The Effects Of Human Activity On Coastal Landforms

The Effects of Human Activity on Coastal Landforms
The Effects of Human Activity on Coastal Landforms
Human activities add another layer of complexity to the natural processes of coastal lands and
materials. These activities may have direct or indirect effects on our changing coastlines. They may
effect sources of new sediment to the coast and the movement of sediment within the coastal
environment.
Sediment starvation caused by river and coastal management is one effect of human activities on the
coast. For some coastal regions, such as the Pacific coast, a large part of their sediment is supplied
by rivers. Dams built for flood control and water catchment along the rivers leading to these coasts
inhibit the transport of large grained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This leaves the sand dunes more susceptible to erosion causing blowouts and disrupting the
succession of vegetation in the area. This has been a problem at Studland Bay in Dorset on the south
coast of England. Persistent human leisure activities on the dunes has led to substantial erosion in
some parts of these dunes which has meant that Management programs have had to been introduced
by English Nature.
Sand dunes help absorb the pounding of high waves and reduce overwash flooding in storms. It has
become common for sand dunes to be bulldozed to improve the views to the sea. However this
destroys the natural protection of the coast.
Human activities such as water transport also can cause problems for coastal areas. The dredging of
navigation channels and the discharging of the material in deep water to enable larger ships to travel
though water channels removes sediment from the coastal system leaving the area susceptible to
erosion and will also interfere with longshore drift which will prevent the coastal beach landforms
from being maintained such as the development of a spit. It is likely that a spit will be eroded and
start to regress in conditions such as these. An example is Spurn head Spit. Spurn head is lcated, on
the humber Estuary in North East England. The growth
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Salt Marshes : Natural Environments
Salt marshes are vegetated mudflats commonly found in high intertidal zones on many low–lying
coasts in a wide range of temperate environments (Thomas and Goudie, 2000). They vary
considerably throughout the world both in ecology and geomorphology. This coastal ecosystem is of
great importance. It has specialized salt–tolerant vegetation (halophytes) which traps silt particles
and consolidates the environment through processes of vegetation succession (Holden, J. 2012).
Hence, salt marshes are biodiverse and highly productive. They are a vital home for marine life and
act as a natural barrier for the shoreline against coastal storms and erosion, by absorbing wave
power. However, salt marshes are rapidly decreasing, blurring the concept of them being considered
'natural' environments. Due to artificial ditches, sedimentation fields, defenses against erosion and
often land use, salt marshes can be classified as semi–natural (Jan, P. Bakker 2014).
The key reasons behind the notion that salt marshes are 'natural' environments are debated. On the
one hand, "For a salt marsh to be classified as 'natural' it must feature undisturbed geomorphological
conditions and have no history of direct management", states Jan P. Bakker (2014). They must have
a natural drainage system and no human disturbances. Alternatively, grazing can be due to natural
grazers such as geese, hares and pygmy rats. According to Jan P. Bakker (2014) 'natural' salt
marshes are very rare as a result of

Gold Coast Surfing Event Proposal
Gold Coast Surfing Event Proposal
Brief covering letter:
Greetings and salutations CEO Mark Peters,
Thank you for your time and consideration regarding this proposal for a sporting event, surfing, for
the Gold Coast Commonwealth Games. In the report that follows, there will be several elements.
There will be an introduction to the report, an explanation of the event, justification of the event
with respect to the perspective of stakeholders, and a recommendation or conclusion at the end of
the report. Other elements include identification of stakeholders and consumers, ample research of
surfing culture, surfing tourism, surfing as it relates to sports science & engineering, and the history
of surfing as tourism in Australia, with specific attention to the Gold Coast. The proposal serves to
answer questions, address concerns, and define the event as a way to positively promote tourism,
sustainable living, entertainment, and economic activity.
Thank you again for your time and consideration.
Regards,
Student First and Last names
Introduction
The proposed event is composed of several smaller ones. As part of the Commonwealth Games on
the Gold Coast, I propose the inclusion of a Surfing event. The culminating event may be the surf
competition itself and there can be other elements of surf culture going on concurrently with the
competition, so as to create a more festival type atmosphere. Tourists and participants may enjoy the
surf competition as well as the

Essay On Coastal Erosion
2.1 Question
The coast is a very desirable place to live for many people and house prices in these areas remain
high. The coast gives a relaxed lifestyle with beautiful surroundings and regular opportunities for
recreational activities. There are still many people who doubt that current environmental conditions
will have an immediate impact on their choice to live on the coast. However this is not true, with
these environmental conditions already proving destructive in areas such as Pacifica, California.
This report will investigate the impacts of coastal erosion on in the lives of people living on the
coast.
2.2 Introduction
The coast is the most vulnerable biome to erosion. The coast is subject to extreme weather events
like cyclones, strong ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As this is a process is not the result of pollution, nor any human errors. Wave cut platforms are just a
normal part of our planet evolution. Problem such as these are difficult to fix as we cannot control
them. However, many attempts have been made to try and stop these issues but there are still many
more ways to solve this issue.
Some short term strategies such as sea wall have been developed in areas with similar problems
have found to have delayed impacts of erosion on the coastline, but have had negative impacts on
close to shore sea life as the rising sea level drowns animals such as crabs who need occasional air
and suffering when fully emerged in water with no escape. The rising sea level with the wall also
diminishes all vegetation in which is crucial for a lot of the sea life.
(Dalrymple, 1999)
A long term strategy to stop coastal erosion includes addressing global warming to the coastal
communities. This can happen by stopping the overuse of carbon to then ultimately slow down
global warming and stopping sea level rise. If sea level rise continues means the more water the
storms have the more impact the weather will have against the land. These storms including the El'
Nino storm has been getting more harmful each year; larger waves, stronger storms, and heavier
winds. These harmful impacts leads to wave cut platforms to forming

Measuring The Effectiveness Of The Coastal Zone Management...
Measuring the Effectiveness of the Coastal Zone Management Act in the United States
Emily M. Joyce
ENVM 646 – Fall 2014
Introduction
In 1972, the U.S. Congress approved the federal Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA). The
CZMA gives a structure for improved management of the coastal and lands and waters of the
nations coastal zone. It was intended to provide broad policy direction, federal fiscal means, and
legal tools as incentives to coastal states wishing to modernize their aptitude for coastal
management. Participating states had to go through a planning and development stage and then
submitted a proposal for approval. Most of the state programs were approved in the late 1970s and
early 1980s, with ongoing implementation.
Since it's passage, the CZMA there have been numerous efforts to evaluate the success of the state
and local programs. The evaluations have varied broadly in scope, focus, and methods used. Most
have relied on the descriptions of the processes, case studies, expert opinions and public perceptions
to gauge success.
Structure and Policy Context of the CZM in the United States
A main item of coastal management exercise in the U.S. is the series of programs and activities of
all levels of government that directly linked to the federal CZMA. Under the CZMA, federal, states,
and local, are given important roles to play and flexibility in choosing their roles. This results in
varied costal programs, which gives certain challenges for a

