The Hippocampal System

The Hippocampal System
Cholecystokinin from entorhinal cortex enables neural plasticity in auditory cortex Background: Patients with defect to medial temporal lobe depict
deficits in making new declarative memories but are still able to recall older memories, suggestion is that medial temporal lobe is necessary for
converting memories in neocortex. Introduction: The hippocampal system composed of hippocampus and adjoining entorhinal, perirhinal, and
parahippocampal cortices [1]. Fuction which they perform is as the gateway from hippocampus to a neocortex, the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices
form powerful complementary connections with neocortex [2–4]. Experimental approach: Animals: Sprague–Dawley rats will be operated for
immunohistochemistry, in vivo extracellular recordings, and behavioral practices. Guinea pigs will be operated for in vivo intracellular recordings....
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All rats will be slaughtered eight days after infusion and perfused in transcardial manner with 200 ml, 0.9% NaCl proceeded by 300 ml 4%
paraformaldehyde/0.1 Molar phosphate buffer having 0.1% glutaraldehyde. In vivo extracellular recordings in an anesthetized rats: Anesthesia will
be triggered with urethane sodium (two g/kg,) and maintained throughout operation and neuronal recordings with repeated supplements. Atropine
sulfate (0.05 mg/kg, subcutaneously) will be injected 15 minute before induction of anesthesia to decrease tracheal secretions. In vivo intracellular
recordings in anesthetized guinea pigs: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) will be liberateded at the level of medulla through the opening at the back of
neck, and animals will be artificially oxygenated. The recording electrode will be a glass pipette filled with 3.0 Molar KAc or 0.5 Molar KCl (pH 7.6,
0.05 Molar Tris HCl buffer) with the resistance between 60 & 150 Mв„¦. Stimulating, recording and drug infusion in awake
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Body Language
The term kinesics was coined by anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell in 1952 and refers to the interpretation of body movements, facial expressions, and
gestures. Understanding the grammar of kinesics can be difficult because it requires careful longitudinal observations and are situationally dependent.
To add to the issues not everyone has the same body language, however, some nonverbal behaviors are believed to originate from the limbic brain and
are universal.
Much of the interpretation of kinesics seems to be in some cases speculative offering a range of possibilities and other interpretations are obvious. For
example nail biting is obviously nervous behavior that I think all people recognize. However, Joe Navarro claims that bouncing ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It records memories of behaviors and is responsible for what we call emotions. The hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus are the main
components of the limbic brain. The limbic brain is where make value judgments that influence on our behavior. It is thought that this part of the brain
reacts reflexively and is difficult to disguise or eliminate.
The neocortex first appeared in primates and is most developed in humans. These developed hemispheres are thought to be responsible for the
development of language, abstract thought, and consciousness. The neocortex has almost limitless learning abilities. However, the reptilian, limbic,
and neocortex do not operate independently. They have many connections with one another.
Terms for these parts of the brain originated in the 1940s, and some neuroscientists have suggested that the concept should be abandoned. "However,
while the limbic system remains the predominate explanation (both in neuroscience and popular culture) of how the brain makes emotion, it is a flawed
and inadequate theory of the emotional brain" (LeDoux 2003). The limbic system theory has trouble explaining why damage to limbic areas like the
hippocampus can result in deficits with cognition and memory. When the limbic system is activated in a purely cognitive task it is assumed that there
must have been some emotional component to the task. Many researchers seem to think this explanation is based in tradition rather than facts.

The Theory Of Mind, And The Law Of Accelerating Returns
In his book, How To Create A Mind, Ray Kurzweil expresses his belief that the way the human mind works is not as different from today's advanced
computers as others, including some in artificial intelligence, may think. Kurzweil attempts to break down thinking, the physical brain, and other
elements of the mind. He compares these to technologies that are currently in existence, and explains how the merging of the two is right around the
corner thanks to one of the main ideas of his book, the Pattern Recognition Theory of Mind, and the Law of Accelerating Returns. The following
paragraphs allow for more understanding of the main themes and ideas Kurzweil wrote about, my opinion on social impacts the book may have, as
well what I liked and disliked about the book. Kurzweil starts the discussion of how the human mind works by first mentioning some thought
experiments from famous scientists of the past to show how their thinking led to important discoveries. He then encourages the reader to conduct their
own experiments, including reciting the alphabet both forwards and backwards, or remembering details about someone you have seen once or twice vs
someone you see on a regular basis. The point of these thought experiments is to show the reader that our thinking in the brain works by hierarchical
patterns. Following the section covering the process of thinking, Kurzweil writes in detail about the neocortex, the outside layer of the brain that is
responsible for "sensory

Neocortex: The Three Parts Of The Coping Brain
The three parts of the coping brain are thinking, emotional and reptilian. The thinking brain is also called Neocortex. The neocortex has seven major
characteristics. The first characteristics is the problem solving brain, then the choose among different options, ability to learn, develop new coping
strategies, ability to understand, ability to create and ability to adapt. It is by far the largest coping brain. It is responsible for coordinating all coping
brain responses when we are faced with stressful situations. This is the only brain function that has the ability to name and group things and
experiences by words.
The Emotional part of the coping brain is also know as the mammalian brain, because it is common to all mammals whose babies

Pros And Cons Of Memory Formation
FIVE ARTICLES
Reference:
Hunter, P. (2008). Ancient rules of memory. The molecules and mechanisms of memory evolved long before their 'modern' use in the brain. EMBO
Reports, 9(2), 124–126. doi.org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/10.1038/sj.embor.2008.5
Summary:
The primary purpose of this article is to expound on how memory is formed and maintained in the human brain. The author follows the argument of
scientific researchers on the assumption that memory formation in the brains of lower forms of organisms can be compared to that of humans and the
basic biological mechanism is the same for both species. However, despite this similarity, the author notes that the memories formed are very different
because of the vast number of neurons and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A short background on the initial search for types of memory is provided to elucidate the distinction between the kinds of memory. Clinical studies on
memory are used to describe, compare and differentiate the three kinds of memory from a psychological point of view. Short–term memory is
described as having a short duration of occurrence and with a restricted capacity that can readily be accessed. Working memory is argued to be more
than the short–term memory because it involves other processes including long–term memory, however, there are those who opine it is the same as
short–term memory. With regards to long–term memory, the author describes it as a large storage of knowledge with an unlimited capacity. The author
concludes that short–term and long–term memory differ primarily in terms of capacity and retention time, but, the factor of retention time is still
controversial. With regards to short–term and working memory, their difference or similarity depends on how one defines them.
Critique:
This article is well written and has reliable sources of information that are well cited and span a long period of time. The author uses multiple points of
view based on his references to arrive at a conclusion. However, the comparison between short–term and long–term memory is wanting and deserves

