Causes Of The Decline Of Labor Unions

Causes Of The Decline Of Labor Unions
Introduction Labor unions became very prevalent during the Progressive Era when positions in
factories were readily available but also steadily dangerous. Unions were drafted in order to protect
the rights of workers regarding safety, wages, and benefits. It wasn't until about the 1980's when
labor unions started to face a real decline and lack of memberships. In my opinion I believe the lack
of manufacturing jobs in the US, newly implemented public policies, and increased lobbying from
corporations are the root causes of the decline. Loss of US Manufacturing I believe a contributing
factor as to why labor unions are on a steep decline in the US today is because the country's
manufacturing sector has become obsolete. Specifically speaking ... Show more content on
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Corporations sought to completely disband unions or at least severely weaken. According to Collins,
2015 "it worked very well and in the last 30 years they have been very successful at either blocking
or weakening any legislation that would help unions or collective bargaining" (p. 2). As unions
became weaker corporations acted by refusing to meet any of their requests regarding higher wages
or benefits. They even went as far to hire strike breakers. Once a job lock out began or a strike
ensued strike breakers were hired to replace union workers (Collins, 2015). After the strike subsided
this left many people without work. The hiring of strike breakers gained popularity and effectiveness
so much that unions became reluctant to continue their striking. For comparison purposes 371
strikes took place in 1970 and only 11 occurred in 2010 (Collins,
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Union Membership Outline
Outline I. Introduction II. Needed Changes to Union Membership and Support A. What Employers
and Members Can do a. Union Members Must Support Their Unions b. Employers Can Work with
Unions to Improve Relationships B. What the Community Can do a. Community Support for
Unions is Waning b. Unions Must Remind Communities of Their Value III. Labor Unions and Their
Decline in Influence – Political and Membership Aspects A. Political Issues Faced by Unions a.
Politics is Changing the Way Unions Operate b. Unions no Longer Support Candidates as Strongly
B. Membership Issues Faced by Unions a. People are Opting Out of Union Membership in Greater
Numbers b. Members of Unions do not Speak of Them as Highly as in the Past IV. Baby Boomers,
Generation X, and Generation Y are Influencing Labor Unions A. Baby Boomers and Labor Unions
a. Baby Boomers Were Very Interested in Unions b. Baby Boomers Lose Union Interest as They
Age B. Generations X and Y a. Generation X Grew up with Unions b. Many in Generation Y Know
Little of Union Activities V. Other External Dynamics Impacting Labor Unions? A. The Global
Workforce and Union Strategies a. Unions are More Than Just Local Anymore b. Every Union has
the Opportunity to Grow Globally B. The Internet and Union Membership a. Using the Internet to
Gain Membership b. The Dissemination of Information VI. Remaining Active and Viable in the 21st
Century. A. Unions Must Stay Active a. How

The Decline in Union Membership has Helped to Improve...
The Decline in Union Membership has Helped to Improve Industrial Harmony Assess whether the
decline in Union membership has helped to improve industrial harmony. From 1979, the British
labour market has experienced an era of de–unionisation that is still occurring at present. In 1979,
53% of workers were union members (Machin, 2000) and by 2004 only 27% of all workers were
affiliated to a union. In the 10 year period between 1991 and 2001, there has been a fall in
membership of 15% (Labour Market Trends, 2001) Trade Union Memberships, Britain, 1989–2003
Source: office of national statistics The historically low figures seem to indicate continually
improving industrial relations in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why would a worker belong to a trade union? Trade Union's use their collective identity to help
individuals receive the best treatment from their employers; in working conditions, and matters of
pay and entitlements. Unions work for their members to ensure wage mark–ups are in–line with the
changes in the economy and in harmony with expectations of the workers. A by product of a trade
unions work is to influence a more equitable dispersion of wages in the economy. All the outlined
objectives appear only to be positive, making it questionable as to why union membership would
decline for any reason other than the opinion that working conditions are good and a union's
interference is considered unnecessary. In fact, there are several reasons for the decline in trade
union membership that are not directly due to improved relations at work. The composition of the
labour force has dramatically changed in Britain where the 1970's tradition of the working class
male in industrial heartlands has been replaced with equal proportions of men and women now
working in a predominantly service based economy. The compositional factors of de–
industrialisation and the increase in female participation have undoubtedly lowered membership

Nurses and Labor Unions
Industrial Labor Relations Mgmt 4531.01 Spring 2011 Strength In Numbers Nurses and Labor
Unions Justine Steele Strength in Numbers – Nurses and Labor Unions The mission is successful
negotiation of fair wages, safe working conditions and exemplary patient care. Can the nation's labor
unions help nursing healthcare professionals meet these mission goals? Battles are currently being
fought to preserve and reform the Nation's healthcare system. Along with proposed changes to the
affordability and accessibility of medical care, healthcare providers will be faced with challenges of
patient–to–provider ratios, rising costs, falling salaries/benefits and change in patient care roles. Will
quality care be provided and will the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The combined efforts of these workers present a powerful force for negotiation and influence. The
SEIU believes that the Healthcare industry is important and must have a voice. The Nurse Alliance
provides support for nursing professionals in the public, private and home health arenas. The SEIU
"counts 84,000 nurses among its members." (Bush) In direct competition with the SEIU for the
nursing professional's support is the National Nurses United (NNU). The NNU is "the largest
nursing union in the country." (Ashack) The NNU is a merger of multiple smaller organizations who
together have a membership exceeding 155,000. (Ashack) The NNU was formed in 2009 with the
purpose of creating a larger more powerful bargaining unit for negotiations. The NNU is a nursing
organization and does not funnel its funds to other sectors of the industry. This fact has been a
driving force in their increasing membership over the SEIU. But unionization has not been easy. As
membership has grown, so has the "bully on the street" mentality. Some associations do not want to
be part of such a large organization and may feel that they will be under represented in specific
issues, and not all nurses are for unionization. Many feel that unionization with suppress their
opportunities to seek promotions, raises and benefits as funds are watered down to cover many
professions covered in the services industry. Many cities and States have local organizations or
associations which

Historical Background Of Australia 's Industrial Relations
Trade unions have been prominent in Australia since the early nineteenth century, established to
improve and maintain the working conditions of workers through strategic industrial action
including strikes, collective bargaining with employers, and advertising campaigns. Typically,
Australia's industrial relations have been shaped by highly centralized Commonwealth and state
tribunal systems of conciliation and arbitration. However, the last three decades have seen
considerable changes in the legislative, economic, and social realms that have traditionally governed
the industrial relations of Australia, and the relevance of unions is under questioning. This paper
examines the relevance of unions by first examining the historical ... Show more content on
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This commitment lasted over a decade and fostered negotiation among employees, employers, and
governments outside of the formal industrial relations progressions (Chapman & Gruen 1990;
Morris & Wilson 1995). The Workplace Relations Act of 1996 gave the Australian Workplace
Agreements (AWAs) accessibility to ratify non–union collective agreements under enterprise
bargaining at the workplace level, effectively decentralizing the union movement and reducing
union control over employee working conditions (ABS Cat No 4102.0). The Act saw the prohibition
of compulsory unionization and strengthened control that the Australian Industrial Relations
Commission (AIRC) had over illegal industrial action, allowing the AIRC to stipulate how much
and for how long industrial dispute was lawful (Van Gramberg 2001). This period also endured a
major privatization of the public sector occurred which promoted policies to foster a growth of
precarious employment (Van Gramberg 2001). Changes to legislation crafted under The Workplace
Relations Amendment Act (Work Choices) in 2005 encouraged employers and employees to resolve
disputes at the workplace by removing unfair dismissal provisions, ascertaining a federal minimum
wage rate and award minimum