Coastal Management Rbsc Environment Research Beach Coast
Maroubra surf lifesaving club How effective are the coastal management strategies used at present
in your local beach area? The coastal management strategies are not very effective as gathered from
the surveys. On average, the participating surveyees gave the strategies a 4 out of a possible 5. This
data were gathered from visitors/neighbourhoods who visit on average frequently. The main concern
that would need conventional changes are council clean ups for rubbish track paths, washrooms and
toilets, increase and improvement in stores and clubs as well as the immediate removal of pet litter.
Responses such as naturalness, unspoilt landscape, relaxing view are rated highly when people
stated what they liked about the beach. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And at local/state non–government organisations (coast care) Since 1989, the Beachwatch Program
has been monitoring the water quality at Sydney's beaches. Beachwatch involves routine water
samples being taken at our beaches for testing against key indicators of pollution. Are these
strategies used in the coastline within Randwick city council boundaries and how effective are these
management strategies? These strategies are sustainable and appropriate however more immediate
action should be taken based on visitors' opinions and beliefs. Coastal management strategies are
simply requirement strategies like council clean ups, and does not include necessary updates and
improvements in facilities and stores. This beach is lacking in short and long term major
improvement plans as it's an undervalued beach in contrast to more populated beaches. Councils and
governments are putting off major plans for a small town beach which is the reason for its slow
upgrade time period and lack of serious management. 23 SURVEYS ON LOCAL
RESIDENTS/VISTOR OPINIONS LOCATIONS OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES:
MAROUBRA BEACH Specifically on locations of: Kids playground park, Mahon rock pool,
skatepark, picnic grounds, shops, track paths (jogging)

Human Impact on the Coastal Landscape
Perry Newton
Student # 000–00 1818
Geog 222 Section (1)
Mrs Sandra Burrows
Date: November 4, 2008
The Human Impact on Coastal Landscape
The relationship between humans and their environment is a topic that engenders much debate.
Humans are intellectual. They can think, reason, feel and make deductions or hypothesis and seek to
solve or prove their deductions or theories. The environment on the other hand is inanimate and
exists by means of natural laws and principles that govern the universe. It cannot prevent man's
exploitations; it cannot take up arms and fight. However, in its own way, by natural laws, it makes
efforts to purge and renew itself from the effects of man's endeavors. Mangor (2002) argues that like
the ocean that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it is an integral part of the physical geography of the coastal landscape. The ocean by its
natural processes influences the amount of sand on the beaches, the availability of marine life and
the existence of mangroves that bedecks wetlands. It supplies food for the birds, food for fauna and
flora and food for the multitudes of fishes and other life forms within its borders. Mangor (2002)
observed that the coasts and its adjacent areas on and off shore is an important part of the local
ecosystem as the mixture of fresh water and salt water in estuaries provides many nutrients for
marine life. He noted further, that salt marshes and beaches also support a diversity of plants,
animals and insects crucial to the food chain. Humans in there quest to be innovative and to improve
their lot, have engaged in activities that have altered the normal flow of the ocean, and largely have
altered the coast itself. Some of their activities have destroyed forever the landscape and have
inflicted un–repairable damage to it. One way in which humans have impacted the coastal landscape
is by destroying mangroves and wet lands for development purposes. In Nassau, Bahamas, this
activity is glaring. Bulldozers are used to push down mangroves and to "fill" in wet lands in order to
erect gated communities and at times touristic enterprises. This action invariably alters forever the
coastal landscape and destroys the absorption and stabilizing capabilities of the coast

The Coastal And Marine Conservation And Management Approaches
1. Introduction The Coastal and marine conservation and management approaches are focused on a
restricted area of significant human usage for practises such as; recreational and commercial fishing
and leisure, and highly active biologically. The coastal marine ecosystem has been suffering a
general tendency of population growth and, nowadays, has been also linked with industrial increase
(Pietersen & Beekman 2006). However its benefits might be essential to stakeholders, as a
consequence of this constant disproportional growth, the threats are becoming more visual, which
also increases the awareness. That, added to the recognition of the coastal environment, existing and
emerging threats and important economic value, implies that a feasible management approach is
necessary. The difficulties met in planning and management starts at the very first step; identifying
and prioritizing the problems (Scherer et al. 2014). Thus, the most feasible and effective approach
encountered will be discussed posteriorly to the main threats; such as overfishing, pollution and
climate change, in which incorporates ocean temperature rise, sea level rises and ocean acidification
(Stelzenmüller & Martìn 2009). 2. Threats It is important to highlight that most coastal
environments, due mainly to anthropogenic events, are constantly exposed to the majority of these
problems, not individually. The synergistic effects of human disturbance expand considerably the
responses. In other words, stresses

The Dangers of Coastline Changes Essay
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Countering The Effects of High Seas 2
Hurricanes 3
Beach Protection 5
New Protection Methods 6
Conclusion 6
References 7
Introduction
Coastline changes due to weather and human intervention represent a major concern for coastal
planners all over the world. Coastline changes, not only has an effect on citizens who own property
by the seaside, it also has a major effect on our business here at McDuff. While beaches may be
vacation spots for some, their disappearance through erosion a great ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Figure 1: Effects of Accretion (Komar, 1976)
During the summer months, when the seas are calmer and the waves smaller, beaches tend to build
up. This process is known as accretion (http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/SNT/noframe/cr133.htm). If the
amount of winter erosion exceeds summer accretion, there is overall erosion with the land behind
the beach being eroded as the beach retreats inland. The rate of retreat is called the erosion rate.
Erosion may be due to one or more factors: for example, a severe winter swell, a recent hurricane,
the death of an adjacent coral reef or interference in the supply of sand. Conversely, if accretion
exceeds erosion, the beach gets wider over time and accretionary features, such as cuspate forelands,
tom bolos, spits and bars, may develop (see Figure 1).
Hurricanes
Extreme events such as hurricanes are the major cause of shoreline changes in the Caribbean. Many
hurricanes originate as tropical waves off the west coast of Africa and travel across the Atlantic
Ocean gaining strength from the warm ocean waters
(http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange1/09_2.shtml). As tropical waves strengthen,
they pass through several stages, including tropical depression and tropical storm before reaching
hurricane strength. Once a system reaches tropical storm strength, it is named. Hurricanes are
further classified

