King A Look At Cancer

king a Look at Cancer
Cancer
Cancer is a disease, caused by uncontrolled cell division to form a malignant growth or tumour in
the body.
There are three types of cancers:
1) Carcinomas: A cancer that affects the skin and the epithelial tissues lining certain organs and
glands. It may spread to other parts of the body but generally stays in the cells where it started.
2) Sarcomas: A cancer that affects bone, cartilage and muscle tissue.
3) Leukemias: A cancer that affects the blood and lymphatic system. Leukemia usually starts in the
white blood cells.
The Liver
The reason I chose to research liver cancer, was because both my Aunt and my Grandfather passed
away due to liver cancer and it may be hereditary so it would be interesting for me to see what the
main liver cancer causing agents are and how to lower the risk of getting it.
Normal functions of the Liver:
A healthy liver is the largest gland in the body. It has many functions which include storing vitamins
and nutrients, producing proteins, creating bile for digestion and undergoing the process called
Deanimation, which removes the nitrogen from the excess amino acids. The liver also breaks down
alcohol, drugs, poisons, solvents and pesticides. It also makes cholesterol, converts excess glucose
into glycogen and convert glycogen back into glucose if needed.
Liver cancer
Liver cancers are malignant tumours that grow inside or on the surface of the liver. They form from
the liver or structures inside the liver, for example, blood
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Differences between Protein Shake and Protein Steak
From the moment of its creation, protein powder has been engulfed in a tornado of controversy.
Doctors, scientists, and athletes have debated on whether or not it should be used for years. Protein
provides the building blocks for all cells and membranes, hormones and various growth factors.
Elena Voropay, a writer for Iron Man Magazine, says "Protein is found literally everywhere in your
system: there is protein in your muscle tissues, your heart, in the enzymes that digest your food, in
your skin cells and even within your blood" (Voropay 1).
Protein from whole food has been around since the creation of the world and the times of the
hunter–gatherers. Those ages didn't have whey protein isolate, powdered casein protein, or any of
those ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best–selling protein shakes are all based on milk proteins. Protein in its powdered form is also
much lighter than a full meal. This comes into play when the protein shake is taken as a pre–
workout. In that case, it is much better to eat a lighter shake before a HIT or high intensity training
regimen, otherwise the contents of your meal may end up on the gym floor instead of being
absorbed for nutrients.
It is important to choose a good, healthy protein powder because many companies aren't honest with
their product labels since their products aren't regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.
Nutrilite, a company who specializes in supplements and nutrition, is a company that is totally
honest about their labels. Nutrilite created the first multi vitamin well over fifty years ago. Their
products are pure and because they are organic, are considered whole food. This means that they are
regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Also, they are the only one endorsed by the
National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA).
Some negatives when looking at powdered Protein products are that first and foremost, they lack the
supplemental nutrients that whole foods have to offer. For example, beef is high in iron, while
salmon is loaded with healthy fats. Yogurt provides calcium, and whole wheat supplies B vitamins.
Dr. Mercola, a chiropractor, healthy specialist and author, says that the "whey protein isolates are
devoid of nutritional

The Controversy of Genetically Modified Crops Essay examples
The Controversy of Genetically Modified Crops
You may know about the emerging field of biotechnology – the medicine, the ethics, the DNA, the
Human Genome, etc. But few realize the emergence of its agricultural branch, and the international
conflict that has arisen from it. It may apply to you more than you thought, for half of the soybean
products and a quarter of the corn you ate in 1999 may have been genetically modified (Kaufman
A6). Genetically modified crops (commonly referred to as GMOs) are crops whose characteristics
have been altered to produce a favorable trait, whether it be prolonged freshness, a more attractive
appearance, or pesticide resistance (Activist 1). Genetic alteration is the act of inserting a gene, ...
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Department of State 1). Many countries in Asia and South America are already commercializing
GM crops or are a few years away from it (AgBiotech Reporter 5). The most effective solution to
this conflict would be the creation of an international research commission made up of members
from various countries from both sides. It would do in–depth GMO research and create international
standards that all member countries must comply to.
Both sides on this issue have strong arguments, and have reasons to argue. Supporters of bio–
engineering argue that it is a new and efficient way of increasing crop production without increasing
costs, time, or labor (Ibrahim 2). Plants modified to resist pesticides may be grown in fields where
herbicides are sprayed to kill unnecessary weeds and pests, reducing the amount of pesticides
needed in production (Marwick 2). Supporters argue that in no way do GM crops have less
nutritional value, and that in fact new crops may be modified in the future to have enhanced
nutritional value (Sticky Labels 3). "Golden rice," modified with Vitamin A has been successfully
produced and hopefully will be used in Vitamin A–deficient areas in Asia, Africa, and Latin America
(Rusting 71). GMO producer DuPont has created a soybean oil with much less saturated fats than
normal oil, and it is currently waiting to be

Swot Analysis : Chopped Nuts Essay
1. Introduction
Chopped Nuts is a new business venture that will provide ground nuts for Wonderful Company. To
ensure that Chopped Nuts produces ground nuts that comply with customer specifications and are
safe for human consumption, it shall comply with New Zealand regulatory requirements by
implementing a Quality Management System (QMS) in accordance with ISO 9001 guidelines
outlined in the 2008 4th Edition ISO 9001 Quality Management System Requirements (ISO, 2008).
Likewise, Chopped nuts is recommended to design and evaluate its processes using the Hazard
Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) framework to ensure the highest levels of food safety.
2. Government and Regulatory Requirements
Food processing activities such as the processing of nuts is primarily regulated by the Ministry of
Primary Industries through the local city council. The Food Act 2014 is the primary legislation that
aims to promote food safety in NZ by ensuring that food handling and manufacturing processes of
food manufacturers are safe. The act is implemented through (1) Food Control Plans (FCP) for high
risk food manufacturing activities and (2) the National Programme (NP) for medium to low risk
food businesses (Ministry of Primary Industries, 2016). Figure 1 outlines the general requirements
of the NP.
2
Figure 1. Food Act 2014 National Programme Overview (Ministry for Primary Indsutries, 2016).
Chopped Nut's business is classified as medium risk and falls under the NP2. The company is

How Liver Cancer Affects The Liver Essay
This report will discuss how liver cancer affects the liver. I will discuss the how liver cancer affects
the normal operation of the liver, what causes liver cancer, how this cancer can be detected and how
this cancer can be treated. I will conclude with a discussion of how common liver cancer is.
The liver is a vital organ which has multiple functions to keep the body operating normally. The
liver stores vitamins, sugar and iron to help give the human body energy. It controls the production
and removal of cholesterol and clears the blood of waste products, drugs and other toxins.
Furthermore, the liver makes clotting factors to prevent excessive bleeding after cuts or injuries. The
liver produces immune factors and clears away bacteria ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cirrhosis, the development of scar tissue in the liver, can often result in liver cancer. Additionally,
some environmental factors, such as exposure to particular chemicals or eating food contaminated
with aflatoxin, a toxin produced by mold on nuts and grains, may raise the risk of cancer. Excessive
alcohol and tobacco usage is associated with developing cirrhosis and liver cancer as well. Obesity
and diabetes are also risk factors in developing liver cancer. A person can lower their risk of liver
cancer by avoiding and treating hepatitis infections, limiting their alcohol and tobacco use and
avoiding obesity. Moreover, a person should control their exposure to cancer causing chemicals and
make healthy food choices. A person should also treat any inherited liver diseases that could
increase their risk of cancer.
Liver cancer usually does not have any symptoms in its early stages and can be difficult to detect.
Nevertheless, liver cancer can be detected by imaging tests. Some of the tests used to diagnose liver
cancer are Ultrasound, Computed tomography (CT scan), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan),
Biopsy and Laparoscopy. Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to generate a picture of the
body and is used to show any abnormal growths in the liver. The CT scan is an x–ray test that
produces detailed images of the body. This test can be very useful in precisely identifying liver
tumors. The MRI also creates detailed images, but uses radio waves and

