The Measuring Of Flow Volume Loops Essay

The Measuring Of Flow Volume Loops Essay
Introduction: The measuring of flow–volume loops (FVL) in laboratory settings during exercise are
becoming increasingly popular to identify the limiting mechanics of ventilation (Johnson, Beck,
Zeballos & Weisman, 1999a). The collection of a maximum flow–volume loop (MFVL) through a
forced maximal maneuver at rest allows researchers to compare a baseline value with tidal loops
obtained during exercise (Johnson et al., 1999a). Dominelli and Sheel state that MFVL provides
information on an individual's capability to produce volume and flow with respect to their
mechanical ceilings (2012). Placing the respective tidal loops associated with different exercise
intensities within a resting MFVL shows the difference in volumes during exercise and rest. An
MFLV maneuver would yield the largest loop; whereas, the resting tidal loop would be the smallest
(Johnson, Weisman, Zeballos & Beck, 1999b). Additionally, tidal loops during exercise will fit
somewhere between resting and maximal tidal loops; increasing in volume as intensity increases;
however, the loops still remain small in comparison to the MFVL (Johnson et al. 1999b). This
aforementioned trend observed in healthy individuals during increasingly intense exercise is related
to the lack of constraints on ventilation (Johnson et al. 1999b). Major factors responsible for limiting
ventilation at rest and during exercise are bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction; these in turn
affect total lung capacity (TLC)––a key measure with
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A Short Note On The Air Leak Syndrome
Introduction
Air Leak Syndrome is a term used to describe a collection of similar pathologies related to air being
in pulmonary, pleural and interstitial spaces. The most common cause of air leak syndrome in
neonates is inadequate mechanical ventilation of their delicate lungs. The incidence of air leaks in
newborns is inversely related to the birth weight of the infants, especially in infants suffering from
respiratory distress syndrome and meconium aspiration (Walsh, 2015). Chest tube drainage and/or
needle aspiration are necessary in managing pneumopericardium with cardiac tamponade or tension
pneumothorax.
To prevent air leak syndrome, gentle ventilation with low pressure, low tidal volume, low
inspiratory time, high rate, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For pneumothorax, the incidence from 1990–2002 was 13% in babies weighing <1000 grams are at
high risk the first day or two after birth. Babies with pulmonary hypoplasia, meconium aspiration
syndrome, and respiratory distress syndrome are also at higher risk. Use of NIV/CPAP also
increases the risk. An article in the Pediatrics journal cited three cases where children of various
ages developed various air leaks from the use of high–flow nasal cannula (HHNC) therapy. The
author cited the urgent need to conduct more studies on HHNC and that it should not be used for
providing positive distending pressure. Set flows should not exceed the patient's minute ventilation
(Hegde, 2013).
Prevention
Sadly, it should be understood that most of pulmonary air leaks are iatrogenic. Healthcare workers
should not be overly aggressive when doing CPR and using the bag mask. Infants' lungs are fragile
and cannot handle being over–ventilated. When using mechanical ventilation, use low pressures low
tidal volumes and high respiratory rates. Risk of pneumothorax and pulmonary interstitial
emphysema can be reduced by using surfactant.
Pathophysiology
Air leaks are a result of overdistention of the lungs and can cause uneven alveolar ventilation and air
trapping. Increased pressures can rupture alveoli or other tissues, allowing air to escape into the
interstitial spaces. This air can then travel through perivascular adventitia, causing pulmonary
interstitial emphysema. If the air

The Current Pressurized Oxygen Tension Based Indices Response
In this thesis, I have attempted to further explore the nature of the current utilised oxygen–tension–
based indices response, with a view to its use as a tool to assess the pulmonary oxygenation in
critically ill patients. Furthermore, this thesis developed a new index to assess pulmonary
oxygenation. This topic was explored with external pulmonary factors to quantify oxygenation
defect through a maze of mathematics, different diseases, and pathophysiology. There was one or
two ways that could lead us to the answer and many dead end routes. Ultimately, the research
produced an equation that was more robust than the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in terms of less variation. The
first chapter described two different types of oxygen indices and its use. The second chapter
described the medical simulator in general and the Nottingham Physiology Simulator (NPS) in
particular. In chapter three, we examined the variation of certain oxygen indices with changes in the
following external physiological factors (FIO2, Hb, RQ, and VO2) without changing the pulmonary
configuration status. This investigation was done with ARDS simulated patients using a validated
NPS model. The study demonstrates that the external physiological factors induced a remarkable
variation in comparing to oxygen indices, and the use of each index depends on the type of the
external physiological factors. However, we conclude that clinicians should be aware of using the
best index according to patient's status. Accordingly,

Chest Wall Movement Essay
AS is a disease that limits chest wall flexibility through inflammation of the costovertebral,
sternocostal and intervertebral joints. Manubriosternal and sternoclavicular joints may also be
involved and although less important mechanically, can contribute to limitation of chest wall
movement due to pain. AS involves the axial skeleton first then the anterior chest wall. The
restriction of movement along with hyperinflation leads to decreased exercise tolerance, muscle
fatigue, limited aerobic capacity and eventually deconditioning. This will lead to decreased
diaphragmatic excursion, diaphragmatic weakness, trunk/core muscle weakness and a limited
ZOA.32 Donath Osteoporosis
This is very common disease among the elderly. A common complication ... Show more content on
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Assessment of the entire abdominal wall, rib cage and breathing mechanics should therefore be a
part of every pelvic floor/pelvic pain evaluation.38 Thompson Patients with LBP have been found to
breathe shallowly during an active straight leg raise test. They also were found to have increased
descent of the pelvic floor during ultrasound imaging throughout the same test. When external force
closure was applied at the ilia, tidal volume increased and descent of the pelvic floor was reduced.
Therefore the synergistic activity of the muscles about the pressurized canister is necessary for
breathing, maintaining continence and preventing pain.35Hodges and Sap Pregnancy
The growing uterus during pregnancy changes the mechanics throughout the trunk. The diaphragm
can be elevated 5 cm. As the diaphragm moves superiorly, it lengthens which improves its ability to
generate tension. The widening rib cage increases the diaphragms radius of curvature and the area of
the ZOA. Due to this increased area of apposition, the abdominal pressure generated by the
diaphragmatic contraction influences mainly the lower ribs. The ribcage then elevates and expands
where it is apposed to the diaphragm. This is necessary in order to maintain total lung volume. The
infrasternal angle can increase from 68.5˚ to 103.5˚ by term.39,40 LoMauro/Aliverti and

Case Study On Acute Pulmonary Oedema Secondary
Case study The case study relates to Mr Brown, who diagnosed with acute pulmonary oedema
secondary to acute renal failure, due to excessive use of opioids. The assignment will address Mr
Brown's initial presentation and assessment, relevant past history, medications as well as the current
assessment finding that had him admitted to intensive care unit. Briefly discussing the patients'
pathology results scans and as well as drug treatments to correct electrolyte imbalances.
Furthermore discuss the effects of age related physiological effects on respiratory, cardiovascular
and renal system and lastly the pathophysiology and treatment on opioid toxicity, acute renal failure
and acute pulmonary oedema. Mr Brown is a 76 year old male, which presented to the emergency
department via ambulance with thoracic back pain, which commenced two days prior to the
presentation. The triage assessment stated the patient is alert, orientated, distressed, chest clear and
equal, neurovascular intact with equal strength in all extremities and good strong regular pulses. The
nil injury stated patient said he 'just woke up with it'. The patient's observation displayed a
temperature of 36.9°C, blood pressure of 169/105, pulse rate of 99 beats per minute, respiratory rate
of 20 breaths per minute, Glasgow coma score of 15, and a blood glucose level of 5.4. Mr Brown's
has a past medical history of atrial fibrillation, asthma, emphysema, hypertension, chronic back
pain, lumbar fusion (L1), total