Beach Erosion Essay
cruising through those small towns with souvenirs shops to each side, seafood restaurants mixed in
and public access trails to the beaches spotted along the route you will notice that the buildings
directly on the beach are on stilts. This is not just an architectural design and the fashion, but
because of the fact that the developers know that the land is being swallowed by the sea. More and
more houses, hotels, shops and restaurants have decks and some piers that lead into and over the
water. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection even has courses for those in
construction to acknowledge the erosion and increase the proper design, construction and
maintenance of erosion and sediment control. The beaches, whether sandy or rocky are the buffers
that keep the sea at bay from the land behind enemy lines. They are nature's way of saving all the
people and their livelihoods from being swept away into the deep blue yonder. When waves crash
into the beach it carries sediment with it and deposits such sediment. The alternative is that when a
wave recedes back into the ocean it carries that sediment back to sea. This is usually done at an
unequal rate, and leads to coastal erosion. In fact, coastal erosion is one of the reasons we have so
many beautiful beaches around the world due to their unique shape. Long shore currents move water
in a parallel direction of the shoreline, carrying the sand with it. But as we continue to build piers,
docks, sea walls, and jetties

Ningaloo Reef Research Paper
Ningaloo Reef
(a.) Clearly IDENTIFY the coastal environment you have chosen to search
The coastal environment I have decided to talk about today is Ningaloo Reef. The reef is on the
remote western coast of Australia, it includes one of the longest nearshore reefs in the world.
Temperate and tropical currents converge in the Ningaloo region resulting in highly diverse marine
life including spectacular coral reefs, abundant fishes and species with special conservation
significance such as turtles, whale sharks, dugongs, whales and dolphins.
(b.) Describe the location
The reefs' latitude ranges from 21°42'14"S – 24° 1'52" S (one of the highest for reefs) and the
longitude is between 113°25'E – 114° 15. The Ningaloo Reef stretches over 300 km from North
West Cape to Red Bluff, is located in the Ningaloo Marine Bioregion and is the largest fringing
coral reef in Australia, the reef is enclosed within the Ningaloo Marine Park, listed on the World
Heritage List in 1987.
Ningaloo Reef is approximately 300 km long and its area is roughly 6000 km2
(c.) Explain issues that are present in the environment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ningaloo Reef is unfamiliar with coral bleaching because it normally avoids bleaching. It fringes the
Western Australian coast and usually receives cooler water welling up from the deep, and from a
cool northward flowing current. Recent years have seen shocking marine heat waves causing vast
losses to the underwater kelp forests and corals of Western Australia. Ningaloo experienced massive
bleaching in 2011 at Bundegi, on the western side of Exmouth Gulf, where live coral cover crashed
from 80% to 6%, almost all the adult coral was

Coastal Zone Management Act Of 1972: Environmental Analysis
The area of the environmental regulation that relates closely to my proposed research is The Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972 (CZMA). The CZMA was initiated as an act to preserve, protect, and
restore, the resources of the Nation's coastal zone for future generations. This correlates with the
restoration and protection of the ecological productivity, and biological diversity of the Apalachicola
River. The issues associated with this include loss of freshwater, loss of wetland habitat, and point–
source and nonpoint–source pollution. The loss of freshwater comes from The Basin's flow level it
is dangerously reduced by extreme and persistent drought conditions. The hand of man makes these
conditions much worse. The major upstream tributaries

Beach Erosion Essay
In December 2013, a massive tidal surge flooded 1,400 homes along the east coast of the U.K.,
which has managed to destroy and tumble some of these houses into the Atlantic Ocean. Over the
next century, it is estimated that estates worth over 1 billion pounds will be lost due to the effects of
coastal erosion. And within the next 20 years, over 800 estates will be lost. Coastal erosion is the
reduction of material attached to the coastline by various natural or man led activities; coastal
erosion leads to the landward retreat of the coast. Coastal erosion endangers coastal civilisations'
livelihood and source of income thus, defending it through efficient means is important as it
stabilises the lives of the people who inhabit the coast. To ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The groyne field was placed in conjunction with beach nourishment projects to stabilise a shore that
was eroding at a gradual rate before the groynes were built. Between 1929 and 1977, the shoreline
remained relatively stable. However, after 1977, the groynes became increasingly ineffective, and
the shoreline began eroding at much higher rates due to lack of maintenance. Today, the groynes are
in poor shape and have occasionally been flanked at their landward ends(?). Several massive winter
storms have since induced severe beach erosion and threatened to reverse the achievements of the
protective measures put into place in Bethany Beach. Furthermore, a 147–year record of shoreline
positions from 1850–1997 was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the groyne field at Bethany
Beach and assess its impact on the adjacent beaches. The results indicate that the combination of the
groyne field and beach fill have effectively stabilised the beach for nearly 50 years. However, the
deterioration of the groynes and a series of large winter storms has resulted in increased beach
erosion over the last 20 years in spite of multiple large–scale beach nourishment projects. This
analysis also indicates that the combination of methods would fail without the groynes receiving
constant and efficient maintenance, regardless of whether the beach nourishment projects are
continued or not. Although the

Coastal Management Long Reef Notes Geography Essay
Coastal management The aim of this report is to investigate Long Reef and Collaroy Beach's coastal
management. Sand Dunes The Importance of Vegetation Sand dunes are a valid indication of the
quality of the soil and the surrounding ocean. When vegetation is established in sand dunes, it
stabilises it– i.e. gives the dunes structure. This structure helps prevent erosion by using the plant
life to trap the sand. Without these plants (and ultimately the sand dunes) sand will be subject to
many natural forces without protection, meaning any major storm could theoretically remove large
amounts of sand from the beach with no natural means of replenishing it. Long Reef Beach is
commendable in the amount of vegetation it has produced. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Impact of Natural Disasters Natural disasters are considered harmful in terms of coastal
management and can often cause years of work to be wiped out. It can take large amounts of sand
from the beach and remove plant life. Collaroy Beach has been a victim of such natural disasters. A
large storm back in 1945 caused Collaroy Beach to empty out a large percentage of its sand and
damaged many structures. Collaroy Beach's local council, Warringah Council, has taken action to
prevent storm damage in the future. A revetment wall has been established on the sand dunes so
waves do not cause as much damage to the dunes behind. Warringah has also purchased properties
that were residential and cleared them, so that a storm will not damage as many structures. Coastal
Management Sand Nourishment Sand nourishment refers to the replacement of sediment on beaches
that has previously been lost, generally through natural processes. It is a commonly used practice in
coastal management. Collaroy Beach uses sand nourishment as longshore drift has moved sand,
which cannot be replenished as there are rock formations preventing sediment from refilling the
beach. Collaroy Beach also does not have an established dune system, and cannot trap sand.
Management Plan A management plan