Fat In The Brain Research Paper
Fats in the Brain May Help Explain How Human Intelligence Evolved
Scientific American
Ashwanthi Bala AP Biology Davis 9/09/15
Andrea Alfano. Fats in the Brain May Help Explain How Human Intelligence Evolved. Scientific American, August 2015. The neocortex is the part of
the brain that is responsible for advanced functions like language. A variety of different fat molecules are found here. It is known that the neocortex
evolved extremely fast during the human–ape split.
Lipids are responsible for many critical functions in cells which includes their role of being the primary component of the cell membrane. Lipids cause
electric signal

A Study By Spocter And Hopkins Examined Comprehensive...
A study by Spocter and Hopkins examined comprehensive comparative analysis the distribution of neuropil across the areas of the neocortex of humans
and our closest living relatives, chimpanzees. According to the research article, meaning of the neuropil is an area in the nervous system composed of
unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and glial cell processes that form a synaptically dense region. The researchers' purpose of this study was analysis the
neuropil fractional connectivity with both hemispheres in six cytoarchitecture regions using image analysis techniques which they are frontopolar
cortex (area 10), Broca's area (area 45), frontoinsular cortex (area f1), primary motor cortex (area 4), primary auditory cortex (area 41/42) and planum
temporale (area 22). Based on the results, the researchers compared the distributions of the neuropil in the neocortex to chimpanzees. Therefore, the
clinical meaning of this research to find significant modification within the studied regions that accompanied the evolution of the human brain. For this
research, the study group contained 12 brain chimpanzees, 6 females (mean age 37.8) and 6 males (mean age 29.3) that had died of natural causes.
Related to this sample size, researchers also analyzed the 12 normal human subjects, consisting 6 females (mean age at death 53.7) and 6 males (mean
age at death 53.7) (details shown in table 1). The first preparation of this study, chimpanzee brains had been coronal cut at the level of the

Neanderthals Hypothesis
The next major step in human development is the Neanderthal. In Comparison to the other primates discussed this far, Neanderthals existed very
recently and existed alongside Homo Sapiens during their time until they became extinct 40,000 years ago. Humans and Neanderthals share DNA that
is 99.7% identical as compared to the next closest genetic relative the Chimpanzee(98.8%). Physically Neanderthals had short legs and long bodies
(compared to humans). Neanderthals had a cranial capacity of 1,427 cubic centimeters on average,this is very close to the H. sapiens cranial capacity..
Neanderthals contributed directly to the genome modern humans around 60,000 years ago, which was revealed in 2010 by the Neanderthal Genome
project. Neanderthals and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Social Brain Hypothesis is a result of Robin Dunbar; a British Anthropologist, attempting to explain the evolution of humans socially and its
effect on the brain. Professor Dunbar says due to the high energy usage of the brain, he finds it difficult to justify that humans need larger brains to
perform the same job. Dunbar stated "Because the cost of maintaining a large brain is so great, it is intrinsically unlikely that large brains will evolve
merely because they can. Large brains will evolve only when the selection factor in their favor is sufficient to overcome the steep cost
gradient."(Dunbar). Dunbar said while the change to more energy rich diets are definitely a reason brains increased in size, it does not explain why the
human brain is so much larger than normal. Dunbar says that the complexity of social environments has an effect on the brain and its evolution, and the
part of the brain that enables these processes is the neocortex, which is the biggest reason for the expansion of the primate brain. Dunbar believes that
changes in certain portions of the brain have a larger effect on size then just the brain getting bigger by itself "This is especially true of the neocortex,
for its volume accounts for 50% to 80% of total brain volume in primates. Thus, changes in the volume of the neocortex inevitably have a large direct
effect on apparent change in brain volume that may be quite unrelated to changes in other brain components."(Dunbar), Dunbar means that the brain
isn't getting bigger just to get bigger, but as certain environmental or in this case; social factors affect certain parts of the brain which in turn cause it
to get bigger. Dunbar says "The neocortex is generally regarded as being the seat of those cognitive processes that we associate with reasoning and
consciousness, and therefore may be expected to be under the most intense selection from the need to

Infantile Reflex And Neocortex
Infantile reflexes include the tonic neck reflexes, grasping reflexes and many others. As the neocortex begins to mature, it inhibits these primitive
reflexes, causing them to disappear in normal adults. However, in people with frontal or parietal lobe damage or tumours, these reflexes are
reactivated. This raises the question: What kind of mechanisms does the neocortex employ to exert inhibitory control over such reflexes? Since the brain
is so complex, a vast variety of possible mechanisms could exist and be utilised by the frontal and parietal lobes to suppress the reflexes. Perhaps, there
could be neuronal projections to the reflex centres where inhibitory neurotransmitters such as GABA halt those reflexes. Another possibility could be

The Emotional Brain Overpowering The Thinking Brain
In the psychopathologies mentioned above, one thing is common – the emotional brain overpowering the thinking brain. Therefore, in dealing with
these psychopathologies, the main goal is to somehow wake the thinking brain up so that it could fire the needed neurons to finally control the
emotional brain. It can be as simple as trying to talk some sense into the person. This is because when a person is listening, it is the neocortex that is
being used and will therefore fire up more neurons. Just like the child who is throwing a random tantrum, instead of giving him or her at once the
thing that he or she wants, tell the child to calm down, tell him or her that he or she does not need to cry or shout or to even hurt people in order to get
what

Writing On The Wall: Social Media-The First 2, 000 Years
As human beings we live in a world where technology develops faster than our brain's can function. Over the years society has been convinced that
everything can be found on the Internet. It is proven when people do such things as update statuses, post pictures, and post videos of personal relations
or topics. In the novel Writing On The Wall: Social Media–The First 2,000 Years by Tom Standage the author explores the way humans have been
communicating since before time. The author not only tells his point of view on today's source of communication, but he allows Robin Dunbar, a
British anthropologist to give specific examples using statistics through quantitative data. According to the author's context I believe social
networking is the number one source of communication. "The world's most popular online networking site has more than one billion users, half of
whom access it daily and a quarter of whom check it five times a day". This website is called Facebook. As well as, other networks or search engines
such as Twitter, Tumblr, Google, and Bing many have come to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example if there are more than 150 people spreading information within a group some of the information is bound to be incorrect according to
Dunbar's number. This is a great example of how the human brain focuses on opinions more than facts through gossip and media outlets. In recent
news it was believed that Justin Bieber was dating his ex–girlfriend Selena Gomez, because of social media postings. On the other hand, it has yet to be
confirmed by Justin or Selena. However, billions of social networking users have spread observations about the pair so therefore it exceeds Dunbar's
number. This simple news story shows that people will communicate and believe anything that is spread within newspapers, social sites, and television
without having proper