The Between European And Eastern And Western Europe As The...
IV. In–Depth Analysis Throughout this analysis I will be breaking down the evidence to support my
theory of EU membership satisfactions varying across Central/Eastern and Western Europe as the
EU expands. I will begin by acknowledging that divide in Europe is not a new concept. In fact,
European nations have been divided geographically, socially, economically, and culturally for
centuries. In 2003 Hungarian scholar Elemer Hankiss acknowledged the difficulties that face
divided Europe and provides insight on the historical divide in the following excerpt. "The candidate
countries in East Central Europe–as well as the Balkans–need to reinvent themselves. They have to
find something in which they can excel, they have to find their place in ... Show more content on
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"Regionalization in the CEECs has been undermined by the technocratic nature of the accession
process and the contradictions of the EU's own requirements and demands. While promoting the
norms of regional self–governance and decentralization, the EU also emphasizes the speedy
completion of accession preparations and the efficient use of EU resources, thus creating incentives
for centralization and strengthening national government authorities vis–à–vis regional actors and
interests." (Marek and Baun 2002) In the process of obtaining evidence to back up my theory, my
main resource data was the Eurobarometer interactive search system, which provided the empirical
data, and trends questions used as evidence in this analysis of France and the Czech Republic.
European Union member states tend to be satisfied with their membership, as the benefits they
perceive their nation to be receiving is in direct correlation to the economic benefits of EU
membership. The Eurobarometer system provided charts, which graphed the statistical data of the
questions asked throughout this analysis. Between the years 1994–2011 a question was asked to
French and Czech citizens of their belief that EU membership had benefitted or not benefited their
country overall. Data was not provided of the Czech response until 2004, as they were not European
Union members until that initiation year. The

Women: Union Membership Participation In Canada
Union Membership Participation Surprisingly, there are more women unionized today than there
have been in the past. Women currently account for more than half of Canada's unionized
workforce, with the greatest amount of membership in the past three decades. (Canadian Labour
Congress, 2009) Within CUPE, women account for approximately 67% of all members, making
them the majority of the union participation rate (CUPE Women, n.d.). However, there are still some
within the workforce that cannot or choose not to participate in the union. Despite, all attempts that
CUPE has made to actively involve them, this group of non–involved workers continues to
experience barriers that have led to their lack of vigorous participation. Firstly, many women ...
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CUPE has developed different workshops available to women on a wide range of topics to assist
with increasing activeness in unions. (CUPE, 2007, p.9) There were intended to give women the
skills and education needed to obtain leadership positions. Ultimately, without the education and
leadership positions, women cannot win votes in an election, as women do not have the merit to
persuade members of the union to vote in their favour (CUPE, 2007). Thus, it becomes a vicious
cycle, where men will continue to be re–elected due to their past experiences and wealth of
knowledge they bring to the table. Despite having access to these classes, women find it difficult to
put the effort into attending courses due to a variety of reasons such as: the double day which
includes family responsibility, etc. (CUPE, 2007,

Image Fusion Technique Based on PCA and Fuzzy Logic Part 2...
mage fusion based on fuzzy sets
The fuzzy logic approach is widely used in image process–ing. The fuzzy logic gives decision rules
and fusion motivation for image fusion [17]. the two inputs images are converted into membership
values based on a set of predefined MFs, where the degree of membership of each input pixel to a
fuzzy set is determined. Then, the fusion operators are applied to the fuzzified images. The fusion
results are then converted back into pixel values using defuzzification.
1) Fuzzy sets: The fuzzy sets are used to describe the gray levels of the input images. we have two
inputs and one output. the two inputs are ; the first input is the Pan image and the second input is the
first principal component( PC
1
) of the MS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mamdani fuzzy inference is widely used in applications, because of it has the simple structure
of defuzzification method Mamdani type min–imum sum mean of maximum which is
used.Defuzzification refers to the way a crisp value is extracted from a fuzzy set as a representative
value. The fuzzy rules in the form IF–THEN is used .The If–Then type fuzzy rules converts the
fuzzy input to the fuzzy output.
These rules are designed in the form of combination of inputs (Pan and pc
1
) represents as : (z) = max(x;y) =)fL;M!Mg (11) where x and y represenst pixel gray level values of
Pan and
PC
1 images respectively.The meaning of equation (11) that the pan gray level is low and the gray level
of pc
1
is meduim then the gray level of the fused image is meduim. we have 25 rules to fuse the pan image
and PC
1
we summerize as following :
TABLE I
FUZZY RULES OF IMAGE FUSION FUZZY LOGIC
VL L M H VH
L L M H VH
M M M H VH
H H H H VH
VH VH VH VH VH

The algorithm of image fusion by using fuzzy sets is implemented as the following:
Algorithm 2fuzzy logic image fusion algorithm
1: Input: M1 and M2
2: read first image in variable M1 ( Pan image) and calculate its size (rows : m1 and columns: n1)
3: read second image in variable M2 ( PC
1
); and calculate its size (rows : m2 and columns: n2)
4: M1and M2 Variables are images in matrix form where each pixel value is in the range from 0–
255.
5: Compare the size of both input images. If the two images are not of the

Economic Integration Is Defined As An Economic Adjustment
Economic integration is defined as an economic disposition between different divisions that are
associated together through the synchronisation of fiscal and monetary policies as well as the
reduction or elimination of barriers to entry for trading. The sole aims of economic integration are to
succour both consumers and producers, by minimising costs, and also to maximise trade between
the countries which are involved.
In total, there are 8 stages in the economic integration operation, starting from a highly loose
alliance of countries in a preferential trade area, to a completely economically integrated coalition,
whereby all the economies of the member countries in the union are thoroughly integrated. The first
stage is when all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The EU is also a politico–economic union comprising of 28 different countries – as of 2013 – that
are located primarily in Europe.
The United Kingdom has long been a part of European Union, since 1973, and the European Union
membership has always had a strong influence on the United Kingdom's economy in numerous
ways. The effects which are most important emerges through a programme of economic integration
in which EU's 'four freedoms' – the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and people –
are reassured, known as the Single Market. The impact of EU's membership to the UK is not only
felt in the economic sector, but can also be felt in the areas of its policies too.
First and foremost, the most fundamental economic benefit that the United Kingdom experiences
would be the positive effect of free movement of goods and services across and between European
countries. The free movement of their goods and services should be able to prompt and increase its
trade, with the barriers of entry being stripped away. Theoretically, all Member States in the
European Union are able to benefit from this because it grants them the opportunity to specialise in
those goods and services that they are proportionately more coherent at producing.
Furthermore, domestic producers