The Golden Beach And Shelly Beach
The places that are being investigated for erosion are Golden Beach, Kings Beach and Shelly Beach.
When considering what suitable coastal management strategies could be used in this area to protect
the built–up area of private homes, high rise buildings, tourist facilities and the nearby commercial
area of Golden Beach shopping center with positive environmental outcomes being mangroves and
dunal re–vegetation, positive aesthetic outcomes being looks more natural and relocation of more
animal species. The positive economic outcome of the Golden Beach area is that its cheaper and
protects from the wind, but the negative is that it takes longer, and the positive social factor is that it
gives space to walk dogs and provides more areas to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sources that were found to assist in the building of this report were as follows; the additional
resources booklet that was given by Mrs. Mansfield, Chapter 4 – Managing change in coastal
environments form the geography textbook, Dunal explanation sheet, The earth charter, http://
www.ehp.qld.gov.au/coastalmanagement/, www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au (used for comparison of the
different management strategies that used between our coasts), www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au,
www.ehp.qld.gov.au. As I can remember, there was no bias throughout any of these sources, they
simply state recommendations, explanations of coastal landforms etc. These sources were very
relevant because they extended my understanding of coastal management and helped in developing
reasonable strategies to keep our valuable coast landforms. The places that are being investigated for
erosion are Golden Beach, Kings Beach and Shelly Beach. When considering what suitable coastal
management strategies could be used in this area to protect the built–up area of private homes, high
rise buildings, tourist facilities and the nearby commercial area of Golden Beach shopping center
with positive environmental outcomes being mangroves and dunal re–vegetation, positive aesthetic
outcomes being looks more natural and relocation of more animal species. "The existing wide
shallow sand banks in the passage will further protect Golden Beach and rock walls are not likely to
be needed. Sections of

Analyzing Coastal Management Strategies Essay
Analyzing Coastal Management Strategies Coastal Management strategies need to consider not only
physical processes but also factors associated with human geography. Analyse why this is the case.
Coastal management is a means of controlling development and change in the coastal zone and
undertaking work according to agreed principles and criteria. By taking into account physical and
human geography factors and people who come from the local areas views will help to ensure that
there is good coastal management strategy. There are usually three stages in a management strategy,
understanding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are things such as sea walls, groynes and revetments. Other hard engineering techniques are
things such as the dumping of boulders and sub surface drainage When deciding what coastal
management scheme to put in place whether it a sea wall or an area to hold flood water, the people
undertaking the project must look at possible solutions that would be best in relation to physical
factors the chosen scheme will be the best scheme to limit or stop the thing that is occurring. They
are likely to take into account the rock type in the area the height of land, shape of the land and the
cause of the problem. Possible and reasonable solutions would be put forward and the best solution
in relation to the physical geography is likely to be put in place. On top of the physical
considerations come the human considerations these are things such as are they going to cause
unsightly views is it going to cause conflict between local people and the local government. Human
Factors that effect whether a coastal management scheme is put into place would be things such as,
how many people will it be protecting, what type of properties will it be protecting, (the more
expensive properties that are in the area the more likely it is that the area will have a coastal
management scheme put in place.) I believe that it is important for all coastal

Long Beach Erosion
Throughout history, the coastline of Sandy Bay has been subject to erosion. The areas focussed on in
this study are Nutgrove and Long Beach. Erosion was first documented in this area in 1813. Sea
level rise and the increase in the frequency and severity of weather events is currently having an
impact on the land cover of both Nutgrove and Long Beach and this is erosion is likely to increase
as time passes and climate change progresses.
In an attempt to combat erosion and interest more people in visiting this area an ongoing project has
been implemented along Long Beach and Nutgrove Beach. The project aims to reduce the rate of
erosion and make the area a desirable place for people to visit for many years to come. One of the
most recent additions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Along Nutgrove Beach vegetation management has been implemented to prevent and reduce future
erosion. This has been done by planting plants in the dunes in the hope of the plants trapping the
sand and preventing further erosion. As well as vegetation management to protect the dunes, a fence
has also been assembled in front of the dunes to prevent people from accessing the dunes and
causing further erosion to the dunes and damaging the vegetation. This has been successful and has
significantly reduced the extent of the erosion of the sand dunes at Nutgrove Beach.
Around the foreshore of both Long Beach and Nutgrove Beach, rocks have been added to the
foreshore to prevent further erosion of the beach. This has been successful in reducing the amount of
sand that is drawn out to sea.
The waves flowing up onto the beach have caused sand to wash up into the areas where there are
stairs coming down from the seawall. This clearly highlights the force of the waves and the
movement of the sand that is occurring as a

Brevard's Barrier Island: A Case Study
Background: The roughly 39.4 miles of Brevard's barrier island show archeological evidence of
human habitation for thousands of years. However, it wasn't until modern times, that humans built
permanent structures and roads on these geological structures that, by natural design, respond to
wind, currents and rising sea level by migrating landward or drowning (Duran Vincent & Moore,
2015). This concern is a manmade problem due to our construction on a geologically unstable
island. Our beaches are formed by the erosion of offshore rocks and promontories. The fine size
crystals of quartz and other material are carried onshore by waves and deposited on the beach.
Numerous methods have been attempted, with varying degrees of success to combat ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the realm of attempts to stave off coastal erosion and the impact of sea level rise, there are
generally two categories of accepted proposals: soft and hard solutions.
Soft solutions are commonly considered more environmentally friendly, but tend to be less effective
than hard solutions are:
Planting sea oats, beach grass and other native vegetation to stabilize the dune line. These efforts are
effective only in areas where the dune line remains in public or county owned areas. Hotels and
private residential structures have frequently been built on the dunes. Thus there would be gaps in
vegetation planting lessening the overall effectiveness. Also, this mitigation strategy slows the
drifting of dunes, it does not prevent water caused erosion or destruction of the dune lines resulting
in repeated replanting.
Lining the shore with biodegradable jute bags: These bags capture wave energy but still allow sand
to drift naturally along the coast. There is concern that these jute bags can cause damage to the local
ecology and are unsightly when decomposing which can have a negative impact on

Physical And Human Elements Of Coastal Zone Environment
Describe the interaction of physical and human elements of coastal zone environment and discuss
the different strategic response of individuals, groups and government bodies to the issue of coastal
management. The interaction between the physical and human elements of the coastal environment
has had a considerable effect on the various coastal zones in Australia and specific strategic events
responses of individuals, groups and governments. Australia has over 37 000 kilometres of coastline,
11 000 beaches and thousands of coastal landforms. Approximately 85% of Australia's population
live within 50 km of the coast. The coast is where the ocean meets the land and the coastal zone
comprises of many different environments including rivers, bays, wetlands, beaches, coral reefs,
estuaries and the continental shelf. Due to rapid urbanisation and development and other human and
physical processes such as erosion Australia's coastline, especially over the last 200 years, has been
greatly disrupted. Individuals, groups and government bodies need to manage these issues in order
to achieve a sustainable and equitable management strategies within our coastal zone. One of the
dominant physical elements that has major effects on Australian coastline is the issue of erosion.
Erosion is defined as the wearing away of physical rock by wind and water Many coastal landforms
such as cliffs, platforms, headland, caves, blowholes and stacks are formed by the process of
erosion. It is the key