Human Differences Between Humans And Humans
research into the minds of dogs and humans has brought to light the similarities between the human and canine brains. Examples include having a
theory of mind, sentience, the possession of mirror neurons, and the ability to generate emotions and respond emotionally. The origin of these
similarities have yet to be explained. One theory states that the similarities could have developed in both humans and dogs, and then strengthened when
dogs were domesticated and perfected their social functions in order to adapt to a human dominated environment. Another theory is that pack
behaviour in dogs is similar enough to human social behaviour that dogs developed independently from humans, then became domesticated because
their behavior already aligned with that of with early humans. Some evidence of that is the fact that humans and canines have occupied the same
geographical regions for hundreds of thousands of years. Our best estimate of dogs became domesticated is somewhere between 14,700 and 36,000
years ago (Liane, Interdisciplinary investigations of the late glacial double burial from Bonn–Oberkassel). This paper will explore why humans and
dogs started to live together, whether humans and dogs developed their social cognitive abilities in together or separately, and when dogs became
cognitively distinct from wolves. For the vast majority of our existence humans have lived in small hunter–gatherer groups. Similarly, wolves live in
small social groups or pairs. They also

Cellular Pathophysiology
The two major hallmarks of Alzeheimer's, in terms of cellular pathology, are neuritic plaques and neurofilbrillary tangles.
NFTs
Structure: paired helical filaments with some straight filaments
Major component: hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Tau protein is a microtubule–associated protein that is normally located in the axon's microtubule network
Adopt a somato–dendritic distribution in the neuron
In pyramidal neurons they are flame–shaped
In round neurons they appear round
Insoluble, resistant to clearance, persist even after the neuron dies
The pathophysiology surrounding neurofibrillary tangles and hyperphosphorylated tau is poorly understood, but there are 2 theories as to how this
works:
Tau protein aggregates trigger a stress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Learning, Memory, Language, & Speech. In: Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. eds. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 25e. New
York, NY: McGraw–Hill; 2016.http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezproxy.fau.edu/content.aspx?bookid=1587&Sectionid=97163657. Accessed
February 09, 2016.
Kumar, V., & Aster, J. C. (2015). The CentralNervous System – Neurodegenerative Diseases. In A. K. Abbas (Ed.), Robbins and Cotran Pathological
Basis of Disease (9th ed., pp. 1287–1291, 1294–1295). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders.
Sattar, H. A. (2011). Fundamentals of pathology: Medical course and step 1 review. Chicago:

Consolidation: The Case Of Declarative Memory Avoidation
Memory consolidation is a process of gradual stabilization that new memories must undergo in order to persist (MГјller and Pilzecker, 1900). In the
case of declarative memories (or explicit learning), consolidation initially takes place within the hippocampus before these memories become
permanently stored within the neocortex. Evidence for this time– and region–dependent systems consolidation has been demonstrated by lesion and
imaging studies in primates and rodents indicating that recent memories are stored within the hippocampus, whereas remote memories are stored in the
neocortex (McClelland et al., 1995; Squire and Alvarez, 1995; Frankland and Bontempi, 2005). Several lines of evidence from rodent studies suggest
that the medial prefrontal

The Effects Of Stress On First Year Students Essay
Stress and Learning: The Effects of Stress on First Year Students
A young college student sits at a mundane wooden desk. He's frantically working on an essay that he has already spent days writing. He needs to
finish this English essay so he can move on to work regarding the speech outline that is due later in the evening. In addition to that, he also has two
tests the next day that require a few hours of review each. He never pictured college to be a cakewalk but never did he imagine it would take this
much to earn a decent grade. This is the reality for most college students, especially ones in their first year. It 's a difficult struggle but everyone that
's been through college has been here before: cramming for tests, spending hours writing essays, reading chapter after chapter of thousand page books,
the late nights studying... The stress is an atrocious beast everyone with a degree has had to battle. Stress is commonplace among college students,
especially ones fresh out of high school due to the newly found freedoms they enjoy conflicting with the colossal amount of responsibility gained at
the same rate. How does all of this stress affect the process of learning? First, it must be understood that learning is a biological process within the brain
. Robert Leamnson, The author of "Thinking About Teaching and Learning", describes the biological process as "The establishment of axons between
neurons that create synapses." and explains that: "The ability of the brain

Temporal Lobe Research Paper
The temporal lobe is one of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. It is right behind the temples, in the bottom–middle part of the cortex. The temporal
lobe is anterior to the occipital lobe, separated by the preoccipital notch, and inferior to the parietal and frontal lobe. The temporal lobe is delineated
above by the lateral sulcus, or sylvian fissure. It takes up about 17% of the cerebral cortex, making it the second largest lobe after the frontal lobe. Only
Primates have temporal lobes. The anatomy of the temporal lobe is quite complex, which corresponds to the lobe's wide range of functions. The
temporal lobe is involved in facial recognition, audio reception, olfactory reception, visual reception, emotional responses, and memory. Although...
It allows us to recognize and respond to language, faces, smells and sounds. In addition, it is essential for human learning the memory development.
Structures like the hippocampus and amygdala are extremely important for carrying out these functions. Damage to temporal lobe can lead to amnesia,
alzheimer's disease, increased or decreased sex drive, temporal lobe epilepsy, seizures, and a disturbance in our senses. The fact that the temporal lobe
is only present in primates shows its importance in general intelligence. Emotion, senses, memories, without the temporal lobe none of this is