Exposure In Domestic And Laboratory Animals Lab Report
Exposure in domestic and laboratory animals In among the food crops peanut meal is considered as
the most contaminated feed by aflatoxin. These are consumed by the animal's thus lead those to
hazardous effects. Contaminations of the feeding meals are mainly caused due to mold metabolites.
These metabolites produce carcinogenic effect in rat, ferret, trout and duck. Mainly the organ
affected by aflatoxicosis is liver by both short–term and long–term exposure. Symptoms like
anorexia, icterus, rapid weight loss, exercise tolerance, depression, fever, ataxia, gastrointestinal
damage etc. will prevail in animals by aflaoxicosis. IN BIRDS During the early intoxication caused
by aflatoxin birds die due to venous congestion and sever peri–portal ... Show more content on
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Due the effect in liver cells they are enlarged and later results in fatty depositions and changes that
lead to increase in connective tissue, progressive biliary proliferation and scattered liver necrosis.
The other one effect is the aggregation of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the
portal tracts. as a result of this action few weeks after the exposure lymphocytic hyperplasia, fibrosis
and biliary proliferation is occured. Due to the aflatoxin toxicity mitochondrial injury is indicated in
the liver cells where a drastic reduction in activities of enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase,
malatedehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase is noticed. This causes the impaired liver
function in chicks due to the Aflatoxin B1 poisoning. So liver mitochondrial injury is considered as
one of the dominant characteristic of aflatoxin toxicity. Not only in chicks but also ducklings also a
lysis of mitochondrial membrane is reported. Broiler chicks more prone to aflatoxicosis than poultry
chicks. IN CATTLE'S Incattle's aflatoxin toxicity had been determined on the basis of consumed
peanut meal and other contaminated feeds by AFB1. Here also the major organ affected is liver.
Venoocclusive disease and fibrosis with biliary proliferation had been exhibited in the affected
hepatic cells. Many pathological alterations had reported through various studies conducted.
Continuous exposure of aflatoxin has also been described about increased connective tissue,

Biology: What are Mycotoxins
Mycotoxins
Risk identification
Next to dioxins and dioxin–like compounds, mycotoxins belong to the potential chemical hazards
related to animal feed of poultry. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds which are produced by several
species of fungi genera such as Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Production can occur before
harvesting or during storage, is determined by environmental factors such as temperature and
humidity and is mainly occurring in cereals and ground nuts. Usually, mycotoxins enter the food
chain by contaminated feed [73]. Worldwide, incidences of mycotoxins in feed are quite common
and might pose a concern for human health.
A well–known case of mycotoxins contamination of feed, which was the start of a raised concern
about the health risks of mycotoxins, was the Turkey–X disease from the early 1960s [74]. In this
case, groundnut cake, contaminated with cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxins, produced by Aspergillus
flavus, caused wide–ranging disease and death in turkeys [75]. As illustrated in the case,
mycotoxin–containing feed can have serious effects on the health of animals after ingestion. The
remaining question for this risk assessment is however whether mycotoxins may end up in the meat
of animals, meant for human consumption, and have an effect on human health after ingestion in
this way. Observations of aflatoxin– and ochratoxin residues in edible tissues of chicken broilers
show that these mycotoxins are relevant in this risk assessment [76]. Other

Essay on Biological Warfare: Testing and Researching Toxins
Biological Warfare: Testing and Researching Toxins
Biological Warfare is the use and employment of biological agents to harm or kill humans, animals,
or plant life. Bio warfare can cause a significant amount of casualties with less preparation and work
then other types of attacks. The weapons are relatively cheap and, unlike explosive attacks,
biological attacks can be used to kill a select group. This meaning a biological agent can be created
that would, for example only target animals or only target humans.
There are various agents used in biological warfare. The U.S. Military defines these agents as "those
biological pathogens and toxins that are intended for use during military operations to cause death
and disease among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another attack took place between the British and the American Indians between 1754 and 1767.
Allegedly the British gave the Indians blankets infested with small pox and by doing so spread a
deadly epidemic. In 1932 the Japanese were conducting experiments using human test cases at a site
called "Unit 731" [4]. In order to thoroughly test their agents, which consisted of anthrax, cholera,
shigellosis, salmonella, and plague, they dispersed them among eleven Chinese cities killing 10,000
people in the process.
Partially in response to previous biological attacks in other countries, the United States began "an
offensive biological warfare program at Camp Detrick" in 1943 [4]. The program officially started
ten years later and in 1969 they were able to "weaponries" (McGovern, Christopher, 2) the
biological agents used to produce anthrax, botulism, tularemia, brucellosis, Venezuelan equine
encephalitis, and Q fever. Although a lot of work was put into producing this program, it and all
others like it were shut down and destroyed after Nixon ended the United States Offensive
Biological Warfare Program. The deal was sealed in 1972 when the U.S. stated it would never
"developed, produce, stockpile, acquire, or retain biological warfare agents or the means to deliver
them" [4]. This deal was officially named the Biological Weapons Convention.
In spite of United States proclamation that their further development

Research Paper On Liver Cancer
Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. In a cancerous cell cycle,
the cell ignores the signals that tell them to stop, and it just keeps dividing. Normal cells stop
dividing when your body do not need anything else, but cancer cells just continue to go through cell
cycle to make more copies. Also, cancer cells do not need anything to stimulated their growth, and it
can spread to other parts of the body. The most common causes of cancer are tobacco, alcohol,
overweight, obesity, dietary factors, physical inactivity, chronic infections, radiation, sun and UV
exposure. The most common types of cancer are lung (158,080 deaths per year), liver (27,170 deaths
per year), stomach (10,730 deaths per year),colorectal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If liver cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the 5–
year survival rate is 11%. There are some treatments for liver cancer. Surgery has a 5–year survival
rate of 50%. If the cancer is small, it may be possible to cut out the part of the liver which contains
the cancer. In a tumor embolization a catheter is placed into the patient's groin and carefully
navigated into the blood vessels supplying the tumor under X–ray guidance. After 1 year of follow–
up care, the survival rate is 93%. There are others form of treatment, such as radiation therapy, that
uses high–intensity radio waves or laser light are then passed through the needle, and heats the
cancer cells and kills them. Chemotherapy, treatment which uses anti–cancer medicines to kill
cancer cells, or to stop them from multiplying. Tumor ablation is a treatment that uses imaging
guidance to place a needle electrode through the skin into a liver tumor. Targeted therapy are drugs
that helps stop cancer from growing and spreading. The preventions for liver cancer are to avoid and
treat hepatitis infections, limit alcohol and tobacco use, limit exposure to cancer–causing chemicals,
treat diseases that increase liver cancer risk, get to and stay at a healthy weight. Another way to
prevent liver cancer is making screening tests. Those tests are laboratory tests that help to

Rats And Humans And The Carcinogenic Effects Of Brence
6.4. Rats and mice Rats have been used extensively for decades as a model for human
mycotoxicoses especially with regard to the carcinogenic potential of AF. This model system,
however, has been a subject for debate due to the differences in the detoxification mechanisms
between rats and humans as shown by cytosolic conjugation of AFB1 in vitro (Raney et al., 1992).
In contrast to rats, mice are generally resistant to the hepatocarcinogenic effects of AFB1. This may
explain the high level of glutathione–S–transferase (GST) activity in mice challenged with AFB1
(Quinn et al., 1990). Contrary to the hepatocellular carcinomas commonly found in rat studies with
AFB1, mice given AFB1 by intraperitoneal injection at 0.02 mg/kg of body weight ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a 155–day feeding trial, AFB1 (600 lg/kg) was shown to depress feed efficiency and rate of gain
in steers. Decreased feed efficiency in cattle has been attributed to compromised ruminal function by
reducing cellulose digestion, volatile fatty acid (i.e. acetate, propionate, and butyrate) production
and rumen motility (Diekman and Green, 1992). Several mechanisms of bovine immunosuppression
by AFB1 have been illustrated in vitro; (Sharma, 1993) demonstrated that AFB1 suppressed
mitogen–induced stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes. In another study (Bodine et al., 1984),
AFB1 was shown to inhibit bovine lymphocyte blastogenesis. Ochratoxins, on the other hand, do
not cause significant toxicity to cattle when fed alone in naturally occurring doses. Barley naturally–
contaminated with OTA (390–540 lg/kg) and low levels of AFB1 (12–13 lg/kg) did not induce any
significant clinical symptoms in 12–week–old calves. T–2 toxin is also believed to induce
immunosuppression in cattle by decreasing serum concentrations of IgM, IgG, and IgA, neutrophil
functions and lymphocyte blastogenesis, and the response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin
(Cantiello et al., 2007). This toxin was also shown to induce necrosis of lymphoid tissues. Bovine
infertility and abortion in the final trimester of gestation also have resulted from consumption of
feed contaminated with T–2 toxin (Placinta et al., 1999).

