Nazi Medical Experiment Essay

Nazi Medical Experiment Essay
considered "military necessity" adequate justification for their heinous experiments. They justified
their acts by saying that the prisoners were condemned to death anyway."(Cohen, Baruch C. "Nazi
Medical Experimentation: The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments." Jewish
Virtual Library. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2016. .) It did change
things about the military and how it used to be but too many were forced to die for this change. Dr.
Sigmund Rascher Dr. Rascher was most known for his freezing and high altitude experiments.
Freezing Experiments: Prisoner was put in ice freezing water, often tell they would shiver
themselves to death. He did this to see how long German pilots shot down in the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This method was devised to test whether such liquid as the only supply fluid cause physical
disturbance or death within 6 to 12 days. They were so desperate for water they waited for the
freshly mopped floors to get water by licking them. He showed no humanity. Nothing good came
out of this experiment; Furthermore, it does not shape the medical field. Sulfanilamide Experiments
"The German Armed Forces suffered heavy casualties on the Russian Front in 1941 to 1943 because
of gas gangrene (Cohen, Baruch C. "Nazi Medical Experimentation: The Ethics Of Using Medical
Data From Nazi Experiments." Jewish Virtual Library. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise,
n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2016)." These casualties and other war wounds are the cause for healthy Jews to
be deliberately wounded and then the subjects were infected with bacteria creating almost a
battlefield wound. Although he had a motive behind his research. He did not have any humanity to
all of those people he killed to get this far. His research was a springboard for many different
researches containing toxic gases.This research contained more to the military aspect of the
experiments. Miscellaneous
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Role Of Medical Experiments In The Holocaust
When most people think of the holocaust, they think of people being forced into concentration
camps, they think of Jews and Nazis, they think of cruelty and death. But what most people don't
think of, is all the experiments that went on, all the medical experiments. The Nazi doctors wanted
to find cures for medical conditions that most everyone wanted to cure, but these doctors went about
finding the cure a little differently. They would take prisoners they had and experiment on them in
ways of cruelty hard to even imagine. This will only be about one of the many experiments done,
the freezing and hypothermia experiments. Doctor Sigmund Rascher was the one overseeing this
particular experiment, he mainly conducted the experiments at Dachau (Holocaust on Trial
http://www.pbs.org). He used over 300 hundred people in his experiments, all of them prisoners in
the concentration camps and all of them young, strong Jews and/or Russians(Jewish Law Articles
http://www.jlaw.com) . He had two parts to his experiment, how long it took to freeze to death, and
what the best way to revive a person was (Remember.org http://remember.org/educate/medexp). To
freeze a person, they were either left outside, naked, or submerged in a vat of freezing ice water,
also naked (Remember.org http://remember.org/educate/medexp). The water was the fastest way of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even now, just reading about it happening makes it hard to believe these were actually people being
put through these tortuous events. Maybe that made it easier for Dr. Rascher, or maybe he didn't
care in the first place. Either way, over 80 people died in this one experiment alone (Holocaust on
Trial http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiside.html)
. Who knows how many others died in other experiments. How many were permanently damaged or
changed in some way. Whose lives were destroyed. And many of the experimenters felt no remorse

Racial Hygiene And The Victims Of Medical Experiments
Each year, about 2.7 million shelter animals are euthanized, simply because they have nowhere to
call "home". We humans seem to think we can determine which lives are worthy, or unworthy, of
life. Similarly, Hitler believed he had the right to determine which lives were worthy of living.
During the Holocaust, it is estimated that about 6 million Jews were "euthanized" because he
deemed them as undeserving of life. Included within that estimation are the victims of medical
experiments, which physicians imposed on them without consent. People in positions of power
determined who were worthy of continuing to live, with what we now consider basic human rights,
and those unworthy were euthanized or used in medical experimentation. By simply understanding
the expansive amount of pain and suffering these "unworthy" individuals went through, you will
understand why it is imperative that we teach this dark point in human history and make sure it is
never repeated.
In the early twentieth century, a popular idea known as racial hygiene played a prominent role in
creating a division between races. The German government created a set of policies that dictated
which individuals were worthy and unworthy of reproducing, in the hopes of obtaining more
desirable qualities, based on these ideas. In 1933, the German government started a series of forced
sterilizations, without consent. Robert Jay Lifton writes that a group of individuals deemed
"'hereditarily sick'" were the main targets.

Medical Experiments In Holocaust Research
The Holocaust was a horrific genocide that started in 1933 and proceeded to last 12 years. It
included the killing of 6 million Jewish men, women, and children as well as gypsies and political
prisoners ("Ravensbrück" 1). Many escaped, especially those who were more fortunate (Thomson,
5), however others were not as lucky. This event has been documented by millions of sources,
however the medical experiments that were presented in Nazi camps and prisons in specific
Ravensbrück prison are largely undocumented. Ravensbrück was located in a swamp 50 miles north
of Berlin and was the only Nazi camp built for women. It served as a training base for 3, 500
females that would later be recruited into the Nazi paramilitary corps. First, it was ... Show more
Each lapin was assigned a mother that would bring them bread and pieces of food after the
surgeries. Through this and the rabbits' strong spirits a miraculous 63 survived. Out of the ones that
died, 5 died immediately after surgery, and 6 were executed. The lapins were all politically savvy
and documented what had been done to them by a camera smuggled into camp. Their picture and
letters eventually made it to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICC) in Geneva,
however the head at that time, Max Huber, was a personal friend of Dr. Karl, the man performing
the surgeries, and so prevented the Red Cross from investigating. The lapins were later rescued from
the prison. They attended court hearings and helped convict the doctors for "crimes against
humanity" and war crimes, and later 35 lapins came to the U.S. Out of the three doctors that
committed these atrocities, one was hung, and the other two were both sentenced to prison however
did not serve all of their time. One ended up working for a pharmaceutical company while the other
practiced as a family physician before a survivor recognized her (Sharav,

Medical Experiments During Ww2
Throughout WW2, the Nazis conducted many experiments on prisoners in the concentration camps.
The experiments were extremely brutal to the persons being experimented on. Many of these
doctors used their authority to justify the means of their "research". There are various different
experiments that were conducted for supposed benefit to the German army. Experiments conducted
by Nazis were inhumane and traumatizing to those lucky enough to survive. Although the
experiments done on humans during WW2 were absurd, there are some factors that were beneficial.
Some of the data recorded by the Nazis is used in many scientists works today. For example, "Nazi
hypothermia studies, for instance, have been cited in the medical literature for decades, and recently
several scientists have sought to use the data in their own work"(Tyson). Another compelling
argument regarding the injustices done to the prisoners revolves around the Nuremberg trials. After
the war, the Nuremberg trials were "held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice"
(Nuremberg Trials). Laws were also made after the Holocaust to protect human test subjects of
future experiments. On the contrary to the dreadful things done to the prisoners, few relevant points
are presented as positive outcomes. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Commonly, doctors are thought of as the "saviors of mankind, the healers, and caretakers of our
utter existence"(Medical experiments...), suggesting that they are responsible for life and death of
patients. Trust is a crucial factor that must be present between doctor and patient. However, it is
denounced that "The Nazi doctors violated the trust placed in them by humanity. The most painful
truth is for the most part the doctors escaped their crimes against humanity and lived a life, unlike
their victims"(Medical experiments..), thus emphasizing the horrors that the nazi doctors put their
"patients"