Early Intervention Research Paper
Early Intervention:
According to Niemann (1966), children learn through two different types of memory systems. First, the "habit or procedural" system, and second, the
"representational or associative" system. The habit or procedural memory is the first to develop, developing within the first few months of life, and
assists in the learning of new skills. Again, according to Niemann (1966), skills are " acquired by repeated representation of the same stimulus until the
task is correctly stored and accessed in memory and then learnt." Niemann (1966) states that the striatum and neocortex control this kind of memory,
and in autistic children, another kind of developmental disorder, without the diagnosis of mental retardation, these would be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In essence, early intervention would allow a child suffering from autism/or any developmental disorder, to completely develop procedural learning
capabilities, and then proceed to associative learning. Additionally, since the ability to transfer skills from the procedural to the associative stage is
dependent on the relationship of brain maturation and stimulation, early intervention is therefore vital so that the relationship will be developed.
Furthermore, following the concepts of neuroplasticity, lasting changes may take years to form because neural networks develop and mature slowly
over time. Early intervention is said to aid in the initial requirement of procedural skills, which, in time, will progress to higher–order associative skills,
and soon enough, the adaptive behaviours necessary for independent functioning. Since these skills are more adaptive at a young age, early intervention
is the most efficient way to develop the neural connections to conduct vital skills needed in the lives of all human

What Makes Us Human? Essay
"What makes us human?", is an unanswered question asked by many. Is it because of our ability to have empathy for others? Or is it because of our
cognitive ability which allows us to look into the future? One of the main arguments made that separates humans from animals is our communication
style; our language. Is language inherently unique to human? To answer such a question, we first operationally define language as; "a system of
communication based upon words and the combination of words into sentences" (University of Oslo). The purpose of language is for us to be able to
convey an infinite amount of ideas to one another. Sign language in general also falls under this definition as it has a complex system of rules and
syntax that allow the signed figures to function as words. Animal communication on the other hand, is operationally defined as, "the transmission of a
signal from one animal to another such that the sender benefits, on average, from the response of the recipient" (Pearce 1987). With this in mind,
current research has shown that the answer is that language is inherently unique to humans. WHERE DOES HUMAN LANGUAGE COME FROM?
The backbone structure of language lies within two fundamental theories, continuity based theory and discontinuity based theory. Continuity theory
suggests that human language is another form of animal communication, but it is far more complicated. It can "be can be derived evolutionarily by
well–understood processes operating on the kind

Myelination Essay
Demyelination Areas of high neuroplasticity also tend to be areas of scarce myelination. As mentioned earlier in this paper, these areas both tend to
reside within the evolutionarily new neocortex. Neocortical areas exhibit an early and brief myelination cycle as compared to older and deeper brain
areas, which exhibit later and extensive myelination. The axons of the neocortex are long, thin, and sparingly myelinated compared to other regions of
the brain, as observed through Nissl staining. These Nissl stains verify a pattern of myelination in which the highest cortical areas are the most sparsely
myelinated. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the pattern of neural damage, such as neurofibrillary tangles associated with AD, follows the pattern of
myelination. In other words, these tangles develop in the areas that are most sparsely myelinated. In contrast, areas of heavy myelination are much
more resistant to stressors that cause neuronal degeneration5. It is believed that areas of decreased myelination are characteristic of cells retained in
their juvenile state. Without the structural encasing of myelin, these cells are more flexible to changes, and thus have higher plasticity than cells that
are heavily myelinated. Therefore, neurons of the neocortex are likely highly plastic largely because of their lower degree of myelination. In addition to
increasing neuroplasticity, demyelination may provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the human brain evolved to encompass higher order functions, this increased cortical activity lead to increased metabolic demands. Broadly
speaking, these heightened metabolic demands created energetic stressors in the brain, thereby amplifying the negative consequences of synaptic
plasticity and demyelination in the human brain and making it more susceptible to

Mini Bio : Social Assessment
Mini Bio–Psycho– Social Assessment A sixty year old, African
–American, forty percent service connected Vietnam–era veteran (E.S.) was referred to
therapy because he recently lost his son and needed help within the grieving process. He reported being the father to ten (now nine) children from
multiple wives. Veteran (E.S.) disclosed that the death of his son was a case of mistaken identity and that his son was in the wrong place at the wrong
time (suspected gang affiliation). Unfortunately, the killer was unidentified and was never caught, which brought much grief and guilt to this veteran.
It seemed that this veteran was also robbed in not getting any closure, and this was very evident in our sessions because he was always... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
But what happens if one experiences negative intersectional play? His or her life tends to be full of distress, hardship, oppression, discrimination,
and hurt. This is evident in E.S.'s case. E.S. had a complex case because he was not only grieving the loss of his son but he soon thereafter was
grieving the loss of his grandson. The grieving process appeared to be quite tough for E.S. since his family unit had been torn apart (some lived in
Los Angeles, while others lived in Chicago). Since his children come from different wives it was hard for E.S. to navigate the family unit upon the
loss of one of his sons. He mentioned that it was difficult to talk with the boy's mother in this time of grief " because she would start crying and I just
couldn't handle that." It appears that he felt inadequate for not being the support that his ex–wife needed. This veteran did present signs of depression
and grief. E.S. attended a Bereavement Group in Building 500 at the West Los Angeles VA. Before I was forced to terminate with E.S., I found out that
he was on three different types of medications. He was prescribed an antidepressant (Zoloft), medication for his blood pressure, and medication for his
cholesterol. While he was on this combination of medications, this veteran reported thoughts of suicide. Veteran confirmed that the suicidal thoughts
stemmed from his anti–depressant (Zoloft), and once he stopped taking the Zoloft and

Explain The Three Parts Of The Coping Brain
What are the three parts of the coping brain?
The three parts of the coping brain are thinking, emotional, and reptilian. The thinking part of the coping brain, also known as neocortex, is the part
that has the ability to use language and learn. The thinking brain makes it possible for organize and planning. The thinking brain also decides the way
we behave. It is also in charge of our emotional experiences, which means it figures out why we are hurt or sad. The emotional experiences are
called feelings. The reptilian part of the coping brain is the oldest part of the brain. It is shared by all reptiles and mammals including humans. Since
it is the most powerful and oldest part of our brain, without it, we would not be alive. The third part of the coping brain is the emotional part. It is also
known ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loss is the most common fear that reptilian and emotional coping brains detect. The greatest sense of emotional pain we experience is our fear and
sadness after losing those who we have loved the most in our life. From birth we are programmed to fear being abandoned and left alone to die.
Rejection is when the brain notices someone we want to be friends with rejects us. Rejection triggers both reptilian and emotional coping responses.
Rejection is one of the most common everyday reasons for becoming upset. Betrayal is when the bond we have with someone we trust breaks. One
other form of betrayal is when someone promises us something and fails to keep that promise. Whenever a good relationship gets ruined by betrayal it
takes time to heal the wounds of the relationship. As far as people know humans are the only ones that can be humiliated, animals can– not be
humiliated. To a human, humiliation is deep because it messes with a human's self–respect. Whenever you are in front of a big group[ of people and
they laugh at you, you sense an even greater