Molly Duck Competitive Analysis
Mule duck came as a result of crossing the Pekin and Muscovy ducks. The three ducks have
different growth rates and the nutritional requirements also differ for the three duck types. Pekin
ducklings are typically marketed at 6 to 7 lb., obtained at seven to nine weeks of age, having
consumed. Mule and Muscovy ducks take somewhat longer to reach the same weight and therefore
will require more feed. Although Muscovy ducks take longer to reach market weight, they however
don't have as much fat as the Pekin breed. Ducks takes longer to reach market weight than the
broiler chicken and has a tendency to deposit subcutaneous fat. Ducks swim therefore they have a
fat layer which is located beneath the skin that keeps them buoyant. The amount of fat which gathers
in the body "depends on the available plasma lipid substrate, which originates from the diet or in the
liver" (Hermier 1997) . In general, excessive fat deposition is considered an unfavorable trait for
most producers and consumers because it is "considered to be wasted dietary energy and a waste
product with low economic value, which also reduces the carcass yield and affects consumer
acceptance" (Emmerson, 1997) Before cooking ducks it is advised in other to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Wheat middling consists of fine particles of bran and germ and is higher in protein and the amino
acids lysine and tryptophan than corn. There are additives that are added to feed as mechanisms that
enhance abdominal fat in ducks such as Lipolysis (10g/kgfeed). When change in diet or diet
management is made to minimize the overconsumption of energy whether for maintenance, growth,
temperature control; the results seen is less fat deposition in the carcass of growing animals as
"energy to protein is more important than either the energy or protein level in determining feed
intake and body fat" (Donaldson et al.,

Forks Over Knives Analysis
The documentary titled Forks over Knives presents the viewers with information and studies that
were preformed which correlated dietary habits to risk of diseases. Recent studies have predicted
that this generation and coming generations have a reduced lifespan, meaning that most of these
individuals will not outlive their parents. Although there is a tremendous amount of money being
spent on health related concerns the number of deaths remains high. Some statistics that were
presented in this documentary, that can be used as credible evidence to the previous statement is that
every minute a person dies due to a heart disease and approximately 1,500 people die a day due to
cancer. According to Colin Campbell and Caldwell Esselstyn, major contributors to ... Show more
One of the diseases that appear most with the adoption of this diet is Coronary artery disease, which
is defined as the condition of the arteries. People who have chosen the animal based diet are more
prone to this disease because they ingest a lot more dietary cholesterol that tends to stay in the blood
stream causing a buildup in cholesterol. A study that was performed in India tested mice and how
manipulated casein levels (5% and 10%) affected an aflatoxin diet, this study revealed that higher
casein levels had a higher rate of liver cancer than those with lower levels. Colin Campbell repeated
this study, but added onto the experiment by recording the appearance of liver cancer in a diet that
had a fluctuating casein level (5% to 10%), which yielded similar results when compared to the
study done in India. Esselstyn also performed an experiment where he initially started with 24 ill
patients but ended with 18 due to some dropping out. His experiment's result also support that plant
based diets are more beneficial to humans in a sense that they are more nutritious and lowering their
disease

Mycotoxin Essay
Another group of mycotoxins are trichothecenes, which need to be monitored because they inhibit
protein synthesis in many eukaryotic cells, and they have also been shown to have multiorgan
effects including emesis and immunodepression (Sidell et al., 1997). The inhibition of protein
synthesis has been shown to be caused by trichothecenes reacting with different components of the
ribosome, the site of action depends on the trichothecene (Sidell et al., 1997). Trichothecenes belong
to the sesquiterpene compounds and their chemical structure consists of a trichothecene ring, which
contains an olefinic bond at C–9, 10; and an epoxide group at C–12, 12 (Sidell et al., 1997).
Ochratoxin A is the most prevalent member of the ochratoxins and is ... Show more content on
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Fumonisins have been shown to inhibit sphingolipid biosynthesis by inhibiting sphingosine N–
acyltransferase which converts sphinganines to N–acyl shinganines (Wang et al., 1991).
Zearalenone needs to be monitored throughout beer production because of the high estrogenic
activity (Inoue et al., 2013). Zearalenone resembles 17β–estradiol which is a hormone produced by
the ovary and by having this structure zearalenone can bind to estrogen receptors on it's target cells
(Devreese et al., 2015). After zearalenone binds to the receptor, it undergoes a conformational
change causing the receptor to cooperate with chromatin and to change the transcription of a target
gene (Devreese et al., 2015). These mycotoxins can be found in materials such as barley, corn and
rice, which are used in beer manufacturing (Inoue et al., 2013). The main raw material used in the
production of beer, which is barley, has been found frequently to contain trichothecenes, ochratoxin
A, and zearalenone, also less frequently aflatoxin B1 and fumonisins have been found (Inoue et al.,
2013).
The processes used in the production of beer can be useful in decreasing the amount of any present
mycotoxins (Inoue et al., 2013). The process that allows for the highest decrease in the level of
mycotoxins present has been found to be the process of mashing (Inoue et al., 2013). The
mycotoxins that are completely removed during beer production are zearalenone

Forks Over Knives Analysis
The film "Forks Over Knives" begins with some pretty alarming statistics regarding obesity, and
clips of some inherently unhealthy food choices and very large waistlines. One of the patients
featured in the movie goes to two doctors that assess his health, which is sub–par, as his cholesterol
is much higher than it should be. His treatment was to adopt a Whole Foods/Plant Based diet.
The film illustrates a huge increase in calories from meat, dairy, and refined sugars in the American
diet from the early 1900's––over double in each category. A survey among people on the streets
states that people include meat in their diet because of protein. The film then focuses on cholesterol,
its impacts on the arteries, and how much money is spent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is how the modern American diet, regardless of age, is portrayed in the entire film. This diet
will, of course, promote weight gain through excessive calories. This diet will promote diabetes
through insulin resistance, and the high cholesterol from a large amount of animal fat will promote
heart disease. The goal of the movie is to support a vegan, whole foods diet. My problem with the
film is that it only discusses diet in terms of extremes. The patients represented in the film all had
terrible habits and practiced no moderation in terms of food intake, eating high amounts of salt,
meat, dairy, and few fresh foods. When switching to a completely plant–based diet without
processed foods, many health problems were reversed and could be managed through diet alone.
The film does not discuss several issues that can accompany a diet in which no animal foods are
consumed: active B12 deficiency, iron intake, vitamin D consumption and synthesis, and sources of
essential fatty acids EPA and DHA. The recommended diet by the American Dietetics Association
includes modest amounts of meat, dairy and animal fats, and every single patient in the film
exceeded intakes of those foods. What isn't covered in the film is the health of individuals that
consume a diet that adheres to recommendations, and I feel that this film fails to address the effects
of animal