Year 10 Geography Research Report
YEAR 10 GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH REPORT:
Introduction:
Cronulla is a beachside suburb in southern Sydney, it is located 34.0574° S, 151.1522° E which is
26 kilometres south of the Sydney CBD (see figure 2). It is governed by the Sutherland Shire
Council. Cronulla's coastal environment is on the Kurnell Peninsula, which is made up of a tombolo.
A tombolo is a sand spit connecting a rocky outcrop or island to the mainland. So this forms a
barrier between Botany Bay and Bate Bay. The two areas of study visited were Wanda Beach and
the Greenhills Beach development.
A healthy dune system contains a primary and secondary dune defined by the start of vegetation as
you progress from the swash and berm. The vegetation helps stabilise the landform helping to
protect it from erosion, it also helps the soil in the secondary dune to become more stable and
erosion resistant. The decaying plant material creates humus which makes the soil more nutrient
allowing greater plant diversity.
At Wanda Beach, the tall trees and scrubs act as a windbreaker which further protects the sand
formation. According to the field work results collected using the anemometer (see figure 3), the
Aeolian processes at the front and the top of the primary dune is where the wind speed is highest. So
it is important to plant plants such as the hairy spinifex to stabilise the sand due to its expansive root
system and its ability to survive low water conditions.
Management Strategies:
The Cronulla coastal environment

Coastal Management In Hastings
Hypothesis Coastal Management in Hastings is effective economically, socially, environmentally
and is sustainable for the future.
Hastings was chosen as an area to investigate coastal management because they had three types of
hard and soft engineering. Secondly, it has a tourist industry that can be investigated. Thirdly, it has
Shoreline Management Plan so the plan can be evaluated. Lastly, it Ties in with tourism and coastal
parts of GCSE syllabus that are familiar and understood
Key Concepts
Longshore drift is movement of sediment along the coastline. The prevailing wind blows waves
carrying sediment into the beach at an angle, the waves break on the shore and as the water runs
back into the sea it carries the sediment back down the beach, perpendicular to the angle. This will
lead to a zigzag motion (/////) as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Soft engineering is working with nature by using natural materials or allowing nature to take back
areas. some examples of this is beach nourishment is the process of dumping or pumping sand from
elsewhere onto an eroding shoreline which is to create a new beach or to widen the existing
beach,this technique is natural and makes the waves lose power travelling across it,However it
dosen't last very long and It does not stop erosion,it simply gives the erosional forces (usually
waves) something else to erode for awhile,another type of soft engineering is managed retreat which
is where Areas of the coast are allowed to erode and flood naturally,this makes the land become an
marsh,slowing waves and reducing ersoion,however land is lost. Another type of coastal
management is hard engineering involves building structures to protect the coast. Some examples of
this is a sea wall,which is a wall set up to prevent the sea eroding an area of land,thishelps prevent
flooding,however waves bounce off the wall and scour the beach removing

The beaches of South Carolina are a prized quality and...
The beaches of South Carolina are a prized quality and possession to the state and its people as it
provides beauty, enjoyment and the economic benefits of tourism year round. Due to storms, natural
processes of sand movement and development, the beaches of South Carolina, specifically the
Grand Strand beaches and local beaches of Sullivan's Island and Folly Beach, are eroding at a rapid
rate. Erosion is a natural process effected by sea level rise, storms and currents and many techniques
have been used in the past to combat erosion issues that threaten to wash away beaches and homes
in the process. Erosion preventative structures used in the past, such as jetties and seawalls, have
proven to be even more damaging to beach erosion but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sea level rise is also a significant factor of erosion because as the sea level has risen over time,
beaches and barrier islands have moved, transporting sand in the process. Sea level rise is a long–
term process of coastal transformation as sand is steadily removed from beaches and barrier islands
and transported to other areas, creating less protection for beaches and estuaries. As sea level rise
continues to increase along the South Carolina coast, erosion by coastal flooding will become an
even greater problem (United States 1.1). One study on the correlation between sea level rise and
erosion concluded that sea level rise does increase erosion rates if nothing else due to the fact that
"rising sea level enables high–energy waves to reach farther up the beach and redistribute sand
offshore" (Leatherman 55). Human activity through construction also has a negative effect on
beaches and erosion, for example the building of structures such as seawalls, jetties and groins have
negatively effected the movement of sand, thus not allowing the proper amount of sand to reach the
beaches and barrier islands to replace the moving sand due to other factors (United States 1.1).
Erosion is a natural process of coastal change due to many factors, but human activity and
development can increase the rate at which

Adelaide's Beach Case Study
Management strategies of Adelaide's beach have been taking through many activities. Management
response for the loss of coastal sedimentation could start with the consideration of adapting the
backshore to allow natural erosion to continue.
There are some management recommendation that could reduce the impact of coastal environment
and long– term coastal and marine conservation.
Technical Strategies
Dune vegetation is needed for stabilize the force in the dynamic nature of large sand dunes, such as
at Port Noarlunga beach. Community based management for mitigation of costal hazard and climate
change could be an effective solution for dune management.
Larger scale techniques like beach nourishment may have better track records, at least

Geography Cronulla Essay
Outline the geographical processes relevant to the management of the Cronulla, Wanda and Kurnell
area.
The Cronulla, Kurnell and Wanda region sites are ecologically and culturally significant. The
Cronulla, Wanda and Kurnell areas are filled with beautiful beaches, magnificent headlands and
various other wonderful features, being well over 15000 years old this region showcases some
magnificent attractions. These regions however are now faced with issues regarding enviromental
degradation and habitat endangerment. There are many issues however some of the more significant
problems are erosion, longshore drift and high rise development. There are three key factors in the
geographical processes that affect the coastal enviroments. There ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Erosion is unfortuanately present at Cronulla beach, the local government have tried to tackle this
problem with solution such as dune stabilization and rip rap walls. Rip rap walls are when larged
rocks are piled in a certain angle to catch drifting sand and protect the beaches from harsher waves
and to protect buildings from high tides. There are also many programs which help to ensure the
stabilization of dunes, these include the planting of new vegetation to combat erosion, fencing and
designated walkways to prevent human interference. The main reason of dune stabilization is to
slow down the speed of erosion. In 1974 the Cronulla beaches were at an all time low and was in a
critical state, from this the University of New South Wales designed a new wall, a wall which is
different from the conventional walls used to prevent erosion and transportation with these
hexagonal concrete blocks weigh well over a tonne each to be used as a line of defence agiasnt the
waves and erosion. These concrete walls over a period of time have increased the size of the beach.
Enviromental organisations have tried there best to limit the amount of man made deveoplment on
coastal lads and many schools participating in annual events to protect and save the sand dunes. The
government has also

