How governments and unions impacted Australian labour markets over 10 years

The Role Of Governments And Unions Affected The Efficiency...
How has the changing roles of governments and unions affected the efficiency and equity of labour market outcomes over the past 10 years?
Australian Labour Market
We refer to labour market outcomes as the performance of the labour market in reference to wage and employments levels and also the efficiency of
labour allocation within the economy. Some wage outcomes include wage rates, distribution of wages and salaries, fringe benefits, loadings, bonuses
and the relationship of these areas to occupation, gender, age, income groups and cultural background. Non–wage outcomes references to the nature of
employment that is affected by the composition of working i.e. full time, part time, casual and the aggregate levels of employment and unemployment.
Due to the dynamic nature of the Australian labour market, we are able to respond to technological, economic, demographic and social changes that
affect demand and supply of labour, at both a macroeconomic and microeconomic level. However the Australian labour market is not perfectly
competitive as change in the demand and supply of labour through wage and employment levels in the many industries and occupations are not always
responded perfectly. Thus, there are labour market institutions that intervene within the labour market to create changes and the two main institutions
addressed in this report are the unions and the government.
Role of Trade Unions
A trade union is an organisation that represents a group of workers on a
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Jullia Gillard Research Paper
Jullia Gillard is the first woman prime minister in Australia who was her country's twenty–seventh prime minister and head leader of the Australian
government. She received a seat in the house of representative in 1998 and won a seat of labor in the federal election in Australia. After the election
in 2001 Ms. Gillard became a member of the Shadow Cabinet. While Gillard was still in office, Australia experienced the global economic crisis that
peaked in 2007–2008 exceeding any other industrialized countries. During this time frame the Rudd Administration suffered a number of legislative
setback leading to the poll numbers for prime ministers. After being elected Ms. Gillard negotiated a comprised agreement with the mining companies
which reduce... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She mentioned that educating women is effective due to the fact the benefits are felt throughout the entire community. She stated that an educated
woman's household is likely to prosper resulting in a higher income. All it takes is an extra year of secondary education which increases a
woman's income as high as twenty five percent a year. Participating in the labor market, helps educated women boost their productivity in the
economy also paving the way for great wealth in their community as well. It is proven that women with higher education receive more benefits
which are a huge factor in their households. For example, women who are educated are less likely to contract s such as HIV or AIDS. Ms. Gillards
stated that if you educate a woman, she will have the empowerment and the economic freedom that comes with having the ability to make wiser
decision such as when to have children. Instead of having many children she will have less, and have them later in life. With a good education it
helps women to overcome things such as child miscarriages, the children that she does have are more likely to survive longer, they are more likely to
be vaccinated and are more likely to literate themselves and go to

Trade Unions in Australia Essay
Table of contents Executive Summary.............................................................. Page 3 Introduction........................................................................Page 4
Benefits of joining a union.......................................................Page 6 Membership declines and impact of legislation..............................Page 7 Effect of
Human Resources on Employees and Union memberships...Page 9 Conclusion...........................................................................Page 10
References...........................................................................Page 11 Executive Summary: Since the 1980's trade union membership numbers have
declined rapidly ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 130). Once upon a time it was quiet important for employees to be part of a union as it entitled them to have
a collective voice, and power to build a pleasurable workplace. There have been many factors that have contributed to... Show more content on
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In late 2007, the labour government regained power of the federal parliament. From here the Rudd government moved to create the 'Forward with
Fairness' policy that still stands to date ( Cooper, 2008, pg 286). This was more beneficial for the unions. The unions however will remain
tarnished from Howard's workchoices for quiet sometime and must focus on recruiting new members (Brigden, 2008, pg 365) if unions are going
to remain within Australia. Human Resources practices have also impacted on unions as managers within a workplace are encouraged to now
work directly with their employees, rather then including a third party such as a trade union ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 169). Because of this, trade
union members will continue to decline Benefits of joining a union: Joining a union can be extremely beneficial for its members. A union offers it's
members the chance to join a collective support rather then fight individually. It increases economic benefits, increases productivity and workplace
protection ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 131). The culture of the workplace may also influence ones decision to join a union. When faced with a problem
it is a lot easier to proceed to fight this problem if you are part of a collective rather then approach the problem as an individual. In the case of trade
unions, the

вЂњWhat Role Do Minor Parties Perform in the Australian...
The role of the minor parties within the Australian political system can be as their title suggests, quite minor. On the other hand, a minor party can
influence the political proceedings of this country in more ways than one. Minor parties can highlight socio–economic problems that quite often fly
under the radar of the larger political parties, or simply can broaden electoral debate. Often spawning from a social, or in the case of the Greens, an
environmental movement, minor parties tend to only last through one election, due to a lack of support and relevance in the mainstream social fabric.
The minor parties can become crucial players come election time, due to Australia's law of Compulsory preferential voting. Jaensch (1983, p.21) ...
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For example, if the Federal Liberal party needed preferences in marginal seats in Tasmania, a deal could be negotiated with the Greens, which could see
protection of the old growth forest areas of the state. In reality this can backfire, as it did for the Labor party during the 2004 Federal election. Latham
and the Labor party stated they would protect the Old grow forest areas from logging practices, in an attempt to win votes. This lead to a revolt by the
unions, and those involved in the logging industry, claiming that Labor had abandoned them.
The second rule that Sartori created was, "A party qualifies for relevance whenever its existence, or appearance, affects the tactics of party competition
and particularly when it alters the direction of the competition– by determining a switch from centripetal to centrifugal competition either leftward,
rightward, or in both directions– of the governing–oriented parties" (1983, p.19). This rule further highlights the importance of minor party preferences,
and the role they have in the Australian system.
As an extension of Sartori's two criteria for minor party relevance, a third rule is often highlighted due to Australia's application of preferential voting
on the electoral system. This third rule as quoted by Jaensch (1983, p.21) states that "A minor party can be discounted as irrelevant whenever its
preferences

в—ЏThe Political, Financial Stability And Corruption Risks
в—ЏThe political, financial stability and corruption risks in Australia or any other selected country.
Australia has a system of government based on liberal democratic values of freedom of speech, religion and association and the rule of law. political,
legal and Australian regulatory compliance, similar to the UK, US and many other democratic countries.
1901 Australian Constitution established a federal system of government. Under this system, a decentralized government. (Commonwealth) and six
states, two regions – the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory– with more limited powers; There are also a number of foreign
territories, the most important is the Norfolk Island and the Australian Antarctic Territory. Parliament... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(China) after the big wave of investments in the mining and natural gas. However, heavy rains in commodity prices in recent years have reduced the
revenue flow from the resource sector battered. Housing construction is strong and healthy services. GDP growth running at 3.1% in the year to
March 2016 interest rates fell to record lows (1.5% as of August 2016) to stimulate the domestic economy and allows engineers to grow from. There
are a few resources for non–mining economy.
The change is slow and fragmented Victoria and NSW, the two largest countries in the region with the best performance, while the rich natural
resources of the states of WesternAustralia and Queensland have slowed.
According to the Criminal Code Act 1995 it is a criminal offense to offer benefits that are not legitimate, because it has no intention to influence foreign
public officials. The benefits are not confined to financial payment and take other forms, further, that it is not necessary to prove the direct provision of
any formal matters – the use of intermediaries will be enough. The law applicable will be considered as illegal outside the territory. This means that
they participate in all activities outside Australia may still be punishable under Australian law.
Many other countries also have laws that prohibit bribery outside forces, including the US, UK and other EU countries, so the risk for anyone to
engage in bribery or corruption occurs beyond. But under Australian law but