Epidemiology Of Cancer Essay
2.1.2 Epidemiology of cancer
Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading
cause of death in developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7
million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008. The
leading cause of cancer mortality in females is breast cancer, accounting for 23% followed by lung
cancer and cervical cancer accounting for 11% respectively. Furthermore, estimates show that, the
leading cause of cancer mortality in males is lung cancer accounting for 17% of the total new cancer
cases and 23% in total cancer deaths. [2].
In the United States, there are estimated 1.3 million cases of cancer diagnosed each year showing
about 570,280 annual deaths. The most commonly encountered cancers include those of the
prostate, breast, lung, colon, and rectum. Lung cancer has shown increased fatality rate and is
responsible for approximately 160,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. [3].
2.1.3 Triggering/ causative factors
The frequency and occurrence of certain cancers can be attributed to certain geographic distribution
as well as risk factors such as sex, age, race, genetic predisposition, and exposure to environmental
carcinogens. Geographic distribution and environmental carcinogens such as ... Show more content
Virus–induced neoplasia may also be subjected to additional host and environmental factors that
may modify the transformation process. Studies have shown that there are Cellular genes that are
homologous to the transforming genes of the retroviruses, a family of RNA viruses that can induce
oncogenic transformation

Pesticides: Feeding the World Essay
Pesticides: Feeding the World
Every day, new worries arise concerning over–population and the future of earth. People are afraid
of starvation and endemic diseases. The problem with present food production is not of land
shortage, but of yields too low to feed a doubled world population. Plant geneticists are creating
hybrid plants that have higher yields and more resistance to unwanted and harmful organisms. Even
with the new plants, pesticides must be applied to reap the hybrid's full potential.
What follows is some common misconceptions about pesticides and their use. Humans ingest about
10,000 times more naturally occurring pesticides than they do man–made ones. In fact, the risk you
expose yourself to by drinking a daily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It used to be very common for a family to farm and grow enough for themselves and maybe have
some left over to sell. In 1787, 90% of the U.S. population lived and worked on a farm. Later, in
1950, the number of individuals who were farming as a career was only 16%. They each produced
enough food for themselves and 27 others (Byrd, Shaw, and Webster, 1997).
Today, with the rise of corporate farms, higher taxes, huge incentives to develop farm land, and low
food prices, small farms are going out of business and not producing food anymore. In the 1990's,
only 2% of the American people actively farmed. Even though there is a decrease in farming, each
farm produces at least enough food for 120 people plus themselves. These 120 additional people
include 95 people from the U.S. and 25 who live overseas (Byrd, Shaw, and Webster, 1997).
Another reason for this decrease in farms is the increase number of factories and other better paying
and more secure jobs. Farmers have found that it is easier to have a factory job than to farm.
However, with new technology and mechanization, farming has changed. Tractors have replaced
horses, cultivators and herbicides/pesticides have replaced hoes and hand work. These
advancements have enabled the farmer to produce more, healthier food without increasing the land
acreage. Clearly, more food must be produced with an ever growing population. Even with the
shrinking number of

Introduction.. Humans Are Known To Be Omnivores And Meat
Introduction.
Humans are known to be omnivores and meat provides several essential nutrients that plants can not
give us. Meat is primarily a source of omega –3 fatty acids, vitamin B12, protein and iron (Verma
and Banerjee 2010). Livestock sector is one of the fastest growing agricultural subsector globally,
employing 1.3 billion individuals and supporting around 600 million poor smallholder farmers in the
developing world (Thornton et al. 2002). Livestock provide us food such as meat to maintain the
health of the human body (Nestle 1999). With population growth, urbanization, economic growth,
and flourishing markets, an increase in global demand for conventional meat product arose (Fiala
2008). The focus of this paper is to provide in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is known that meat consumption is intensifying in developing world (WWI 2006; Fiala 2008) and
the global meat production has dramatically increased since 1970, with higher rates of increase in
developing countries (WWI 2006). In vitro meat may meet this anticipated increase in demand by
72% by 2030 (Fiala 2008), while in the meantime save animals and satisfy meat eaters (Hopkins and
Dacey 2008) Around 70% of agricultural land is utilized for some aspects of livestock production
(Bonny et al. 2015). It has been evaluated that livestock produce around 18% of every green house
gas emissions, including 37% of all methane emissions mainly connected with ruminants (FAO
2009), although, other authors have delivered lower numbers (Pitesky et al. 2009). Livestock
production is additionally one of the primary drivers of deforestation, deprivation of wildlife
habitats, and an abundant accumulation of nutrients that decrease oxygen in water ways. About 34%
of the GHG emission related to livestock production are due to deforestation, 25% are methane
emission from abdominal fermentation of ruminants, and 31 % of the emission are related to manure
management (FAO 2009). As of now, livestock raised for meat utilize about 30% of terrestrial land
and 8% of global freshwater, while creating 18% of global GHG, which is more than the overall
transportation region (Tuomisto and de Mattos 2011).
Sustainability.
In vitro meat may help decrease the greenhouse gas emission compared to

Apa Case Study Organic Food
As mentioned earlier NI's parents started to give NI organic food when she develops the allergy
issues. During the interview, the reasons given for such choice are recommendation from the
"natural healing coach" and their faith that eating organic food is healthier and will logically help NI
combat allergy and eczema. NI's mother added on that when she herself consumes organic food, she
feels more energetic as compared to previous pregnancy. NI's parents mentioned that previously
they love eating fast food and as they decided to switch over to organic food, they do not face any
significant difficulty in the new diet practice. Mother stays at home taking care of the children and
feeding them home cooked meal, while father will sometimes bring ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The clear conclusions drawn from numerous studies targeting organic food are that organic food
does not equal safe food, does not have clear nutritional advantage and does not have reduced level
of naturally occurring toxins over conventional plants or livestock (80, 81). Fertilization enriches
soils and provides nutrients in food, regardless of it being organic or chemical fertilizer. Risk of
exposure to microbial contamination is not lower in organic food (82). Level of naturally occurring
toxins such as aflatoxins in peanuts and grains, solanine in green parts of potatoes, goitrogens in
some raw vegetables, and other poisons in mushrooms and herbs is not affected by the method of
growing (81). Pesticides usages are monitored and will not pose harm to health when applied in
regulated manner. However, the amount of pesticides residue is usually lower in organic food (82).
One observational study and one systematic review found no protective value of organic food over
eczema or atopy diseases (83, 84). Hence the claims being made over benefits of organic food can
be concluded as misleading at best, and there is a pressing need for proper public education on this
issue

Turkey X Disease
The outbreak of Turkey X disease in England in 1960 and later outbreaks of a similar disease in
ducklings in Kenya and Uganda resulted in extensive research, which indicated that the common
factor in all the disease outbreaks was the presence of toxic Brazilian groundnut meal in animal feed
(13) During an examination of a sample of this toxic meal it was found that up to 20% of the pieces
of groundnut–cotyledon tissue contained fungal hyphae which were absent in a sample of nontoxic
meal (5). Attempts to culture them showed that hyphae were dead. Sargeant et al (89) however,
succeeded in producing pure cultures of certain fungal species present in a highly toxic sample of
groundnuts from Uganda. One of the fungi isolated contained a factor, which was toxic to ducklings
and produced the characteristic symptoms associated with Turkey X disease. The toxin–producing
fungus was identified as Aspergillus flavus (89) and the toxin was named "aflatoxin".
The Aspergillus flavus group (83) includes A. flavus and A. parasiticus, which are the primary and
possibly the only source of aflatoxins, and A. oryzae and A. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Aspergillus flavus is the most common species associated with aflatoxin contamination of
agricultural crops (30, 31). A. flavus is found in temperate and tropical regions in soil and, in
agricultural areas, most commonly, on maize, cotton, tree, and ground nuts (88) and less frequently
on rice (24). A. flavus populations are highly diverse and their stability in the soil and on the plant is
not well understood. An atoxigenic relative of A. flavus, A. oryzae, is widely used in soybean and
rice fermentation (20). It is now increasingly clear that A. oryzae is not a separate species but
actually is only one of many examples of atoxigenic variants of A. flavus (46;