Human Development : Causes And Consequences Of Human...
Causes and Extent of Change
¬¬Climate change has caused dramatic changes in landforms around the world, and beaches have
received much of the worst consequences from this. Alongside this, human development has kept on
expanding, especially into previously "pristine" environments, thus removing "access" to a great
deal of the sand that was in the area. Human expansion has also resulted in the introduction of exotic
or invasive species of flora, that may have impacted the native vegetation that existed on the
beachfront, and as a result, changed the structure of the pre–existing sand. This is generally due to
the exotic species impacting the food web, and spreading very quickly, likely due to having many
seedlings or having few predators in the new environment.
In Collaroy Beach, the increase in human development has resulted in various consequences, the
most prominent being the reduction in the size of the sand dune system, which has occurred to a
large extent in the beach, evident by the clear lack of a hind dune. The same has occurred in
Lauderdale beach, and to a similar extent as Collaroy. However, as Lauderdale receives far more
storms than Collaroy, and thus is more likely to need the "sand bank" stored up, it can be argued that
the consequences of human development occurred to a larger extent at Lauderdale beach. On the
other hand, with the increasing effects of climate change, the difference in amount and effect of
storms may become less relevant, as more storms will

Palm Beach Coastal Management Report
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The coastal management programs are very important for many reasons such as, to protect homes
and businesses from being damaged and even destroyed by coastal erosion or flooding. This report
will be investigating social, political, economic and environmental the natural coastal processes
which are currently taking place at Palm Beach, such as longshore drift and erosion and will also
focus on the impact of human disruption to natural processes. The site that was chosen to investigate
was Palm Beach on the Gold Coast. While the students were at the excursion they took note of the
current states of vegetation, wind speeds, primary dune developments as well as longshore drift to
assess the beach and to try and find a suitable management strategy for the future. The two
proposals were, A: continue current costal management strategies in terms of the Beach
Nourishment Program which results in sand being pumped onto the beach and B: Construct an
Artificial Reef off the shoreline of Palm Beach to minimize the impact of beach erosion to the
beach. These two proposals were then examined and evaluated against the criteria of social,
political, environmental and economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This includes primary sources which were gathered from the area of study and secondary sources
which was research that was conducted prior to and following the excursion. (Refer to Figure One)
Figure 1 – Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary Sources Secondary Sources
– Surveys
– Anemometer – device used to measure wind speed and direction
– Coastal Processes Central Gold Coast Field Work Booklet
– Photographs taken at Palm Beach
– Video footage taken at Palm Beach at time of event
– Field sketch
– Identification of vegetation
– Fore dune length measurements
– Longshore drift measurement – orange activity
– Wave height and frequency

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Coastal Management
WHAT IS COASTAL MANAGEMENT?
Coastal management refers to the technique in which natural features of the coast are maintained
and protected from the threats of coastal erosion and coastal flooding.
"Successful management of coastal areas depends on understanding the different uses of coastal
land and the physical processes impacting on the coast, such as erosion and longshore drift" (BBC,
2014 "GSCE BITESIZE: CONFLICT OF INTEREST").
TYPES OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT
Chart #1: showing the types of coastal management
 Hard Engineering
This is the structural approach and refers to the construction of engineered structures to defend or
reduce the erosive effects of wave actions.
According to (BBC, 2014 "GCSE BITESIZE: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. CONSTRUCTING GABIONS
Cheap and efficient.
Shorter life span than a sea wall.
Visually unattractive.
TABLE #1: showing advantages and disadvantages of methods in hard engineering.
 Soft Engineering
Beach Nourishment
"Beach nourishment is the process of dumping or pumping sand from elsewhere onto an eroding
shoreline to create a new beach or to widen the existing beach" (Barber, 1961). Photo #5: showing
beach nourishment. Taken from
http://www.escp.org.uk/sites/default/files/gallery/Marine%20Based%20Beach%20Nourishment.jpg
Relocation of property
This strategy is used to protect manmade features such as buildings by relocating them and letting
nature reclaim the beach in its own time.

Planting of Mangroves
This is where mangroves are planted to trap sediments and reduce coastal

Current Coastal Protection Programs and Plans at Gold...
There are many coastal protection programs in place at the Gold Coast and around the World.
Coastal Protection programs are projects and infrastructures that help to prevent coastal hazards.
The Gold Coast has many Coastal Hazard Protection Programs currently in place. Some Coastal
Hazards that the Gold Coast Seaway face can include:
Storms
Flooding
Erosion
Longshore Drift (Erosion)
Pollution
There are many plans and projects in place at the Seaway to stop most of these from occurring. 3.4.2
The Sand Bypassing System
The most well–known and most effective Coastal protection infrastructure at the Seaway is The
Sand Bypassing Jetty. This Jetty stretches 500m long and is the first permanent Sand Bypassing
Jetty in the world. The jetty pumps sand up through the Jet Pumps at the feet of the jetty, the sand is
then delivered underneath the Seaway onto South Stradbroke Island inside the Moreton Bay Marine
Park. The project first commenced in 1984 in order to stabilise the Nerang River Estuary which
links the Pacific Ocean to the Southport Broadwater and was constructed in 1986. The Jetty stops
longshore drift from pushing sand and sediments into the seaway and creating a shallow passage
that is unsafe for boats. 3.4.3 What other Coastal Protection Programs are currently in place at the
Seaway?
The Gold Coast has several protection plans underway however they all fall under the same large
project, the Gold Coast Shoreline Management Plan or GCSMP for short. The

The Coastline Research Paper
With approximately 85% percent of Australia's population living within 50km of it, the coastline has
always been a popular haven for human civilization. In Qld, many say that it has become
fundamentally important to us, both as a natural resource and as a means of revenue. Despite our
inclination towards them, however, coastlines are delicate and dynamic environments susceptible to
change, both of natural and of human cause as well. Now, more than ever, decisions regarding the
coastline must be measured carefully to ensure their sustainability into the future.
As a consultant for Capricorn Enterprises, a verdict must be made regarding the location of a
proposed 200 bed resort complex on the Capricorn Coast (Figure 1.0.1), a development project ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sandbags had been placed to prevent erosion, replantation on the dunes was evident, a lengthy fence
line had been constructed to prevent human damage of the dunes, and numerous pathways/staircases
had been constructed to allow safe descent from the bank.
2.4 Success of Coastal Management Practices:
Overall, current management practices have been insufficient in protecting the wellbeing of the
coastline (i.e. the beach itself is considerably eroded, and the fence line and access routes are in
disrepair). As a consequence, the location requires more attention.
Firstly, more bins could be placed around the beach to discourage people from littering and the
fence line should be repaired. The distressed Mangroves could also be assisted in their recovery and
regrowth as they may be useful as a buffer zone in the future. Finally, there should be more dune
plantation to secure the bank and prevent further erosion, and perhaps, even the implementation of a
rock wall to prevent further coastal recession.
3.0 Yeppoon Main