The Respiratory System And The Physiology Behind Pulmonary...
DECLARATION
I hold a copy of this assignment that I can produce if the original is lost or damaged.
I hereby certify that no part of this assignment/product has been copied from any other student's
work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the assignment. No
part of this assignment/product has been written/produced for me by another person except where
such collaboration has been authorised by the subject lecturer/tutor concerned.
Signature: Reuel Avishek Mudliar Date: 20/10/14
PRACTICAL REPORT: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The complexity of the respiratory system and the physiology behind pulmonary respiration can be
considered extraordinary high. Within the single system, individual organs, actions and co–
ordinations are culminated to equate in the survival of humans. The respiratory system carries out
many roles within the body; control of bodily pH, aid in speech production and olfaction, regulation
of blood pressure and promotion of venous and lymphatic flow. Although these function are
necessary to optimally function, the exchange of gases from the internal bodily environment to the
external bodily environment is the most important function and role of the respiratory system
(Martini, Ober, Nath 2011).
Control of respiration is both voluntary and involuntary, the respiratory system is predominately
controlled by the autonomic nervous system centralized in the brainstem. The centres specifically
responsible are the

Symptoms And Treatment Of Hospitalized Patients With...
Final EBP Paper: In hospitalized patients with tracheostomy tubes, does using the CoughAssist with
suctioning, compared to just suctioning, reduce the number times the patient requires suctioning?
Esse Ntumi Granite State College Introduction The mechanical insufflator–exsufflator, commonly
known as the CoughAssist, is medical device that uses positive and negative air pressure to inflate
and rapidly deflate the lung, thus simulating a cough and helping to clear secretions. It is commonly
used in patients with impaired or no cough response. This includes patients with neuromuscular
disease and muscle weakness related to nervous system injuries. Furthermore, it can be used in
children as well as adults in the management of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The order stated; Patient may use CoughAssist once daily as needed to clear secretions. Clinical
observations of one nurse saw that, on days in which the patient used her CoughAssist, the patient
only asked for regular suctioned only one to two times throughout the day. This was a much bigger
number difference than that of two to three times a shift with regular suction. Due to this anomaly,
the following question, as stated above, was asked. In hospitalized patients with tracheostomy tubes,
does using the CoughAssist with suctioning, compared to just suctioning, reduce the number times
the patient requires suctioning? Research To effectively investigate the question, research was
established using CINAHL as the main database of research. Cochrane was yielded for research
results, but CINAHL yielded more results than Cochrane. Yet still, even with this, the results found
on CINAHL showed no articles that compared CoughAssist and regular suction, in relation with
amount of patient suctioning. As such, other articles with similar research angles were utilized to
answer the question. This resulted in five articles which help one to make an inference on how
CoughAssist may help reduce amount of suction needed by a patient. The first article written by
Chatwin, compared the use of the CoughAssist and physiotherapy, with physiotherapy alone to
assess if using CoughAssist and

The Values Of Inspiratory Capacity
1. The values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC), Vital Capacity (VC), Functional Residual Capacity
(FRC), and Total Lung Capacity (TLC) were compared to the values of an Adult Female because the
volunteer in the experiment was female as well. The comparison of values showed that the volunteer
had low values of IC and VC but a much higher value of FRC. Factors contributing to these
differences could be due to the volunteer possibly having a smaller lung capacity and lung size
compared to the average female therefore causing the results, or the volunteer did not expire all the
air possible from the lungs and caused skewed results considering the total lung capacity was very
similar to the average female values. The function of Residual Volume ... Show more content on
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2. FVC stands for Forced Vital Capacity which measures how much gas is expired when a deep
breath is taken and then forcefully exhaled as quickly as possible. FEV1 stands for Forced
Expiratory Volume which determines how much air is expired or breathed outwards during specific
intervals of the forced vital capacity test. The physiological significance of the FEV1 / FVC ratio
can determine the effectiveness of a persons lungs during the turn over of its total volume in one
second. This is important because this ratio can help distinguish between obstructive and restrictive
disorders meaning lung expansion can be determined to be limited or lungs can be hyperinflating
depending on the disorder. 3. A. IRV = 2900, TV = 500, VC = 4400 ERV = ? VC = IRV + ERV + TV
ERV = 4400 – (2900 + 500) ERV = 4400 – 3400 ERV = 1000 ml B. TLC = 6500, IC = 3800, ERV =
1000 RV = ? IC = VT + IRV VC = (IC) + ERV OR VC = VT + IRV + ERV VC = 3800 + 1000 VC =
4800 ml TLC = VC + RV RV = TLC – VC RV = 6500 – 4800 RV = 1700 ml C. TLC = 6000, ERV =
1200, RV = 1200 IC = ? TLC = VC + RV VC = TLC – RV VC = 6000 – 1200 VC = 4800 ml VC =
IRV + VT + ERV VC = (IRV + VT) + ERV VC = IC + ERV IC = VC – ERV IC = 4800 –

Pulmonary Case Study : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary...
Pulmonary Case Study Analysis and Care Plan Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is
most prevalent in the older adult and smokers. It is the third leading cause of death in the United
States and affects 329 million people worldwide. The disease also carries a burden on the economy
with an estimated cost of $29.5 billion annually for treating exacerbations (Hattab, Alhassan,
Balaan, Lega, & Singh, 2016). It is defined as the limitation of airflow within the airway and lungs
secondary to a chronic inflammatory response from exposure to noxious stimuli. Repeated exposure
to chemicals like cigarette smoke lead to the destruction of the lung parenchyma and alveoli
decreasing the lungs ability to appropriately exchange gases (Baraldo, Turato & Saetta, 2012). The
disease is both preventable and treatable with appropriate evidence–based practice and patient
education as presented. Normal Pulmonary Function The primary function of the lungs is to move
air into and out of the respiratory system and to perform gas exchange of oxygen into the blood and
release carbon dioxide through expirations. The air movement begins with the bronchial tree with
inspired air being moved into the lungs then into the pulmonary capillaries and finally into the
alveoli where gas exchange takes place (Baraldo, Turato & Saetta, 2012). Within the bronchial tree,
pollutants or foreign noxious stimulants are often identified here. Cilia work to remove them by
triggering the cough reflex and with