Persuasive Speech On Lack Of Food
False advertisements, euphemisms, and lack of nutritional education conclusively has yielded a
downward spiral in health. As a society, we have been misinformed about what foods are nutritious
and mislead in the process of trying to find out the truth. Our minds have been brainwashed by the
meat, dairy, and egg industries who have fooled us into believing animal– protein and animal–
products are healthy and necessary to sustain a balanced diet and lifestyle. However, this couldn't be
further from the truth. The direct correlation of the consumption of meat and dairy with health
epidemics such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, and cancer is evident and unavoidable. Contrary
to popular belief, humans are not natural born carnivores, but rather herbivores. Therefore, the best
and most efficient way of having a healthy mind, body, and spirit is by switching to a plant–based
vegan diet. For years, it has been thought that animal–based protein was of higher quality than that
of plant protein (Richards). However, animal based protein comes with a slew of things we do not
want in our bodies such as dietary cholesterol and saturated fats, according to the FDA (Center for
food safety). Starting from our adolescence our minds have been formed into believing certain foods
are healthy for us. As kids, for lunch in elementary school we are given pizza loaded with cheese
topped with pepperoni and a side of milk to wash it all down. We are told by our parents, our
teachers, and

Af1 Research Paper
AFM1 contamination in dairy products is a global problem threatening public health in all areas of
the world. The contamination of dairy products with AFM1 display variations according to season,
geography and country [3]. Higher level of AFM1 in traditional yoghurt might be due to high level
of AFB1 in feedstuff [5]. Various surveys were performed in order to determine the AFM1 levels in
yoghurt. Tabari et al. reported that all tested traditional yoghurt samples in Guilan province were
contaminated with AFM1 in range of 4.2–78.9 ng/kg and 13.33 % of the tested samples had
contamination levels above the European regulation (50 ng/kg) [7]. Martins et al. 96 local yoghurt
samples were tested by HPLC in Portugal and was found in 18 samples out of 78, ranging 19–98
ng/kg [8]. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
reported 96.25% of the yoghurt samples (40 industrial, 40 traditional) were contaminated with
AFM1 in concentration levels ranging from ˂5 to 91 ng/kg [5]. Sarimehmetoglu et al. detected
AFM1 contamination in 62.88% yoghurt samples (purchased at different markets in Ankara),
ranging from 50–800 ng/kg [9]. In another study, Akkaya et al. in Turkey, 177 yoghurt samples (104
ordinary yoghurt, 21 fruit yoghurt and 52 of strained (Torba) yoghurt) were tested for AFM1 by
ELISA method. 11.53% of ordinary yoghurt, 9.52% of fruit yoghurt, and 21.15% of strained yoghurt
had higher AFM1 (50 ng/kg) [10]. Barjesteh et al, reported, 100% pasteurizes yoghurt samples and
local yoghurt collection from Mazandaran Provice (Northern Iran) were positive with concentrations
of AFM1 2.1–61.7 and 7–53 ng/kg respectively [6]. Srivastava et al. in Kuwait determined that, in 1
of the 5 yoghurt samples, the presence of AFM1(0.03 μg/kg) [11]. Kim et al. tested AFM1 in
yoghurt in South Korea (Seaul) and AFM1 detected 84–94% (ELIAS) and 87–93% (HPLC)
respectively [12]. Some study showed that AFM1 concentrations were affected by the seasonal

Biological Weapons And Chemical Weapons
Abstract
Biochemical weapons distribute deadly toxins and microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria,
with the intent too inflict disease among humans, animals, and agriculture. Biochemical attacks
could in fact result in destruction of food plots, temporarily upsetting a small community, and killing
large amounts of people, or more outcomes. The way that a biochemical weapon is dispersed
depends on many factors. Such as: the agent itself; the preparation; its durability; and route of
infection. most agents can be spread as an aerosol, which means the agent can be inhaled or can
infect a susceptible place on the skin, like a cut or wound. Attackers can also ... Show more content
They supposedly spread the bubonic plague in St. Petersburg, Russia, infected mules with Glanders
disease in Mesopotamia, and attempted to do the same with the horses of the French Cavalry. The
allied forces even experimented with chemical weapons during World War 1, with agents such as
mustard gas. Mustard gas is a substance that, when inhaled causes the victim to asphyxiate and
perish. When the substance makes contact with the eyes it causes a burning sensation, the deadly gas
can even cause blindness if the eyes are exposed to it long enough. (Wiggins, 2009)
A large amount of countries have started or continued offensive biological weapons research and
development . as well, since the 1980s, terrorist groups have become users of biological agents due
to there high effectiveness and cheap price. Usually, these cases amount only to hoaxes. However,
the following exceptions have been noted: In 1985, Iran began an offensive biochemical weapons
program involving anthrax, Botulinum toxin, and Aflatoxin. (Schnieder, 2015) During Operation
Desert Storm, the combination of allied forces faced the threat of chemical and biological agents.
After the Persian Gulf War, Iran announced that it had bombs, Scud missiles, 122–mm rockets, and
artillery shells equipped with Botulinum toxin, anthrax, and aflatoxin. They also had mist tanks
fitted to many aircraft that could distribute

Anthrax Research Paper
The world's most dangerous bioweapons Elisha shevchenko 9/4/15 Abstract
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacillus causes anthrax; it is one of the most deadly bio weapons. Anthrax is classified as a class A
endangerment according to the CDC. It poses a significant risk to nation security. The gram positive,
rod shaped anthrax spores are naturally in soil. It can be produced in a lab; it lasts long in the
environment. Bacillus has been a biological weapon for over a century; it's been mixed before with
powders, sprays, food, and water. It is invisible, infectious, odorless, and tasteless. Spores make
anthrax a very flexible bio weapon. Letters were once sent out from the US postal system in 2001. It
affected a total of 22 people in which 5 died. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can be distributed in a sealed container in the form of gas, or water or contaminated food. A gram
of Botulinum toxin can kill more than a million people of it is inhaled. A group of Japanese bio
weapon group was known to have infected POWS with C botulinum toxins. This bacterium is found
in natural forest soil, Streams, and intestinal tracts of fish and animals, there are 4 forms of
Botulisms Foodborne, infant, wound, and animal. This illness causes muscle weakness, difficulty to
speak and swallowing, and doubled or blurred

Risk Factors For Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Risk Factors Major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma include infection with HBV or HCV,
alcoholic liver disease, and most probably non–alcoholic fatty liver disease. Less common causes
include hereditary hemochromatosis, alpha1–antitrypsin deficiency, autoimmune hepatitis, some
porphyrias, and Wilson's disease, aflatoxin ingestion, exposure to inorganic arsenic through drinking
water (Shamseddine et al., 2009). The distribution of these risk factors among patients with
hepatocellular carcinoma is highly variable, depending on geographic region and race or ethnic
group (El–Serag and Rudolph, 2007). Most of these risk factors lead to the formation and
progression of cirrhosis, which is present in 80 to 90% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
(Chen et al.,2009). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Markers of HCV infection are found in 80 to 90% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in
Japan, 44 to 66% in Italy, and 30 to 50% in the United States (El–Serag and Rudolph,2007). It has
been projected that cases of HCV–related hepatocellular carcinoma will continue to increase over
the next two to three decades (El–Serag