Holocaust Medical Experiments
As described by many historian, there were a few discovering happened after the Second World War
including the Holocaust Experimental Data which was considered as a human normative ethics
based on experimental research during the nineteen century. Researches investigate the set of
questions arise in the Jew's community during and aftermath of the holocaust which allowed them to
know with absolute and scientific certainty what was happening inside Nuremberg concentration
camps. Most of them prove that horrific Nazi human experiments were conducted on Jewish
prisoners against their will, resulting in torture and death which is considered as These paper will
analyses the holocaust's origin thus that the consequences that the Jewish population ... Show more
The proof is that there was a trial for German physicians who conducted these human experiments
on concentration camp prisoners which were prosecuted as war criminals. Until now, the society
still continue to discuss if it is acceptable in the medical community to consider the medical research
data that were collected during these experimentations. Even some of these experiments had
legitimate scientific purposes, the methods used violated the canons of medical ethics. Others were
racial in nature, designed to advance Nazi racial theories. Most were simply bad science.
Additionally, some believe there are major ethical problems with using the data collected in this
unethical manner. Once a decision to use the data has been made, experts suggest that it must not be
included as ordinary scientific research, just to be cited and placed in a medical journal. I agree with
author Robert J. Lifton who suggested that citation of the data must contain a thorough expose' of
exactly what tortures and atrocities were committed for that experiment. Citations of the Nazi data
must be accompanied with the author's condemnation of the data as a lesson in horror and as a
moral aberration in medical science. The author who chooses to use the Nazi data must be prepared
to expose the Nazi doctors' immoral experiments as medical evil. I suggest that if I was a judge that
time, I had most definitely torture the Germans in the same way as they tortured Jewish people.
According to the philosophy written by Richard Matthews inside the book entitled "The Absolute
Violation: Why Torture Must be Prohibited," he said " It's a comprehensive refutation of the
arguments in favor of torture, including act and rule utilitarianism, as well as "dirty

The Holocaust Medical Experiments
Kamree Drummond Mr. Buchanan World History Honors 3rd Block March 27, 2017 Medical
Experiments of the Holocaust During World War II, there were many acts of cruelty done towards
people seen as unsuitable or worthless to the Nazis. These people included Jew, homosexuals,
gypsies, and the handicapped. In this paper, I'm going to describe the medical experiments that were
performed on inmates by Nazi doctors during the Holocaust. These experiments include: the twin
experiments, the freezing experiments, the seawater experiments, and the bone grafting and nerve
experiments. One of the main experiments the nazis performed on the prisoners in the concentration
camps had the purpose of wanting to find a way to treat a person who was severely cold or frozen,
thus began the freezing experiments. These experiments were mostly used to benefit German Air
Force. The freezing experiments were mainly held at the Dachau concentration camp. The Dachau
camp was mainly built for political prisoners of war. Approximately 188,000 people lived there, and
31,951 were said to have been executed there. Dachau was active for almost all of the 12–year Nazi
regime, making it one of the longest–running camps. The freezing experiments at Dachau took place
in August 1942. One of the most common of the experiments involved forcing the prisoners to sit in
an ice ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This formed the sea–water experiments. These experiments were created by the German Air Force
and Navy. They wanted to discover how severe the effects of drinking sea–water are on humans.
The reason people cannot drink seawater is because of their urine. The kidneys can only produce
urine if the amount of salt is less than the amount of salt in seawater. So, drinking seawater would
cause people to urinate more water than they drank which would cause a person to become
dehydrated and even thirstier until they would eventually

Holocaust Medical Experiments
Sarah Klocke Dr. Jedele Holocaust Research 31 August 2015 The Holocaust and Scientific/Medical
Experiments Experiments were carried out by the Nazi's to start an advancement in German
medicine compared to the rest of the world. Tons of medical and scientific testing was done in the
concentration camps to prisoners with no consent of the patients ("Nazi Medical Experiment...").
The experiments so harmful, that there was nearly no chance of survival except for a few. It led
some to disability, mutation, and most likely death. Over 30 experiments were brought about
inmates at the concentration camps. Twins were a major help with testing during this time. Twins
were brought to doctor's attention at Auschwitz with helping multiply the German race.

Medical Experiments During The Third Reich
Have you ever heard of the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler, the Holocaust, or even the medical
experiments of the SS? Well, get ready to learn about it. Adolf Hitler was an anticommunist that
fought for Germany in WWI. He was the leader of the Nazi's. The Holocaust was a genocide in
which Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews. The medical
experiments of the SS were experiments performed by doctors on prisoners. During World War II, a
number of German physicians conducted painful and often deadly experiments on thousands of
concentration camp prisoners without their consent. Unethical medical experimentation carried out
during the Third Reich may be divided into three categories. The three categories consisted of
experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel. The second category of
experimentation aimed at developing and testing pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries
and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field. While the
third category of medical experimentation sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the
Nazi worldview (https://www.ushmm.org). Doctors have always been thought of as the saviors of
mankind, the healers, and caretakers of our utter existence. Even ancient civilizations revered the
medicine men as having special power to protect life. The trust of a physician is sacred. This is why
the practice of medicine by the

Medical Experiments During The Holocaust
"I will remember that there is an art to medicine as well as a science, and that warmth, sympathy,
and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife and the chemist's drug." (Louis Lasagna).
However, the doctors of the holocaust didn't care, and used the victims as guinea pigs for the results.
The medical experiments performed during the Holocaust had horrific outcomes for those
experimented upon. The freezing and hypothermia experiments were tested upon males to test the
conditions of the warriors suffered out in the fields. Tons of German soldiers died of freezing
temperatures or were paralyzed by cold injuries. They only used healthy men in these experiments,
though, because the week men would not be equal to the soldiers. These experiments were split into
two parts. One part was to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Group one received an artificial wound and it was injected with bacteria. Group two got either wood
or glass splinters inserted into their wounds. Last, group three, received both wood and glass
splinters. The last very excruciatingly painful experiment was the interrogation and torture
experiments. These experiments were supposed to test people's limits, endurance, and existence.
They simulated extremely high altitudes with and without oxygen. Theses experiments were
executed in Dachau concentration camp. There were four experiments conducted slow falling with
and without oxygen, and falling with and without oxygen. There were about 200 people chosen for
the experiments, and out of all these people, less than 40 had been condemned to death, but 78 were
killed. To do the experiments they were put in containers that were air tight. Then the pressure
inside the container was changed to simulate the experiment they were assigned to. They figured out
that only continuous experiments at altitudes upwards of 10.5 kms ended in death. They also
showed that the victim stopped breathing after about 30

Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Essay
Medical Experiments of the Holocaust
As a society we place those in the medical profession on a pedestal. They are people to be looked up
to and admired. In many ways they are Gods, right here with us on earth. People put the hope and
faith in doctors hoping they can perform miracles. Throughout history, doctors have indeed
preformed many wonders. There were, however, some doctors that betrayed this belief and peoples
trust. These doctors could be found in concentration camps such as Auschwitz and Dachau. These
doctors committed unspeakable acts against the Jews and other minorities, believing that they were
conducting helpful experiments. Following the holocaust, however, they were punished for their ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The victim would be placed beneath sun lamps, which were so hot, the skin would burn. They
would then freeze and reheat the victim, repeatedly. Another revival technique was irrigation; the
victim would have boiling hot water irrigated throughout their bladder, intestines and stomach. All
patients died from this technique. They would also submit to high altitude changes. They would be
locked in a low–pressure chamber until their lungs would explode. These experiments would help
the doctor to determine the limits of the human body.
The second class of experiments involved medical research. Doctor's would conduct medical
experiments, which included the gas chamber and epidemic disease. Some victims were killed in
gas chambers. This would allow better research to help develop ways of stopping such chemical
attacks by the enemy or to help improve there way of killing there victims by showing them the
effects of phosphorus and mustard gas burns. Doctors would also inject the victims with diseases
such as malaria, smallpox, cholera and spotted fever. They would do so in order to observe the
effectiveness of vaccines. Doctors would also break bones and flesh and then infect the wounds.
They would also perform operations on the victims without administering anesthesia; all victims of
these operations were killed during or shortly after.
The third class involved experiments about the human race. These doctors would

A Study On Nazi Medical Experiments
The chapter on Nazi medical experiments in Chalmers' book is one of the most fascinating chapters
because it examines the different types of techniques that the Nazi's used to sterilize men and
women. Chalmers explains that women were particularly subject to medical experiments because
the Nazis were obsessed with destroying inferior races and wanted to perfect the art of sterilization
so no more undesirable elements would be born (Ibid 123). However, both men and women were
subject to Nazi medical experiments like medical injections, X–Rays, and chemicals, which resulted
in burnt skin, abnormalities, and death. Among these experimentations many chemical companies,
doctors, and University professors supported the experiments being done on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This section of Chalmers' book makes the reader ponder the morality of medical experiments like
abortions, stem cell research, and infanticide in the world today and questions whether we have
learned from Nazi medical experiments in the past.
The second section of Beverly Chalmers book, Birth, Sex and Abuse, deals with sexuality among
Germans and sexual abuse among Jewish women. Chalmers provides interesting information on
how the Nazi's banned homosexuality, birth control, and feminist organizations (Ibid 145).
Chalmers outlines that the goals of the Nazi party by repressing sexuality like homosexuals and
feminist movements was to promote pronatalist policies like reproduction so women could bear
more children for the superior Aryan race. Chalmers' extensive study of brothels in concentration
camps interested me because I did not realize the SS allowed prostitution inside concentration
camps and the majority of these women were Germans because Jewish women were not allowed to
be prostitutes due to the Rassenschande laws. Chalmers' study of German women in brothels
broadens the traditional study of the Holocaust because rather than always focusing on non–German
women's experiences it allows people that study the Holocaust to examine how German women
were affected by the Holocaust in

Medical Research: Tuskegee Syphilis and Nazi Human...
When you think of medical research, you probably think of lab rats. The "lab rats" in both Tuskegee
syphilis study and the nazi human experiments were living human beings. History repeats itself as
the two studies occur with the same intention and procedures. It was a result of ignorance and the
idea of hierarchy: superiority and inferiority. The inhumane action of the researchers led to policies
that protects against barbarous experiments. Tuskegee syphilis study started in 1932 with a good
intention, scientists were trying to examine the abundance of syphilis within rural African
Americans in the South in order to anticipate a mass treatment. When there was an economic
downturn during Great depression, study was terminated although US public health service was in
favor of continuing the study (Deria). The purpose of the following study did not have the same
objective as the first. The intent of the second study was to determine whether African American
population would be affected by syphilis just as much as White population. It also had an intention
to discover how long a human can live without untreated syphilis (Ogungbure) The research took
place in Macon city, Alabama where low class families were prevalent. Taking an advantage of
uneducated, they disguised the word syphilis with "bad blood". The study continued for 40 years
with 400 men left untreated and 600 men was manipulated. Nazi human experiment was conducted
in order to enhance the ability of German

Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Essay
Medical Experiments of the Holocaust Kaitlin Holocaust in History January 6, 2013 Many brutal
atrocities were committed during the Holocaust by the Nazi party against anyone they viewed as
"unpure". This included the Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Afro–Germans, Slavs, communists, the
handicapped, and the mentally disabled. These groups were targeted, stripped away of their rights
and citizenship, and then sent to concentration camps. Some of these camps were death camps;
created for the sole purpose to annihilate these groups of people, mainly the Jews. At these camps,
the prisoners were tortured, starved, brutally killed, and experimented on. In this research paper, I
am going to discuss some of the medical experiments that were ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They forced about ninety Gypsies to drink seawater only, while being deprived of food. Obviously
since the salt content of the water causes the body to retain more salt, and lose more water, which is
why seawater is undrinkable, these experiments caused serious bodily injury, major dehydration,
and an enormous amounts of pain and suffering. The Gypsies were so dehydrated and so desperate
for water, they reportedly "licked the floored after they had been mopped just to get a drop of fresh
water." (The Experiments, Remember.org) Experiments were conducted to find an antidote to
phosgene, a toxic gas use as a weapon during World–War I. At Fort Ney near Strasbourg, France,
Nazi doctors exposed roughly 52 concentration camp prisoners to the phosgene gas. This gas caused
extreme irritation to the prisoners' lungs. Many of the prisoners suffered pulmonary edema after the
exposure. Four died as a result of the experiments. (The Experiments) Josef Mengele, a Nazi doctor
stationed at Auschwitz, was called the "Angel of Death". Many times he would be the one who was
in charge of "selection". He had the power to decide the fate of the prisoner; he had the power of life
and death over them. He was in charge of the many experiments conducted at Auschwitz. The
experiments he is most known for are genetic experiments, and the experimentations on twins.
(Josef Mengele) Many of those who were experimented on were children. They were kept

Comparing Two Medical Experiments
The two experiments I will be doing are in the doctor's office, and at an interview. When I go to the
doctor's office I will sit in the doctor's chair instead of the chair I am suppose to sit at. My prediction
will be that the medical assistant will ask me to move to the other seat. When I go to my job
interview I will make sure to sit forward as I am getting interviewed and touch the interviewee on
the shoulder when I first meet him or her. My prediction will be that they will be able to tell that I
am very interested in the job and by me touching them on the shoulder, that they will get a sense of
trust in me. I believe these two experiments will be a great because I go to the doctors very often so
it will be very interesting to see how they

Nazi Medical Experiments Essay
World War 2 was a tragic event the shook the whole world. Countries across the globe joined forced
to clash with one another, throwing away the lives of many young men. In that event, the Nazi party
rounded up Jews, Gypsies, and anyone that they deemed a disease to Germany and the perfect
Aryan race, were taken to concentration camps
The question now is, 'What were the Nazi Medical Experiments that were being conducted during
the war? What did they do, and what were the purpose of these experiment?'
The medical experiments the Nazis conducted were on the human prisoners that they got ahold of
during the war. The subjects of these experiments were primarily those who the Germans deemed as
useless, or were fighting against in the war, such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this interview Jona recalls her time in the laboratory, witnessing the testing on many of her fellow
people, and believed that the experiments were an attempt to alter the human body. This can also be
backed up from the paper published on the government website,"One of the key reasons the Nazis
conducted medical experiments was to further progress their dream of a master "Aryan" race, and to
weaken the Jewish race as a result....The Nazis also had a clear vision of what their master race
would look like and do for Germany. 12 Hitler envisioned that the perfect "Aryan" for his ideal race
had blue eyes, blonde hair, and was tall."(2,3) Reading the first hand account, and the paper we can
deduce that the Nazis were injecting prisoners with drugs and chemicals in an attempt to alter the
human body; such as changing the eye colors of someone, or hair color. This shows that the Nazi
medical experiments were more than just a way to help Germany's medical advancement and aid
their soldiers, this was a way to create the superior Aryan race. They attempted this through the
process of experimenting on prisoners and test