Anatomy And Physiology Of The Respiratory System
Section 1 : Anatomy and Physiology
The respiratory system, also known as the ventilatory system, is a series of organs found in the
human body. The system's primary function is performing respiration – inhaling oxygen from the
environment and exhaling carbon dioxide out of the body (K.M Zimmermann, 2016). Oxygen acts
as fuel – without it, the body would be unable to function. Carbon dioxide, the by–product of this
process, is breathed out as it is toxic to the human body when it builds up (A.M Helminstine, 2016).
The main organs of the respiratory system are the lungs – they are the location where the gas
exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. The lungs therefore expand when you
breathe in, and retract when you breathe out. This is done through the diaphragm – a sheet of muscle
that is positioned under the lungs. As one inhales, their diaphragm contracts and moves itself
downward, increasing the space for your lungs to expand to. The ribs also move to enlarge the
possible area the lungs can expand to. This pressure causes air to be sucked through the body to the
lungs. When one exhales, the opposite takes place – the diaphragm moves upwards and returns to
normal, allowing the process to happen again.
Air can be breathed in through both the nose and the naval cavity, or the mouth, also known as the
oral cavity. The air, regardless of the path taken, will always lead to the pharynx, a space located at
the back of throat. It will progress through the larynx,

Rebreathing Carbon Dioxide Graph Lab Report
Comparing my Rebreathing Carbon Dioxide graph to my peers, I noticed that we all share an
increase in both the breathing rate and depth. Talking to my peers, I noticed that we all mutually had
the pressure of the pressure cuff go down once we finished this experiment. This release of pressure
most likely occurred because during the different intervals – breathing normally, holding our
breaths, slowly breathing, and breathing through the Ziploc bag – the kPa, or unit of pressure,
gradually decreased. The relationship between breathing rate and breathing depth is that they
strongly influence HRV, or heart rate variability. This is most efficient because the tidal volume
decreases as heart rate does too, although the changes are insignificant. For example, when you
exercise, both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This might have happened because as we breathe normally, At the start of C, E was more staggered,
as it differed from person to person. For some, their breathing rate shot up, while for others, their
breathing rate went down. These staggered results could be because we held out breaths for a minute
and a half, where one's heart rate would increase. This is because the body desires to get rid of the
carbon dioxide accumulating in the lung's alveoli and to take in more oxygen so that more and more
body cells can get the nutrients they need to properly function. The blood pH levels in B decreases
as we hold our breaths because of an increase in hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide in the blood. The
pH of blood in D decreases as we rebreathe the carbon dioxide because the carbon dioxide building
up in our lungs is trying to be exhaled and the oxygen in the body are trying to reach the body cells
or the lungs. An increase in breathing rate, such as in D, decreases the level of carbon dioxide
concentration and increases oxygen concentration, thus causing a decrease in hydrogen

Understandin How Mammalian Pulmonary and Circulatory...
Male vs. Female Differences in Vital Statistics
I. Introduction The respiratory system and circulatory system are both critical to the life of a
mammal. The respiratory and circulatory systems depend on each other greatly. An organism needs
both systems to be functioning in order to sustain life. Oxygen needs to be exchanged throughout
the body, and the respiratory system and circulatory system are the modes of transportation for the
oxygen. The respiratory system establishes the breathing of an animal by the transfer of oxygen,
which in return allows the circulatory system to work. According to Barilleaux (2014), the gap
between respiratory tissues and aerobic tissues was bridged by the circulatory system.
Humans and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Air then continues to flow through the system that includes the mouth, trachea, lungs, muscular
diaphragm, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Mammals breathe through negative pressure, which is
pulling air into the lungs when the thoracic cavity expands causing the diaphragm to contract. Tidal
volume is the amount of air that is inhaled and let out with each breath. When this volume is taken
during a maximal inhalation and exhalation is the vital capacity (Reece et al., 2011).
The purpose of this lab was to understand how mammalian pulmonary and circulatory systems
increase the delivery of oxygen to cells during exercise. The systems were examined by measuring
pulse, vital capacity, ventilation rate, and the blood pressure at rest and immediately following short
exercise. From these observations we measured the height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and
smoking status in order to determine what may affect exercise (Barrilleaux, 2014).
Before the experiment was started, a few predictions were made. Since males are usually bigger
than females in size and weight, we guessed that male BMI numbers would be higher than female
BMI numbers. Another prediction based off the objectives for the lab was that non–smokers would
have higher lung capacities than smokers. Since non–smokers should have a higher vital capacity,
they should have a higher ventilation rate.
II. Materials and Methods
All students

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
In the nasal cavity, there are three little bumps. Now those three little lumps are called the superior,
middle, and inferior meatuses. If you remember back to API when you studied the skull and you
looked inside of the nasal cavity, there were three little bones on the left and right of the
perpendicular plate of ethmoid. And those were the superior, middle, and inferior conchae. So those
little lumps you're looking at are the conchae that you learned about before, but they're just covered
with tissue. So in this instance, we're calling them meatuses. And the job of those meatuses is to
almost act as though they're speed bumps. So as soon as you sucked the air in through our nostrils,
the air will get caught around the meatuses. It slows ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As soon as you swallow, this little epiglottis flops down and blocks the windpipe and the larynx. It
closes it off like the lid of a trash can so that food has only one choice and that is to go down the
esophagus. Now the opposite is true when we're not eating or we're not swallowing, and we're trying
to breathe, the epiglottis opens up and this will allow air to pass into our respiratory tract. Now
whenever food does get into our respiratory tract, sometimes if we're eating too fast and we're not
giving ourselves time to swallow, then food can get lodged down in the larynx or trachea and what
happens usually is we begin to cough. Coughing is basically just pushing a big puff of air through
the respiratory tract, which will hopefully pop out or dislodge that food particle. This is the opening
to the larynx and down into the trachea and this little opening is called the glottis, also known as our
vocal cords. Whenever we breathe, our glottis opens up. Whenever we talk, we're actually pushing
air out or up through our glottis. And when these vocal folds tighten and get close together, we can
make high pitch sounds. When we open up and relax, we can make deep, low pitch sounds. So
whenever we talk, we're just pushing air through those vocal folds and the vocal folds are vibrating
and that's what causes our voice. So muscles of the neck and pharynx will position and stabilize the
larynx. When you swallow, these muscles will elevate the larynx and bend the

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: A Case Study
Introduction Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is a valuable clinical tool often utilised to aid in the
detection, treatment and management of an obstructive airways disease, such as asthma. PEFR is a
measurement of "maximum expiratory flow occurring just after the start of a forced expiration from
the point of maximum inspiration." (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing,
2004). By taking PEFR readings regularly, an airways obstruction may be identified if an unusual
reading is given. It is expected that PEFR will vary significantly between individuals due to the
many different factors that may affect pulmonary function. Therefore, it is important to consider an
individual's characteristics when determining the normality of their PEFR measurement. Two such
characteristics that appear to impact PEFR are gender and fitness levels. ... Show more content on
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The study was conducted over a 16 week period and involved a control group, where participants
did not exercise at all, and an experimental group, where participants followed an exercise program
involving 20 minutes of aerobic exercise, 5 days per week. PEFR measurements taken at the
beginning of the study were compared with those taken after. The study found that the mean PEFR
of the experimental group increased by 17%, whilst that of the control group showed only a 0.4%
increase. Therefore, the study concluded that undergoing aerobic exercise leads to an improvement
in pulmonary function in healthy subjects. Furthermore, this indicates that in general, increasing
fitness levels will increase