Uk 's Membership Of The European Union
Country risk refers to the risk that would either positively or negatively affect the future prospect of
a given investment, depend on the possibility of occurrence of the political events (Bouchet et al,
2003). The upcoming in–out referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union (EU) has
caught the attention of people around the world. A number of debates about the UK should remain in
or leave the EU has been held. Undoubtedly, the upcoming referendum could bring country risk
exposure, particularly country–specific economic risk. It is impossible to know the exact answer
before the referendum. However, the trade–off that the UK would face would be the same regardless
of it is inside or outside the EU (Dhingra and Sampson, 2016). ... Show more content on
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Since no individual Europe country has withdrawn from EU before, a vote for leave would cause a
degree of uncertainty which might lead to market volatility. Foreign Exchange (FX) analysts
expected the pounds would depreciate if the UK votes to leave the EU (Shaffer, 2016). A
depreciation in pound would cause higher costs for the companies to import raw materials, for
instance energy costs is expected to soar (Grice, 2016). Inflation is expected to rise if UK leave the
EU. The Bank of England might raise interest rate in slowing economy in order to coup higher
inflation. It might be difficult for policymakers to stimulate the UK's economy because a slowdown
in economy growth could be accompanied by a spike in inflation (Spence et al, 2016). The question
is, what is the country risk incurred if the UK remains in the EU? One of the EU regulations restricts
its member states to have trade negotiations with non–EU countries. Some critics said that EU
regulations has heavily intervened in the UK government which is costly to the UK's economy
(BBC, 2016). The economic benefits from integration comes at the political cost, for instance giving
up some of its sovereignty (Dhingra and Sampson, 2016). Without EU regulations, the UK would be
able to sign better trade deals with other growing economies that could greatly improve the UK's
economy, for instance China and India.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Trade Union In Malaysia
INTRODUCTION In the 20th century, trade unions is an important labour force through which
working people have a collective voice at work and an avenue to equality, fair treatment and
economic security. However, in the 21st century, it was argued that 'organised labour seems heading
for extinction' (The Economist, 21 September 2006) as cited in Schnabel (2012). It seems that trade
unions in various countries, including Malaysia, are slowly declining its density and membership.
Although trade union has always been the main social institutions in societies represent worker
interest, the decline in membership in many countries since the 1970's and its consequent weakening
of trade union is a serious threat to acceptable and fair working and ... Show more content on
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There are few reasons that make the employees join a trade union, such as : a. Greater bargaining
power : Trade unions will improve workers bargaining power with the employers through
negotiations. Thus, a trade union is the best medium and most desirable to conduct bargaining on
behalf the employees. b. Minimize discrimination : Trough trade union negotiation will help to
minimize the management irrational or discrimination towards employees. A trade union can compel
the employers on policies for equality of treatment to workers in order to create a harmonies
workplace environment. c. Sense of security, belongingness and participation : A trade union can
suggest a security for workers to management of benefits towards workers such as retirement
benefits, hazards, accident, injury and illness. Another reasons of workers join a trade union because
of their co–worker, friends are a trade union members. d. Platform for self–expression and
betterment of relationship : A trade union is the best medium or a platform for expressing worker
view, ideas, dissatisfaction towards management. Through a trade union adjustment of differences
between workers and employees can be made by collective

Are Trade Unions a "Thing of the Past"? Discuss the Pros...
"Historically, trade unions were a vital concomitant of the process of industrialization and political
liberalization in most countries. As their influence grew to unprecedented heights after the Second
World War, social theorists saw them as a key ingredient of the capitalist economy and social
democracy" (Gospel and Wood 2003, p.2). Throughout the years, trade union density and
membership in Britain, as well as the proportion of the workforce covered by collective bargaining,
have declined significantly. Nevertheless, trade unions have strongly influenced developments at the
national level, including minimum wage campaigns and union recognition procedures (Gospel and
Wood 2003, p.1). However, can unions still be "perceived as critical ... Show more content on
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Consequently, unions suffered a collapse in union morale and limited resources prevented them
from recruiting new members or breaking into unrecognised sectors; member turnover has also
skyrocketed e.g. in USDAW about one–third left every year (Kessler and Bayliss 1998, p.178).
Jointly, the above factors have contributed to the reduction of: union membership and density,
influence on Government and in society, and bargaining power vis–à–vis employers (Kessler and
Bayliss 1998). Since 1990s union membership level fell below 10m, and since fell continuously,
never reaching those figures again (Brownlie 2012, p.22). By the time Labour returned after the
1997 election, membership had fallen to just 7.8m (Bryson and Forth 2010, p. 2) and "the landscape
of industrial relations had been transformed" (Gospel and Wood 2003, p. 3). Trade union
membership in the private sector fell by 450 thousand between 1999 and 2007; in the public sector it
increased and peaked at 4.11m in 2009 (Brownlie 2012). After the 2008–09 recession, private sector
membership increased by 43 thousand to 2.51m, while public sector membership fell by 186
thousand to 3.88m. Similarly, union membership density had declined between 1989 and 1998 from
38.8% to 29.9% (Bryson and Forth 2010, p.2), and fell to 26% in 2011 confirming the downward
trend (Brownlie

Trade Unions in Australia
Decline In Union Membership In Australia TOPIC – The major issue tody facing the Australian
trade union movement has been the decline in union density. What have been the causes, and how
have the unions responded to the challenge. Figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics
(ABS) in 2000, show that the decline in Australian union membership continues, despite the efforts
of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), to stop the slide. The ABS reports that trade
union membership has dropped to 28 percent of the total workforce, compared to 1992, where there
was 40 percent. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2000.) Previous ABS findings show that these
recent figures are part of a general trend, with no slight recovery ... Show more content on
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The Accord, may have expanded the opportunities for individuals, both unionists and non–unionists
to benefit from the agreement (Deery et al, 2000). Another factor contributing to the decline in
unionisation rate is the changing attitudes towards unions. A number of writers have highlighted the
downward shift in community support for unions across the industrial world. In Australia, public
opinion polls show that unions are seen as being too powerful and unresponsive to members needs
(Deery et al, 2000). Such perceptions and beliefs have supported the decline. A survey carried out by
McNair Anderson Polling Agency and Sentry Holdings show that only 6 per cent of those surveyed
have confidence in unions, and more than 45 per cent of union members surveyed have 'hardly any'
confidence in union leaders. More and more Australians are refusing to join unions. There is the
feeling amongst employees that they are just no longer required. The tradition of being a unionist is
fading. Fewer fathers are encouraging their children to become members (Short, 1992). The role of
management in organisations has been another damaging factor to the decline. Job satisfaction,
whereby benefits are provided by the employers to keep the employees happy. The theory being that
content employees need not be