The Importance Of Voting For A Candidate For Office
One of the most critical ways that individuals can affect governmental decision–making is voting. Voting is a formal expression of preference for a
candidate for office or for a resolution of an issue. Voting takes place in the context of a large–scale national or regional election, however, local and
community elections can be just as poignant to individual participation in government. Every Australian citizen who is aged 18 years or more can vote
in a federal election if validly enrolled and not disqualified from voting. Political participation is the basis of democracy and a vital part of the 'right to
vote'. Australia's constitution has framed the progressive democracy Australia has become, however there is debate on the derivation of this right to
vote and on the extent of the protection of that right. The right is not constitutional at all, instead being governed by international treaty obligations and
commonwealth legislation. The right to vote has been defined as the right to cast a ballot in an election. However, in order to fulfil the democratic
objective of representative government, modern definitions require that the vote cast is effective, that each individual may only vote a single time and
that franchise is equal. Further, the right must have legal prevalence in order to prevent its erosion through legislation.
The "right to vote" is set out in Section 41 of the Australian Constitution (Cth) and states "No adult person who has or acquires a right to vote at

The Role Of Journalism And Democracy And What Is The Most...
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF JOURNALISM IN DEMOCRACY AND WHAT IS THE MOST POWERFUL CURRENT THREAT TO THAT ROLE?
Journalism and democracy are arguably inextricably intertwined concepts, each having a vital role in the effective function of the other. Democracy as
a term and an inherent notion finds it origins from Ancient Greece with the term being derived from the Ancient Greek words 'demos'– people and
'kratia' – power (The Daily Miracle: An Intriduction to JOuranlism p. 45). Traditionally,journalism has been considered to play an integral role as
somewhat of a gatekeeper of democracy by promoting and upholding the democratic societal values upon which countries such as Australia have been
built. This role was first classified as 'the Fourth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Accordingly, arguably the most powerful threat toFour Corners' role in promoting and upholding democracy in Australia is the Executive's constant
threats to cut network funding. This can be explored through looking through the lense of the libertarian and social responsibility arms of the theory of
the press developed by Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm (whatever the book is (1956)) and the propaganda model developed by
Herman and Chomsky (Manufacturing Consent, 1988).
Cutting funding threatens the ABC's and thus Four Corners' ability to uphold the values of democracy in Australia on the basis of the libertarian model
of the theory of the press
This is on the basis that the loss of 400 jobs and funding to the ABC (http://about.abc.net.au/our–abc–our–future/) could have dire consequences on Four
Corners' ability to fulfil their vital and important roles to produce quality investigative reports that serve the public interest. The libertarian model is
one of the four facets of the theory of the press developed by Fred Siebert, Theodore Peterson and Wilbur Schramm (whatever the book is (1956)).
The model argues that "the press resembles an open marketplace of ideas,

Stolen Generation Apology
The National Apology to the "Stolen Generations". At first arrival to Australia, my knowledge about history of Indigenous Australians and in particular
about "Stolen Generations" was limited. After research, I have leant about history of Australia's First Peoples and the struggles they have faced. In
February 2008 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd delivered an apology to the "Stolen Generations" that was addressed to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Australians who had been forcibly removed from their families under government policies. The National Apology to the Stolen Generations
came as a suggested National inquiry into the Removal of Indigenous Children from their families. It expressed the sufferings of Aboriginal peoples
under the

The Case for Mandatory Voting in Canada Essay
Since the turn of the twenty first century, in Canada voter turnout has made a significant and consecutive decline. In the last five federal elections on
average only sixty–one per cent of eligible voters voted. If each eligible citizen voted in an election the government would be on par with the primary
interests of the people. The easiest way to achieve this objective is by implementing a compulsory voting system. Mandatory voting systems are
appealing because all citizens are affected by decisions made by the government, so it makes sense to have all those affected apart of the election
process. As a result, the voting results would be more representative of the country and that would lead to an increase of stability and legitimacy....
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The Canadian government should adopt a compulsory voting system in order to increase voter turnout, for it assures optimal representation of all
Canadians and restores power to each individual.
To every political system there are many positives and negatives and one critique of compulsory voting systems is that informal and uninterested
voting is increased. It has been advocated that compulsory voting brings a large amount of "uninterested voters" to the polls and in turn cast votes that
are clearly inconsistent with their own political values compared to those who are more informed and motivated voluntary voters (Selb and Latchat,
2009). In this case the primary concern is when people are forced to vote they will either pick a candidate at random or spoil their ballot which
consequently, does not make the outcome of the election representative of the people's interests. If certain individuals are not interested in politics they
should not be forced to contribute in one of the most salient political statements practiced in Canada (Selb and Latchat, 2009). They have the right to
choose their level of political participation.
Another critique of compulsory voting is that the government would be taking away the choice to exercise the right to vote. Acton argues that the right
to vote is just as fundamental as the right to note vote in a democracy, and mandatory voting challenges that

Alexander Downer Australian Foreign Policy
Critical Review: Downer, A. (2001), 'Australian Foreign Policy – a Liberal Perspective', Australian Journal of International Affairs, volume 55(3),
pages 337–341.
The text under review is a journal publication written by former Foreign Minister, Alexander Downer (1996–2007), who wrote with the broad intention
of providing a qualified insight into aspects of Australian foreign policy from a Liberal perspective. In his attempt to provide a Liberal perspective of
Australian foreign policy, Downer utilised three main focus areas including: the regional impacts caused by the Asian economic crisis; Indonesia's
transition from an autocratic to democratic nation and shifting Indo–Australian relations; and the continuing relevance of the Australia–United ... Show
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The US–Australia alliance under ANZUS has widespread and bipartisan support as one of the key pillars of Australian foreign policy (Brereton,
2001:347, see also Fraser, 2005:345). The alliance is also reflective of the continuing persuasion of middle power diplomacy in Australianinternational
relations regardless of Liberal claims not to adhere to the doctrine for one characteristic of middle powers includes using niche opportunities to exercise
influence and power to affect outcomes in favour of their national interest (Ungerer, 2007:540). For Australia, this opportunity appeared during
post–WWII US–Japanese Peace Treaty negotiations, 'the Australian Government was insistent that [it] would not sign unless [it] had a defence
relationship with the United States... Without that leverage, ANZUS would not have existed' (Fraser, 2005:334). Although Downer does not explicitly
approve of the framing Australia as a middle power, it cannot be ignored that his view that the US–alliance '...gives Australia much greater weight and
relevance... [and] carry more weight in Washington in regional