Modern Icu Management And Its Effects On The Treatment...
In spite of modern ICU management and those specifically directed toward ARDS ranging from
lung protective strategy, recruitment maneuvers and salvage therapies mortality rates of ARDS still
disappointing. Up to date no pharmacological intervention that proven to be beneficial and if present
it serves subgroups of ARDS patients depending on the etiology and patient's health status. But
hopes still exist and researches still going to find safe and effective treatment for ARDS patients and
era nowadays is directed toward multimodal approaches toward different pathologic targets. Also
early intervention for cases of ARDS and even preventive measures before development of frank
picture of ARDS or before mechanical ventilation become necessary. (Peter & Haibo; 2014)
Corticosteroids:
Corticosteroids are the most known immunomodulator via inhibition of gene transcription of pro–
inflammatory cytokines, the suppression of neutrophil activation and migration also it augments
activity of anti–inflammatory molecule. The immunomodulator effect of corticosteroids can be
classified as genomic and nongenomic effects depending on the doses used. Genomic effect occur at
low to moderate doses (i.e. 0.5–2.5mg/kg/day), it acts at the level of nucleus by increasing the gene
transcription of anti–inflammatory molecules while inhibiting pro–inflammatory mediators such as
nuclear factor kappa B (NF–kB). Although the use of low–dose methylprednisolone is widely
adopted protocol in all ARDS cases in

Physioex Ex 7 Activity 5 and 6
ACTIVITY 5
Exploring Various Breathing Patterns
You will establish the baseline respiratory values in the first part of this experiment.
1. If the grid in the data control unit is not empty, click Clear Table to discard all previous data.
2. Adjust the radius of the airways to 5.00 mm by clicking the appropriate button next to the Radius
window. Now, read through steps 3–5 before attempting to execute them.
3. Click Start, and notice that it changes to Stop to allow you to stop the respiration. Watch the
simulated lungs begin to breathe as a result of the external mechanical forces supplied by the pump
below the bell jar. Simultaneously, the oscilloscope will display a tracing of the tidal volume for
each breath.
4. After 2 seconds, click ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Note that when a measure button is selected, two things happen simultaneously: (1) a bracket
appears on the spirogram to indicate where that measurement originates on the spirogram and (2)
the value in milliliters appears in the data table. Also note that when the FEV1 measure button is
selected, the final column labeled FEV1/FVC will be automatically calculated and appear in the data
table. The calculation is (FEV1/FVC) _ 100%, and the result will appear as a percentage in the data
table.
What do you think is the clinical importance of the FVC and FEV1 values?
Why do you think the ratio of these two values is important to the clinician when diagnosing
respiratory diseases? _______
FEV1/FVC _ 100% _ ______________________
Emphysema Breathing
In a person with emphysema, there is a significant loss of intrinsic elastic recoil in the lung tissue.
This loss of elastic recoil occurs as the disease destroys the walls of the alveoli. Airway resistance is
also increased as the lung tissue in general becomes more flimsy and exerts less mechanical
tethering on the surrounding airways. Thus the lung becomes overly compliant and expands easily.
Conversely, a great effort is required to exhale as the lungs can no longer passively recoil and
deflate. Anoticeable and exhausting muscular effort is required for each exhalation. Thus a person
with emphysema exhales slowly.
1. Using this information, predict what lung values will change in the spirogram when the patient
with

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd )
Over the years Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has been a vastly under–identified
and under–treated, causing the World Health Organization (WHO) to undertake increased
worldwide awareness concerning the disease. Thus the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive
Lung Disease (GOLD) was created in order to educate the world and set standardized practices.1,2
COPD is defined by the chronic obstruction of the airway relating to inflammatory diseases of the
bronchial tubes. The restrictive airflow, while preventable and treatable, is often fast progressing and
not completely reversible1. COPD includes diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
small airway disease as all these conditions include a chronic narrowing of ... Show more content on
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While some children develop lung issues at a young age, the majority have consistent lung function
up until their mid–20s when decline is seen. This decline can be due to age, environment, or the
development of disease. With the discrepancy in numbers between diagnosed cases and people
suffering from decreased lung function, it is notable that awareness and aggressive diagnosis of
COPD needs to increase.2
Etiology Preexisting compromised lung function from uncontrolled bronchitis, asthma, and
emphysema can develop overtime. Environmental conditions can exacerbate the disease and hasten
the progression toward COPD. One of the primary causes and leading exacerbations is viral
infections. In the subzero climates of cold and flu season when rhinovirus and various forms of
upper respiratory infections run rampant through many cities, patients with chronic lung issues have
an increased risk for contracting infections. Viruses attach to the lower lobe of the lung via the
intracellular adhesion molecule, ICAM–1, and intensify the underlying inflammation. The ICAM–1
molecule can be a target for treatment when symptoms are caused by the rhinovirus. When COPD is
aggravated because of rhinovirus, plasma fibrinogen levels and molecules known to stimulate the
production of plasma fibrinogen elevate and can increase the onset of myocardial infarction and
stroke. These levels not only worsen COPD for patients, but put them at increased risk for
cardiovascular

Lung Compliance and It's Diseases Essays
Pathophysiology essay
Lung compliance and its disorders
Philippe Wöllenstein
Study group 3052; Topic No.62
29.04.2015
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
The essay comprises an introduction explaining the term pulmonary compliance. The next section
includes a definition and characteristics of the group of diseases–restrictive pulmonary disorders.
Further on a short summary of restrictive lung diseases and especially their cause follows trying to
contribute a better knowledge of the topic to the reader. In the end the reader can find a short
conclusion.
Table of contents General information about lung compliance
Restrictive pulmonary diseases ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The average compliance levels at about 200 milliliters of air/cm of water transpulmonary pressure.
It is to mention that those pressures mentioned varie in inspiration (inspiratory compliance curve)
and expiration (expiratory compliance curve). Visualization can be done according to the
compliance diagram.
The question that arises now is which forces act upon the lung tissue to create the trans–
pulmonary/alveolar and finally the compliance of the lung? To answer it one has to look closer at the
structure of the pulmonary tissue, which is found to be elastic. Interwoven into the parenchyma we
can find elastin and collagen fibers which determine the elastic forces of the lung. The other big
factor playing it's role is the surface tension of the fluid lining the alveolus.
II. Restrictive lung disorders
Is a group of disorders characterized by a decrease in lung capacity either caused by alterations in
the lung wall lining, disease of the internal wall of the lung or by neuromuscular mechanisms.
Translated into physiological values: Total lung capacity (TLC) decreases; Vital capacity of the
lung(VC) decreases ; Functional Residual capacity(FRC) decreases if caused by parenchymal lung
disease the gas exchange mechanism decreases as well.