Collective Bargaining And The Intervention Of Trade Unions
Collective Bargaining and A Strong Role for Unions Is Not Constructive (Advantageous) to
Organisations in Today's Economic Conditions Trade unions in Australia emerged in 1850s when
industry had its first amazingly fast development. The aim of the unions is to unite all labors to
counter the excessive power of employers so that working conditions and wages can be promoted.
This aim now has been basically realized with the establishment of awards system which sets out the
rates of pay and terms of employment. On this basis, this essay will provide evidence on that
collective bargaining and the intervention of trade unions need to be cut down in order that
companies' cost can be reduced and specific circumstance can be catered to maximize ... Show more
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Pluralism lessens the managerial prerogative but cannot take individual differences into
consideration while unitarism is the contrary (Oram, 1984). In accordance with pluralism and
unitarism, there are two ways of negotiation between the employer and the employee which are
collective bargaining (between representatives of two parties) and individual bargaining (between
individual employee and the employer). In dealing with industry relations, trade unions are always
involved and collective bargaining is used while in human resource management (HRM) individual
bargaining is preferred (Guest, 1987). The role of trade unions is much related to the social
economic situation. Collective bargaining is especially useful in fiscal crisis as two sides through
negotiation can bring terms and strategies helpful for both (Lewin et al., 2011). However, when the
overall financial situation is strong, collective bargaining is more of a tool for employees' interest
than for mutual profit. According to the survey on Australian economy, its GDP growth rate is quite
stable. Australian GDP expanded 1.1 percent seasonally over previous three months, which is the
highest in the last seven quaters (TRADE ECONOMICS, 2014). Trade unions showed up when
workers were cruelly exploited at the start of the industrial

Decline of Union Membership Essay
Organized labor has seen a long and ever changing history in the United States. What began as
minimal organized labor movement catapulted into astronomical union membership rates as the
nation grew and developed. The intense power unions possessed only lasted so long and in the years
since 1970, union membership in the United States has collapsed. This paper will examine the most
significant reasons for the decline in membership. In brief, organizational redesigns, the
development of technology and substantial public policy changes have all contributed to the drop in
affiliation rates. In addition, policy suggestions will be provided in an attempt to support the
continuation of the trend. Much of the research regarding this topic refers to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1913, Congress created the United 3 State Department of Labor as a direct result of pressure from
organized labor (MacLaury). Shortly after the creation of the Department of Labor, the Great
Recession hit the nation. With the depression came an increased unemployment and lesser wages
however significant legislation was also created during that time that impacted union membership.
The most significant law was the Fair Labor Standards Act. Following shortly after this FLSA, the
United States amended the Equal Pay Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Occupations
Health and Safety Act of 1970. Although these acts were supported by the power of unions, these
acts in particular impact union membership which will be discussed later in the paper. It was at this
time in the nation's history that unions began to see a decline in membership. Unions today cast a
wide umbrella of membership and consist of trade unions such as the International Brotherhood of
Electrical Workers and the Laborers International Union of North America to service unions such as
the United Food and Commercial Workers. Although their membership has declined, unions that
were once affiliated with a defined group skilled labor employees now can be found in almost any
industry representing any group of employees. There is significant data that tracks union

Notes On A Script On The United Kingdom 's Membership Of...
TOK Script
Slide 1
Good Morning! Today I'm going to focus on Intuition, and as you may already have guessed, the
Brexit. *
Slide 2 – RLS
Before diving straight into things, here is a very brief recap of the Brexit, thus far. * On Thursday
23rd June 2016, the Referendum on the United Kingdom 's membership of the European Union,
otherwise known as the 'Brexit ' vote, was staged for a third time with historic consequences. Where
the majority of the votes from the participating population supported the bid to leave the European
Union, 48.1 to 51.9%. The result leaving the British economy in pieces, major politicians forced to
resign, including those that supported the bit to 'Leave', along with the then Prime Minister David
Cameron and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, Intuition was key in these campaigns so that people would side with their arguments.
The knowledge question also has subsidiary links to History and Reason which will be investigated
later on.*
Slide 4 – KC – Personal Ex.
Development 1 of the knowledge question will focus on my personal perspective and examples that
were gathered, particularly focusing on Ethics. My personal knowledge claim in response to the
knowledge question * is that I believe that the value of ethical arguments is more significant in
comparison to other claims that are mainly based on intuition, in the context of supported
knowledge without significant evidence, which was a main concept that was outlined when
analysing the Brexit vote. *
A personal example of where is may be evident is in my IB Psychology Subject, A psychology
experiment was carried out where 2 (scripted) presenters gave 2 separate arguments on a particular
topic to 2 groups of participants. The first presenter focused on the numerous perspectives and
repercussions that the topic would create and touch on and what the situation would do to those
different people (Much like a TOK presentation), as well as touching on the ethics of the topic. The
second speaker focused on their personal perspective and their thoughts, ignoring any other
perspectives and only 'presuming' outcomes, they also ignored any and all ethical viewpoints.
The first group of participants were told by the researchers that the

Classification Between The Objects Is Easy Task For Humans
Classification between the objects is easy task for humans but it has proved to be a complex
problem for machines. The raise of high–capacity computers, the availability of high quality and
low–priced video cameras, and the increasing need for automatic video analysis has generated an
interest in object classification algorithms. A simple classification system consists of a camera fixed
high above the interested zone, where images are captured and consequently processed.
Classification includes image sensors, image preprocessing, object detection, object segmentation,
feature extraction and object classification. Classification system consists of database that contains
predefined patterns that compares with detected object to classify in to proper category. Image
classification is an important and challenging task in various application domains, including
biomedical imaging, biometry, video surveillance, vehicle navigation, industrial visual inspection,
robot navigation, and remote sensing. Fig. 1.1 Steps for image classification Classification process
consists of following steps a) Pre–processing– atmospheric correction, noise removal, image
transformation, main component analysis etc. b) Detection and extraction of a object– Detection
includes detection of position and other characteristics of moving object image obtained from
camera. And in extraction, from the detected object estimating the trajectory of the object in the
image plane. c) Training: Selection of the

Analysis Of The Case Friedrichs V. California Teachers...
Shreeya Gad Ms. Courey AP English Language and Composition, Period 4 1 March 2016
Mandatory "Donations" of Dues "There is no such thing as freedom of choice unless there is
freedom to refuse," stated David Hume. The case Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association,
which just recently began oral hearings the week of January 11th, "centers on the questions of
whether union dues are inherently political–and if they are... whether employees who are not union
members can be compelled to pay them" (KQED News). Those in favor of the plaintiff, Rebecca
Friedrichs, a teacher from Orange County, believe that employees who are not union members
should not have to pay union dues because the CTA cannot require its nonmembers to pay for
political causes, seeing as doing so compels them to identify with a public policy cause, a violation
of their First Amendment rights. Those against the eradication of union dues for non–union
members believe the fees are necessary because the union has a legal duty to represent all teachers
at the bargaining table, even those who are not part of the union; if nonmembers can be represented
by the union without paying any fee, there would be a strong incentive to become a "free rider" and
not join the union, leading to a weakened force at the negotiation table. Because this requirement of
dues is a direct violation of the Constitution, teachers that aren't members of the California Teachers
Association should not have to support the union and its