Indigenous Policy Making
Policy making can be a complicated process, from identifying issues that need to be addressed right up to the evaluation stage to ensure that policy
aims have been met. When determining whether a case of policy making has been successful or not is thus difficult to pinpoint. This paper will look
into two cases of policy making, the Strategic Indigenous Housing and Infrastructure Program (SIHIP) established in 2007, as well as Australia's
immigration policy towards asylum seekers through Operation Sovereign Borders. By comparing both cases to the policy cycle model, as put forth by
Althaus et. al, this paper will then deduce whether the aforementioned cases have been successful or not. Although there are many ways to analyse the
process of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Up until this point, the SIHIP's overall policy design is sound; key issues have been identified, more specific challenges have been deduced and
analysed, and an appropriate (albeit ambitious) proposal to combat the root issues has been put forth. It is when the policy cycle model is followed
onto the next stage of consultation that sees a deviation from producing an effective policy. The use of external consultants, though being a reasonable
tool to aid in ensuring community needs were being met, was found to be over–exhausted, and meant that the allocated budget for the project was
insufficient in order to actually construct and repair the proposed houses. Contributing to this increase in costs was that the community response
detailed that the proposed housing was inadequate. This feedback was accepted and therefore included in SIHIP, resulting in the cost increase from
$450,000 per house to

Gough Whitlam: 21st Prime Minister In Australia
Gough Whitlam was the 21st Prime Minister in Australia. He was born on the 11th of July, 1916 in Melbourne. Gough Whitlam had a younger sister,
Freda. His parents were Fred Whitlam and Janet Turnbull. His father Fred Whitlam was the Commonwealth deputy crown solicitor, and was transferred
to Canberra so the family moved to the Nation Capital when Gough Whitlam was only 10 years old. Gough attended a Sydney Grammar school, then a
High School in Canberra. He completed his exam to finish high school when he was only 15, in 1931, but he was still too young to go to university.
Gough completed the final exams three more times between 1932 and 1934.
In 1935, Gough Whitlam enrolled at Sydney University. He studied arts and law. In 1941 Gough joined... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In July, 1978 Gough Whitlam retires from political life and accepts a position as the first National Fellow at the Australia National University. The
following year, 1979, Gough Whitlam received a invitation to a position at a visiting professor at Harvard University and accepts it. He took up a
similar role at Adelaide University four years later in 1983.
Picture of Gough Whitlam
Gough Whitlam published a book called 'The Truth of the Matter' about the events leading to his dismissal as Prime Minister in 1979.
In 1983 Gough was appointed Australia's Ambassador by the ALP Government of Bob Hawke to UNESCO. In 1985 Gough Whitlam was assigned to
the Constitutional Commission. A year later in 1986 he was appointed chairman of the Australia–China Council, he held that position until 1991.
In 2001, Gough Whitlam and his wife Margaret, were awarded the Sir Edward Dunlop Asialink Medal by the University of Melbourne. They also
received a National Life Membership at the National Australian Labor Party conference in April 2007. Both Gough and Margaret have been members
for more than 60 years.
Gough Whitlam sadly died in October the 21st

The High Levels Of Party Identification
The high levels of party identification shown in the Australian political model distinguish Australia from many other established democracies in the
world (McAllister, 2011). Party identification (PID), or partisanship refers to a long–term affective attachment to a political party (Marks, 1993, 138), a
phenomenon that has largely been in decline across established democracies (McAllister, 2011, 43). Australia has been largely unaffected by the global
trend of PID decline due to the stability inherent in the Australian political system (McAllister, 2011, 42), a phenomenon maintained by electoral
institutions that are widely accepted in Australia, namely compulsory voting and frequent elections. These two factors contribute to the primary ... Show
Campbell et al. (1960) argued that the continuous party support was based on a psychological attachment that voters held to a particular party, termed
political identification (Campbell et al., 1960, 121). This attachment can occur without formal recognition (e.g. party associations) or a consistent
record of support for the specific party (Campbell et al., 1960, 121), denoting the distinction between the vote and PID, a trend that has been shown
in later studies (McAllister, 2011, 50). This means that while a voter may be politically aligned with a party, this PID may not determine their vote. It
is important to recognise however, that voters do typically vote in alignment with their preferred party (McAllister, 2011, 50). This notion is supported
by the 1987 AES, which showed the majority of voters supporting the Labor Party (ALP), as shown in Figure 1., which correlates with the 1987 election
of Labor leader Bob Hawke, and the 2013 AES, which indicated that the majority were politically aligned with the Liberal–National Coalition
(Coalition), shown in Figure 2., which resulted in the 2013 election of Tony Abbott, Coalition leader. This data supports an argument put forth by
Holmberg (2007), which is that established PID should be stable and immune to external influences (e.g. political change), aside from cases of extreme
circumstance (Holmberg, 2007, 563).

An Analysis of the 2003-4 Australian Budget Essay
This research essay will evaluate and judge certain parts of the 2003–2004 budget put forward by Treasurer Peter Costello and the Howard Government
on Tuesday the 13th of May. It is my opinion that the budget has not been equitable in some areas of fund distribution. The budget will be assessed on
the three following criteria.
The First Criterion: Is the budget equitable to all the areas of our economy?
The Second Criteria: Is the budget equitable to the majority of Australian Citizens?
The Third Criteria: Does the Government Address the Problems of Medicare and Higher Education?
<b>The First Criterion: Is the budget equitable to all the areas of our economy? </b>
Any budget bought forward by the government will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I am astounded that in a year such as this, with all the Government's chest–beating about our brave soldiers, they have basically forgotten our veterans
again,'' he said.
Along with the $1.65 billion in defense, an extra $411 million has been committed to Australia's national security. The budget also puts $3 billion to
be spent over 4 years on state of the art air–to–air aircraft refuellers and helicopter technology and $156 million to be spent over 4 years in increasing
our SAS task force by 30 personnel. All in all, the Australian military's ability to deploy forces to US–led coalitions and overseas terror trouble spots
will be boosted by a $15 billion defense budget.
Let us compare this now with the additional funding given to the higher education department. $1.46 billion over 4 years which deregulates course
numbers and HECS fees up to what could be 30% higher. Minister for Education Brendan Nelson says "We have finally set universities free by
allowing them to set there own fees."
This will be good for universities, allowing them to draw maximum economic return from there economic strengths based on what they need to be
good at and what society perceives to be academically "good." This is not good for students planning on entering university under the HECS scheme

in 2005 as the fees for popular, high band courses in prestigious universities will rise significantly with a $2000 annual increase for course in

The Effects Of Ice On The Australian Government
Purpose:
It has been widely published within the Australian media that there is currently an 'ice' epidemic and the Australian Government has established a
national Ice Taskforce in response to the drug problem the country is facing (Australian Government 2015). Ice is also known as crystal
methamphetamine and comes in a translucent or white crystal or crystalline powder (Buxton & Dove, 2008). The illicit drug can be smoked, snorted,
injected or swallowed and is the most potent form of methamphetamine because of its high purity (Buxton & Dove, 2008). Methamphetamine is an
extremely addictive psycho–stimulant that affects the brain and central nervous system, resulting in the release of high levels of the neurotransmitter
dopamine into areas of the brain that regulate feelings of pleasure (Caplan, 2008). Other types of methamphetamine include speed and base which are
lower in purity then crystal methamphetamine which results in ice having worse side effects and a higher likelihood of addiction (Lewis, 2008). The
consequences of ice use encompass all components of life including health, social and economic. This briefing paper aims to determine the extent of
crystal methamphetamine usage in Australia and particularly Queensland. The paper will also discuss and develop recommendations on drug policy
intervention that will best combat 'ice' usage and ultimately prevent future illicit drug use as well as minimise the harm caused to drug users and the
community. Summary of