Essay On Coastal Erosion
You stride down the California coast, and stumble upon a path that leads you along a clifftop. Close
your eyes and take a deep breath of the cool ocean air. Hear the sound of the seagulls above your
head, and waves crashing. Then as you open you eyes, you see homes on the precipice of a ledge,
about to tip over. A wave crashes against the cliff you stand on, and a massive chunk falls into the
foaming sea below! This just one of the horrid effects of coastal erosion. Coastal erosion is a very
large problem on the California coast, and if nothing is done to stop it, in as little as 50 years,
California will have little to no beaches.[1]
Coastal erosion happens when waves strike a cliff so many times, that the cliff slowly is worn down.
There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common of these re sea walls. They are as their name suggests, a wall of cement
separating the beach from the land behind it. These are not very good because although they prevent
the erosion of the land behind it, they cause the sand in front of the wall to disappear quicker. The
waves are forced back on themselves and collect more debris and sand than they usually would.
These sea walls also create even more erosion where the sea wall ends, because of the way the
waves travel. Other cities are transporting sand in from around the country, but only to need more
within a few years. The next form of erosion prevention is called at groyne. Groynes are hard
structures perpendicular to the beach and are often used in groups. They can be either above water,
or below water, depending on the slope of the beach. Groynes work better than seawalls at
protecting beaches, but still don't prevent beach erosion. Surprisingly, a very good way to prevent
beach erosion is to plant more plants on the dunes. The plants help hold the sand and collect sand
from the waves.
There are a few ways the everyday citizen can help prevent coastal erosion. The simplest way is to
reduce your carbon footprint. By reducing your carbon footprint less greenhouse gasses are
produced, so sea level rise is slowed. Some way to reduce your carbon footprint are to, drive less,
turn off lights, recycle, use less water, and eat locally

Terrigal-Coastal Management
Part 1 The geographical processes that are occurring at the Terrigal beach area are: * Erosion, which
is effecting: * The Skillion, mainly the headland and rock platform, which is part of a preserved area
of land known as "the Haven" which also contains the rugby oval. The man type of erosion that
affects this is from the sea. * The sand dunes on the beaches. This area is affected by wind erosion
as well as the tides if adequate vegetative cover is not present. The main type of erosion, from the
sea, takes the sand from the sand dunes as well as the rest of the beach in a rip. The sand is then
pulled out to sea where it forms a sand bar. On calmer days, the sand is brought back to the beach. *
Storm damage can affect coastal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Continued stabilization of the frontal dune through various methods for the past fifteen years. *
The efforts of "Wamberal –Terrigal Beach Protection Group" have been mostly successful. Although
a small part of the front dune that was covered in spinifex grass has been lost, the erosion at
Wamberal would have been significantly worse. * "Terrigal Lagoon Bushcare" * What the group has
been doing to help and promote sustainability in the Terrigal beach area: * The group is mostly
focused on maintaining the vegetation of the various lagoons in the Terrigal area. As a result, most
of their actions relate to the maintenance of the lagoons. The kind of things they do include: *
Restoring lagoon–side bush * Removing weeds and non–native plants * Planting suitable trees,
shrub, grass, etc. * The efforts of "Terrigal Lagoon Bushcare" have been largely successful in
keeping the lagoons around Terrigal ecosystems. Their actions have helped the native plants
compete with the introduced species. * What individuals have been doing to help and promote
sustainability: * Stopped building on dangerous areas, usually sand dunes. * Started various
community groups in order to help maintain and protect various aspects of Terrigal and encouraging
others to join. * Insuring all property owned if living in an area of risk *

The Hard Engineering Solutions For Western Nations
In December 2013, a massive tidal surge flooded 1,400 homes along the east coast of the U.K.,
which has managed to destroy and tumble some of these houses into the Atlantic Ocean (Carrington,
2014). Coastal erosion endangers coastal communities' livelihood and source of income thus,
defending it through efficient means is important as it stabilises the lives of the people who inhabit
the coast. To efficiently protect against coastal erosion a methodical combination of hard
engineering and soft engineering solutions must be utilised. This essay will firstly discuss the hard
engineering solutions that could be used in coastal defence and then secondly the soft engineering
solutions will be presented. Thirdly, how both methods can be utilised ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the National Resource Council (2014), Galveston Seawall has protected Galveston
against numerous hurricanes, and it is estimated that if the seawall were not to be in place, it would
have cost the relevant authorities $234 million due to the damages made by a single hurricane.
Furthermore, as these seawalls redirect wave energy back into the sea or ocean their base is slowly
eroded (Masria et al., 2015), thus requiring constant expensive maintenance which discourages
investment and therefore the usage of seawalls. Seawalls may also lead to the transportation of sand
away from the beach and into the sea which would result in the acceleration of beach erosion
(National Resource Council, 2014). Overall, seawalls are a long–term and effective yet expensive
mean to protect against natural disasters that emanate from the sea. However, they may lead to
negative long–term environmental impacts such as accelerating the beach erosion process.
Groynes
Furthermore, another hard engineering method that is utilised to protect against coastal erosion is
groynes. Groynes are dam–like structures built into the shore with the purpose of blocking
sediments from drifting away (Galagano, 2003). Therefore, they provide their benefit to the beach
by trapping and holding sand and sediments in the desired location and allowing adequate elevation
to be maintained (Pope, 1997). The

Palm Beach Nourishment Research Paper
Options Advantages and disadvantages Social/
Political Economic Environmental
A – Continue current coastal management strategies in terms of the beach nourishment program.
The beach nourishment process is sand being dredged from one location (in terms of palm beach
from Currumbin and Tallebudgera creek) and pumped onto a different beach (palm beach).
This strategy also requires dune restoration which is the process of building dunes and plating
vegetation on them so they look natural. + positives
Sewall
Dredging
Pumping
– bypass – 50,000 cubic metres of sand for the replenishment of palm beach (Council of the City of
Gold Coast, 2013)
– Helps to protect exposed infrastructure behind the beach such as surf clubs, car parks and beach
front ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because the sand on the northern side is trapped.
– Erosion will still occur.
B –construct an artificial reef off the shoreline of palm beach to minimise the impact of beach
erosion to the beach. An artificial reef is a human made underwater structure that mimics the
characteristics of a natural reef. Artificial reefs are commonly made from old tires, cinder blocks and
geotextile sand bags. In terms of palm beach it would be implemented to control erosion.
Artificial reef is built from boulders which are easily accessible and reasonably cheap (Moore,