Medical Experiments In Prisons
More than 90 percent of new drugs fail to make it into the public's hands. That 90 percent is also
proven too toxic to even get past actual patient testing. Distinguished medical professionals find out
if new medicines are toxic through various testings of which include human testing. Most of these
test subjects include medical students as well as prisoners. Medical experiments have been
conducted in prisoners for years. Not all of these tests however were properly practiced. Attached to
these experiments are either great rewards for the medical community or unlawful controversy. The
World Medical Association in 1961 failed to propose that prisoners should not be used as the subject
of experiments. This was mostly because the experiments performed were unlawful and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I agree in the fact that we should have experiments in prisons but they should be voluntary
experiments. Prisoners are human beings and should be treated as such. I do not side with Cohen's
opinion that the custodial institution should be able to force an inmate into an experiment. If the
experiment is ethical and follows all of the guidelines A and B that Cohen has provided in his article
I do not find a problem with inmates taking advantage to help themselves as well as the greater good
by participating in a medical experiment. Every human being has the capability to make their own
choices in life as long as they are mentally competent. Prison is seen as a controlled environment
where many inmates are willing to participate in anything that is going to benefit them financially or
get them one step closer to freedom. Prison life is strenuous and endless, having the opportunity to
be apart of something that has benefits attached is big for an inmate. The factors of prison encourage
the inmates to want to participate in something beneficial but in the end it is their sole decision to
make in order to be included in proper

The Medical Experiments By The Ss ( Nazi )
The Medical Experiments By The SS (Nazi) Have you ever heard of the Nazi Party led by Adolf
Hitler, the Holocaust, or even the medical experiments of the SS? Well, get ready to learn about it.
Adolf Hitler was an anticommunist that fought for Germany in WWI. He was the leader of the
Nazi's. The Holocaust was a genocide in which Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Germany and its collaborators
killed about six million Jews. The medical experiments of the SS were experiments performed by
doctors on prisoners. During World War II, a number of German physicians conducted painful and
often deadly experiments on thousands of concentration camp prisoners without their consent.
Unethical medical experimentation carried out during the Third Reich may be divided into three
categories. The three categories consisted of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis
military personnel. The second category of experimentation aimed at developing and testing
pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and
occupation personnel encountered in the field. While the third category of medical experimentation
sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview (https://www.ushmm.org).
Doctors have always been thought of as the saviors of mankind, the healers, and caretakers of our
utter existence. Even ancient civilizations revered the medicine men as having special power to
protect life. The trust of a physician is sacred. This is why

Nazi Medical Experiments
Nazis used prisoners for medical experiments that are very disturbing. Some people may consider
them as an insult to humanity. The Nazi doctors conducted thousands of experiments, each worse
than the last. One of the experiments they did was the hypothermia experiment. For this experiment
the subjects would be submerged in ice water for multiple hours. Sometimes they would place the
prisoners in snow instead of water. No painkillers were allowed to be used for this experiment.
Some of them were then "rewarmed" by being thrown into boiling water. This experiment was to
see how long the body could withstand freezing temperatures. Since people were dying from
hypothermia in the winter time, the doctors wanted to get prisoners accustomed to the freezing
temperatures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most people know of the twins experiments during the holocaust because they were simply awful.
Most of the twins experiments were conducted by the doctor under the name of Josef Mengele.
Mengele did all kinds of things to sets of twins. He measured body parts and compared them to the
twin. And then he would remeasure. He also attempted to see if it was possible to change the twin's
eye color with different chemicals. At one point he tried to cut off limbs of each twin and sew the
bodies together to create conjoined twins. He conducted tons of experiments on hundreds of sets of
twins. The main reason for the twins experiments was to see if there was an unnatural way to
manipulate women to have twins to increase the population faster. There was also the seawater
experiment. For this experiment, prisoners were only allowed to drink seawater. They were not
allowed any freshwater or even food. Some prisoners were seen licking mopped floors to try to get
some kind of freshwater. They became extremely dehydrated and died.Dr. Hans Eppinger wanted to
camouflage the taste of seawater. He wanted seawater to become the main source of fluid for the

General Medical Experiment
General Medical Experiment Organs of the victims from the holocaust were put into jars and
displayed for research. The Nazis called them "unworthy lives" – who deemed too sick, weak or
handicapped for the "Master Race." More than 70,000 were killed, gassed to death or otherwise
murdered between 1939 and 1941 at the hands of the sadist doctors and nurses by the end of the
war. Thousands of brains, uteruses with fetuses and other organs and parts were preserved in jars
until 1978. (Dark Chapter Closes On Patients ' Treated To Death' Last Rites For Victims Of Nazi
Experiments,GEORGE JAHN, VIENN) "The Nazi physicians performed brutal medical
experiments upon helpless concentration camp inmates. These acts of torture were characterized by
several shocking features: (1) people were forced to become subjects in very dangerous studies
against ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He worked in Auschwitz Block 10. Block 10 mostly contained women who were married between
the ages of 20 to 40 who had not borne children. Among the subjects their feared being killed,
sterilized, or inseminated by Clauberg. He would tease the female subjects they would undergo
sexual intercourse with a male subject for this purpose. After he would inseminated their wombs
with animal sperm and monsters were growing inside of them. Three–Hundred female prisoners
were experimented on, in Block 10. Dr. Clauberg also conducted the sterilization experiment in
which he blocked the fallopian tubes, creating the goal of effective mass sterilization. Many inmates
had their genitals mutilated to discover cheap methods of mass sterilization. The injection of caustic
substances into their cervix or uterus producing horrible pain, inflamed ovaries, bursting spasms in
their stomach and bleeding. Young males had their testicles subject to large doses of radiation and
were subsequently castrated to ascertain the pathological change in their

Medical Experiments During World War II
To what extent did medical experiments during World War II affect modern medicine? Section 1:
Identification and Evaluation of sources This investigation will explore the question : To what extent
did World War II benefit the medical field? The years 1930–1950 will be the primary focus of this
investigation allowing analysis of the medical experiments and the outcomes the experiments
brought forth. The first source to be evaluated is Frances R. Frankenburg's book "Human Medical
Experimentation: From Smallpox Vaccines to Secret Government Programs", published in 2017.
This source is valuable because it gives a broad view on medical experimentation. It shows different
examples of experiments from various parts of the world during World ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Becker–Freyseng was part of many experiments in Nazi concentration camps. He conducted
research on how high altitudes would affect humans. He used low pressure chambers to observe
how much pressure people could handle. He did experiments to see how cold temperatures would
affect the human body. They did this to test how they could rewarm people with hypothermia. He
even forced people to drink saltwater in hopes he could find ways to make saltwater a valuable
resource for German soldiers. He killed many people and discovered very little. Joseph Mengele
was another German who conducted many experiments on jews. His largest interest was in genetics.
His focus was to try and create the perfect race as quickly as possible. He tried all sorts of crazy
things such as injecting dye into patients eyes in order to make them blue. In 1943 he became the
leader of the women section in Auschwitz. He got to decide who got to stay and who went to the gas
chambers. Those who stayed got to be part of his medical experiments. His largest interest was in
twins. Eva Kor, who is now a nationally recognized person, has written many books such as
Surviving the Angel of Death and speeches about her encounters with Mengele. Eva Kor and her
family were taken to Auschwitz when she was 10 years old. Her mother was holding on to her and
her twin sister in hopes to protect them. " As I looked around, I realized my