The Pros And Cons Of Belgian Federalism
Dr. Wilfried Swenden, a professor at Edinborough University in his research paper called "Belgian Federalism: Basic Institutional Features and
Potential as a Model for the European Union", argues that there are positive as well as negative aspects as Belgium as a federal state. The good things
about it is that it managed to lower the amount of tension between the different language speaking groups. He supports it by stating that the amount of
demonstrations has gone down since federalization of the country and that that can be linked to the success of the government. One of the critiques
that is often raised that it is very costly. Certainly, the process itself costs money, however, it could lower the expenses by stopping "some of the costly
proto–federal practices aimed at concealing disputes between the two Communities in a unitary context" (Swenden, 2003). He also argues that the state
of public finance is better nowadays than in was before the reforms. One of his strongest arguments is that people have actually started identifying more
with Belgium than before when they allowed to identify with their region too. Swenden calls it the "Moreno question – the share of citizens who have
been willing to shift their identity to the Belgian end of the continuum has increased, rather than decreased over time" (Swenden, 2003).
However, there are some disadvantages. Like that Belgium while having three regions and communities is actually bipolar in character. "The
German–speaking

Chapter 8 Outline
CHAPTER 8
Political Participation
Objectives
This chapter reviews the much–discussed low voter turnout and the poor percentage of other forms of political participation in the United States. After
reading and reviewing the material in this chapter, the student should be able to do each of the following:
1.Explain why the text believes that the description, the analysis, and many of the proposed remedies for low voter–turnout rates in the United States
are generally off base.
2.Compare the ways that turnout statistics are tabulated for the United States and for other countries, and explain the significance of these differences.
3.Describe how control of the elections has shifted from the states to the federal government, and explain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Other proposals to the problem of nonvoting include making Election Day a national holiday or holding elections on weekends. Voting prior to
elections by mail in ballots or no fault absentee voting have also failed to produce significant increases in voter participation.
a) 40 million registered voters failed to vote in the 2006 and 2008 elections.
b) 40 million voting–age citizens failed to register in either of the two elections.
7. In Europe, registration is done by the government. In the United States, the burden falls on the individual. Would reducing the cost of registrations
increase the percentage of eligible voters who are actually registered?
a) In 1993, Congress passed the Motor Voter law, which allows people in all fifty states to register to vote when applying for driver's licenses and to
register through the mail. Many did register but did not vote.

b) Data still show many have not registered.
B.Voting is not the only way to participate; by other measures, Americans may participate in politics more than Europeans. C.Important question: how
do different kinds of

The Rudd Government
'Recent Commonwealth Parliaments have confirmed that the ability of governments to implement their mandates is more a function of the will of the
Parliament than the will of the people.'
In recent years, the ability for governments to implement their mandates has shifted from being a function of the people's will to that of parliament's. A
mandate is the authority provided by voters to a successful political party to pursue its policies in parliament. Governments can justify their dominance
of the lower house by arguing the will of the people is expressed through elections. The government's electoral victory produces a 'majoritarian
mandate,' and gives them the right to implement their policies. In recent years, minor parties who hold the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, a government's claim to a majoritarian mandate can reduce Australian politics to an 'electoral democracy.' The opposition might be able to
criticise government policy but according to this theory they have no right to amend, block or delay government legislation. This reduces the role of
members of parliament, pressure groups and the media to simply channel public opinion. Broader participation in the political process is limited by the
government's claim to an all–powerful mandate. Furthermore, in recent parliaments, the will of the government has been frustrated by the parliament.
However, it is because of this fact it can be argued parliament produces better legislation due to poor legislation being blocked. Australia's two–party
dominance, reflecting the majority of people's will in the lower house has been proven effective and the Senate that is designed to act as the 'house of
review' is an effective check on the people's will. Despite this, the 'review' function of the senate is becoming increasingly a reflection of the 'will of the
parliament' and this is contributing to parliament becoming dysfunctional. The Turnbull government hopes to resolve this through a double dissolution
later this

Equality Between Indigenous And Non Indigenous Australians
Australia has achieved to a certain extent equality between Indigenous and non–indigenous Australians. While many Aboriginal civil rights have been
won, Work still needs to be done to achieve equality between Indigenous and non–Indigenous people. Equality has been achieved for Indigenous
Australians from the following events; The right to vote 1962, The 1967 Referendum, Acknowledgement of the stolen Generation 1920s – 1970s,
Apology 2008, and Closing the Gap 2008.
Due to our varied history, the date 26th January has a different meaning. For some it is a celebration of the landing of the first fleet at Sydney Cove
(1788). To others it is marked by the civic celebrations of the Order of Australia and Australian of the Year. However this... Show more content on
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The first phase of the Post–World War II Aboriginal rights movement was focused on the political and civil rights of Australia's Indigenous people.
Because of this, issues of the law, citizenship, voting rights and the role of the federal government were important.
(The right to vote 1962) The British system was that when they conquered a country, the previously existing law of that country would remain in
force. Places which were peacefully settled would have British law applied to them. The British said that New South Wales had been peacefully
settled, and that therefore indigenous law would be displaced by British law – although it is unlikely that the first white settlers acknowledged that
there was a system of Indigenous law anyway.
The new Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1 January 1901.
Service in the armed forces by Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders during World War Two was a powerful argument in favor of their right to vote.
Many people felt 'if they were good enough to fight and die for their country, they are good enough to vote in its elections'. In 1949 there was a
compromise – the Commonwealth Parliament granted the right to vote in federal elections to Indigenous people who had completed military service or
who already had the right to vote in their state (Commonwealth Electoral Act 1949).
In March 1962 the Commonwealth Electoral Act was amended to provide that Indigenous people could enroll to

Industrial Relations
The implementing of the Workplace Relations (Work Choices) Amendment Act 2005 ('Work Choices') by the federal Coalition government saw the
most audacious industrial relations legislation enacted for the Australian community in over a century (Peetz, 2006). It was to be a central plank in the
government's stated aim of reform by decentralizing industrial relations laws in Australia.
The changes were significant and included:
–abolition of the 'no disadvantage' test
–abolition of unfair dismissal protections for workers in firms with less than 101 workers
–privileging individual contracts ('Australian Workplace Agreements' or AWAs) over collective agreements (CAs),
–restricting the right to undertake collective action
– ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flexibility is demonstrated with options to 'cash out' sick leave, penalty rates, overtime pay, shift loadings, allowances, redundancy pay and the extra
week of annual leave where it exists (ACCI, 2005). Only the five designated protected conditions are immune from such employer/employee
negotiation (OAE, 2008).
Certain requirements must be met in order to undertake industrial action under WorkChoices. These requirements are designed to significantly reduce
the occurrence of protected industrial action (APH, 2008). The management and resolution of disputes pre–Work Choices 2005 involved a massive
commitment of both time and energy to work through the resolution processes (ACCI, 2005).
All workplace agreements contain a dispute–resolution procedure clause. Work Choices makes third party intervention in disputes between employers
and employees by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) a last resort, unless industrial action is actually threatened or taking place
(APH, 2008). This is said to provide for improved communication and the ability to effectively resolve disputes in the workplace without resorting to a
drawn out process involving 'interested' third parties. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the number of working days lost due to
industrial disputes in the June and September quarters 2006 was 53 per cent lower than the equivalent period in a year earlier before