Antimicrobial and Other Therapeutic Properties of Spices
Spices are natural compounds derived from different parts of a plant which are commonly used as
flavoring, aroma and preservatives. The essential oil content and oleoresins present in the spices
have given them the flavoring and aroma. In addition, the essential oil can also act as a natural
preservative in foods (Ceylan and Fung, 2004). Other than flavoring, aroma and preservatives,
spices have many therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, chemopreventive and
antifungal. The antimicrobial properties of spices have led to the development of plant–origin
antibiotics so as to overcome the antibiotic resistant problems. In addition, the anticancer,
antioxidative and anti–inflammatory properties of spice extracts have help ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Dietary flavines and flavones exert their effects on signal transduction enzymes such as protein
tyrosine and focal adhesion kinases present on the cell surface, causing them to act as an effective
anticancer agents. Carcinogenesis of various organs can be suppressed by phytochemicals obtained
in spices, for example carotenoids, phenolic compounds and terpenoids (Kochhar, 2008). 1.3
SPICES AS ANTIOXIDANT AGENTS Endogenous antioxidants present in spices are known to
exert antioxidant properties against oxidative stress. In addition, the presence of phenolic content
such as phenolic acids and flavonoids allow spices to act as natural food preservatives, preventing
the deterioration of food during processing and storage. Studies showed that phenolics can interact
with a wide spectrum of molecular targets central, including mitogen–activated protein kinase
(MAPK), protein kinase C (PKC), serine/threonine protein kinase, phase II antioxidant detoxifying
enzymes as well as downregulation of pro–inflammatory enzymes (COX–2 and iNOS) (Soobrattee
et al., 2005). 1.4 SPICES WITH THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES 1.4.1 Star anise (Illicium verum)
Star anise is a reddish–brown star–shaped fruit and use in food industry such as confectionary,
baking and liqueurs. The components found in the essential oil of star anise are α–pinene,
camphene, β–pinene, linalool, cis–anethole, trans–anethole, safrole, anisaldehyde and acetoanisole
(Chempakam

Malnutrition in Children
CAUSES OF MULNUTRITION IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEAR OLD IN MATHARE
SLUMS NAIROBI
PRESENTED BY
[Name]
Admission number
SUPERVISOR:
A RESERCH PROPOSAL SUBMITED TO KENYA INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENTAL
STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF A DIPLOMA IN NUTRITION AND DIETETICS
MANAGEMENT
May 2012
DECLARATION
Student's declaration
I declare that this is my original work and has not been submitted in any other learning institution
for the award of degree or diploma.
Name
Signature
Date
Supervisor declaration
This proposal has been submitted with any approval as college supervisor
Name Signature Date

Contents
DECLARATION ii
Contents iii
ACKNOWLEGMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS vii
CHAPTER I 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researcher will use purposive sampling method for selecting all parents with malnourished
children below 5years old. Data analysis will use both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Quantitative data will be analyzed using Microsoft excel and electronic calculator. Data will be
presented in percentages, frequency tables and graphs.
ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS
A M R E F Africa Medical Research Foundation
A N C Ante– Natal Care/ Clinic
C H W Community Health Worker
M C H Maternal Child Health
M U A C Mid– Upper Arm Circumference
P E M Protein Energy Malnutrition
R A P Rapid Assessment Procedure
U N United Nations
U N H C R United Nation High Commission for Refugees
W F P World Food Program
W H O World Health Organization
CHAPTER I
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study Malnutrition can either be under nutrition or over nutrition. All these
are mentioned in the research but more attention is given to the latter. Under nutrition is a state
resulting from intake of inadequate amount of nutrients, the nutrients commonly affected are protein
and energy sources known as protein energy malnutrition (PEM),( AMREF training manual 1990).
World Health Organization (WHO) defines malnutrition as the cellular imbalance between supply of
nutrients and energy and the body demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance and functions.
Malnutrition is globally the most important

Summary on the China Study Essay
The China Study
Raised on his family's dairy farm, Dr. Colin Campbell started his day with the usual breakfast of
eggs, sausage, bacon, fried potatoes, ham and a full glass of whole milk; this was part of their
normal diet. His dad had his first heart attack at the age of sixty–one and he later died from a second
massive coronary at age seventy. Dr. Campbell a vegetarian now with a family of his own has
dedicated his life in researching the correlation between our health and what we eat; understanding
now that the disease that killed his father can be prevented and even reversed. The China Study is
not a diet book; Dr. Campbell and his youngest son Tom Campbell co–wrote scientifically proven
facts and ground breaking research in a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dr. Campbell sought out grants for research after reading the Indian research paper in the
Philippines claiming that protein was the leading factor in promoting liver cancer in rodents. There
are three stages of cancer; initiation, promotion and progression. Dr. Campbell used the following
analogy to further explain the three stages:
Initiation is when the you plant the seeds in the soil. Promotion is when the grass starts to grow and
progression is when the grass is completely out of control and invading the sidewalk, driveway and
shrubbery. The first stage happens within minutes, the carcinogen is consumed, absorbed into the
blood, transported into cells, changed into its active product and bonded to DNA. Carcinogens are
the chemicals that initiate cancer prone cells, they successfully "implant" the seeds in the soil. These
carcinogens generically mutate normal cells into cancer–prone cells, permanently altering the genes
of the cell and therefore damaging its DNA. The promotion growth stage occurs over years, this is
when the cluster has multiplied and grown into larger masses and now a clinically visible tumor is
formed and has become a detectable cancer. Just like seeds in soil, these cancer cells will not grow
and multiply unless the right conditions are met. Promotion is reversible! This is where certain

Nipah Virus Research Paper
Abstract
Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various
ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah
virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in
the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their
emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.
Introduction
"Infectious Disease is one of the great tragedies of living things – the struggle for existence between
different forms of life. Incessantly the pitiless war goes on, without quarter or armistice – a
nationalism of species against species." Hans Zinsser– Rats, Lice and History (1934) ... Show more
These biological agents could be viruses, toxins, bacteria, etc. Agents could be used in war or
terrorist attacks. Also, they could be modified to cause extreme diseases and disorders, according to
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention. It makes bioterrorism even more tempting to use as
it is easy and inexpensive to produce, disseminate and can cause a more widespread panic than other
acts of terrorism (1).
The events of September 11, 2001 forced the initiation of new steps to enhance security. This is how
the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 came up. It has
four sections:
1. National Preparedness for Bioterrorism and Other public Health Emergencies
2. Enhancing Controls on Dangerous Biological Agents and

Sterigmatocystin Essay
Sterigmatocystin (ST) is a carcinogenic polyketide [12] produced by species in several fungal
genera. Microfungi capable of producing ST are common food, feed and indoor contaminants, and
may also be plant and mammalian pathogens, thus having a large economic impact for the
biotechnological, agricultural and food industry [12, 13]. Nanotechnology plays an important role in
the fabrication of different nanoparticles that can exhibit novel antimicrobial properties [14]. The
nano–scale of metals play roles in understanding the ability to manipulate biological processes
which will be the central theme for present biomedical and biological issues that need a nanoscience
or nanotechnology approach [15]. Shahverdi et al [14] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, selenium has also been found to trigger the generation of ROS, with both elements
capable of reacting with intracellular thiols and forming intermediates that cause oxidative stress as
a consequence of the formation of superoxide radicals [21, 22]. Nanoparticles can contribute to
functional damages of cell membrane or wall by disrupting the integrity of these important
envelopes [23]. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have become the focus of intensive research owing
to their wide range of applications in areas such as antioxidants [14, 24– 26], antibacterial activity
[16] and anticancer [16, 27] applications. However, so far not much has been reported on the
evaluation of antifungal activity of SeNPs. Studies of Shahverdi et al [14] have shown that
antifungal formulations in the form of nanoparticles could be used as potential fungicidal material. It
has been found that SeNPs exhibit low cytotoxicity compared with selenium compounds and
possess excellent anticancer and therapeutic activities making them apt for medical applications [28,
29]. SeNPs have anticancer activity against kidney, breast, and lung [30, 31] and hence, can be used
as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. On the other hand, SeNPs synthesized from a
biological source possess a significant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria, microfungi
and yeast [32].
The aim of this study was to investigate the complete inhibition of three toxigenic