On Intelligence by Jeff Hawkins
In On Intelligence, Jeff Hawkins hypothesizes a system of human intelligence based on memory, predictions, and pattern matching in what he calls a
"memory–prediction framework." Because he studied and worked in computer science, rather than neuroscience, Hawkins has a unique perspective and
writes in terms that are accessible to someone from a non–neurological background or standpoint and often analogous to computer architecture, making
the subject matter relatable to the interested layman. However, though he offers a plausible structure of the brain that mostly aligns with current
thinking, he does not take into account important recent research, omitting neurologically developments that have been accepted by the scientific
community. The main difference that he offers, between traditional approaches to artificial intelligence and his thinking, is the importance of drawing
on memory (and associated learned patterns and processes) versus computation. He discusses at length a hierarchical system of the brain, but leaves out
two very important components to that system: the thalamus and hypothalamus. He also draws broad conclusions without discussing specific
mechanisms for how they are achieved, so his theory is not entirely sound, though it could prove to be. Also, possibly because of his background, and
not being immersed in the world of biological science, he is able to critique areas of neuroscience and artificial intelligence with interesting points about
each. The book

Reliving The Moment
Anna Hunter Miss. Roth English 1–2 pd 3 21 March 2017 Reliving the Moment "DV has most often been treated at a psychodynamic level and only
few attempts have been made to explain DV at the level of brain–behavior relationship (Spatt 6). The feeling of dГ©jГ vu is like a person is living in a
dream for a second or reliving a certain moment in life. People have feelings on reliving a moment and not understanding why. The feeling is called
dГ©jГ vu. DГ©jГ vu has people wondering what causes it to really happen. In this research paper, it will talk about dГ©jГ vu feels like reputation,
where in the brain it occurs, and often how dГ©jГ vu happens in the United States. People have wondered why or what causes it to happen. This
research paper will... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But how many times does it happen? DГ©jГ vu is a common reaction to a feeling of reliving a moment or a dream. "The dГ©jГ vu phenomenon has
established a strong presence in our popular culture. A recent search of the Internet using the keyword "dГ©jГ vu" brought up over 400,000 sites"
(Brown n.p.). DГ©jГ vu is a very common reaction in the United States because of what people dream or think and do during life. It is a very casual
feeling and has a lot of information on the Internet. "DГ©jГ vu experiences are common in normal subjects" (Brown n.p.). DГ©jГ vu is so common
that the feeling is mutual. The way that people react to dГ©jГ vu is acting like that person is angry, depressed, or said something funny. It is a normal
action and action in humanity and throughout this world. "According to Hook, there is still much to learn about dГ©jГ vu and the mechanisms
behind it" (Science Daily n.p.). Even though dГ©jГ vu occurs often, scientists still do not know everything about dГ©jГ vu. The people are still
trying to figure out what makes it happen and why it

Happiness Hypothesis
In the book, Happiness Hypothesis, Jonathan Hadit, professor of psychology at the University of Virginia, claims that the mind has two parts, the
limbic system and neocortex. He explains the neocortex to be the "rational part of the brain" (Hadit 4) while the limbic system is the need for basic
instincts such as "food, sleep, and sex" (Hadit 4). He develops this claim by first comparing these two aspect to an "elephant and its rider" (Hadit 5),
the elephant is the limbic system which is uncontrollable and driven by instinct and the rider is the neocortex driven by rational behavior. He then
explains how as the rider, you must "train the elephant" (Hadit 6) Hadit's purpose is to inform readers about true happiness in order to show readers on
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people have certain viewpoints, interests, or preferences and will react accordingly in the story, Hadit explains that the "elephant will
automatically react emotionally to certain situations" (Hadit 30). By explaining this, these situations will help guide people in their daily lives. It is
important to understand that predictability and happiness are like fire and ice: they are not interchangeable. It is important to understand that
unpredictability can lead to happiness and unpredictability can lead to unhappiness; very rarely does predictability lead to true happiness since if you
are predicting anything, even good news, you are expecting and you develop a standard that must be met. Most of the time, that standard isn't met and
people become

Dangers Of Music
The Dangers of Music As one may tune in to some of their favorite music, has he or she ever wondered what music does to someone? Before one
decides to listen to some music, he or she should think of what this music will do if they listen to it. One should always be careful of what they do or
even listen to. It may not seem harmful, but the matter is actually very serious. "Parents may perceive it to be innocent and normal when children and
teenagers listen to music, but in reality, sometimes unbeknownst to the parents, music has deep psychological implications for children and
teenagers"(Mushtaq 107). The Dangers of Music are that it affects the brain, body, feelings, and desires in a very negative way. The first danger of
Music is that it affects the Brain. Music affects the memory, thelimbic system, and concentration and judgment of the person. "When music is played,
it acts much like an intoxicant, in that it makes a person forget about his or her surroundings. It takes the mind into a delusional state. In the realm of
mind, there is mounting evidence that certain types of music have a negative effect on one's ability to think and learn, especially at the time he or she
is listening to the music. Studies at two separate universities, for example, have found that rats have a much more difficult time learning to pass
through a maze if they are subjected to rock music... Music blurs the critical judgment of the brain" (Mushtaq 56–57). This shows that music is
dangerous and

Memory Consolidation Essay
In recent years, much debate and research has occurred over the process of memory reconsolidation. Understanding the processes that underlie memory
formation retrieval and storage is key to understanding and guiding treatment for patients with conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. This
essay discusses the processes of consolidation and how that impacts on reconsolidation and the implications of this knowledge on patients suffering
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Much psychological research suggests that new memories require time to stabilize and transfer to long–term memory and that these newly acquired
memories are disposed to to interference by competing stimuli. Memory consolidation is the processes involved in the stabilization of a long–term
memory after it's initial acquisition (Dudai, 2004). Consolidation is described by two distinct theories: synaptic consolidation, which transpires in the
first few hours after learning and systems learning where memories are stabilized over a period of weeks to years (Dudai, 2004).
Synaptic consolidation suggests that memory can exists in two ways, short term and long term. Short term memories must either transfer to long term
memory or be lost (Bramham & Messaoudi, 2005). Synaptic consolidation occurs quickly, in the first few hours following the encoding of a new
stimulus (Bramham & Messaoudi, 2005). Reverberating neural activity in closed circuits allows memories of new experiences to be stored in the short
term