Nazi Medical Experiments
"I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity: the health of my patient will be my first
consideration". (Modern Hippocratic Oath) The Nazi doctors did a broad range of awful
experiments. The Nazi doctors' medical research for genetic and military purposes were monstrous
and barbaric. The Nazis thought that if Aryan women gave birth to twins with blond hair and blue
eyes, then the future will be saved. Mengele believed that the twins had secrets. He thought that
Auschwitz was the best location for research because of the big number of twins to use for
experiments. Josef Mengele walked into Auschwitz in 1943 as an educated, experienced, medical
researcher. Mengele took his turn as the selector on the ramp. He would send people either to the
right or left, to the gas chamber or to the hard labor. Mengele got excited when he found the twins
and he had the SS officers help him look for twins. Eva and Miriam were twins with blonde hair and
blue eyes, they were found and taken away from their parents. Their parents were left behind and
went through the selection. Eva and Miriam were tattooed and given a number from a special
sequence. They were also treated differently than all the other prisoners by Mengele. They did
genetic experiments because you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It ended just before Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945.(Spitz) Inmates that were healthy were
purposely infected with malaria by mosquitoes or were injected. Three to five inmates were infected
with Malaria per month, so they could be used to infect other inmates.(Rosenberg) The people that
were subjects in the Malaria experiments,either died, or suffered severe pain and a permanent
disability. Everyone that was accused in the Malaria Experiments were sentenced to death by
hanging, except seven who were given sentences of five years to life of hard

Medical Experiments In The Holocaust
The Nazis made scientific contributions to the world in the Holocaust through their medical
experiments and government initiatives, resulting from their military research experiments and the
medical experiments conducted in concentration camps. The Nazis conducted their military research
to aid the German military and its citizens. The medical experiments conducted at concentration
camps, most of which, resulted in physical torture and death, had limited data and insufficient
results. Widespread diseases in the Aryan race caused the Nazis to research possible vaccinations
and immunizations against the disease. The ideas of eugenics and racial hygiene inspired doctors
and physicians alike to conduct experiments proving the superiority ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists at Ravensbruck "tested the efficacy of sulfanilamide and the regeneration of bones in the
human body" (University of Toronto). Sulfanilamide is still used today to restrict the growth of
certain bacteria. During WWII, the Nazis were afraid that the Allies would "attack with phosgene
gas, so Doctor Birkenbach was ordered to find a means of protection against such poisoning"
(Gomes 2). Phosgene is used today as a chemical in the production of pesticides, but the Chief
Administrator of the EPA chose to forgo the use of the Nazi data because of the harshness of the
execution of the experiments. It is undeniable that the implementation of the Nazi–derived data
would boost the United States' knowledge of the effect of phosgene on humans. "Physicians
influenced the minds of many by 'scientifically' proving that the Aryans were the better race"
(Georgetown University), through rigged scientific experiments. Undesirable people, as seen by the
Third Reich, were exterminated, while others were subjected to euthanization and forced
sterilization (Fraker 13). Though the experiments were cruel, the activities of the doctors led to the
Nuremburg code, which serves as international law during war and reminds humanity to prevent the
atrocities committed by the Nazis. The actions of the good–minded scientists and physicians in Nazi
Germany provides an example of how even

The Nuremberg Code: Scientific And Medical Experiments
Throughout history, prisoners have been used for many cruel and immoral scientific and medical
experiments. For example, during World War II there were many human experiments done on
prisoners by Nazi Germany in concentration camps. As a result of this cruel treatment and the
Nuremberg Trials, the Nuremberg Code was put into place. The Nuremberg Code states that
informed consent is required when doing any type of human experimentation and these experiments
should not be conducted when there is a reason to believe that it implies a risk of death or injury.
But according to Annas and Grodin, "Nuremberg Code extended no further than the boundaries of
the wartime Third Reich. The Nuremberg Code has never been "used in a criminal case" and at best
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On page 128, Skloot describes how a doctor used a prison in Ohio for his experimentation;
"Southam chose the Ohio prison because its inmates had cooperated in several other
studies...including one in which they'd been infected with a potentially deadly disease called
tularemia." Skloot goes on to state "research on inmates would come under scrutiny and start being
heavily regulated about fifteen years later, because they'd be considered a vulnerable population
unable to give informed consent. But at the time, prisoners nationwide were being used for research
of all kinds.." (page 129) After doing research, I have learned more about human experimentation
and about the laws that prohibit the use of prisoners as

Nazi Medical Experiments During The Holocaust
George Noah Fudge
English 10
October 17, 2014
Ms. Childs
WWII Nazi medical experiments Essay The essay you will be reading about will contain how Nazi
science experiments were inhuman. There will be some experiments you will be reading that
actually occurred during WWII.
Nazi human experiments were a series of medical experiments done on large numbers of prisoners
most of them were Jewish and Jewish children were included too from Europe, but there were some
other races too such as Romani, Ethnic Poles, Soviet POWs and non–Jewish Germans. Caused by
Nazi's in Germany in the concentration camps in the early 1940s during WWII and the Holocaust.
The prisoners did not willingly volunteer usually the experiments ended in death or disfigurement of
permanent disability. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once you read about some of the things they did to the people in their so called science experiments
is hard to believe that humans actually did that to other humans. Like there was one where they
were testing mustard gas burns. They exposed the people to it deliberately then once they had the
burns they would study them. Another one they were testing was head injury experiments. They
took this little boy about ten, eleven, or twelve and strapped him down to a chair where he could not
move and just above his head was a mechanized hammer that would come down every few seconds
and hit him on the head. Eventually he was driven insane. This isn't even a science experiment this
is pure torture. strapped him down to a chair where he could not move and just above his head was a
mechanized hammer that would come down every few seconds and hit him on the head. Eventually
he was driven insane((head injury

Medical Research Experiments
Have you ever wondered how medicine has progressed throughout the centuries? Medicine has
gone from simple herbal remedies to powerful medications for pain and infections. Yet, how is it
that physicians know so much about diseases, infections, the signs and symptoms, and the treatment
of those diseases? In some cases, unethical medical experiments were conducted to figure out how
diseases were transmitted and the symptoms that people would present if they were ill with that
particular disease. This would then lead the physicians to observe how the disease would progress
from beginning to end without any medical interventions, which often involved letting the person
die. Then physicians might intervene with several medical interventions at different stages of the
disease, such as medication, vaccination or surgery–to figure out when the interventions would best
be suited for that particular disease. However, does this justify the actions of the doctors and
researchers who conducted these unethical medical experiments? Many critics argue that these
experiments were not only unethical but also immoral. Yet, unethical medical research has greatly
impacted and contributed to modern medicine today. Due to these experiments several medical
discoveries were made, such as vaccinations, which have allowed our doctors to have more
knowledge on how to identify diseases and how to treat the patients, reducing the mortality rate and
allowing our life expectancy to increase. Although, the