G1 Cell Cycle
G1 is the first growth phase of the cell cycle.In G1, the cell prepares to undergo cell division. The
cell still performs all of its normal functions, but starts to get bigger. The cell then begins to make a
copy of the cell parts (organelles). It also begins to produce RNA and synthesize proteins to get
ready to divide. Tumor suppressor genes in normal cells act as braking signals during phase G1 of
the cell cycle, to stop or slow the cell cycle before S phase. However in comparison, If tumor–
suppressor genes are mutated as in a cancer cell, the normal brake mechanism will be disabled,
resulting in uncontrolled growth. The second phase of the cell cycle is the S Phase. S phase means
the synthesis phase.When it is completed, all of the chromosomes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This technology has made it possible to relate physiological cell states to gene expression patterns
for studying tumors, diseases progression, cellular response to stimuli, drug target identifications,
proteins, metabolites, protein–protein interactions, genomic mutations, polymorphisms, and
epigenetic alterations in a single experiment. DNA microarrays can be used to detect DNA (as in
comparative genomic hybridization), or detect RNA which is most commonly cDNA after reverse
transcription that may or may not be translated into proteins. This is done through Fluorescent dyes.
They are used to label the extracted mRNAs or amplified cDNAs from the tissue or cell samples to
be analyzed. The DNA array is then hybridized with the labeled sample(s) by incubating, usually
overnight, and then washing to remove non–specific hybrids. A laser excites the attached fluorescent
dyes to produce light which is detected by a confocal scanner. The scanner then generates a digital
image from the excited microarray. The digital image is further processed by specialized software to
transform the image of each spot to a numerical reading. The process of measuring gene expression
via cDNA is called expression analysis or expression profiling.By identifying which genes in the
cancer cells are working abnormally, doctors

Health, Security And Major Factors Of Food Security
.Sebastian palmer. "Discovery degree prepared public speaking" pioneer,royal center. Food security
Food security is defined as access by all people at all times to enough nutritionally adequate and
safe food {quality,quantity,and variety}.
Food security is affected by a number of factors, including primarily the food supply and access to
jobs and such basic services as education ,health facilities,sanitation,clean water,safe housing.
poverty , social inequality, and lack of education are primary causes of hunger and malnutrition and
are major obstacles to obtaining food security.Food security cannot be ensured by producing more
food . if, for example, people cannot afford the food that is available , if their diets don't have any
essential vitamins and minerals , or if poor handling during processing and distribution makes their
food unsafe to eat . they will not have food security.
To achieve national security a country must be able to produce or import the food it needs and be
able to store it distribute it, and ensure equitable access to it . Given population growth and rising
incomes, it is estimated that the demand for food will rise by 70 to 100 percent by 2050. To meet
this need, the United Nations estimates that production in developing countries will need to almost
double.
USDA supports global food security through in–country capacity building, basic and applied
research, and support for

Treating Infertility
Infertility has become so widespread today that the World Health Organization (WHO) has
recognized it as a disease (World Health Organization 2009). In developed countries, approximately
15% of the population is infertile (Petraglia, Serour & Chapron 2013), and infertility in females
alone accounts for 37% of these causes (Unuane et al. 2011). Over the past decade, efficient
techniques aimed at treating infertility have become widely available throughout the developed
world and have been the subject of public discussion and media attention. These range from non–
invasive techniques such as the use of fertility drugs aimed at hormonal stimulation, to more
invasive techniques such as laparoscopy or intrauterine insemination. In the midst of increasing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physicians are continually faced with the increasing numbers of women athletes whose menstrual
cycles have been interrupted (Wall, Belcastro & Cumming 1983) as more females are getting
involved in physical fitness and competitive sports. These disturbances to the menstrual cycle reflect
"different degrees of ovarian suppression and are accompanied by inadequate follicular development
and impaired fertility" (Zanker 2006, p.489) Research has shown that intense exercise may lead to
alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, affecting gonadotropin, estrogen,
progesterone and androgen release (Baker 1981). This is indicative of neuroendocrine dysfunction
termed as functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea, characterized by the disruption of the pulsatile
release of GnRH from the hypothalamus which in turn causes diminished ovarian stimulation
(Zanker 2006). This disruption of the GnRH pulsatile secretion appears to be caused by the stress of
exercise as exercise is deemed a chronic stressor that activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
(HPA) axis (Loucks, Verdun & Heath 1998). This affects the GnRH secreting neurons and disrupts
the GnRH pulse generator via the effects of corticotropin–releasing hormone and negative feedback
effects of cortisol (Rivier & Rivest 1991). Furthermore, studies also found that energy expenditure
from vigorous and frequent exercise can reduce energy availability enough that it suppresses
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) pulsatility (Loucks et al. 1998), thereby diminishing ovarian stimulation.
Female athletes who exercise regularly generally have low body fat levels and this is correlated to
low leptin levels as the hormone is produced by white fat cells and reflects fat mass. (Zanker 2006).
Leptin plays a critical role to the hypothalamus as it functions as a metabolic signal of energy
availability, and decreased leptin signals to the

Assignment : Aflatoxin Metabolism And Cancer
Name: Malvi Prakash Golwala (U53409030)
Assignment: Aflatoxin Metabolism to Carcinogen
Date: November 11, 2016
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by molds and can cause liver damage and cancer. They are
closely related to difuronocoumarin compounds. Mostly they are produced by strains like
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are at least 14 known aflatoxins in nature:
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB) and B2: Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Aflatoxin G1 and G2:
Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Aflatoxin M1 (metabolite of Aflatoxin B1) in humans
and animals, Aflatoxin M2 (metabolite of Aflatoxin B2) in cattle, Aflatoxicol, Aflatoxin Q1
(metabolite of Aflatoxin B1) in liver preparations of other higher vertebrates. Aflatoxins have been
associated with many disorders in humans like hepatotoxicity, kwashiorkor, Reye's syndrome, liver
cancer. Aflatoxicosis is linked to ascites, portal hypertension, jaundice, etc. signs for hepatic failure
(1). AFB binds to cytosine and guanine and forms adducts, forms RNA–protein adducts that can
potentially harm DNA and protein synthesis (2). Cafestol and kahweol, coffee specific diterpenes
and organosulfur compounds from garlic have been proven to provide protection against the harmful
effects of aflatoxin (3, 4). Aflaguard, a non–toxigenic strain of the mold has been produced which
competes with the wild strain in corn farms in Africa and efficiently inhibits it (8). Aflasafe, heat
killed sorgum grains coated

Fungal Contamination
Fungal contamination of food usually occurs accidentally, but it could occur purposefully as an act
of bioterror or biological warfare. The potent acute toxicity and chemical stability of mycotoxins
aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and T–2 toxin make them apt to be weaponized for bioterrorism [3]. Cereals
represent one of the most important dietary items around the world. Cereals are very susceptible to
fungal attacks while in the field and during storage [4]. T–2 toxin is a member of the fungal
metabolites known as trichothecene mycotoxin. The major attribute of T–2 toxin is that it inhibit
protein synthesis which is followed by a secondary disruption of DNA and RNA synthesis. T–2
toxin affects the actively dividing cells such as those lining the gastrointestinal

Essay On Pursuing A Doctoral Program
DQ #1
I have always wanted to pursue a doctoral program but never had the financial resources. Hence, I
researched and found this doctoral program offered by The Swiss Management Center University
(SMC) which is a high quality multifaceted online education program which is accredited by
Accredited Council of Business Schools Program (ACBSP). Furthermore, it is affordable, flexible
very informative and relevant in both academic and business sectors. (SMC, n.d.).
Several people influenced my decision to pursue a doctorate degree at different levels. First, Dr.
Wangari Maathai who was the first Kenyan Woman to pursue a doctorate degree and was a recipient
of the Nobel Peace Prize, (Graf, 2016). Secondly, inspiration from my former ... Show more content
Although learning new concepts is sometimes difficult, I am determined to eliminate
counterproductive and redundant methods of doing my studies. At the same time, it is necessary that
I maintain effective communication methods which will include both written and oral
communications. Besides, it is also necessary that I acknowledge that failure is also an important
learning process which is a part of the double–loop learning method (Argyris, 1991).
This is extensively elaborated in the article Teaching Research Methods for Doctoral Students in
Education talks about teaching doctoral students research methods that they could apply in their
field. When doctoral students first enrolled, their aim was to do well academically. However, as time
progressed, the students become interested in the multidisciplinary research methodologies process.
Furthermore, they learned different aspects such as effective data collection through the interview,
exploring documented work such as syllabus and historical documentation through reading past
research projects. Moreover, they also learned analysis of the results included quantitative and
qualitative method while taking into consideration theoretical work combined. (Coronel Llamas &
Boza, 2011).
DQ #2
Plagiarism entails taking another person's work and passing it as one's own. (What is Plagiarism?
n.d.). As a researcher, this can be