Examples Of Neocortex
1. Humans have three different layers of different friends and intimates that we can hold a capacity for which was based off of our sizes of the
neocortex, or more exact the frontal lobe. A vague explanation of the neocortex and frontal lobe of humans is the neocortex controls our sleep,
memory, and learning and our frontal lobe is our primary motor cortex. "...Dunbar discovered that the number grows and decreases according to a
precise formula, roughly a 'rule of three'." Konnikova, (236) Based off of the "rule of three" humans on average have 150 casual friends, people I
may talk to or invite out from time to time. The first Dunbar number from the "rule of three" is 50, my close friends, I see them more often than those
of my 150 but I wouldn't consider them intimate, I might share a few more details with them about casual things in life. The second Dunbar number
from the rule of three is 15, these are supposedly my intimate friends,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third Dunbar number is 5, these people are most likely family members, a partner, and a best friend. Someone I could trust fully and share
everything with. 2. When I think of traits for a good friend that would make a close friendship I often think about a dog companion. I have a dog of my
own that I love with all my heart and her traits are what bring us so close. My friendships would have to consist of some of these traits in order for the
friendship to be considered "close". The traits I admire in friendship are loyalty, trustworthiness, respect, open minded, and friendly affection. We'd have
to be

Neocortex Cell Types
The density of the cell types of the neocortex is varied from layer to layer. The main types of cells in the cerebral cortex are the pyramidal, granular
and fusiform neurons. Martinotti and horizontal type cells are fewer than others.
Molecular layer I is, also called plexiform layer, located closest to the pial surface of the brain. This layer has few neuron bodies. It contains many
nuclei which belong to glia cells, myelinated fibers and few neurons of granular and horizontal neurons of Cajal.It consists almost all axonal and
dendritic branching.
External granular layer II is known as an outer granular layer, contains small granular(Golgi type II cells) and pyramidal neurons. Granular type
neurons divided into two distinct types. One is Golgi type II. It has short axons that reach close to neuron body. The Golgi type I has long axons that
reach far from the body. Its axons go up to the cortical surface where it can make various axonal and dendritic connections. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, there are some Martinotti(triangular or polygonal shaped multipolar neurons) and granular neurons. Afferent fibers projecting from the thalamus,
corticocortical connections come to here and IV layer. These synapses both efferent cortical neurons and intercortical( granular, Martinotti and
horizontal types)neurons.
Internal granular layer IV mainly consists of Golgi type II and some small pyramidal neurons. It is an input layer with the layer II and receives inputs
from the thalamus and other regions of

Kurzweil's Neocortex Essay
From beginning to end, Kurzweil organizes his piece into various topics by chapters. Within these various chapters, he announces the main idea, and
either gives data/research or a story to accredit the claim. To further his ideas, Kurzweil inserts various rhetorical devices, such as analysis and
assertions/justifications. Lacking any of these strategies leaves the context with no form of groundwork that potentially allows the substance to
deteriorate in approval. Comprehensively, creating a mind is a vague term that most may not understand right away. Knowing the possibility of
confusion, Kurzweil analyzes every bit and piece of his synopsis through complex analysis. As the chapter progress so does the complexity of the
statements by allowing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the text, the word 'neocortex' is brought up a plentiful amount of times. Over time, the idea of certain items evolves into complex
statements that'll potentially be understood by the reader after they endure the various explanations over a chapter or more. To exemplify this, the term
'neocortex' first appears in the introduction; where the basic description of its responsibility to deal with patterns of information(10). Further along, in
chapter three, the same term advances into a labyrinth of connections. Not only does this mass, that consists of eighty percent of the human brain,
influence memory patterns and such, but that it, "is a comparable hierarchy of pattern recognizers processing actual images of objects...and a hierarchy
of concepts... and a hierarchy of thought,"(49). What this means is that our memory is prone to a humans main five senses: smell, sight, hearing, touch,
and taste. If one

Terri Schiavo Case
The case of Terri Schiavo is a landmark case that involved a fifteen year battle over whether or not to provide life support for Terri Schiavo who
was 26 years old when she collapsed in her bedroom in February of 1990. According to Munson (2012), Terri Schiavo's husband Michael Schiavo,
claimed to have woken to the sound of a thud at approximately four a.m. and found Terri unconscious on the floor. He called 911, but Terri had
suffered cardiac arrest and by the time she was resuscitated she had suffered irreversible brain damage.
Neurologists examined Terri and diagnosed her with irreversible brain damage caused by the lack of oxygen during her cardiac arrest. The doctors
eventually diagnosed Terri as being in a persistent vegetative state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a member of the Republican Party and presidential hopeful for 2016, Governor Bush was apparently not going to miss this opportunity to gain
favor with conservative voters. The American Nurses Association summed it up well when they stated, "It is unfortunate that Terri Schiavo has now
become the symbol of so many political agendas." (Blakeney, 2005)
From the utilitarian standpoint, the taxpayers of the State of Florida stood to expend an inordinate amount resources to keep one person alive who by
most accounts no longer had full moral standing. The harsh reality of this situation is many taxpayers could have used the healthcare resources that
were expended on one person.
The disabled community voiced concerns that if Terri's artificial nutrition and hydration were removed this would "initiate a cascading disregard for
disabled persons or others who are judged to have poor quality of life." (Perry et al., 2005, p. 747). As Perry, Churchill, and Kirshner point out this is
a gross overgeneralization. Those individuals voicing concern with this issue likely do not understand the differences between PVS and many other
forms of disability. "Stressing liberty as the fundamental issue means precisely that individuals will be able to choose for themselves..." (Perry et al.,
2005, p.