The Assimilation Policy and Its Impact on the Indigenous...
Since the time of federation the Aboriginal people have been fighting for their rights through protests, strikes and the notorious 'day of mourning'.
However, over the last century the Australian federal government has generated policies which manage and restrained that of the Aboriginal people's
rights, citizenships and general protection. The Australian government policy that has had the most significant impact on indigenous Australians is the
assimilation policy. The reasons behind this include the influences that the stolen generation has had on the indigenous Australians, their relegated
rights and their entitlement to vote and the impact that the policy has had on the indigenous people of Australia. The assimilation policy was a... Show
Their native land was taken from them, and this led to an increase in Aboriginal activism. Protest groups like the Aborigines' Progressive Association
and the Freedom Rides were formed. It wasn't until 1962 that the commonwealth electoral act that began in 1918 was amended so that all
Indigenous Australian could vote, and only in 1965 were Aboriginals finally granted the entitlement to full wages. (Skwirk, 2007). This impacted
them in many ways us they were denied equal right for so long. 'I want a Little Fair Play if you will be so kind enough to see on my Behalf' (http:/
/www.abc.net.au/civics/democracy/struggle.htm, 2001). This was from one of the many letters by John Kickett to parliament in his fight for
aboriginal rights. The term 'terra nullius' meant a land that belonged to no one, Australia was titled this by Captain Cook in the 18th century and it
legally meant that no one could claim rights over the land because no one lived there. However, people were living there, the indigenous people of the
country had been living here for many centuries, and once the land was claimed by European settlers the Aboriginal people lost their rights of the land
that had been theirs for such an extensive

Medicare Gold Policy Analysis
minister and head leader of the Australian government. She received a seat in the house of representative in 1998 and won a seat of labor in the
federal election in Australia. After the election in 2001 Ms. Gillard became a member of Shadow Cabinet. While Gillard was still in office, Australia
experienced the global economic crisis that peaked in 2007–2008 exceeding any other industrialized countries. During this time frame the Rudd
Administration suffered a number of legislative setback leading to the poll numbers for prime ministers. After being elected Ms. Gillard negotiated a
comprised agreement with the mining companies which reduce the proposed tax from forty percent to 30 percent. Ms. Gillard is impacting global
society through promotion... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gillard. She stated that child care is a censorious elements of the modern economy. Mass production steadily rising the bar and becoming the driven
force for growth in Australian's economy guaranteeing adults, who work are rewarded by opportunities. With the help of the federal government, Ms.
Gillard created a steady child care policy, which addressed problems many Australian's parents faced while still searching for new jobs hoping to
become reemployed. Australian families searched for lengthy period to make sure that their newborn has the best care, although, the standards of the
Early Childhood education programs has improved. One responsibility of the Childhood Education Program is to provide care to Australian children
as well as assuring child care stayed affordable. In Australia over one million children are in child care but, many are prohibited due to high fees and
limited choices. Parents living in regional areas of Australia have difficult time finding care that meet their children needs. For the last couple of
years the government reduced child care rebate from eight thousand one hundred and seventy nine dollars to seventy five hundred dollars, Since, Ms.
Gillard has been in office the price of child care has drastically reaching higher than twenty percent. The double drop off did meet expectations as it
has yet to start building two hundred and sixty new child care centers as promised. In all, Ms.

The Leadership Qualities Of Present Prime Minister Of...
Content Page
Executive summary
2
Introduction
3
Describe the leader's background
3
Describe their approach to leadership
4
What are two key challenges they have faced as a leader ?
7
What have you learned about leadership from studying this particular leader
8
References
9
Executive Summary

This report analyses the political career of the present Prime Minister of Australia, Malcolm Turnbull. The first part of the report looks in the
background of the Prime Minister and then in the second part analyses and evaluate his leadership style. The latter part of the report discusses the key
challenges such as becoming the prime minister of the country by standing against the previous Prime Minister Tony Abott and also... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
On 14 September 2015, after consistently poor opinion polling for the government, Turnbull challenged Abbott for the Party leadership, and won the
subsequent ballot by 10 votes. Turnbull was sworn in as Prime Minister the following day, and formed the Turnbull Government.
Turnbull became Prime Minister and Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia after he defeated the incumbent Tony Abbott at the September 2015
Liberal leadership ballot. He is leading the incumbent Coalition government against the Shorten Labour Opposition at the 2016 federal election. (https:/
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull 2015)
2.) Describe their approach to leadership
There are many styles of leadership that have been identified by scholars. For the purpose of this report following will be discussed.
Transformational Leadership Style – The transformational leadership can be defined as a process where "leaders and their followers raise one
another to higher levels of morality and motivation (Burns 2010 )". Transformational leaders have clear set of goals and motivate the followers to
look beyond their own interest and achieve these common set of goals and these goals are communicated to the followers well advanced. These leaders
are highly skilled in people orientation management. Transformational leadership style is more suitable

Why Is Julia Gilleard Important
Introduction Julia Gillard is a former politician and was the 27th Prime Minister of Australia. She was also the first female Prime Minister ever
elected in Australia. Julia was born in Wales, Great Britain and immigrated to South Australia in 1966. She grew up attending school and
university in Adelaide and moved to Melbourne in 1982. In Melbourne she completed her Law & Arts degrees and worked as a representative,
later she became President for the Australian Union of Students. In 1987 after graduating from Melbourne University, Julia joined a law firm called
Slater & Gordon and 3 years later at the age of 29 she was made a partner. In 1996, Julia decided to leave the law firm and went into politics, joining
the Labor party. She became chief of staff to John Brumby who was at that time the leader... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2007 the Labor Party won the Federal election. Kevin Rudd became Prime Minister and Julia Gillard became the first woman in Australian
history to be the Deputy Prime Minister. She was made Minister and responsible for the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace
Relations. During her time as Deputy Prime Minister she worked together with the US secretary of education on education reform and also
introduced a law called 'Fair Work Australia'. In 2010 Kevin Rudd resigned as Prime Minister after losing the support of his colleagues in the Labor
Party. Kevin had tried to introduce a super tax on mining industries which caused bad publicity and bad feelings within the party. Julia Gillard
challenged Kevin Rudd for the leadership of the Prime Minister position. During the challenge, the Labor Party resulted in a hung parliament where no
party had the majority of seats. Julia formed a partnership with the Green Party and other parties in order to establish a working government and made
history by becoming the first female Prime Minister of