Further on based on anatomical construct we have to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic
causes of restrictive lung disorders. The intrinsic

Answers Lab10 RespPhysiology
M37_MARI0000_00_SE_CH37.qxd 3/29/11 2:34 PM Page 237 R E V I E W S H E E T NAME
____________________________________ EXERCISE LAB TIME/DATE
_______________________ 37 Respiratory System Physiology Mechanics of Respiration 1. For
each of the following cases, check the column appropriate to your observations on the operation of
the model lung. Diaphragm pushed up Change Increased Decreased ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ In the size of the
balloons (lungs) In direction of air flow Increased ✓ In internal volume of the bell jar (thoracic
cage) In internal pressure Decreased Diaphragm pulled down Into lungs Out of lungs ✓ ✓ Into lungs
✓ Out of lungs 2. Base your answers to the following on your observations in question 1. Under
what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
11. Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect? Chronic bronchitis
and emphysema (often associated). Chronic bronchitis ↓ the volume of air that can be inhaled due to
excessive mucus production; emphysema ↓ the amount of air that can be exhaled (check–valve
effect). 12. Using an appropriate reference, complete the chart below. O2 CO2 N2 Inspired ~21%
~0.04% ~78% Expired ~16% ~4% ~78% % of composition of air Factors Influencing Rate and
Depth of Respiration 13. Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm? medulla
oblongata and pons For questions 14–21, use your Activity 6 data (the pneumograph–physiograph
recording or visual count). 14. In your data, what was the rate of quiet breathing? Initial testing
(student data) breaths/min Record observations of how the initial pneumograph recording was
modified during the various testing procedures described below. Indicate the respiratory rate, and
include comments on the relative depth of the respiratory peaks observed. Test performed
Observations Talking Respiratory rate becomes irregular during talking. Yawning Yawning is
reflected by extremely deep prolonged inspiration. Laughing Respiratory rate becomes irregular.
Respiratory depth may be ↑ or ↓ depending on the nature of the laugh. Standing Concentrating
Regular rhythm and

The Control Of Respiration Is A Non Conscious Act
The control of respiration is a non–conscious act that is maintained in the brain through neuronal
control. Overall, what initiates and controls respiration and ventilation resides in the respiratory
control centers of the brain: the medullary respiratory center, pons respiratory center, and pre–
Botzinger complex. The pre–Botzinger complex is an area in the upper end of the medulla that is
responsible for the baseline rhythmic activity in respiration (Ramirez). During quiet breathing, the
dorsal respiratory group (DRG) relays action potentials to the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves,
generating contractions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles that result in inspiration;
expiration however is passive in quiet breathing through the relaxation of the muscles. For forceful
respiration, signals activate the VRG, which leads to the stimulation of motor neurons that generate
more inspiratory muscles that initiate active expiration (Sherwood, 2010, page 500). Static lung
volumes can change between different ranges depending on the intensity of inspiration and
expiration. Pulmonary stretch receptors that lie throughout the smooth muscles surrounding the
airways determine the maximum amount of expansion in the lungs. The stretch receptors prevent
over inflation of the lungs and the maximum lung capacity through the phenomenon known as
Hering–Breuer reflex (Sherwood). In contrast, the maximum amount of deflation in the lungs is
dependent on the transmural pressure gradient.

Introduction. Bodies Rely Heavily On Oxygen Consumption
Introduction Bodies rely heavily on oxygen consumption to power all processes, internal or external,
and the more work being done, the more oxygen is needed. Lung capacity regulates how much
oxygen is taken in to diffuse into our cells for energy conversion. Lung development is dependent
on gender, age and intensity of physical activity (Lazovic et al., 2015). Lung expansion can present
respiratory muscle strength, overall lung function and health advantages yet it is constantly
overlooked as a determiner of health (de Merdeiros, Fuzri, Rattesa, Brandão & de Melo Marinho,
2017). A recent study has shown data that supports the relation between lungs and health. Talwar et
al. concluded that patients in their study had improved in time and ... Show more content on
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The program recorded liters of air over 120 seconds per trial. Once the program was running, the
students clipped their nose to maximize the reading by minimizing nasal inhalation and exhalation.
With their arms braced against a flat surface, a trial run was completed and the sensor was zeroed
once the student was set. Without moving the sensor, the student completed four complete regular
breathing cycles. A maximum inspiration and expiration were recorded to measure the vital capacity
of the students' lungs. The maximized breath was followed by a few cycles of recovery breaths. Data
displayed by Logger Pro was analyzed to determine total lung volume and individual scores were
added to the Life Science Core database.
Results
The Life Science Core provided a database that performed a t–test on all the students' inputted data.
For this experiment, data between individuals who identifies as 'yes' swimmers and 'no' swimmers in
the demographics quiz were compared. A total of 57 swimmers averaged a lung capacity of 6.199 L
with a standard deviation of 2.7532 L. A group of 984 non–swimmers averaged a total lung capacity
of 6.267 L and a standard deviation of 2.2391 L. The database calculated a t–value of 3.01 and a
corresponding p–value of 0.003 with 1039 degrees of freedom.
Discussion
Analyzing the data, the results prove to be statistically

Reflection Of Genetic Communication For Nurses For Patients
Recently I took care of a patient N.S, 77–year–old male diagnosed with pneumonia by an ER doctor.
He transferred to hospital acute care medical unit after a few hours of stay in the ER. SBAR from
ER gave information on N.S: No known allergies, full code, NIBP 158/83, Heart Rate (HR) 92 beats
per minute, Temperature 36.8, respiration rate 18 breaths per minute, regular with decreased breath
sounds to the bilateral bases lower lungs, SPO2 98% 0n 2LNP. N.S has an occasional productive
cough and shortness of breath on exertion (SOBOE). N.S has a history of MI x 1 (dates not
mentioned) and coronary artery bypass graft (2009), HTN, and hyperlipidemia, asthma (for
unknown years).
More information on N.S or Patient as a Person
Getting to know the patient as a person is very important for nurses due to clinical judgement,
decision making, patient advocacy as well as a clinical learning process (Day, Paul, Williams,
Smeltzer, & Bare, 2010). By using effective therapeutic communication during patient assessment
also help build rapport with patient. I introduced my self to patient as his nurse for the day and I
found patient pleasant and co–operative. He verbally consented for further assessments. Patient
stated he has had fever and chills 2 days prior to hospital admission. He has been coughing green/
yellow sputum as well. Patient denied any chest pain, he also denied any nausea/ vomiting. In
addition to this information, I found out from ER notes that the patient has had a blood

Brain Is Highly Metabolic And Important Organ Of The Body
Brain is highly metabolic and important organ of the body. Even though it weighs only 2% body
weight, however, requires disproportionate amount (~20 %) of the total blood flow. Unprecedented
fall in cerebral blood flow (CBF) would quickly lead to unconsciousness and, if sustained for longer
period of time would result in brain damage and death. Therefore, CBF is tightly regulated in the
brain, as it facilitates the delivery of essential substrates required for metabolism and removal of
metabolic by products.
1.1.1 Mechanism regulating CBF
The cerbrovasculature is always under the combined influence of a number of physical and chemical
stimuli that adjust vascular caliber/resistance so as to alter the blood supply to different parts of the
brain (Bayliss, 1902; Lassen, 1959). Autoregulation and metabolic coupling are 2 important
mechanism which regulates the CBF to the brain. Autoregulation ensures that constant blood flow is
supplied in the face of changes in perfusion pressure. The mechanism through which autoregulation
controls the blood flow during pressure changes is thought to be myogenic in nature but other
factors such as metabolic (CO2, O2, and so on) factors also assert some influence (Osol et al., 2002;
Paulson et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 2011). Furthermore, metabolic coupling mechanisms ensure that
blood flow is increased in active regions. CBF is highly variable across the brain and largely
dependent on neuronal activity, thus, an increase in neuronal