Sample Literature Review On Antisocial Personality Disorder
In the article "The antisocial person: an insight into biology, classification and current evidence on treatment" authors Rodrigo, Rajapakse, and
Jayananda (2010) explored PubMed looking for published English articles between 1999 to 2009 with the search words, antisocial personality disorder,
dissocial personality disorder, and psychopathy. The purpose of the literature search was to look for advances in understanding the neurobiology of
violence and empathy, effective treatment modalities, and ethical implications in defining 'at–risk' individuals for preventive interventions. Data
sources for this review included clinical journals, cohort studies, interventional studies, case control studies, cross sectional analysis and
epidemiological studies. The search revealed a number of interesting findings, such as the different terminology used, treatment related issues, and the
importance of early identification and prevention of antisocial behavior. Empathy was also a targeted area. The search examined the neurobiology of
empathy and noted that the limbic system and the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex had roles in assessing emotions of self and others. Although
the search uncloaked new information surrounding the topic, future research needs to be directed in the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Authors found several articles, although most of the articles concerning anxiety disorders were related to adults and not children. Therefore, they had a
total of 22 studies that met three requirements: at least someone of whom had panic disorder, having anxiety symptoms without formal diagnosis, and
having diagnoses of childhood– specific anxiety disorders which overlap diagnostically with adult panic disorder and/or social

Primate Anatomy : Primate Primates
Primate Brains
The primate order to which we as humans belong can be divided into two sub–orders: the Strepsirrhini, also known across much literature as
prosiminans, containing lemurs and lorises and the Haplorrhini containing tarsiers, monkeys and apes. The Strepsirrhini divide further into
Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes, and the Haplorrhini divide into Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes, also known as anthropoids which consist of apes and
humans. The Simiiformes divide into Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys and hominoids), (Napier, 2014). Fig.1
attached shows the divisions of primate classification. Primates have various characteristics that identify them from other vertebrates such as, opposable
thumbs, nails ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has been suggested by many researchers to be related to their large neocortical area, which has expanded to produce a highly convoluted brain,
(Aboitiz and Montiel, 2012).
The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex which is the outermost layer of the brain in mammals, (Fleagle, 2013). Within primate evolution, this area of
the brains seems to have undergone considerable change and growth. The neocortex in apes and humans equals between 65–76% of the total brain
weight, (Dunbar, 1995). It appears to be involved in higher functions such as sensations, voluntary movements, memory, thought and interpretation.
This strengthens the idea that a large neocortex infers intelligence amongst primates, (Fleagle, 2013).
The neocortex is thought to have originated about 160–300 million years ago and is suggested to play a role in helping the animal understand its
complex environment to enable its survival. Therefore, it makes sense that much of the neocortex is involved in sensations and largely vision,
(Allman, 1990). In fact it has been found that the brain of anthropoid primates is mostly dominated by this visual system found in the neocortex,
(Aboitiz & Montiel, 2012). The primary visual cortex (part of the neocortex), is large across many anthropoid primates and it has been shown that for
catarrhine primates, group size correlates with facial motor nuclei (which innervate muscles to control facial

Is There One True Religion Or Is Religion Man Made?
Is there one true religion or is religion man made?
In a nutshell, religion is a composed gathering of convictions, social frameworks, and world perspectives that relate humankind to a request for
presence. Many religions have accounts, images, and hallowed histories that expect to clarify the importance of life, the beginning of life, or the
Universe. Subsequently, these religions may have sorted out practices, ministry, a meaning of what constitutes adherence or participation, blessed
spots, places of worship and sacred writings. The act of religion may incorporate customs, sermons, celebration or love penances, celebrations, wedding
administrations, or different parts of human society. Religions might likewise contain mythology. The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The changes in these generations have not destroyed the religion per say but enhanced continuity and relevance of the religion to the status quo.
Preservation of Christianity is based on the core principles such as dogma that is a set of rules that are universally believed to be incontrovertibly true.
My Christian background and beliefs, however, have been based on faith rather than rational hypotheses. Is what I believe all a figment of my
imagination?
In his article, Matt Slick asserts that Christianity is the one true religion (Slick). That is what Christians believe and uphold to the truth despite the
lack of plausible evidence to support the hypothesis. Christianity and two other monotheistic religions, Islam and Judaism all refer to Jerusalem as the
Holy City (Fraser) but they don't differ in the ways of worship. Thinking about it, if there is indeed one God, why the difference in religions and ways
of worship. Additionally there also inter–religious differences within religions such as Christianity. The debate on the existence or non–existence of a
true religion for that matter, in inseparable from the origin of religion.
Religion is intended to center the general population 's consideration and vitality on a solitary, perpetual, uncompromising and imperceptible
preeminent being. The supreme being professedly made a sub–par human race only for some additional brotherhood and affection for himself and
afterward

Evolution Of Primate Intelligence Essay
The evolution of primate intelligence.
Intro and summary
Inquisitiveness, probably one if the most important trait a human being exhibits. This characteristic has also extended to our quest to understand own
past. One of the most fundamental reasons why we are interested in the other primates is to obtain a precise view of how our ancestor may have lived.
Trying to get an insight into their environment, food, and social structure. Although there is no direct evidence to prove that we ashuman beings have
descended from any modern–type monkey or ape, our genealogy does indicate that we have gone through stages, in which we possibly evolved from a
relatively medium–sized creature with good binocular vision, hands with good dexterity the ability to climb trees. An evolutionary trend seen in
primates involves the development of offspring both before and after birth and their assimilation into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another trait seen in primate evolution has been a more elaborate brain. In addition to brain size and gestation periods, the social organization also
demonstrates and plays an important role in primate evolution due to its complexity and hierarchy.
Brain evolution
The fundamental explanation for the evolution of large relative brain size in early primates remains undetermined and disputed (Insel). In particular,
the neocortex of many primates has undergone substantial expansion, and has reached its largest in humans (Rilling and Insel, 1999). The neocortex is
generally associated with, cognitive memory, and higher–order information processing. Emotions such as fear, happiness, jealousy and understanding
the need for conflict resolution stem from this part of the brain. "Although, many theories have been put forth to account for cerebral expansion in
primates, Epiphenomenal and developmental models have interpreted brain

Neocortex Research Paper
A relatively large neocortex differentiates mammals from other most other animals (Amthor). The neocortex allows higher cognition, such as data
processing, voluntary movement, and language (Lui et al. 18). Cognitive activities such as these are critical for human life and thus proper neocortex
development is important. The development involves the formation of six horizontal neuronal layers, which all differ in function and connection. The
differences between layers comes mainly from unique axon projections of the excitatory projection neurons located in each layer. Upper layers (L1
through L3) are involved in data processing and have inter–hemisphere projections. Lower Layers (L5–L6) are involved in voluntary motor function
and have subcortical connections. Layer 4 tends to have... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In mice, this process starts around Embryonic Day 11.5 as the neural progenitor cells located in the Ventricular and Subventricular Zones (SVZ)
migrate upwards to form what will later become Layers 2 through 6. Neurons are formed as these neural progenitor cells become Radial Glial Cells
(RGC), a subpopulation of stem cells, and differentiate. The timing of the differentiation determines when neurons will form the lower or upper
layers. When the differentiation occurs early in neurogenesis, the neurons migrate slightly to form the lower layers. In later neurogenesis, the
differentiated neurons migrate past the lower layers and begin forming the upper layers. The formation of the upper layers tends to arise from
differentiation of Intermediate Progenitor Cells (IPCs) rather than RGC differentiation. IPCs are formed from neural progenitor cells alongside
RGCs (Kwan et al. 1538). While neurogenesis in humans may lead to differing relative sizes of the layers and SVZ, the structure of six specified
layers is the same. The divisions between the layers do not occur in humans until around gestational week 9 to 11 (Deboer et al.