The Importance Of Medical Research Experiments
Four healthy subjects (3 males, 1 female, age = 21 ± 2 years; weight = 85.5 ± 35.5kg; height = 173.5
± 10.5 cm; weekly physical activity = 7 ± 2 hours) with no prior lower extremity injuries
volunteered, and gave informed consent to participate in the study. An experimental, longitudinal
study approach was taken with no control group applied, where subjects knew the intention of the
study. Pre–and post–measurements were taken for analysis. Prior to conducting the study all of the
subjects had to complete a medical history assessment questionnaire, and reported to the research
laboratory where they were measured in the following categories to obtain anthropometrical data;
Mass, height, and age. Subjects height and mass were conducted and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Once the subject had completed the warm up session, they were then instructed to stand on the
Biodex Balance System (BSS) (Biodex, Shirley, New York, USA), using the leg that they would use
to kick a football with. (All of the subjects were dominant using their right foot). They were allowed
to flex their dominant knee up to 10° to ensure that the talo–crural joint was mainly targeted during
testing. They were also required to maintain an upright posture, and to maintain a comfortable knee
angle with the unsupported leg. If the subject were to touch the support railings during the
assessment, it would invalidate the results and have to be repeated. Once in position, the platform
was unlocked allowing for movement. The subjects were then instructed to adjust their dominant
foot's position until they found the position at which they were at the most comfortable and stable.
This was done to establish the subject's ideal foot positioning for testing. The platform was then
locked, and subjects were told to maintain their foot position. This position was used for testing, and
recorded by investigators. The testing protocol consisted of a single 20 second test using level 8
resistance provided by the BSS. This process was then repeated for the opposite limb. Each subject
then received a figure of eight, heel lock strapping to their dominant foot using Zinc Oxide and
Elastic Adhesive Bandage (EAB) and were

The Methods of Execution and the Medical Experiments at...
The Methods of Execution and the Medical Experiments at Auschwitz My report will deal with the
ways the prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp were executed, and also the medical
experiments that took place. Accurate statistics were not kept, but the estimation of deaths that took
place at Auschwitz ranged from 1.5 million to 4 million. Jews were the largest number of people
who were killed. Poles and Soviet prisoners were also killed. The principle sites of Auschwitz, were
the executions took place, were in the courtyard, and also block 11. The methods of execution were
hangings, shootings, starvation, and being gassed. The decision to shoot a prisoner could be made
by the Gestapo, or by the SS. Suspects of resistance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prisoners would be held in a single cell in block 11. Food and water were withheld from them.
Each day an SS officer would look through a peephole to see if the prisoners were still alive. About
every other day the dead bodies would be removed. Auschwitz had gas chambers that were made to
resemble showers. The unskilled people that arrived were told that they would be cleaned and to go
to the showers. When they got in the doors they were immediately locked and the gas was turned
on. In the gas chambers up to 1,500 people could be killed at one time, and it took from 10–20
minutes for the people to die. The Nazis used a cyanide gas, which was called Zyklon–B. This type
of gas was manufactured by a pest–control company. Medical experiments were done on many of
the prisoners of the concentration camp, but mostly on twins, and dwarfs. The main medical doctor
that conducted these experiments was Joseph Mengel who was also known as the "Angle of death."
The main types of medical experiments dealt with freezing/hypothermia, genetics, infectious
diseases, interrogation, torture, genocide, high altitude, pharmacological, sterilization, surgery, and
traumatic injuries. Freezing/hypothermia were conducted by the Nazi high command to simulate
what the armies suffered on the Eastern Front. The experiments were divided into two parts. The
first part was to determine how long that it takes to lower the body temperature so the person dies,
and

Medical Experiments During The Holocaust
Types of Medical Experiments of the Holocaust In the Hippocratic Oath, it states, "I will prevent
disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure" (Tyson). Dr. Josef Mengele, other
physicians and encampment staff, in charge of medical experiments at concentration camps,
discarded this principle, and others, when they chose to mutilate and preform inhumane experiments
on innocent people. The people they victimized, were forced to participated for they did not have
the option to oppose. During the Holocaust, experiments were conducted upon mainly Jewish
people or prisoners from Russia and Poland (Spitz) . Though there were numerous experiments
being preformed, it was broken down into; Racial, war–injury, and pharmaceutical experiments.
Racial experiments not only contributed to genocide, it also answered the pondering ... Show more
To assist in the process of ethnic cleansing of anyone who did not meet the racial standards of the
Nazi party, they used methods of sterilization to stop the reproduction of that certain ethnicity.
Surgery of both male and female were established to be too slow of a process for their standards,
and only needed for cases of which the patient had a form of hereditary diseases (page 192, Spitz).
Their solution to make their genocide experiment more efficient, was to either inject a compound of
caladium plant into the uterus of women or the use of X–rays on the genitals of both genders. Of
those two, X–ray were proved, in only high dosages of radiation, to produce the most mass
destruction and closeness to their goal of ethnic extermination (page 195–196, Spitz). Thousands of
victims lost their ability to create a

Essay about Medical Experiments on Animals Create Abuse...
The Screams Behind the Creams:
An Analysis of Vivisection in the Medical Industry
19.5 million animals are killed every year due to different experiments being tested on the animals.
Vivisection is the use of live animals during operation for scientific research. Such animals may
include: dogs, cats, primates, guinea pigs, and hamsters. One of the most common forms of
vivisection is the experimentation for medical purposes such as making new medicines. The use of
animals in the medical industry should be prohibited, in order for the industries to stop abusing the
animals and causing them to suffer.
When scientists experiment on animals many precautionary measures are disregarded and therefore
animals experience an excessive amount of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In addition to the torment of the actual experiments, animals in laboratories are deprived of
everything that is natural and important to them–they are confined to barren cages, socially isolated,
and psychologically traumatized" (Animal Experiments: Overview). The animals have their entire
natural habitat taken away from them while being tested. Without their normal surroundings, it is
hard for them to behave and live like their species. If a person were to have all of their possessions
taken away, they would be inferior and victimized. The animals feel this way. Scientists take the
animals for granted and forget that the animals have feelings too. The habitats that the facilities
provide for the animals could be viewed as poorly as the quality of treatment for animals The
environments of the facilities used to house the animals do not correspond with the environments
that the animals would live in, in the wild. One of the criteria a vivisection laboratory must follow is
to "provide ethologically appropriate facilities (i.e., as would occur in their natural environment) for
those chimpanzees..." (NIH to Reduce Significantly the Use of Chimpanzees in Research). The
facilities that the chimpanzees are in must match the environment they would be in if they were in
the wild. This criteria helps to eliminate the abuse of the animals, however not all facilities are
required to have the animals in their own habitat–like