Lung Capacity And Breath Holding Time
Abstract: This study was conducted to test whether or not lung capacity and breath holding time are
positively correlated. After performing a simple study to test these two factors, it was found that
they are in fact not correlated at all. Both lung capacity and breath holding time have many different
influencing factors that make them uncorrelated to each other.
I. Introduction
To begin to understand lung capacity and breath holding, one must fully comprehend the anatomy
and physiology of the two systems involved in respiration. While all cells in the body receive and
use oxygen, it is the cardiovascular and respiratory systems that collect oxygen, transport it to cells,
and remove harmful carbon dioxide from the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters the body through
the mouth or the nasal cavity and then travels down the pharynx (throat) and through the larynx
(voice box). The oxygen then enters the trachea (windpipe), a long tube that carries air to the lungs.
The trachea branches out into two sections before arriving at the lungs, one tube per each lung.
These two tubes are known as the bronchi. The bronchi are surrounded with small tubes of smooth
muscle called bronchioles. These bronchioles can either constrict or dilate around the bronchi to
allow more or less air to flow into the lungs. Finally, the bronchioles attach to thin sacs of air called
alveoli. This is where gas exchange occurs. The cardiovascular system also plays a big role in
respiration as it is the

NPB 101L Physiology Lab Report Sample
The conceptual overview, along with the experimental procedures are found in the NPB 101L
Physiology Lab Manual 2nd Edition. More specifically, pages 55 to 63 provided a full insight to all
the experiments in the respiratory lab. In addition, a list of required materials was given for every
experiment. The authors of this lab manual were Erwin Bautista and Julia Korber. As for data
acquisition, the BIOPAC software was used to collect and record data for all the trials. Furthermore,
the teaching assistants had calibrated each station prior to initiating the lab exercises. For the
entirety of the respiratory lab, a human subject was used in all the experiments. A 22–year–old
female was the participant for the first two experiments regarding ... Show more content on
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The same method was utilized to find expiratory reserve volume. Except, the I–beam cursor was
dragged in–between the trough of a normal and maximum exhalation. As for tidal volume, it was
discovered using the absolute value between the peak and the trough of a normal wave. The last data
to be found using the BIOPAC was the subject's vital capacity. Here, the I–beam cursor was dragged
from the peak of the maximum inhalation to the trough of maximum exhalation. Other vital
information that can be extracted from the BIOPAC software was the respiratory rate of the subject.
Counting every wave peak for the last 30 seconds and multiplying the value by 2 yielded the
respiratory rate. Having these information, minute ventilation can now be calculated by multiplying
respiratory rate with tidal wave volume. This led to the calculation of alveolar ventilation since the
formula is minute ventilation minus dead space volume. In order to find out the subject's dead space
volume, her weight was multiplied with the respiratory rate. Moving on to Part 2 of the respiratory
lab, the experiment was designed to observe the difference between length of breath–hold and
ventilation type. These ventilation types consist of normal breathing, re–breathing, and
hyperventilating. The second component to part 2 was to see a correlation between the

The Monitoring Of End Tidal Co2
INTRODUCTION
The monitoring of expired carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is becoming increasingly common in
the operating room. As per American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) guidelines, continuous
monitoring of end tidal CO2 (PETCO2) is recommended as standard II basics of anaesthetic
monitoring especially to ensure adequate ventilation during all anaesthetics. In neurosurgical
patients, intraoperative hypercapnia and hypocapnia must be detected reliably as the perfusion to
brain and spinal cord varies with these values. Intermittent arterial blood gas (ABG) samples are
routinely analysed to determine the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood (PaCO2)
during neurosurgical procedures. PETCO2 can also be used as a guide to maintain PaCO2 to desired
level during the surgery.
The PETCO2 is even more useful if its relationship to PaCO2 can be established initially by blood
gas analysis. If the gradient between arterial and end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressures, P(a–
ET)CO2 is stable with time, changes in treatment and clinical conditions, then PETCO2 can be
reliably used to follow respiratory acid–base status and assist in the titration of hyperventilation
therapy, at the same time decreases the expense and time involved in frequent ABG sampling.
Several factors such as changes in body position, temperature and pulmonary blood flow, as well as
mechanical ventilation and cardiopulmonary bypass, can result in changes in the ventilation
perfusion (V/Q)

In 2006 it had been estimated that around 19% of...
In 2006 it had been estimated that around 19% of Speech–Language Pathologist's caseloads are
comprised of geriatric clients with communication disorders (Zraick, Gregg, & Whitehouse, 2006).
Due to the influx of the baby boomer generation reaching old age within recent years, this
percentage is sure to have increased. It is imperative that Speech–Language Pathologists become
highly familiar with the aging process as it relates to speech production for both healthy and
disordered speakers. Strong knowledge of this area will enable a Speech–Language Pathologist to
determine if the changes a client undergoes are the result of the normal course of aging, or if they
are indicative of a disorder. Aging effects various aspects of speech and all ... Show more content on
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All participants were Caucasian males deemed to be in good general and respiratory health, be of
average body type, have adequate hearing and have normal spoken language characteristics (Hoit &
Hixon, 1987). Participants in this study performed two types of tasks: chest wall maneuvers and
speech breathing activities. The chest wall tasks consisted of many different maneuvers, including
isovolume, vital capacity, rib cage capacity, abdominal capacity, and relaxation maneuvers.
Isovolume maneuvers were conducted, in which the participant displaced volume back and forth
from the abdomen to the rib cage with a closed larynx. In vital capacity maneuvers, the participant
inspired maximally from resting expiratory level then expired maximally. The minimum and
maximum rib cage volumes during the vital capacity maneuver determined rib cage capacity
maneuvers, and abdominal capacity maneuvers consisted of the range of abdominal volumes while
the participant held their breath. Lastly, relaxation maneuvers were performed in which the
participant completely relaxed the chest wall muscles while keeping their larynx closed. Speech
breathing activities consisted of two measures: extemporaneous speech and reading speech. For the
extemporaneous speech activity, the participant spoke 10 to 20 breath groups about the topic of his
choice. For the reading speech activity, the participant read a 12–sentence

The Effects of Exercise on the Pulmonary Ventilation Rate
Respiration is the process that takes place in every living cell to make energy available to the body.
Energy is vital for us to carry out many life processes such as movement and so respiration in
essential to life. During respiration glucose and oxygen are used in a reaction that produces energy
and gives out carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Glucose is obtained by digestion of food
and oxygen is taken from the air during a process called breathing or ventilation. Pulmonary
Ventilation is the term given to the movement of air in and out of the lungs; the rate of pulmonary
ventilation is defined as the tidal volume multiplied by the number of breaths taken per minute.
Tidal volume is the volume of air breathed in or out during ... Show more content on
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The inspiratory system sends an impulse to the muscles of inspiration – the diaphragm and the
external intercostals muscles – and the stimulation of these muscles causes us to breathe in. As the
lungs expand due to inspiration this change is detected by pressure receptors of stretch receptors
which then stimulate the expiratory centre, which then stimulates the muscles of expiration – the
diaphragm and the internal intercostals

Incentive Spirometer Research Paper
Incentive Spirometer
An incentive spirometer is a tool that measures how well you are filling your lungs with each breath.
This tool can help keep your lungs clear and active. Taking long, deep breaths may help reverse or
decrease the chance of developing breathing (pulmonary) problems, especially infection, following:
Surgery of the chest or abdomen.
Surgery if you have a history of smoking or a lung problem.
A long period of time when you are unable to move or be active.
If the spirometer includes an indicator to show your best effort, your health care provider or
respiratory therapist will help you set a goal. Keep a log of your progress if directed by your health
care provider.
RISKS AND COMPLICATIONS
Breathing too

