life expectancy was 40

9. Ch 3 The Mexican far north 1821-1848. In 1848 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was written . Independence was a result of Conservatism.This period was also known as the Democratic Revolution

10. Ch 3 The Mexican far north 1821-1848California. Battle between Federalism and liberalism . Rise of Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna. 1835 Centeralists under Santa Anna . Indians remained at the bottom of Californio society

11. Chapter 3 Texas Revolt/ Mexican WarNew Mexico/ Texas Revolt.Old Spanish trail was opened.New Mexico was isolated. Samuel Houston led the Texas revolt.loss of Texas was felt hard by the Mexicans.President Polk was instigating the idea of Manifest Destiny

12. Chapter 4 1848-1900Gringos & Greasers. Anti Mexican attitudes were at their height . Were viewed as competition, but also as lazy and irresponsible. Dark skinned Mexicans were subordinate

13. Chapter 4 –California The Gold Rush contributed to racism because of racial tensionsConflict with Rancheros had trouble providing ownership

14. Chapter 4 1848-1900Arizona & New Mexico. The Mexican government in Arizona needed money so they sold land for money. Mexicanos stood divided.Civil war brought large amount of Anglos into New Mexico Mexicans established groups like GorrasBlancas to protect culture Texas- Anglo Mexican relations were at their worstRio Grande was the result of Treaty of Guadalpe

15. Chapter 5 -The Great Migration 1900-1930- .Over a million Mexicans entered the country at this time. This period is know as the “Great Migration”.There was certain factors in Mexico forcing citizens to leave the country

16. Ch 5- The immigrant .Thousands of immigrants, most of them peasants made the hazardous trek to the north.Cotton was providing work for many immigrants..A vast majority of immigrants worked in the fields

17. Chapter 5- The Contratista. Strong sense of animosity towards Mexican immigrants in the Southern States . There was little to no contact with whites. The capitalist economy took advantage of the immigrants . Exploitation came from within their own ethic communities. ( Established Mexican Americans had animosity towards newer Mexican Immigrants) . Worse abuse came from Contratistas, who were the labor contractors who served as intermediaries between Mexican laborers and their employers

18. The Great Depression Ch6-Urbanization-. Mexicans were forced from the countryside into the cities..Cities offered more compensating advantages..welfare helped many Mexican families .The Mexicanos most impacted by the Depression were the Hispanos of northern New Mexico and Southern ColoradoBarrio life was very prominent

19. Ch 6 –The Mexican Problem. The collapse of the economy created anti-Mexican sentiment.Xenophobia was a huge issueMexicans were accused of increasing community crime rates, lowering educational standards and creating slums . Problem escalated when Anglo new comers came into contact with Hispanics. Viewed them as dirty and lazyin 1929 Congress forced to pass legislation making illegal entry a criminal offense

20. The labor movement cH 6. The adverse condition caused by the Depression led to a prolonged period of intense labor. Hundreds of strikes were made by Mexicans in protest . The mining industry abused immigrants The Railroad industry was also hard on MexicansMexican women played a major part in the strikes and were part of the Unions.Many Mexican American women began fighting for civil rights

21. Ch 7 The second world War and its aftermath 1940-1965 . For Mexicanos, the war was an opportunity to enter the American mainstream . There is an estimated 250,000- 750,000 Latinos and Latinas that were active in World War II . Guy Louis Gabaldon was the most famous soldier to serve Hispanic women played a major role as well

22. Ch 7 Panchuco gangs . The advent of pachuco gangs was the result of the breakdown of traditional family breakdown as well as the discrimination placed on the youth.Children of immigrants felt alienated from their parents.Pachucos rebelled and created their own self-contained society

23. Ch 7 The Mexican American Generation. Part of the middle class. More Mexicans started taking advantage of what America offered..LULAC was formed and was a success .CSO was formed.Latino Political advances were very much apparent .There was the rise in Mexican American Intelligentisa

24. The Chicano Movement CH81965-1975. Huge political and psychological changes.Many Chicanos and Chicanas embarked on improving socio economic issues

25. Ch 8 Origins of the Chicano movement. The Chicano movement consisted of hundreds of organizations focusing on a variety of issues. . United Farm Workers emerged . By 1970 the Chicano movement appeared was increasingly dominated by the young people students in high schools and colleges.Chicano Student movement was becoming a bit militant

26. The Decline of chicanismo Ch8 . It was difficult to get organizations and individuals to lay aside their specific agendas for the common welfare.. Working class walked away from the movement. All Civil Rights movements faded

27. GoodBye to Aztlan 1975-1994. The Post- Chicano Generation was more conservative. Latino Students made up roughly half of the school population. Massive illegal immigration predictably sparked a restrictions

28. The Quest for Cristo Rey Ch 9.Mexicano communities were beset by a growing spiritual poverty. .Many Mexicans have experienced difficulties with the church. The Church took a stand against immigration. . More and more Mexicans are abandoning their native faith for a different religion

29. The Chicano Renaissance 1975-1994. Better education and emergent affluence led to a growth in the arts..imaginative literature, mostly poetry grew in popularity .Chicano drama .Achievements in music

30. The Hispanic Challenge Ch 10 1994- present . Currently have a Latino population that exceeds 47 million.Socioeconomic progress has remained uneven.Many Mexican immigrants continue to live in horrible conditions.

31. Ch 10 Mexicanos Galore . The US Census Bureau under counts illegal immigrants by 10%. 11.3 million immigrants are illegal 1994 was a year of great change in Mexico which brought a surplus of immigrants into the US .

32. Ch 10 Popular culture. A vast amount of Mexicans are playing sports. More and More Mexicans are playing football, baseball and of course soccer.Mexican Americans are also being seen more and more in the Music and Movie industry.