Liver Cancer Research Paper
Liver Cancer
Liver cancer is an abnormal growth of cells (tumor) in the liver that is cancerous (malignant). The
liver is located on the upper right side of the abdomen, just below the ribs. It is the largest organ in
the body. The liver:
Breaks down and stores nutrients, such as sugar and iron.
Makes the parts of your blood that help your blood clot and prevent excessive bleeding.
Cleans (filters) alcohol, drugs and harmful substances out of the blood.
Helps absorb fats and other nutrients.
CAUSES
The exact cause of this condition is not known.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely to develop in:
Males.
Asian American and Pacific Islanders.
People with scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
DIAGNOSIS
This condition is diagnosed with a medical history and physical exam. You may also have tests,
including:
Blood tests.
Imaging tests, such as a:
○ CT scan.
○ MRI.
○ Ultrasound.
○ Angiogram. This is a type of x–ray that uses dye.
○ Bone scan.
Laparoscopy. This is when your health care provider uses a small, lighted camera (laparoscope) to
look at your liver and other organs.
Examination of a tissue sample (biopsy) from your liver.
If liver cancer is confirmed, it will be staged to determine its severity and extent. Staging is an
assessment of:
The size of the tumor.

If the cancer has spread.
Where the cancer has spread.
TREATMENT
Treatment for liver cancer depends on the type and stage of the cancer, how well your liver is
working, and your overall health. Treatment may include one or more of the following:
Surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible. Sometimes the whole liver is removed and
replaced with a healthy liver (liver transplant).
Chemotherapy. This uses medicines to kill the cancer cells.
Targeted therapy. This treatment targets specific parts of cancer cells and the area around them to
block the growth and spread of the

Research Paper On Nirgundi
Nirgundi – Vitex negundo Uses, Dose, Side Effects, Research
Nirgundi – Vitex negundo is a very good muscle relaxant, pain relieving, anti mosquito, anti anxiety,
anti asthma and so on, herb of Ayurveda. There are very less herbs as multi–talented and as versatile
as Nirgundi is. Used both for external application in the form of paste / oil, and also for oral
administration in the form of powder, leaf juice extract or water decoction.
Botanical Name– Vitex Negundo Linn.
Family– VERBINACEAE (Nirgundi Kula)
Hindi Name– Sambhalu, mewri, Nisinda, Sawbhalu
Telugu Name– indhuvara; Vavili; Nalla–vavili; Tella–vavili, Lekkali
Tamil Name–Chinduvaram; Nirnochchi; Nochchi; Notchi; Vellai–nochchi
Bengali Name– Nirgundi; Nishinda; Samalu
English – Five Leaved Chaste ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also known as the five–leaved chaste tree, is a large aromatic shrub with quadrangular, densely
whitish, tomentose branchlets. It is widely used in folk medicine, particularly in South and
Southeast Asia. It belongs to family Verbenaceae and is found in the warmer parts of India. Vitex
negundo has been used for various medicinal purposes in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine.
Favoured:
0
Listing Details
Botanical Names
Vitex negundo
Indian Names
Sanskrit : Nirgundi; Sephalika; Sindhuvara; Svetasurasa; Vrikshaha Hindi : Mewri; Nirgundi;
Nisinda; Sambhalu; Sawbhalu Bengali : Nirgundi; Nishinda; Samalu Gujarati : Nagoda; Shamalic
Kannada : Bile–nekki Malayalam : Indrani Marathi : Nirgunda Tamil : Chinduvaram; Nirnochchi;
Nochchi; Notchi; Vellai–nochchi Telugu : Sindhuvara; Vavili; Nalla–vavili; Tella–vavili
Chemical

Tp53 Gene Essay
The gene most associated with HCC is the TP53 gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene universal
among many cancers. The p53 protein, when turned off, can mistakenly cause cancer since they are
normally turned on (Rhine 4). When normal, the TP53 gene assures that cells do not grow beyond
where the should, meaning they have anchorage dependence and density dependent inhibition.
When damaged, abnormal cells and the formation of HCC can occur since the P53 protein is
involved in cell cycle functions and apoptosis, because it does not stop the cells from accumulating
mutations over time if its function is degraded (¨"Do We Know [...]?¨, Debuire and Lemoine). This
tumor suppressor gene follows Mendelian rules, meaning they are recessive and must ... Show more
The greatest rates of liver cancer are found within sub–Saharan African and Southeast Asian
countries in quantities much greater than America. Worldwide, there are 700,000 people diagnosed
with HCC, and 600,000 of them will die that year; tragically enough, the number of deaths have
increased every year since 2000 by a constant 3%, which means that since 1980 it have more than
quadrupled ("Key Statistics [...]¨). Hepatocellular Carcinoma is reported to be the fifth most
worldwide cancer, along with being the fourth most common cancer related to death (Greten et al).
Even though the greatest occurrence of HCC is among Asians and Pacific Islanders, they have the
lowest APC, or annual percent change, maintaining a near constant rate of incidence. American
Indians, blacks, whites, and Hispanics' APC during the early 2000s was more than four times greater
than Asians and Pacific Islanders, producing a 5.0%, 4.9%, 4.6%, and 4.0% APC respective to the
order mentioned as denoted by table 1 (Altekruse et al.). The Asian mortality rate, too, decreased at
a rate of –0.9% over the time period of 1992 to 2005, whereas all other races' mortality rates
increased by at least

Skin Cancer Research Paper
Cancer in many ways is a mystery and this is why my investigation is always up for questioning and
rethinking what could fully cause cancer. Despite this, my research is based on facts and causes that
can be supported by experiments and experts. I have come to the conclusion that the obvious
tobacco and an extended amount of sun exposure can cause cancer, but also some that surprised me
obesity, alcohol abuse, and environmental factors such as food nutrient availability as well as some
types of foods have been known to cause cancer. My conclusion supports my hypothesis that the
chemicals that we release into the air (cigarette smoke, fossil fuels, etc.) is one of the major causes
of cancer however there is much more where that came from the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Their are these chemicals called Carcinogens that are often found in food. They are not in the food
naturally, but i thought it was still important to include into my conclusion since it is something that
happens everyday. Carcinogens is a broad topic considering they are also found in cigarettes, it is
surprising that they cold also be found in our food. However, Carcinogens like Dioxin are caused to
be in your food by the plastic that surrounds some foods and drinks. Preventing this is pretty simple
don't freeze your plastic water bottles as this releases dioxins in the plastic and don't heat fat–
containing food in the microwave using plastic containers. Other Carcinogens such as Aflatoxins are
detected occasionally in milk, cheese, corn, peanuts, cottonseed, nuts, almonds, figs, spices, and a
variety of other foods and feeds this is caused by the feed given to the animals or put into the soil to
improve efficiency. Another thing about food and cancer is; " Eating large amounts of processed
meats may increase the risk of colon cancer secondary to nitrates added to the food. that is why you
see nitrate free lunch meat and hot dogs now." Also, a report from the American Cancer Society
stated that "the regular consumption of charred well–done meat showed an increase in the risk of
pancreatic cancer". This could also relate back to obesity causing cancer. Overall

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