Ethical And Unethical Medical Experiments
In the fourth century B.C., the renowned Greek physician Hippocrates created the Hippocritical
Oath. This oath, a code of conduct followed by physicians from the very beginnings of medical
history, proclaims that one must do no harm to their patients or subjects. It also requires that the
person swearing this oath leads an "exemplary personal and professional life" (Briticanna, 2008).
Nowhere in this oath does Hippocrates even insinuate that a doctor cannot perform experiments on a
human being, nor does he deem it unethical. However, a handful of "doctors" have crossed the fine
line that distinguishes the difference between ethical and unethical human medical experimentation.
Josef Mengele did far more than just cross that line. He conducted his experiments without any
recognition of its existence. "The Angel of Death," (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,
2015) was a cruel scientist with a sadistic mentality. He would walk through hordes of new arrivals,
searching for twins ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The twins screamed in pain, both night and day, until they contracted gangrene and eventually died
(Bulow, Eva and Miriam, 2015). In another, Mengele killed fourteen sets of twins in one night with
chloroform injections straight to the heart (Lifton, 1986).
Not only would he perform radical surgeries, but he would also inject one twin with a series of
diseases and wait for the child to die. Then, the other twin would be killed in order to perform a
cross examination of the effect the disease had on the subjected body. That is not all that was done
to the body after death. "Dissection of the corpses for final medical analysis is well documented by
Nyiszli and by Lifton." And, in addition to the injection of diseases, he also injected dye as well as
other unknown substances into the eyes of the children, presumably trying to change the color
(Bard,

Ethical Use Of Medical Experiments Or Torture?
Experiments or Torture?
Imagine being trapped in a cage for a lifetime. Picture being tortured through "experiments." This is
the life many animals in biomedical research are forced to live . Nowadays, most of the animal
experiments are conducted on mice, rats, fish, and other animals that are excluded from the Animal
Welfare Act of 1966. Animal experiments cause psychological and physical harm to the animals
with a complete lack of respect for their quality of life which is why they must be banned.
The effect that biomedical research experiments have on these animals is detrimental. According to
the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, PCRM researchers found in a 2011 study that
"previously–traumatized chimpanzees exhibited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Justin Goodman and coworkers, the use of mice "reflects scientists' and laypersons'
greater moral concern for animals in laboratories who are typically viewed as companion animals or
as being human–like or having higher mental abilities"(Casey 2/4). Even though these scientists are
a little more concerned, they still hold little respect for mice because they are not deemed "worthy"
to them. These animals suffer immensely through testing because these scientists believe that they
are worthless. In addition, PETA said that "95 percent of mice bred for these cruel experiments don't
carry the desired gene, they're typically killed right after birth"(Bend 2/4). How inconsiderate the
scientists are is shown through the killing of the young mice straight after birth because they are not
the way the scientists want. These younglings barely have the chance to experience life because of
the cruel nature of those who conduct research. Some people may say that these "experiments" help
create medicine that can help save lives, but these experiments destroy the lives of the animals. Plus,
it does not always work.According to Peggy J. Parks, a drug called Vioxx which appeared safe when
tested on animals ended up causing "more than 100,000 heart attacks and strokes among people in
the United States" (Parks 16). A lot of people suffered because the drug did not have the same

Ethical Issues In Medical Experiments
While designing research and searching for subjects, medical workers and researchers have faced
and still face profound ethical challenges. They have found that interests of knowledge and science
do not always follow the same road as the interests of their subjects' health (Mills and Morris 66).
Obtaining full informed consent, balancing risks and benefits, maximizing subject autonomy, and
developing results into treatment is complex and difficult. The government, review committees and
researchers have also had tense interactions as oversight and transparency come up. Most
researchers have ended up experimenting on groups of people who are similar in backgrounds: the
majority being low socioeconomic classes, low education, minority cultural ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Yusef Abdul Saliquu (Butch Anthony), reflecting on his experiences in experiments in Holmesburg
Prison, believes scientists should not be allowed to conduct any medical research in prisons. He
points out that main problems included lack of informed consent and skewed risks and benefits
(McGinn 138). Saliquu says he has lost his trust in medical officials, who despite "good intentions"
and a "proper start" may end up doing bad in an environment that is "too risky and corrupt"
(McGinn 139). However, other people want the right to participate in research. In 1973, people from
a county prison in Pennsylvania protested the ban in the New York Times saying research programs
helped them financially (Mills 63, Morris; Capron 5). The National Commission for the Protection
of Human Subjects discovered that people in prison volunteered for research expecting a "thorough
medical examination and possibly follow up treatment" (Mishkin

The Pros And Cons Of Nazi Medical Experiments
During Hitler's mass killing of about six million, Nazis imprisoned many Jews and other races they
thought inferior to them in concentration camps. Within the walls of these camps, the Nazi doctors
had many opportunities to experiment on the prisoners at the camp in various ways. During the
Holocaust, the Nazis performed many different medical experiments on the prisoners at the
concentration camps which proved to lacerate and scar the victims of the medical experiment.
One type of experiment that the Nazis performed on the prisoners of the concentration camps could
fall into the classification of twin experiments. These experiments dealt with twins going through
examination and observation. Taken for examination, the twins entered the concentration camps for
"three days of what must have been psychological examination and three days of laboratory
experiments" ("The Holocaust: Nazi Medical Experiments", 1998). During these three days when
the experiments took place, the doctors photographed the twins to compare features between the
twins. After the twins went through examination and the process of photographing, "Mengele and
his collaborators dispatched them with a single injection of chloroform to the heart," (Tyson, 2000).
Mengele conducted most of the twin experiments at the Auschwitz camp because he found twins
very intriguing, so he dedicated his time to their experiments. During and after the injection, "care
was taken to ensure the twins died at the same time. The

Ethical Medical Experiments: The Aversion Project
The Aversion Project was a medical torture program led by Dr. Aubrey Levin in the 1970's and
1980's during South Africa's apartheid army. While the exact number of participants is unknown, it
is believed that the project conducted approximately 900 "sexual reassignment" operations in effort
to rid the army of homosexuality, which during this time was considered a mental illness. The
project mainly subjected homosexual male soldiers, predominantly white and between the ages of
16–24, and, on the rare occasion, lesbian women to various forms of unethical medical experiments,
such as behaviour therapy, chemical castration, electric shock, and in more severe cases 'sex–
change' operations. Researchers, such as Dr. Aubrey Levin, believed that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(M., 2008) Participants were first subjected to behavior therapy in which they were electrically
shocked while exposed to pictures of naked men to create a negative association between the two.
They were also subjected to narcoanalysis, in which they were semi–conscious and only able to
answers question with facts they already know. Many were chemically castrated with a vast doses of
hormones. The next stage in treatment was gender reassignment surgery. Subjects were given new
identities, discharged from the military, and were forced to cut themselves off from family and
friends. The causality rates; however, were extremely high for this procedure (Kaplan, 2004).
Homosexuality is not a "disease" as Dr. Levin and his colleagues would call it. During the process
of this experiment, Levin learned that forced gender reassignment paired with other harsh methods
does not cure hmosexuality, instead it can make indivduals reluctant to reveal their self– accepted
lifestyles, can cause ideations of self–harm due to the emotional distress and mental confusion, and
are overall detrimental to the individual's'