The Argument For And Against The Labour Movement
Assignment 3
Angela Holdbrook
Athabasca University
2959254
Question 1: What are the arguments for and against reframing labour rights as human rights?
Demonstrate your familiarity with the discussion set out in the course materials.
Introduction
The publication of the ''Unfair Advantage'' by the Worker's Freedom of Association [this is not in
your list of references. Where is it found?] in the United States saw a major turn on Human Rights
watch in the Labour ministry all over the world. Countries such as Canada and Australia came into
the lime light in the fight for labour struggles as human rights. [explain] This move [what move?]
was aimed at revitalization of the labour movement. It is a move that saw the International Human
Rights Day declared a holiday [where?] as it is does Labour Day. The advocates on the human rights
approach work hand in hand with the human rights allies of the inexorable internationalization of
the labour struggles.[source?] They allowed the naming and shaming of the labour laws abusers and
infringement. These acts were more responsive to the current political and economic zeitgeist than
the traditional labour influences. On the other hand, reframing of human rights was seen to result to
authoritativeness to the labour discourse that would undermine trade unionists. [explain] While the
voices of those advocating for the framing of human rights was loud enough, others saw this move
as misplaced. It was a fact that the

Trade Unions in Australia Essay
Table of contents Executive Summary.............................................................. Page 3
Introduction........................................................................Page 4 Benefits of joining a
union.......................................................Page 6 Membership declines and impact of
legislation..............................Page 7 Effect of Human Resources on Employees and Union
memberships...Page 9 Conclusion...........................................................................Page 10
References...........................................................................Page 11 Executive Summary: Since the
1980's trade union membership numbers have declined rapidly ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 130). Once
upon a time it was quiet important for employees to be part of a union as it entitled them to have a
collective voice, and power to build a pleasurable workplace. There have been many factors that
have contributed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In late 2007, the labour government regained power of the federal parliament. From here the Rudd
government moved to create the 'Forward with Fairness' policy that still stands to date ( Cooper,
2008, pg 286). This was more beneficial for the unions. The unions however will remain tarnished
from Howard's workchoices for quiet sometime and must focus on recruiting new members
(Brigden, 2008, pg 365) if unions are going to remain within Australia. Human Resources practices
have also impacted on unions as managers within a workplace are encouraged to now work directly
with their employees, rather then including a third party such as a trade union ( Balnave et al, 2007,
pg 169). Because of this, trade union members will continue to decline Benefits of joining a union:
Joining a union can be extremely beneficial for its members. A union offers it's members the chance
to join a collective support rather then fight individually. It increases economic benefits, increases
productivity and workplace protection ( Balnave et al, 2007, pg 131). The culture of the workplace
may also influence ones decision to join a union. When faced with a problem it is a lot easier to
proceed to fight this problem if you are part of a collective rather then approach the problem as an
individual. In the case of trade unions, the

Essay on Labor Unions
Labor Unions
Labor Unions: Aging Dinosaur or Sleeping Giant? The Labor Movement and Unionism Background
and Brief History Higher wages! Shorter workdays! Better working conditions! These famous words
echoed throughout the United States beginning in "1790 with the skilled craftsmen" (Dessler, 1997,
p. 544). For the last two–hundred years, workers of all trades have been fighting for their rights and
"seeking methods of improving their living standards, working conditions, and job security" (Boone,
1996,p.287). As time went by, these individuals came to the conclusion that if they work together
collectively, they would grow stronger to get responses to their demands. This inspired into what we
know today as labor unions. "A labor union ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
57). In December 1886, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was formed in Columbus, Ohio.
The AFL was originally named the Federated Organization of Trades and Labor Union back in 1881.
The AFL was a "national union made up of affiliated, individual craft unions" (Boone, 1996, p.
288). The first president of the AFL was Samuel Gompers. On the contrary to the Knights of Labor,
Gompers' focus was to raise day–to–day wages, and continue to improve the working conditions
(Dessler, 1997). After the formation of the AFL, the period included significant developments. In the
early 1890's, the United Mine Workers was formed, becoming the first major United States
industrialized union (Robinson, 1985). In addition, a significant defeat occurred in organized labor.
The defeat is known as the strike at Homestead, Pennsylvania. The "Amalgamated Association of
Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers was eliminated from the steel industry" (Robinson, 1985, p. 58).
History from 1905 to 1920. In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) challenged the
AFL, prior to the depression of the 1930's. The IWW invited the unskilled and semiskilled workers
that the AFL had denied and was a success from 1910 to 1915 (Encyclopedia, 1996). The results of
this had decreased the AFL membership for a short period of time, but they fought back by bringing

The Decline in Union Membership in Australia Essay
The Decline in Union Membership in Australia TOPIC – The major issue today facing the
Australian trade union movement has been the decline in union density. What have been the causes,
and how have the unions responded to the challenge. Figures released by the Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS) in 2000, show that the decline in Australian union membership continues, despite
the efforts of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), to stop the slide. The ABS reports
that trade union membership has dropped to 28 percent of the total workforce, compared to 1992,
where there was 40 percent. (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2000.) Previous ABS findings show
that these recent figures are part of a general trend, with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most important function of a union is to maximise the wages and salaries of its members
(Deery, Plowman, and Walsh, 2000). Why do employees join unions? There are a number of reasons
that an employee may join a union but three major factors are evident. They are; dissatisfaction with
economic aspects of the job; a desire to influence those aspects of the work environment through
union orientated means; and, a belief that the benefits of unionism outweigh the expected costs
(Deery et al, 2000). With the benefits of the objectives of a union evident, why has Australian unions
witnessed a decline in membership? There are many reasons to suggest a decline in membership, but
three main factors stand out. They are; the changing composition of employment; the casual effects
of the business cycle; and, the introduction of the Accord (Deery et al, 2000). The changing
composition of employment relates to the change in the structure of the workforce. Job growth has
become generally greater in those segments of the labour force with relatively low levels of trade
union membership, and a contraction of employment among the more highly unionised segments of
the labour force (Healey, 1995). Most of the employment growth that occurred in the 80's and 90's
was confined to the private sector whose union density was considerably lower to that of the public
sector. In addition to that, the constant decline in the manufacturing industries, where unionisation is
high, compared to

Fuzzy Vs. Fuzzy Inference System
Fuzzy Inference System Approach to Restoration Path Optimization in Power Transmission Lines
Ye Htut Khaing#1, Okkar Soe*2 # Electrical Power Engineering Department, Yangon Technological
University, East Gyogone, Insein Township,Yangon, Myanmar Tel;95–1–966 3249 Fax;95–1–966
3291 1uyehtutkhaing.moep.phd@gmail.com 2okkarsoe07@gmail.com Abstract –Power systems
have increased in size and complexity and national society depends heavily upon a high level of
power system reliability. When the bulk transmission system is subjected to large disturbances there
is the possibility of a system wide blackout due to cascading outages. After a partial blackout or
system breakdown condition, restoring power system is needed and then power needs to be restored
as quickly, stability and reliability as possible and consequently. Outage time after extensive
blackouts depends very much on the power system restoration process. Power system restoration is
a very challenging task to the operator since the situation is so far from normal conditions. This
paper proposes a simulation–based tool MATLAB/SIMULINK that determines suitable restoration
transmission lines route with using Fuzzy Inference System for IEEE 6 Bus System Keywords –
blackout, outage time, restoration process, transmission line routes, Fuzzy Inference System I.
INTRODUCTION Some of the primary objectives of electrical utilities are customer satisfaction
and service reliability. They indeed strongly characterise the service