Australian Contract Law Essay
Law of Contract II
Semester 2, 2011
Word Count: 1932
A party's right to terminate a contract arises from a particular type of breach of contract by another party. The facts of the breach and the nature of the
term breached in each case inform the party with whose contract has been terminated, as to whether it is lawful or not.
Common law rights to terminate arise in one or more of the following three ways: * Any breach of a condition of the contract; * A serious breach of an
intermediate term of the contract; or * Conduct that shows that a party is unable or unwilling to comply with the contract.
Australian Courts have for sometime recognised a tripartite classification of terms in analysing whether or not a breach gives rise ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the facts given, the contract between the Federal Government and the Australian Coastal Patrol Pty Ltd (ACP) has been partly performed. If a
contract has been in large part performed, it is less likely that the breach will be substantial enough to warrant termination.
In Carr v J.A. Berriman Pty Ltd, the principal entered into a contract with a builder for the construction of a factory. Two breaches by the principal
caused the builder to seek to terminate the contract; a failure to deliver the site in the condition specified in the contract and a unilateral decision to
remove from the contract the fabrication of steel framing. It was the second breach that was decisive in the view of the High Court in finding that the
termination was effective. In its reasons, the Court noted that the loss of the fabrication represented about one quarter of the builder's estimated profit
on the entire project and the removal from the contract of that percentage of the overall value was a substantial breach.
However, in Fairbanks Soap Co. Ltd v Sheppard the parties contracted for the construction of a machine for $10,000. The machine was almost
completed when the builder refused to finish the machine unless he was paid a large proportion of the price,

Indigenous Discrimination Faced By Indigenous Australians
The 1967 Referendum
The 1967 referendum concerned the amendment of the discriminatory clauses regarding the Indigenous race within the Australian constitution.
Although the 1967 referendum led to the increased awareness of the Indigenous disadvantage, the referendum only had a moderate impact on the
advancement of Indigenous rights, due to the slow progression of legislation and implementation of changes that addressed Indigenous disadvantage.
Leading up to the 1967 referendum, Indigenous Australians faced many political and social restrictions rendering them second classed citizens, hence
the majority of campaigns in favour of the 'yes' vote emphasised these issues to the public eye. Although the referendum yielded a 'yes' vote of 90.77%,
the immediate repercussions following this referendum saw no significant difference to the lives of Indigenous Australians. Furthermore, in
contemporary Australian times, the inclusivity of Indigenous Australians in the census coupled with the addition of legislation in addressing the
Indigenous disadvantage has built the foundation necessary to further Indigenous rights. Thus, the 1967 referendum ultimately highlighted and
challenged the racial discrimination faced by Indigenous Australians.
During the 1960's, advocates of the 1967 referendum built their campaigns on the political and social implications faced by Indigenous Australians, due
to the Commonwealth Constitution. Advocates saw the removal of the offending clauses as a way to

Has Australian Law Adequately Protect the Health of...
Has Australian law adequately protect the health of indigenous people?
Contemporary issue
The issue appeared in The Australian newspaper in January 2007 which discussed about the indigenous health. There is no exact statistics that really
measure aborigines' health as only about 72% of them were included in the surveys. The issue is able to make us think on actions that could be made
in order to protect the health rights of the indigenous Australian. It seems to be impossible for the responsible authorities to address this problem
effectively when there is lack of efficiency in gathering data.
(Source: Article by Milanda Rout in The Australian 27/01/10)
Historical background
The term Indigenous can be referred as 'Native to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1962, Electoral Act (Section 41) was amended to give those Aborigines their right to vote. Furthermore, in order to reduce racial discrimination
towards indigenous community, 1967 Referendum was hold in which Section 51(xxvi) was amended and Section 127 was repealed (Bailey 2008).
1967 has become the landmark as indigenous affair became a concurrent power shared between the Commonwealth and the states (Bailey 2008;
Freehollows 2003). Besides, they are also included in the census after 1967 and were given the same rights as other Australians and enjoy the same
rights. (History of the Aborigines n.d.; Freehollows 2003).
However, although their rights were recognised starting from 1900s, some argue that it is insufficient asAustralia does not has a 'Bill of Rights' and the
Constitution is not a document which focus on human rights (Bailey 2008; Owen 2010). Despites of the claims, there is no need for the Australian
government to have a 'Bill of Right' as the third element of Rule of Law already ensures the protection of human rights and natural justice. Plus, having
a 'Bill of Rights' means that it will be likely subjected to High Court's interpretation and will not guarantee protection of human rights.
Availability of health services
Less access to primary health care services (Close The Gap n.d; Couzos & Denaley 2007)
Overcrowded and poor quality housing in the aboriginal communities (Close The Gap

Australian Labour Party Analysis
Australia's oldest political party is the Australian Labor Party (ALP). Their history associates with the history of Australia's democracy and labor
movement. The largest trade boom in the history of the period of economic transition is Australia. The core Labor morals of opportunity and fairness.
The core Labor has never been more pleased to establish the foster economic growth. The government has demolished the morals and economic
growth. The Australian economy leads Labor through a time of significant global ambiguity, the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The action Labor took
with a broad–scale economic packages the economy did not stall because Australians faired exceptional than the highest in the world during the GFC.
More than 200,000... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The party finally realized about gay marriage when the Labor for life was formed. The conservative is raging up for a fight about abortion. The
Federal gave their support together with Helen Polley the Tasmanian senator, who pushed about gay marriage. The Labor Party spoke to show more
about gay marriage. This became an argument issue with the gay marriage and the abortion trying to get conservative supporters. The Australian
Labor Party is all for the gay marriage and the abortion, they are trying to get more people who are against the two to be for the two. When someone
has their mind set on something they do not want to be for, they will stay against.
Before the year 2019, Australian Labor Party will not vote for gay marriage. The Prime Minister of Australia, Tony Abbott has thinking about gay
marriage to be legal if it was done correctly. The conservative Labor will not have to vote against gay marriage until it has become legal and will not
allow it to happen before 2019. The campaign making gay marriage legal in Australia gives supporters the government ranks and they need to get
voters on the other side. The Labor Party has bumped up the pressure on Tony Abbott to not be able to vote against

Australian Indigenous Rights
Aboriginal civil rights have been a highly debated topic in Australia for the past century. From the 1920's to the constitutional referendum in 1967 many
events occurred that shaped the advancement of Aboriginal rights. The sheer volume of significant events during this time period are too great to
enlighten on all of them so I will aim to touch on the rights of Aboriginal people before this time period, the foundation of Aboriginal political activism,
the Day of Mourning and the Cummeragunja walk off, International pressure against Australia, and the 1967 referendum. It was not until the late 1930's
and 1940's that really caused the Aboriginal rights movement to really surge with the combination of international pressure on the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The main importance of this group was essentially being one of the first Aboriginal political organizations to form to take action against state and
federal legislation in Australia.
During the 1920's and 1930's Australia began to see a rise in political activism among the Aboriginal people. During this time period Australia saw
Aboriginal political organizations being "founded in New South Wales, Western Australia, Victoria, and South Australia: the AAPA, The Native Union,
the AAL, the Australian Aborigines Association (AAA), the Euralian Association, and the Aborigines Progressive Association (APA)" (Attwood,
1999). All of these political organizations fought for similar rights for aboriginal people, but they were all fought on local levels. The two organizations
that were somewhat successful at becoming national organizations and representing Aborigines throughout Australia were the Australian Aborigines
League and the Aborigines Progressive Association. Both groups fought for similar causes. These two groups although advocating for policy change in
different regions of Australia worked together and organized two significant events that occurred during the 1930's.
Arthur Burdeu was considered the creator of the Australian Aborigines League, which formed in the 1930's. The major significance that lead to the
AAL becoming a national organization rather than a local organization was set in how the members viewed the role of the League. Arthur Burdeu