Medical Experiments In The Holocaust
The Holocaust in World War II is one the many cases of genocide. Millions of people were killed, or
injured during the war. People were held in places called concentration camps. In the camps, people
were dehumanized. They were treated like animals, and hurt. Sometimes they were even put through
unethical treatments and medical experiments. Medical experiments are often talked about during
times of war, as most of the time they are unethical, and a crime against humanity, as in the case of
the experiments during the Holocaust. The medical experiments, and the trials that followed were
the first trials for the crimes against humanity. The medical experiments of the Holocaust were a
horrendous crime against humanity because they needlessly slaughtered ... Show more content on
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The doctors of the Holocaust were cruel people. They did not care about the people they hurt to get
the results the so desperately were seeking. They killed many in the experiments, killed some to
hide evidence, and killed others without reason. All of the people involved were supposed to go on
trial for their crimes. In some cases, they did not go on trial, or receive little to no sentencing. Some
doctors were tried during what was known as the as the Nuremberg trials, or the Doctors Trial, a
total of "23 leading German physicians and administrator" (7) were tried for crimes against
humanity. These people were involved the the torture and murder of innocent people. These people
were tried as only 23 out of the 200 physicians (3), as some people like Josef Mengele, known for
his experiments on kids, escaped, and "lived for 35 years hiding under various aliases"(8). People
like Mengele escaped any sort of punishment for years. They never faced justice for their actions.
This was not fair to the people who suffered because of people like him, and their families. Of the
23 put on trial, "Sixteen of the doctors were found guilty. Seven were sentenced to death." (7). Only
sixteen got in trouble and faced punishment for their ungodly acts. This means seven doctors
escaped punishment on

Animals in Medical Experiments Essay
Animal experimentation has been credited for the medicines made to assist diabetes, vaccines for
smallpox, deep brain stimulation for parkinson's disease, and many more along with millions of
dollars spent on failed experiments, millions of animal deaths a year, misleading data and an overall
bigger loss than gain. The main point of animal testing is to benefit the safety and overall health of
humans, but testing on non humans to learn about humans doesn't contribute to the cause. Humans
have the voice protective of their own lives and demand rights, though every living creature
deserves the right to life and to safety. The way these animals are being treated is heinous and
insulting to the human race, as it subsides our morals and some ... Show more content on
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Rats show us that they are of senses and are similar to humans, if they weren't we wouldn't be
testing on them, rats aren't less intelligence to other animals; So they deserve rights just as other
animals.
Animal testing models live generally deplorable and very restricted. These animals are deprived of
social interaction and proper living environments their entire lives. This often causes odd behaviors
that could very well interfere with every experiment. For example large Rhesus monkeys are kept in
two feet by three feet cages and they developed abnormal "neurotic" behavior, such extreme
conditions make the animal's text results very questionable. (Fox) Scientists ignore the animal's
stuffing and call it "adaptive" because it is due to their unfitting environments. Scientists also put
aside their mental, emotional, psychological and social suffering and it's significance on their
projects.There are laws against the cruelty against animals that live in our homes but an animal bred
to test on has almost no safety rights; rats and mice have none at all. These specimens are burned,
cut open, shocked, poisoned, socially isolated, starved, dehydrated, forcibly restrained, addicted to
drugs, brain damaged, given birth defects, and killed in various pointless experiments(Chanda). Not
many humans can even imagine having any of those things being done to them, yet everyday we
take the power over a

Auschwitz Survivor: Medical Experiments
" Since Auschwitz we know what man is capable of. And since Hiroshima we know what is at stake.
– Victor Frankl Auschwitz Survivor. The Auschwitz concentration camp was one of the worst
holocaust camps where over one million prisoners experienced brutal living conditions, execution,
or were used for medical experiments. Auschwitz was one of the many camps operated by Nazi
Germany to make their "enemies" suffer for what they think made them lost The Great War. Do you
think these people and prisoners were innocent to these crimes against them? The prisoners this did
happen to didn't think so much of it. The first Auschwitz camp began construction in April of 1940,
in a abandoned Polish army barracks in Oswiecim. The first prisoners at Auschwitz ... Show more
"Those who did escape the gas chambers ended up dying from overwork, disease, and lack of
nutrition". The Jews and different people at this camp were worked until falling on the ground, and
then yelled at and beaten for being tired. People at Auschwitz were not fed properly, at breakfast
they got coffee,at lunch watery soup, and at dinner was a piece of bread. Experiments done on
prisoners in Auschwitz was run by Dr. Joseph Mengele, and these experiments were inhumane. Dr.
Mengele wanted to study about the eye color, so he would take a random child and inject serum into
the kid's eye causing excruciating pain for one of his many experiments. Dr.Mengele also used twins
for his experiments, Joseph would put Chloroform into the twins hearts to see if they would die at
same the time, it caused death to every person. "Arbitrary executions, torture, and beatings were
present everyday in front of other prisoners". The SS would kill anybody they think deserved death,
the SS were ruthless to the prisoners at Auschwitz. Family members would kill each other for food
sometimes, and SS officials would hold prisoners in rooms and torture them sometimes to death.
The prisoners at Auschwitz were present to inhumane experiments, wrongful deaths, and painful

Ethical Constraints In Medical Experiments
Although scholars have obtained verbal histories and generic written documentation evidencing the
general research activities of these low–status prisoner doctors, little identifying information has
been found recording the names of these prisoner doctors, or the roles they played in specific
experiments. However, there are a few examples where identifying information about specific
prisoner doctors was recorded and retained. For example, typhus began to spread feverishly through
the ranks of the German front line, and SS officials such as Heinrich Himmler and Medical Chief
Ernst–Robert Grawitz, were impatient for a vaccine. When the facility where typhus vaccine
research was being conducted was bombed by the allies, the head physician, Dr. ... Show more
Many of the mid–status non–prisoner doctors conducted research to benefit the Nazi military effort.
Research on altitude, sea–water, and mustard gas was conducted to help increase the survival rate of
navy, air force, and army personnel. In order to do so, the mid–status doctors were required to either
suspend, or redefine their moral code, to serve their higher purpose of careerism. The first group of
these experiments, the high–altitude experiments, were done under the supervision of Dr. Sigmund
Rascher, an SS doctor at the Dachau camp. High–altitude research duplicated the atmospheric
conditions a German pilot might encounter in combat when falling great distances through space
without a parachute and source of oxygen. Altitude experiments were carried out by locking the
prisoner in an airtight, low–pressure chamber, then simulating high altitude atmospheric conditions
and pressures up to 68,000 feet.25 The prisoner was observed to see the conditions at which a
German pilot would not be able to survive. The unprecedented opportunity to use live human
subjects accelerated Rascher's research efforts; the research was extraordinarily [MISSING]German
air force to benefit the pilots.26 Dr. Rascher, in the extreme environment of the Nazi concentration
camp, clearly was unconcerned with the moral breach required to conduct the lethal high–altitude
experiments. Rascher's career, unhindered by medical ethics, was enhanced by having produced this
groundbreaking research, as "in science, professional success is determined by the publication of...
[credible] research."27 [MISSING; DID HE PUBLISH?]. Another non–prisoner doctor, Dr.
Wilhelm Beiglboeck conducted seawater experiments to improve naval personnel's chances of
survival in a potable water shortage emergency. The primary purpose of the research was to develop
a method of making seawater drinkable

Nazi Medical Experiment Essay

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Nazi Medical Experiment Essay