The Controversy: The European Economic Community
The European Economic Community was an organization started in 1957 by France, West Germany,
the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Luxembourg, in post War World II torn European. This
organization was a union between the Steal and Coal Community and The European Atomic Energy
Community. The goal of the organization, heavily influenced by John Monnet one of its founders
and National Liberation Committee member at the time, was to build a stronger cohesive Europe
through collaboration and economic ties to bring mutual prosperity. This organization and its ideals
developed into the well know European Union of today, that currently sits with 28 members.
However, one controversial possible membership has increased in importance over the years.
Turkey,

Labour Union Research Paper
Labor Unions Labor Unions are groups of worker commonly with the same profession with the
objective to protect and regulate their rights, interests, and benefits. Some examples of their interests
are wages, memberships, contacts, and state and federal regulations as well. Unions began their
story during the 19th century as an effect of the industry revolution. People might have lack of
information about what union have done for us. lets go back and see how Unions have impact our
society specially our labor environment. Maternity Leave, weekends off, overtime recognition, fair
wages, out long discrimination, ending child labor, health coverage and sick days, Protection for
whistleblowers, also the Union protect specially those workers who are below the income scale. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Let try this, same scenario, but you need to go the hospital because the high fever level, but you do
not have health insurance, so add the medical cost plus the portion of your day off and the
responsibility of pay the rent? Today, you can ask for sick days without showing a medical prove
with a limit of absent days. This is possible due to the Labor Unions accomplishments. Another
scenario is being a single mother and have not option more than go to work the next day after you
gave birth and leave your child in a daycare. That would be if the Labor unions did not fight for
maternity leave benefits. There are several reasons why Labor Unions are playing a very important
role in our society; however, only 1:5 of workers join or support labor unions, and that is why
people only hear about the negative about those organizations. As any organization, Labor Unions
have both sides, the positive and negative. These are some pros and cons to have a clearly idea of
being or become a member of these organizations.

Labor Unions Essays
In this essay I'll write about union membership, membership trends, the two types and levels, and
the importance of unions. I'll also discuss some of the negative sides of unionization in corporate
America today.
Labor unions are groups or clubs of workers and employees who bond together to get good
conditions, fair pay, and fair hours for their labor. These unions are usually joined together, and most
unions in America are some branch of the largest labor union organization in the United States, the
AFL–CIO with thirteen million members.
One of the largest unions is the Teamsters Union, formed in 1903, and perhaps the most contentious,
union with 1.3 million members, were expelled from the AFL–CIO, in 1957. The labor organization
grew ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the reasons for the decline was the loss of jobs in manufacturing, which was the labor's
biggest stronghold. America has lost three million factory jobs over the past four years. The second
reason is heavily unionized industries have been decreasing. Other reasons are many firms have
moved from the unionized to the not so unionized Southeast and Southwest region and they tend to
hire nonunion workers. Some of the American companies have moved their manufacturing process
to other countries where very few unionized labor is employed. The management of the companies
is providing benefits that include higher wages and better working conditions, therefore employees
don't need to join any union. The largest growths in employment take place in the service industries,
and these industries regularly are not unionized.
The two main types of unions are craft unions and industrial unions. Craft unions are organizations
of workers with similar skills. This type of union can maintain control over the supply of skilled
laborers; often work for multiple employers in a year. (e.g. construction unions, pilot unions)
Industrial unions are organized by industry which originally started b/c ineligible for craft unions
and typically work for one employer for long period. (e.g. steelworkers, auto workers)
Unions often have several levels which are; local: workers in plant or industry in a limited
geographical area (Buhler union was CAW local 2224), national: larger union

Essay On The Australian Industrial Relation System
The Australian industrial relations system has historically been highly influenced and regulated
through the process of arbitration and conciliation (Reference). In the early 20th century arbitration
and conciliation was determined through tribunals and industry based awards which determined
wages and employment conditions. Conciliation and arbitration was highly dependent on the
influence and power of trade union membership within the workplace. Since the early 1900's the
arbitration and conciliation process has been replaced with an industrial relations system which has
been consistent with the decline of union membership to 28 percent of the workforce (reference)
This has resulted in more employees not being covered by a form of representation which then in
turn has initiated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The consequences of this Act favoured a formal system of agreement making, with awards
becoming the minimum for conditions and the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC)
becoming an independent tribunal to regulate these conditions. While individual agreements were
limited because of the restraints of awards on common law contracts, enterprise bargaining gave
businesses more opportunity to expand rules and decisions in workplaces were unions were weak
(Reference). The legislation introduced instability of collectivism within the industrial relations
system and provided the opportunity for individualism to develop and therefore for an employee
voice (Reference). For an example, unfair dismissal under the Conciliation and Arbitration Act and
the Industrial Relations Act would have required an employee claiming unfair dismissal to be
represented by a union. The provisions under the 1993 legislation have given individual employees
the opportunity to initiate an unfair dismissal complaint without the representation of the

The United Kingdom From Membership Of The European Union...
ASSESSMENT 2
Principals of economics
ECON 200
Group report
1,500 words
25%
Members:
Lara P
Anna–Paula A
Rosemary O
2. Table of Content
1. TITLE PAGE
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
4.1. AIM
4.2. SCOPE
5. BODY
5.1. METHODOLOGY
5.2. FINDINGS [GDP/ UNEMPLOYMENT AND INFLATION/INTERNATIONAL TRADE]
5.3. DISCUSSIONS [MONEY AND BANKING/MONETARY POLICY/ FISCAL POLICY]
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
7. APPENDIX
8. REFERENCES
3. Executive Summary 4. Introduction and Background
The exit of the United Kingdom from membership of the European Union, is also known as Brexit.
Derived from Britain and Exit.
The United Kingdom held a referendum to decide if they leave the European Economic Community
(EEC) in 1975. This was mainly because in 1963 and 1967 the United Kingdom applied for
membership and was denied because Charles de Gaulle the president of France at that time
dismissed the application because of the fear that English language will dominate the continent. In
1973 the United Kingdom made a third application and was successful but backed out in 1973 (2
years Later). The Prime Minster of the United Kingdom David Cameron announced on 23rd June
2016, a referendum will be held allowing the British people vote on whether to leave or remain

members of the European Union. Majority of Britain voted to leave European Union. The prime
minister talked of a target to begin the Article 50 procedure as soon as "the 2 year time period to