MRI: A Medical Imaging Technique
MRI is a medical imaging technique used to visualize detailed internal structures of the body and makes use of the property of nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) to image nuclei of atoms inside the body. MRI is used over other medical imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) or
X–rays, since it provides contrast between the soft tissues of the body, making it especially useful in imaging the brain. Additionally,
CT is considered to be unhelpful in cases of intractable epilepsy [29].
Conventional MRI, however, is inadequate for patients with refractory epilepsy, since
FCD are often subtle and dicult to detect. The ILAE guidelines for neuroimaging in patients with epilepsy recommends a dedicated epilepsy protocol
MRI for all patients ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This procedure is considered to be minimally invasive and is typically used for patients with clear evidence of mesial temporal lobe seizure foci
without lateral temporal neocortex
Chapter 1. Introduction 11 indications. During this procedure the patient is positioned similarly to the ATL but a smaller linear or curvilinear incision
is used [34]. Typically, the mesial resction of this procedure is performed using an ultrasonic aspirator for much of the tissue, which does not allow for
later pathologic examination, however, en bloc removal of the hippocampal structure is possible [34].
Surgical Risks and Outcomes
//This sections needs more
Surgical complications from temporal lobe resective procedures are relatively uncom– mon [34].
One–third of patients continue to have seizures following temporal lobe surgery (Engel,
1996; Foldvary et al., 2000; McIntosh et al., 2001; Spencer & Huh, 2008). There are several possible explanations including incomplete resection of the
epileptogenic region or extratemporal neocortical areas becoming independently epileptogenic (Lin et al.,
2007; Bertram, 2009; Keller et al.,

Coping Brain Analysis
The three parts of the coping brain:
Reptilian Coping Brain– Instinctive survival– Survival is an automatic response for our brain. Aggression helps show that we are stronger by using
aggressive behavior. Fear helps us to avoid threats or deaths. Revenge is the coping brain trying to get back at other people who have hurt us.
Tribalism and territorial behavior is how the reptilian coping brain joins forces with others. Reproductive instinct is why we have an instinctive urge
deep in our body and brain that drives us to duplicate ourselves. Emotional Coping Brain–. Emotional expression is how we show expression in our
faces. Our emotional coping brain depends on how our thinking brain's interprets our relationships with others. Social identity ... Show more content on
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It takes coping courage to learn how to deal with painful problems. Reptilian and emotional coping brains can act without the help of our thinking brain
and we need them to help us stay safe and secure. common misconceptions about coping
One of the most common mistakes we make when stressed by upsetting experiences is to try to shut off our awareness of emotional brain's ability
to sense what we are feeling. We can lose the ability to care in a positive way. We may become insensitive to hurting other people with our words or
actions. Our strongest automatic coping response is from reptilian brain, which senses when we are physically threatened by "danger." The smart way
to use our brain is by using the neocortex thinking ability to decide how we should be coping to get over emotional upsets. How do coping strategies
help you manage anger
Healthy coping capability and self–acceptance is important for keeping us from either harming our self or others. Many adolescents are simply left
with trial and error ways of learning coping skills. But we can learn to manage our anger and sadness responses to stress and avoid its harmful effects
on our health and brain

Essay On Limbic Brain Vs Neocortex
In a paragraph, discuss at least two key ideas from this chapter that you found to be interesting or that stood out to you in some way, and explain,
with example and details, why you found them to be interesting. It's interesting to me that the limbic brain is said to have "no capacity for language".
Seems strange to me to think of any one part of the brain functioning independently of any of the other parts of the brain. I was also interested in the
statement about rational decisions taking longer to make, and that they can be of lesser quality. My guess is that it depends on the individuals
experience with making types of decisions that they are familiar or unfamiliar with, as to the quality of the decision that will be arrived at, regardless...
These can be about the chapter itself or a question that popped into your head as you were reading. Anything you are wondering about is good. 1.If
the limbic brain (which drives behavior) has no capacity for language; what are the possibilities for creating more connections between the limbic
brain and the neocortex? 2.If it were possible to observe the functions of the limbic brain's behavior from the perspective of the neocortex, would it be
possible to integrate a more complex and inclusive "why" motivated behavior, balanced into the grounding of reason and logic? And or vice versa. In
what way do you think Sinek's ideas apply to relationships? Is it important to consider why you enter a relationship with someone, rather than simple
attraction? What impact would it have on relationships (not just romantic ones) if the people in the relationship had different WHYS? вЂЁ
Relationships are affected by collections of "whys". There is each person, and their own particular "whys" that come from their own personality in
some way. Then there are the "togetherness whys" that come from the unity of the relationship that seem to sort of merge or correspond with each
person in a more fluid

Autism Spectrum Disorder
Statistical evidences. ASD's gender proportion suggests that the autism is sex–linked, and the statistical evidence convincingly shows that genetic
factors are playing key role in the prevalence of ASD. To begin with, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC) published the relationship between the number of autistic boys and girls. The statistical evidence shows that boys are more
inclined to become autistic than girls. CDC states that 1 in 42 boys and 1 in 189 girls were identified as having ASD. This observation shows that
ASD is likely a sex–linked inheritance. Sex–liked inheritance is defined as a pattern of inheritance characteristic of genes located on the sex
chromosomes of organisms having a chromosomal mechanism for sex determination (Sadava et al., 2014). If the ASD was sex–linked inheritance, the
ratio between male and female exhibiting the phenotype would result in 3 to 1 under the normal curve. The ratio between boy and girl is
approximately 5 to 1, which shows that there is a strong association between sex–linked inheritance and ASD. For this reason, it is reasonable to
conclude that ASD is primarily influenced by the genetic factor, which is prenatal. On the other hand, some behavioral psychiatrists would argue that
the conclusion is inaccurately determined, since the genetic mutation would not occur within a decade. As indicated in Appendix C: Table 1, the rate at
which the number of ASD children increase

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