Design, Development And Clinical Testing
Design, Development and Clinical Testing of Spirometer Sushant Kule1, Matangi Joshi1, Porous
Mehta2, Rajesh Kumar Jain2
1(Biomedical Department, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's College of Engineering & Technology,
University of Mumbai, India)
2(Electronics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India)
ABSTRACT: Spirometers are used to measure lung capacity and response of lungs and chest during
physical therapy. Current spirometers available in the market are expensive and usually cost over
$1,000. Due to this high cost, many physicians practicing in developing countries like India, cannot
afford spirometry equipment. As a result, millions of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease, or COPD, are unable to be effectively monitored or treated for their disease. Thus, the
development of a low cost reliable spirometer would allow these physicians to assess their patient's
pulmonary health. All these factors led to the development of a product which addresses cost issues
as well as technical accuracy[1] . A computer–based miniaturized spirometer system is Designed to
be realized which would use a solid state pressure sensor. A proto–type of a Computer based
Spirometer system has been realized which would employ a solid state single port pressure sensor. A
dedicated analog signal acquisition and processing channel has been designed and tested along with
the solid–state pressure sensor. Calibration of pressure sensor for known values of applied pressure

Breathing Rate Lab Report
Aim: To investigate the relationship between exercise levels and respiratory functions.
Hypothesis: If respiratory functions are measured after different exercise levels are completed, then
there will be an increase in those functions which include heart rate, breathing rate and carbon
dioxide production levels.
Materials:
Test tube rack
Safety glasses
Measuring cylinder
Dropper
Balloon
Large test tubes
Stopwatch / timer
Glass pipette
20 ml of water
Bromothymol blue
Up to four group members
An exercise
Pen / pencil
Paper / tables to record information
Method:
Heart rate:
A timer was taken out as a pulse was being found. Once found, in 30 seconds the pulse beats were
counted. When finished, the pulse count was doubled to represent heart ... Show more content on
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If a pulse was measured and recorded as student 1's results, the same person is to be used again as
student 1, or therefore results would be inaccurate. If it were to be two different people being
measured for student 1's results column, results would be inaccurate because two people may have
different pulses, breathing rates and carbon dioxide productions. One person may be more calm, or
more energetic than the other, and those factors would give uneven results. There was not enough
time to complete the full investigation, therefore results for table 3, the carbon dioxide production,
was taken from another group. This has affected data, making it inaccurate, because these results
were measured on other group members. Another factor that could have affected this investigation is

the exercise type. The same exercise is to be completed by all members of the group throughout the
whole investigation. If one member was to do 1 minute of simple star jumps, while another chose to
do sprints, that would affect the the results, because more intensity would of been put into sprinting
than star jumps, and that person would have a more increased function, making the results
somewhat

Respiratory Rate
Despite its importance, respiration rates are being found to be documented less often that any other
vital sign. . This may be due to inadequete understanding of the physiology of respiratory rate and
the potential problems that an increased or decreased respiratory rate could mean. (Ansell, Meyer &
Thompson 2014). Respiratory rate remains the only vital sign taken manually, without a machine,
which could also contribute to why it is inconsistantly taken. Respiratory rate is a highly sensitive
marker of patients' conditions and of early signs of deterioration, and their assessment can help
health practitioners detect subtle changes in patients' physiology and reduce the risk of multi–organ
damage, arrest or death. (Smith et al 2011, Cretikos

Weaning The Unweanable.aspx Ventilation Is A Modern...
Marrone, S. EdD, RN–BC, CTN–A, Eason, J. BS, RRT–NPS, McLeod, C. MSN, RN, Marriott, C.
BSN, RN, Alleyne, J. MHA, RN, Walker, D. RN, Bish, C. RN,. Weaning the 'Unweanable ' (2012,
March 1). Retrieved July 26, 2015. http://respiratory–care–sleep–
medicine.advanceweb.com/Features/Articles/Weaning–the–Unweanable.aspx
Biphasic cuirass ventilation is a method of external ventilation that is considered to be a modern
improvement of the iron lung. With this type of negative pressure ventilation it is possible for the
patient to acquire a large amount of tidal volume as well as a high respiratory rate. Most of the more
common methods of ventilation are determined by the elastic recoil of the chest which, in return,
restricts the respiratory rate. Complications, such as infections, that are usually associated with the
invasive method of ventilation can be avoided when using this non–invasive ventilation technique.
Instead of participating with one or the other, biphasic cuirass ventilation has the capability to utilize
both phases of respiration, the expiratory and inspiratory phases.
Sometimes when a patient is on the more common form of mechanical ventilation for an extended
time or if the patient has undergone respiratory failure, their respiratory muscles have a tendency to
become weak. With the use of this biphasic cuirass ventilation method they can have the opportunity
to build and strengthen those muscles which, in return, can allow them to be weaned from the
ventilator

Surfactant Replacement Therapy And The Affects On Rds And...
Surfactant Replacement Therapy and the Affects on RDS and Other Pulmonary Disorders Jacquelyn
M. Wood Grossmont Community College 2015 INTRODUCTION As a newborn makes their
entrance to this world from intrauterine life all should go smoothly. The newborn is delivered and is
stimulated to breathe and then is followed by inspirations, followed by a cry showing a successful
arrival to this world, but not all deliveries go as planned. There are diseases of the respiratory
system. The most common disease is Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS). The Primary cause of
RDS is the underdevelopment of the premature lungs states Perretta, 2015. RDS is caused by a
deficiency and immaturity of alveolar surfactant with the anatomical immaturity of the premature
infants lungs. The incidence of RDS increases with decreasing gestational age says J. Haitsma,
2010. The biggest factor is surfactant deficiency caused by decreased surface area in the lungs for
proper gas exchange and thick alveolar–capillary membranes. "Surfactant replacement therapy for
preterm infants with RDS has shown to be a major breakthrough in neonatal medicine," says J.
Wirbelauer and Speer, 2009. It has become routine for the prevention and treatment for infants
suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. Surfactant replacement therapy is a life–saving
treatment for all neonates showing signs of RDS characterized by surfactant deficiency. By
replenishing the lungs with an exogenous surfactant shows

Factors Affecting The Human Capacity
Introduction:
The experiment involves test subjects with different heights blowing into same elasticity balloons in
one breath to discover if there are any correlations between human's vital capacity and height. This
experiment is categorized as biology as vital capacity is due to lungs and lungs are organs in a
human body. Vital capacity is the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled from the lungs after
breathing in as deeply as possible. The vital capacity is about 4,800 mL (4.8L) for an average
human, which is the total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling. The vital capacity
is= approximately 80 percent of total lung capacity. = Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume +
expiratory reserve volume The total lung capacity (TLC) is the volume of air contained in the lungs
after maximal inspiration plus residual volume and for an average male is around 6000ml (6L). To
remain a fair test, many factors could affect one's vital capacity. Pregnancy for woman would
decreases her vital capacity as during pregnancy the diaphragm is compressed by the uterus, which
decreases total lung capacity. Pulmonary diseases such as asthma, Bronchitis, Common Cold, Lung
cancer and other diseases can also affect vital capacity. Asthma restricts the airway allowing less air
to pass through to their lungs which unable their lungs to stretch as much. Previous researches has
shown woodwind and digeridoo players have larger lung capacity due to their experience and