Gaining membership to the European Union (EU) has been a...
Gaining membership to the European Union (EU) has been a frustrating process for Turkey. The
Near East nation began its campaign for EU membership nearly 30 years ago under the EU's
predecessor, the European Economic Community. In 2005, 18 years after beginning the application
process, Turkey was finally invited to enter accession negotiations. The protracted delay was a result
of unfavorable economic conditions in Turkey as well as Turkey's tumultuous relationships with EU
members Greece and Cyprus. Yet, the question remains: why hasn't Turkey been granted
membership to the EU? The answers are many and complex. First, geographically, Turkey is located
between the East and the West, yet only 3% of Turkish territory actually lies within ... Show more
Presently, corruption is corroding the government and Prime Minister Erdogan's reputation. Last
month, the Turkish government blocked websites such as YouTube and Twitter. Yet, censorship of
social media platforms is but a fraction of the abuses in Turkey – a nation where journalists are
routinely arrested and incarcerated for criticizing the party. While the EU is not ready to accept
Turkey, the Turkish public is hesitant to join the EU. Recent polls have shown public frustration
toward the accession movement. Additionally, Turkey has experienced spurts of economic growth in
the last decade thanks to a customs agreement with the EU that has facilitated, among other things,
the development of a sophisticated export trade. Turks might feel that the country doesn't need the
EU to be successful. Prime Minister Erdogan and other top Turkish officials have recently expressed
disdain toward the EU, with one minister even being quoted as saying: "Turkey doesn't need the EU,
the EU needs Turkey. If we have to, we could tell them 'Get lost, kid!'" Although Turkey has seen
considerable economic growth in recent decades, the economy is still underdeveloped and could
benefit greatly from EU accession. However, the rhetoric of Turkish leaders indicates a turn away
from Europe. It is clear that Turkey's gradual abandonment of democratic principles is likely to
hinder the progress of their EU membership bid. Regardless of posturing by Turkish leaders, the
economic

Labor Unions : Past, Present And Future State
Labor Unions: Past, Present and Future State. Labor Unions were and still are an essential element
in today's businesses. In earlier years, labor unions aided employees by serving as the main voice to
their employer. Today, the struggle continues as labor unions help workers by ensuring their voices
are heard, their rights are upheld, their pay and benefits are fair and by eliminating injustices. In
order to understand what lies ahead for the future state of labor unions, it is important to recognize
its history, but also understand current challenges faced that will likely shape the future. Workers
have and always will be the most valuable asset a company has. Without employees, no business can
function. Because of employees' worth, businesses are obligated to satisfy their employees needs
and this was accomplished by the formation of the labor union. Before the formation of the labor
union, employees had no say or voice. After, however, labor unions acted as the employees' voice to
their employers. The historical changes of the labor union have shaped what labor unions stand for
today and what they will stand for in the future. By understanding the historical timeline of the
formation and development of labor unions, it is easier to understand the problems that we face
today and in the future as a modern society. Labor unions originated in the early years of the United
States. Over time, labor unions worked to gain the rights to give their workers power and a voice.

Economic Impacts of European Union Membership on Finland...
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF EUROPEAN UNION MEMBERSHIP ON FINLAND PRICE
LEVELS AND FOREIGN TRADE
ELCİN AGAZADE
European Union membership has an affect on countries both political and economical aspects. For
countries who become an EU member, substential changes in economic indicators can be observed
as change in economic structure, change in monetary policies, new interaction with different
counrtries, new trade agreements. In this essay, I will evaluate the economical impacts of EU
membership on Finland in terms of price level and foreign trade. Finland joined the European Union
in the beginning of 1995. In the 90‟s before being a member of EU, Finland experienced a
recession. GDP declined more than 11 per cent, unemployment rate increased ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
And those expectations became true. By 1995, price level of number of goods were lower than EU
average. Energy and investment in construction are still economically high in Finland but with the
membership prices became more similar to EU. Rapid change in price structure and decrease in
price level can seen in the first year of membership. Food prices fell 11 per cent between November
1994 and November 1995. Food section in CPI came to a low point in 1996. After joining the EU,
food imports from other EU countries were liberalized and food prices decrease to the level of other
member countries. 11 per cent decline in price level is a major change for Finland.
In the graph below, given the difference in price levels with the EU in years 1994 and 1995 can be
seen that price differences are lower at the end of 1995, than 1994.( Source: EUROSTAT)
Relative Prices in Finland
Food, beverages and tobacco Clothing and footwear Housing Household appliances and services
Medical care Transportation Education, recreation Collective consumption State consumption Gross
fixed capital formation 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1995 1994
Finnish price level declined by 20 per cent between 1990 and 2002 compared to the average for the
EU15. Relative prices (not including alcohol drinks and tobacco) decrease by 40 per cent, still 10
per cent above the EU average. This decline in prices is a result of changing tax rates. Alcohol and
tobacco prices decrease by

Gender Issues Faced By Women Union Membership Essay
As women continue gaining equal representation within the workforce, it should be unsurprising
that women also are steadily gaining ground within union membership. As women union
membership increases, we would also expect women in roles of union leadership to also increase.
This is an important metric to examine, as there are several gender specific work related issues that
women would benefit from being prioritized. Women consistently see lower wages for the same
work, fewer promotion opportunities, and the added stress of childcare responsibilities typically
relegated to mothers. It is possible, therefore, that women look to union leadership to account for
these needs. It is also then likely that these needs are more consistently prioritized by union
leadership where women are adequately represented. There are many issues facing women today in
the workplace. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2013 report, Women in the Labor
Force, 76% of the labor force were mothers with children between the ages of 6 and 17. The median
weekly wage for women in 2012 was about 81% of the median weekly wage for men, with a larger
discrepancy for minority women. In 2011, working women were slightly more likely to be under the
poverty line than working men, again, a discrepancy which increased for women who are also part
of other minority groups. Further, about 17% of women with a disability were in the labor force.
Childcare, the pay gap, a living wage, and

Demographic And Political Trends Of Nigeria Essay
Demographic and Political Trends Nigeria is the highest populated country on the African continent.
It is currently estimated at 167 million people (Subsidy Reinvestment Program SURE 2011). The
country's estimated population includes 49% females and 51% males. The population grew by 2.5%
in 2008, declined by 1.9% in 2009. The birth rate for the two years also reflects this decline from 43
births per 1,000 in 2008 to 37 per 1,000 in 2009. The death rate equally declined from 18 deaths per
1,000 in 2008 to 16.56 per 1,000 in 2009 (SURE program 2011). The life expectancy at birth was
46.94 years as of 2009. From the last census estimates, in 2006, 66.9% of Nigerians above the age
of 15 are literate; while 71.3% of males in this category were literate whilst the figure for females
was estimated at 62.4%. There is a high rate of urbanization which stands at 5.5% per annum
(percentage of people living in urban area). While in 1985, 39% of the population lived in cities, by
the year 2000, it had risen to 43.5%. Presently it is estimated at 1⁄2 the national population and this is
expected to rise to about 70% in the next ten years In it's over 50 years of independence from
colonial rule, the military held the reins of power in the country for more than twenty–five years.
Currently the country has had an uninterrupted democracy for the thirteenth year with four
consecutive general elections. Unfortunately, tribalistic, ethnical and religious clashes have further
weakened the fragile