Artificial Reef Case Study
After evaluating the two suggested proposals against the main criteria of social/ political, economic
and environmental it was concluded that proposal B, to construct the artificial reef – is the most
suitable option to implement at Palm Beach to ensure both short and long term health and
sustainability of the beach. Even though the artificial reef had some negatives, they were
outweighed by the environmental, social and long–term economic advantages. The artificial reef is
an earth–cantered system which can be implemented as an environmentally form of economic
growth, and it is a sustainable use of resources which will ensure that Palm Beach is maintained and
in good condition for future generations, therefore it is a bio–centric environmental ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, since the destructive waves break on the reef then only the low energy, constructive
waves reach the shore which makes deposition possible therefore the beach will have the chance to
naturally build up sand and widen. Even though the beach nourishment program is already
established so there are no initial costs required and the artificial reef has high construction costs,
around $16.9 million to be implemented, the reef has very low maintenance costs (to ensure it is
working effectively) this is minute in comparison of the ongoing costs of the beach nourishment
program. However, with the artificial reef there may be the need to implement another program or to
continue the beach nourishment program to support it. Yet, even though there are extremely high
initial costs, the artificial reef would increase tourism and support local businesses, which outweighs
and justifies the large cost as in the long term it will be economically beneficial. Also, it is
aesthetically pleasing, attracts diverse marine life, improves surf quality and recreational amenity so
it will attract tourists and will take pressure off the natural reefs whilst aiding to stabilise the beach.
Overall, the implementation of an artificial reef would be effective coastal management strategy as

Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight...
Private Development and Corporate Funding to Fight Shoreline Erosion
At its simplest, shoreline erosion is the result of the combination of processes, both natural and
manmade, by which shoreline and beaches are damaged or lost. For this discussion, wetlands are
also included. There is an ongoing debate over the best way by which to preserve beaches,
shorelines, and wetlands. Conservation extremists argue that limiting or restricting land use, and
restoring damaged property with tax money represents the most prudent answer to shoreline erosion.
Included in this position is the inherent role of government intervention to preserve America's
shoreline. There are many problems with the conservation position, and many advantages to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many, if not most, of our coastal environment concerns stem from population growth pressure
(Rhinehart, 1997). These trends make it clear that the hodgepodge of environmental and zoning laws
throughout the country ––– many at odds with each other ––– are unable to cope with the pressures
brought to bear on America's shoreline resources. Only the consistently well–reasoned principles of
private industry can answer the growing needs of shoreline, beach, and water resource management.
There are many wise and sensible voices pointing out the failures and shortcomings of the
conservation movement. Washington State Representative Joyce Mulliken, R–Ephrata, has recently
announced the proposal of legislation to repeal shoreline regulations approved by the Washington
Department of Ecology (DOE). The regulations would prohibit the use of all lands within 200 feet
of a shoreline, including commercial development, farming, ranching, and other essential activities.
Rep. Mulliken points out those state's most extreme environmental lobbyists created these rules,
without concern for legitimate business interests. Further, these regulations constitute an unfunded
mandate that would cost millions to local taxpayers. Regulations such as the ones imposed on the
people of Washington State represent a direct threat to the state's farmers, ranchers, dairy producers,
and other agricultural industries. They also constitute a direct threat to private property

Australian Coastal Beaches Analysis
Coastal engineering is an increasing field of importance due to the growing population in coastal
areas and the trend of moving to coastal communities. Currently over 90% of Australians live within
the narrow and dynamic coastal fringe (Mariani & Turner 2013). Approximately one half of the
Australian coastline consists of sandy beaches and it is projected that they will be the worst
impacted by the predicted global warming (Cooke et al. 2013). Increasingly, sandy beaches are
being squeezed between rising sea levels and extreme weather events on the seaward side and
coastal infrastructure on the landward side (Cooke et al. 2013). Erosion, accretion and retreat are all
naturally occurring environmental processes, however coastal development has

Glenelg Coastal Management Report
This report will discuss the beach of Glenelg on the coast of South Australia. Aspects that will be
elaborated on are the history of Glenelg, the location, natural processes that affect Glenelg, human
impact at Glenelg, stakeholders in Glenelg, summary of management strategies that have been
employed in the past and an evaluation of strategies that could be considered for the future
management for Glenelg.
In 1836 between July and December eight ships came across to Kangaroo Island and aboard two of
those boats were Col William Light aboard the HMS Rapid and George Strickland Kingston aboard
the HMS Cygnet. They both set off to survey the coastline and found a bigger land mass for the
colonists to settle on and this is when they came across ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Costal development has affected Glenelg as a large quantity of sand has been removed from the
beach system as a result of coastal development. All along the coast of Glenelg suburbs were build
on an extensive system of the coastal dunes or alternatively dunes were used to infill coastal back
swamps to provide land for housings. Stormwater and wastewater discharges affects Glenelg as
most of Adelaide's stormwater is discharged to the coast through the Patawalonga, Torrens and Port
River systems. "85 smaller outfalls that discharge stormwater are within the dunes or directly onto
the beach." (Adelaide's Living Beaches Strategies, 2005) One of the four wastewater treatment
plants is located in Glenelg and has discharged effluents into the Gulf St

Cuckmere Landslide
Cuckmere Haven hosting approximately 450,000 visitors each year is a popular tourist destination
particularly with views of the Seven Sisters chalk cliffs. It is situated in Sussex, South–East of the
UK as shown in Figure 1. The Environment Agency has undergone discussions over restoring the
Cuckmere estuary to a floodplain multiple times in the past but local residents have opposed this due
to "concerns over the impact this would have on their homes and on business". The task question I
have chosen is 'Investigate the reasons for varying approaches to coastal management'. The specific
question I will be focusing on is 'Should the coastal defences at Cuckmere Haven be retained?'
Initially I was interested in the discussion of future management

Australia´s Coastal Erosion Processes
Coastal erosion is an area of large concern for the residents of eastern Australia. Two regions that are
heavily affected by erosion include the gold coast and the tweed coast. Erosion is caused when
wind, tides, currents, and waves move sand causing beaches to constantly change their shape. Rising
sea levels, storms, and human impacts result in a decrease in beach foreshore, and if proper
measures are not taken beaches will eventually disappear. The gold coast and its beaches have been
heavily affected by erosion. Some of the largest issues that the coast is currently facing includes
increased erosion due to the recent high frequency of storms, rising sea levels, and climate
variability. The growing population and increasing number of visitors who frequent the gold coast
are putting pressure on the beaches and increasing potential erosion. Various projects and plans have
been created and proposed in order to alleviate erosion impacts in the region. The Tweed River Sand
Bypass Project was created to establish and maintain a clear area for boats to navigate down the
Tweed River, which is located on the border of New South Wales and Queensland. When the river
channel becomes blocked, the area is dredged to maintain the structure and allow boats to continue
to use the river. The project supplies sand to southern gold coast beaches in an attempt to keep
beaches nourished and decrease erosion. The tweed river is an especially important site along the
gold coast, as the

The Effects Of Human Activity On Coastal Landforms

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