Respiratory Activity Essay
LABORATORY REPORT
(Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report)
Activity: Name: Instructor: Date:
Respiratory Volumes
Predictions
1. During exercise: TV will increase. 2. During exercise: IRV will decrease. 3. During exercise: ERV
will increase. 4. During exercise: VC will not change. 5. During exercise: TLC will not change.
Materials and Methods
1. Dependent Variable. respiratory volumes 2. Independent Variable. level of physical activity
[resting or exercising] 3. Controlled Variables. height; age; sex 4. Which respiratory volume was
calculated? Breating rate, TV, ERV, and IRV. 5. What was the purpose of the nose clip? the nose clip
was used for the lung function testing to prevent leakage with ... Show more content on
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7. Did the minute ventilation increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? of course the minute
ventilation increase tremendously after exercising.
Table 3: Lung Capacities and Minute Ventilation
Breathing Rate 2.6 2.9 3 2.8 TV(L) 2.9 3 2.9 2.9 Resting Values ERV(L) IRV(L) 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.2 5.5
5.9 5.9 5.8 RV(L) 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 Breathing Rate 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 TV(L) 4 4.3 4.4 4.2 Exercising
Values ERV(L) IRV(L) 5.6 5.9 6 5.8 6.2 5.3 6.7 6.1 RV(L) 42.2 50.2 49.5 47.3
Subject1 Subject2 Subject3 Averages
Comparison of Resting and Exercising Lung Capacities and Minute Ventilation
Discussion
1. Explain the change in ERV with exercise. the ERV decrease with exercise asssuming that the
volume of air was exhaled more than being enhaled at the time. 2. Explain the change in IRV with
exercise. IRV decreased as well because the amount of air that was supposed to be inhale was very
little inhalation during the time of exercising. 3. Explain the change in IC with exercise. IC increase
with exercise beacause the subjects were able to allow their lungs to breath. 4. Explain the change in

FRC with exercise. The FRC decrease just a little with exercise. 5. Explain why RV does not change
with exercise. the ERV decrease with exercise asssuming that the volume of air was exhaled more
than being enhaled at the time. 6. Explain why VC does not change with exercise. the vital capacity
remain the same because it accumulated the tidal

Case Study: Cari's Story
A. How would an infection in Cari's nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses?
An infection would spread into Cari's sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal
passage. B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari's respiratory system is using to
clear her lungs by coughing?
A cough reflex clears up sputum from the nasal passages and pharynx. In the trachea there are cilia
that move mucus up from the lungs. The mucus causes the cough reflex. C. Which structures found
in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari's lungs from infectious
pathogens and particulate matter?
Inside the terminal bronchioles and alveoli there are macrophages that would protect Cari's ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These clinical findings show that Cari's arteries have too much oxygen in them. You can determine
this since the normal Po2 of a resting individual is 40 mmHg. On average, a "normal" oxygen
saturation rate at rest is 94 percent. I. Which of the symptoms Cari has described are due to lack of
oxygen and reduced oxygen exchange at her tissues?
Cari mentions that she "pants like a dog" leading to the determination of lack of oxygen. This
reduces the oxygen exchange in her tissues. J. As Cari's Pco2 rose, how was the oxygen–carrying
capacity of hemoglobin affected?
The hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily, as the Pco2 rises. K. How would you have expected
Cari's decreased Pco2 and alkaline blood pH to have affected her breathing?
When your blood pH being alkaline, you experience respiratory alkalosis. The co2 levels drop in
your blood which causes complications. L. How would administration of oxygen enhance Cari's
central drive to breathe?
Due to the mechanical ventilator, it is able to assist in oxygen perfusion to all of her tissue. Thus, the
lungs will be able to expand appropriately. M. Which anatomical structures in Cari's respiratory
system were initially involved?
The initial anatomical structures that were involved were her trachea, throat, and lungs. N. Why was
Cari plagued with a chronic smoker's cough?
Cari was diagnosed with chronic smoker's cough due the fact that the cilia were irritated, however,
they were paralyzed and

Hyperventilation Lab Report
Discussion
Results obtained from the experiment were consistent with the hypothesis and expected values. The
alternative hypothesis is accepted. Manipulated ventilation patterns altered the alveolar gas
compositions. Alveolar partial pressure of O2 and CO2 baseline values of normal breathing was
recorded as 108.06mmHg and 42.51mmHg respectively.
When the subject was instructed to breath–hold after normal breathing results obtained showed a
significant decrease in pO2 (p=7.11e–20) and significant increase in pCO2 (p=8.06e.–16). An
increased level of carbon dioxide is called hypercarpnia. When inactive tissue isn't in demand for
oxygen, the dissociation curve as seen in figure 1 will shift to the left. Oxygen will have a high
affinity for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The point when the subjects breath–hold after hypoventilation and breath–hold after
hyperventilation 'broke' their breath hold was at pO2; 80mmHg and 60mmHg respectively. This
value is significant (p=5.12e–16). It indicates that oxygen levels do not control ventilation, as the
results were completely different when the subjects broke breath–hold. Oxygen levels have not
decreased to the trigger values so chemoreceptors would not have been a driving force for the
subject to breath normally. Hyperventilation greatly increased the length of breath–hold by roughly
three times longer, yet the pCO2 did not

Anatomy And Physiology Of The Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Bailey Kundinger
Anatomy and Physiology II
Friday February 17, 2017
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
A mother brings their toddler in to the clinic, with what they think is a cold but a nurse wonders if
the child could possibly have respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A cold and RSV are a lot alike, in
the way that they both may come across as "cold–like symptoms," but this is not the case.
Throughout this report one will find out what the differences between a common cold and RSV are,
the signs and symptoms a toddler may have with this virus, the treatments one may face and ways to
prevent this awful and dangerous virus. The purpose of this report is to deepen one's understanding
of the respiratory syncytial virus and explain the dangerous ... Show more content on
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RSV will usually affect one's upper respiratory tract first before affecting the lower. It is also more
common that this virus will affect someone's upper respiratory rather than the lower respiratory.
Someone with an upper respiratory infection may come across as having the common cold,
tonsillitis, the flu, and etc. The flu is also able to occur in someone who has a lower respiratory tract
infection, as well as, bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and tuberculosis ("Respiratory Tract
Infections," 2014).
RSV is a virus that is hard to diagnosis because the signs and symptoms are a lot like the common
cold. One may start to develop a runny nose or decrease in appetite the first couple of days when
having this virus; but coughing, sneezing, and wheezing may also occur. In young infants, they may
experience irritability or difficulties with breathing ("CDC," 2014). One may have this virus before
realizing the symptoms like a dry cough, low grade fever, sore throat or headache (Mayo Clinic,
1998). Someone with an upper respiratory tract infection may have a fever, headache, sore throat or
wheezing; whereas someone with a lower respiratory tract infection may have a cough, increased
breathing rate, tightness in the chest. While both tract infections should be taken seriously, they both
can lead to RSV.
Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis are also two very serious infections that may lead to RSV.

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