The United Kingdom European Union Membership
On 23 June 2016, The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum took place in the
UK and Gibraltar. The result was decided by 33,577,342 eligible voters. 17,410,742 voters voted to
leave the European Union; 16,141,241 voters voted to remain in the European Union. On 24 June
2016, Jenny Watson, the Chief Counting Officer, announced the final result of the referendum–
leave. This was a breaking news, and it caused a global attention. Countless information and news
were reporting by social media and networking. David William Donald Cameron, Prime Minister of
the United Kingdom issued a statement in 10 Downing Street that he will resign in October, and he
would continue to service to the British public in the coming weeks and month. He hopes that the
new Prime Minister leads the UK toward a right direction under the new situation. Meanwhile, the
global economy and international currency were affected by the referendum. Global stock markets
were falling down drastically and the British Pound did drop from $1.50 to $1.35, which was the
lowest value since the 1980s. Investors also lost heavily. For example, many financial analysts think
that like Warren Buffett and other successful investors probably lost billions of dollars on average
after the vote. In April 1975, there was a similar referendum held in the UK. At that time, 67.2
percent of voters approved that the UK ought to stay in the European Union. After forty–one years,
the result is different. The desire to

Future Labor Unions
LABORING FORWARD: THE FUTURE OF LABOR UNIONS 2 12 Running Head: Future of
Labor Unions 13 Research Paper: The Future of Labor Unions Kedra Archie Keller Graduate School
of Management HRM– 586 Labor Relations Professor: Danielle Camacho December 4, 2016
Abstract The history of unions in the US is based on a time line that represents workers struggling to
organize unions. In the United States, the history of unions played an important part in the
independence process ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earlier in the century, many textile and manufacturing mills fled the Northeast for the promise of
cheap land grants and cheap labor without the hassle of dealing with the negotiation of labor union
agreements (Shuler, 1999). Today, much of that labor has departed for the shores of other countries
like Taiwan, India and China for the promise of much of the same. The Southeast never fully
adapted to the idea and continues to operate as mostly Right to Work states to this day. Shuler
(1999), states that the Southeast also faced additional struggles with union organization; Jim Crow
laws. This meant that biracial unions had to be created and were immediately met with resistance
due to the belief that even biracial interactions at the union level could lead to the downfall of the
white race. The author contends that while historically we think of labor unions as only operating
amongst blue collar workers, there is a huge market available today for labor unions to become
extremely active in the white–collar

Union Membership Decline
The research will analyze the causes of union membership decline in the United States. Throughout
the years unionization has been on the decline and will need to discover new ways to get members
to join. Unions will need to focus on marketing campaigns to gain membership.
Causes for Decline
There can be numerous explanations to why there is a detrimental decline for union memberships.
Some of the major reasons for a decline in union membership include the following:
Globalization: can attribute towards the decline for union memberships, as a competitive workforce
is shrinking and being divided. During the 'great recession' businesses couldn't afford the high wages
and benefit packages of an increasing world economy to stay competitive (Voice ... Show more
However, the government has been eliminating most union rights for government workers (Wilson,
2017). President Richard Trumka of the AFL–CIO has stated, "our struggling economy, weak laws
and government assaults have taken a toll on union memberships" (Wilson, 2017).
Laws: are persistent to guarantee employee rights and standards have been protected and addressed
through local, state and federal legislation. Recent anti–labor legislation in several states has limited
collective bargaining rights; impact union membership (Anderson & Bowen, 2013). Public policy
has hindered union memberships. The first labor laws were written during the Great Depression and
have seldomly changed (Wilson, 2017). Republicans are wanting to do away with union dues to
accelerate union membership but will put pressure on labor unions to collectively bargain in
projects.

Labor Union And Labor Unions Essay
Labor union history began when the National Labor Union (NLU) was founded in 1866. After the
creation of this union, several followed after. Many riots occurred during this time, the Haymarket
Riot was one of the main reasons that the American Federation of Labor (AFL) was created. The
AFL will be a major part in the labor movement in the future. Labor unions began due to the need to
protect the workers. These labor unions formed to fight for reasonable hours, better pay, and safer
working conditions. These stipulations that the labor unions pushed for did not come from greed.
Many laborers were dying from different jobs. People were required to work 12 or more hour days,
7 days a week for such a small amount of pay. Due to the overworking of these laborers, it caused
them to make mistakes. Not only were companies over working these people, they were hiring
inexperienced people with little to no training. Thousands upon thousands of people died because of
this. To prevent this from occurring labor unions were created to ne the barrier between a company
and the workers, the unions are there to help negotiate any stipulations the workers may request.
However, after the early to mid 1900's the attendance and membership of unions declined
drastically. In the past 50 years the membership in labor unions have decreased, and at a rapid pace.
There are many reasons why the membership has decreased, but the focus will be on four main
reasons. The first reason being that in today's

World War II, Germany, And The German Democratic Republic
After the World War II, Germany was divided into 4 powers, Britain, France, USA and Soviet
Russia, dividing the country into two parts, namely East and West Germany. The country was
reunited again in 1990, unifying the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German
Democratic Republic (GDR) (kellerbook). The reunification has led to political, economic and
social long–lasting changes in the country. Following the reunification, there has been an increase in
unemployment rate and severe economic crisis. Since the 1990s, the issue of the fall in the number
of union members and collective bargaining in Germany's employment relationship is not a new
matter (Addison et.al). This has been evidently observed, after the reunification of Western ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before reunification, West Germany was experiencing economic growth with low inflation rates and
increase in wage rate. The unification allows for East to be reunited with West Germany causing
transfers of labour legislation, industrial relations to the east. The unemployment rate in the past 2
decades has been fluctuating and the highest unemployment rate since the reunification is at 11.2%
in 2005.
Kotthoff (1981, in frege1) states that codetermination and collective bargaining are two alternative
methods of institutionalizing collective conflict.
Since the 1990s, the rate of economic growth has been low and unemployemt, particulartly long–
term unemployment has remained high.
Collective Bargaining
On the collective bargaining side, 2 changes were observed; a steady increase in the number of
company agreements relative to sectoral agreements, especially in West Germany. Second,
decreased in the membership rate of employers' confederations. The decline in the coverage by
German industrial relations institutions as a whole has coincided with greater pressure towards
decentralization in collective bargaining. Regulated decentralization (via opening clauses, hardship
agreements, and company–specific agreements) where the parties have sought to pre–empt pressures
to decentralize collective bargaining by allowing for some differentiation while avoiding delegating
decision–making rights on wages to plant level and actual

Benefits Of European Union 's Membership
The Benefits of European Union's Membership Thuat Nguyen Professor Padula University of
California, Santa Barbara Ital 161AX December 15, 2014 1.Introduction Since the beginning of
recent crisis, the consideration of becoming European Union's member for its benefits has been the
main focus for many countries. As the incident of WWII proclaimed the shattered of European
economy, many country's economic system could not recovered on their own. Many evidences were
obtained and analyzed from countries that became members during EU enlargement. "The EU on
average would gain around 1⁄2 percent of real GDP over a six–year period. However, the impact is
quite different in the separate EU member states" (Breuss 2001). Even though the problems are
varies among different countries, whether they are stabled or are in the process of development,
researches have shown that the benefits providing to EU members cause major rises in the economy.
And the process of becoming EU member is effortless compared to the overwhelming benefits that
they received. Therefore the main argument of this paper is: can growth and productivity be
different when a country decides whether or not to join the EU? The delay in the process of
widening and deepening are due to the insufficient resources and unmet conditions of smaller
countries. By understanding the benefits of becoming EU member, those countries would be more
aware of what they are lacking. Utilizing the EU benefits would increase

Causes Of The Decline Of Labor Unions

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