Code Of Ethics In The Australian Medical Association (AMA)
The question of ethics is naturally raised when referring to the legalization of medical marijuana. Ethics can be defined as a value system that defines
right from wrong, coming from a higher standard than the law. While Public Relations (PR) ethics consists of values such as "honesty, openness,
loyalty, fair–mindedness, respect, integrity, and forthright communication," (Bowen 2007) it often is thought to consist of lies and spin doctoring in
order to protect the reputation of a person, group or organisation. While some critics may argue that this is true, ethics in PR allows PR and
communications managers to determine between good and bad behaviour. (Bowen 2007) Ethics in regards to the Australian Medical Association
(AMA) refers more closely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Australianhempparty.com 2014) This is an example of good practice in PR activity as it is informing publics and bringing them together to make the
change and find the solutions they are searching for, whilst staying ethical and abiding by the law.
The New York Times performed PR activity in the form of advertisements in their editorial section to promote the legalisation of cannabis. The
advertisements tell the stories of Multiple Sclerosis sufferers who have turned to marijuana to cease their pain. (Prdaily.com 2014) While this is
seemingly a harmless act of PR, as they are informing their publics and audiences of the uses of marijuana and why it should be legalised, many
viewers saw the company as hypocrites. While they were promoting the legalisation of marijuana they were drug testing their employees for the drug.
(The Young Turks 2014) Publics saw this as unethical as if they truly believed marijuana should be legalised, they shouldn't need to invade their
employee's privacy to test them for the drug. This shows that this PR activity was poor as instead of agreeing and being informed by the company,
their publics were exposed to acts they thought were privacy invading, dishonest and overall

Muslims In Australia Rhetorical Analysis
Muslims in Australia proceeding Hanson's ill–informed attacks on their value system have felt alienated and marginalised from Australia's political
system. When a social group in society is ostracised by the political sphere, the civic participation of that social group, in turn, becomes limited. Simply
because they believe that the system has failed them (Bird & Mcdonell, 1997).
The dominant paradigm of Hanson's rhetoric is the "us against them" attitude (Louw and Loo, 1997). This is particularly manifest in her 2016 maiden
speech. Her speech was uttered to the senate following her success in the federal elections to represent the 'One Nation' party. The 'One Nation' party
prior to their success in parliament, were vocal on their extreme ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The greens senators stood in solidarity with the Muslim community and walked out halfway through the speech (Meers, 2015). Greens leader Richard
Di Natale, tweeted, "racism has no place in parliament but that is what we have just heard from Senator Hanson. I stand with those people hurt by her
words" (Meers, 2015). On the contrary, ex–prime minister John Howard called on the Australian public to not to demonise Hanson. Interestingly, both
reactions cannot equate to the significance of the reaction that came from the Muslim community. Whilst many were disenchanted by Hanson's
ignorant and unwitting affirmations, the majority took a strong stance on social media, predominately twitter– tweeting the contributions they have
given to Australian society. Muslim outrage in the face of racism may provoke their tendency to participate in Australia's civic life, with the intention to
break stereotypes and invigorate their reputation in mainstream

Indigenous Australian And Torres Strait Islands
MODERN HISTORY
Indigenous Australian and Torres Strait Island cultures have the oldest living history in the world. They trace back at least 50,000 years and some
argue closer to 65,000 years. Events, policies and attitudes of the past have impacted this rich and diverse culture. Through progressive movements
and other agencies of social, cultural and political change, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have been inspired by hope for change to respond to
challenges in ways that promote wellbeing, with varying degrees of success.
An historical inquiry into hope, using Indigenous Australia as a case study is the required task. Key events, the actions of individuals and groups, and
beliefs and values will provide evidence on patterns of change and continuity over time. The 2008 Australian government apology recognised the
treatment of the Stolen Generation. Hope through the deliverance of the apology was motivated through achieving reconciliation in Australia and to
apologise to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people.
The act of saying sorry, if it is genuinely meant, has the ability to reset the balance between races. The National Apology of 2008 became a significant
event that raised public awareness of Aboriginal people's civil rights in Australia and the foundation of reconciliation in Australia.
Hope through the deliverance of the 2008 Australian Government apology to the Stolen Generation was motivated through achieving reconciliation in
Australia and

The Pros And Cons Of The Unity Party
The Unity Party's activities largely died down throughout 2000 and Wong acted as a virtual independent in the Legislative Council. After their failure
to break into federal parliament in 2001, the Unity Party largely shifted its attentions to local government, running a number of candidates for local
councils in largely non–white areas, primarily in suburban Sydney. It did not run any candidates in the 2004 federal election but Peter Wong continued
to represent Unity in the NSW Parliament, until the expiry of his term in March 2007. At the March 2007 NSW state election, lead Unity Upper House
candidate, Le Lam, won 1.2% of the vote , which was insufficient to gain election. Consequently, Unity no longer holds seats in any Australian
parliament.
5.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lawsuits involving ex–members forced Hanson to repay approximately A$500,000 of public funding won at the 1998 Queensland election amid claims
that the party was fraudulently registered. The first Annual General Meeting of theOne Nation party was held in April 1999, which critic Paul
Reynolds said demonstrated that One Nation lacked organization (Rutherford 201). In October 2000, Hanson expelled Oldfield from the party. His
expulsion created even more instability in a party which was constantly embroiled in scandal and internal strife. Oldfield engineered a split within the
party, creating One Nation NSW, in 2001. The new party took advantage of electoral party registration laws to register itself as a political party under
the "One Nation" name with the NSW electoral commission, and achieved registration in April 2002. This meant that the original One Nation party
was unable to gain registration for NSW elections. Consequently, the original One Nation could only contest Federal elections in NSW under the "One
Nation" banner, whilst the Oldfield group could present itself as "One Nation" only at state

Vickie Lee Roach Essay
Vicki Lee Roach had her rights infringed from voting the Federal 2007 elections as she was serving a sentence above three years preventing her from
voting, others than her other prisoners had their rights infringed serving a sentence more than three years. Vickie Lee Roach receiving a Uni Degree
___________________________________ Vickie Lee Roach was a prisoner whose ability to vote had been taken away by Commonwealth legislation.
She argued that the legislation breached her constitutional rights and argued her case in the High Court. Roach's disqualification from voting violated
both the Australian Constitution's requirement that parliament be "directly chosen by the people" (s7 and s24) and the Constitution's implied freedom
of political communication. The constitutional phrase 'the people' was intended to be as broad... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two judges, Kenneth Hayne and Dyson Heydon agreed also with Howard government's argument. Both the judges also banned under 21 and most
women not to vote, many states imposed property or income qualifications, and most Aborigines and Pacific islanders and other "coloured persons"
were denied the vote. Their views on this argument were given by the majority judges to leave future governments, and the parliamentary
establishment as a whole, with substantial flexibility to wind back voting rights. The outcome of the case was successful, for the legal system in
terms of recognising that there is constitutionally protected right to vote in Australia. Although Vickie Lee was in prision for more than 3 years her
right to vote was still denied and the original provisions of the Electoral Act were upheld but she had served for her country and made a new law,
8000 prisoners were given back their right to

The Northern Territory Intervention And The Closing The...
The Northern Territory Intervention and the Closing the Gap initiative are two Federal Government strategies that were designed to end the disparity
between the health of Indigenous and non–Indigenous Australians.
These two initiatives are strikingly different in the way they were conceived and implemented. The Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER)
was made and delivered in haste without any consultation with Indigenous Australians and some Indigenous leaders in the Northern Territory
communities seeing it as an attack on Indigenous Australians (Maddison, S, 2009). The NTER showed a top down mentality that caused a greater
divide for Indigenous Australians leaving many feeling ashamed, frustrated and angered. The Closing the Gap... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Northern Territory Intervention, a name commonly referred to as the NTER, was initiated as a response to investigations into allegations of
serious sexual abuse of children in Aboriginal communities. An inquiry was subsequently established to find more effective ways to protect the
children leading to the publication of the 'Little Children are Sacred' report in 2007 (Anderson, P. and Wild, R., 2007). Following this report, the
Federal Government sent army troops into the Northern Territory and proceeded to stage a massive intervention, which they called the Northern
Territory Emergency Response (NTER).
The efficacy and implementation of the Northern Territory Intervention has received wide spread criticism due to the lack of prior consultation with
the Indigenous Community leaders as well as the questionable reforms subsequently implemented. Amongst these reforms were the suspension of the
Racial Discrimination Act (RDA) (Korff, J, 2016) and forceful leasing of Indigenous land to the commonwealth as documented in The Northern
Territory National Emergency Response Act, 2007 (Cth). The Northern Territory Intervention consequently has had numerous negative impacts on the
community, "The intervention has had consequences that will have repercussions for generations" (Dodson, 2016)
What is of concern is that many of the reforms under the Northern

Speech Forms And Outline : Speech Features Of Australian...
UNIT NAME : RESEACH FEATURES OF AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT
TASK 1
1 The constitution of austria
2 they control; the government of austria by dividing the power
3 Legislative , executive judicial
4 the legislative
5 The executive and judicial
6 Commonwealth level state level , local level
7 The commonwealth government do in , funding , medicare drag control , funding post –secondary , highways , railways , airport ,air safety
8 the state government do public hospital , nursing services . about education funding primary and secondary , about transport some railways and buses
roads
9 the local government do, meal –on–wheel,garbage collection, childcare ,about transport footpaths , street signs .
10 peter cosgrove
11 malcolm turnbull

12 daniel andrews
13 robert doyle
TASK 2
1 Green party , Labour Party , LIberal party , National party
2 4 years
3 campaigning or campaign
4 18 years or over
5 as soon as everyone has finished voting or as soon as the polling booth close
6.1 the governing pasty must announce that there will be on election
6.2 all the party start ad
6.3 on election day , everyone 18 years old or over
6.4 the counting of the votes begins
6.5 the party that has the most votes wins
7 No it can be secret
8 the fist secret ballot was held in 1856
9 could was how employee voted , and apply pressure to vote for a particular candidate , a running tally was also kept , and if a candidate saw that he
was losing he could round up

Which Is More Effective at Bringing about Political...
The purpose of this essay will be to determine whether New social movements or New politics parties are more effective with bringing about
change with a focus on green politics. I will look at the structures of a political system that enables Green political parties to gain representation.
Often Green political parties start from grassroots social movements, which can make it difficult to separate the influence that they have on policy
change from the movement. Traditionally New political parties, with the exception of Green and new religious parties (Boyeller, 2014), struggle to
gain and retain some control in government due to the resilience of traditional parties (Siavelis 2006). This occurs due to New political parties being
largely based on only a few issues (Siavelis, 2006), which then becomes irrelevant when the issue is absorbed by the traditional party.
In contrast, Greens parties often take on range of post–materialist issues (Kitschelt 1993) in addition to ecological issues. Greens parties are considered
some of the 'most successful in terms of persistence and sustainability' (Boyeller 2014) of the New politics parties. However their success is somewhat
dependent whether the system favours a two–party system or proportional multi–partism. I will discuss the popularity of Green parties in proportional
representation multi–party systems in Europe and the Australian Senate.
In most cases, new political parties form when new issues are not being addressed by

Essay On Electoral Inaccuracies
Drug addict and convict challenges high court for right to vote.
Vicki Lee Roach, a Victorian woman of Aboriginal descent, who was serving a six year term of imprisonment at the Dame Phyllis Frost Centre in
Deer Park. Roach had alcohol, tranquilisers, and a cannabis–related substance in her blood. On each count, she received a sentence of between 12
months and 3 years, with a total effective sentence of six years and a non–parole period of 4 years.
The defendants were the Commonwealth of Australia and the Australian Electoral Commission, this is because they breached the constitution, which
implied that all individuals that were Australian citizens had the right to vote. This ultimately resulted in the Howard Government planning to change
the amendment. The matter was heard by a Full Court of the High Court in Canberra on 12–13 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of its changes was to remove the right to vote from anyone serving a prison term of any length. Roach's lawyers claimed the legislation breached
Sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution; these sections outline the composition of the Senate and the House of Representatives respectively, stating that
each must be "directly chosen by the people".
Source: https://alchetron.com/Roach–v–Electoral–Commissioner
The years between 1976 and 2003 all consisted of court appearances, 125 convictions or guilty verdicts were recorded against her in jail. Roach says
former Prime Minister John Howard called people like her undesirable. This ultimately resulted in Ms. Roach mounting a High Court challenge against
the Howard government's ban on all prisoners voting at elections.
The case raised major issues as to prisoners' rights, Indigenous rights, the right to vote, representative democracy and responsible

Why are Australians "Switching Off" from Politics?
"Why are Australians 'Switching Off' from Politics?"
Introduction
In order to address this question in a meaningful way the questions must be asked which Australians are switching off from politics and if so which
aspects of politics are they switching off from. What at first seems a simple question understates the complexity of Australian society and it's political
system. Using an institutionalist perspective on politics the premise of the question may be viewed as correct. Bean (1989) uses a narrow definition of
orthodox politics, which is limited to campaigning, voting, communal activity and personalised contacting; however as Fyfe (2009 p37) contends that
political participation is a contested term.
A review of articles around this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They suggested that political participation held more than instrumental value and offered a platform for the earning of the virtues and responsibilities
that underpin democracy
The Electoral System
Despite some proponents of compulsory voting claiming that rising rates of informal voting are due to a lack of respect towards politics research
suggests that it is not the case. In 2004 the electorate with the highest rate of informal voting was the NSW seat of Greenway. At 12% Greenway's
informal voting rate was twice the national average. However this was largely due to other factors, the AEC concluded that in the 2004 federal election'
The 10 divisions with the highest informality levels were in the 27 divisions with the highest non–English speaking background levels nationally' (Hill
and Young 2007). Education level is another important factor in voting rates with the lowest informal vote in 2004 held mostly in upper middle–class
seats especially those the Liberals Party held including Indi, Kooyong and Higgins. The rate of informal voting can be as low as 3% in affluent
electorates such as Higgins but as high as 12% in electorates such as Greenway with a large proportion of voters from non–English speaking
households. (Hill and Young 2007)
Aspects of Compulsory Voting
The electoral provisions seem not to require a person to make a choice. All they require is an attendance at a polling

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