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기초신경해부학 chap 1. 신경계
- 1. Basic Neuro Anatomy Chap1. Brain & Body Ph.D. Jury Ham
- 2. Nerves system 1. CNS Brain Spinal cord 2. PNS Somatic Nerve Autonomic Nerve 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 3. A few definitions 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM A few Definitions Locations in the Brain Described relative to neuraxis - an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord up to the front of the brain The front end is anterior The back end is posterior The terms rostral (toward the head) and caudal ( toward the tail) are also used when referring to pa rts of the brain
- 4. Dorsal (back) refers to the top of the head and the back The ventral (front) surface faces the ground. These directions are somewhat more complicated in humans because our neuraxis bends, so that the top of the head is now perpendicular to the back. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM A few Definitions Locations in the Brain
- 5. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM The Neuraxis Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral
- 6. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM The Neuraxis Anterior Posterial DorsalVentral superior inferior
- 7. Lateral means to the side (away from the neuraxis) Medial (or mesial) means toward the middle (towards the neuraxis) Proximal: Areas of the brain that are near to one another Distal: Areas that are far from one another 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM A few Definitions Locations in the Brain
- 8. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM A few Definitions Locations in the Brain Ipsilateral refers to structures on the same side of the body E.g. the olfactory bulbs send ipsilateral conne ctions to the brain - the right bulb connects t o the right hemisphere, and the left bulb con nects to the left hemisphere Contralateral refers to structures on opposite sides of the body E.g. the left motor strip connects to the right side of the body
- 9. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM A few Definitions Slices of the Brain fornix
- 10. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Division of nervous system CNS Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord PNS Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Brain Spinal cord Spinal nerves Cranial nerves
- 11. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Division of nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sensory division Sensory receptors Motor division Skeletal muscle Brain Spinal cord Spinal nerves Cranial nerves Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System (cranial and spinal nerves) Smooth m. Cardiac m. Glands Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System
- 12. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Division of nervous system Grey matter White matter CNS PNS Nuclei Tracts Ganglia Nerve
- 13. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Division of nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Receptor Sensory or afferent neuron Motor or efferent neuronCentral Nervous System Effector (muscle or gland)
- 14. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Classification of Neurons Functional difference Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Cell body Interneurons Dendrites Axon Axon Sensory (afferent) neuron Motor (efferent) neuron Cell body Axon (central process) Axon (peripheral process) Sensory receptor Effector (muscle or gland) Axon terminal
- 15. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Spinal cord Extends downward through vertebral canal Begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1/L2) interspace Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Brainstem Spinal cord Foramen magnum Cervical enlargement Vertebral canal Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Cauda equina Filum terminale Conus medullaris Lumbar enlargement Cervical enlargement
- 16. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Spinal Nerves ALL are mixed nerves (except the first pair) 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical nerves (C1 to C8) 12 thoracic nerves (T1 to T12) 5 lumbar nerves (L1 to L5) 5 sacral nerves (S1 to S5) 1 coccygeal nerve (Co or Cc) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cauda equina C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S2 S3 S4 S1 S5 Co Posterior view Cervical nerves Thoracic nerves Lumbar nerves Sacral nerves Coccygeal nerve
- 17. Notes!! Cervical spinal nerves exit from above the respective vertebra.. Spinal nerve R1 from above C1 Spinal nerve R2 from between C1&C2 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Spinal Nerves continued Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
- 18. 201403 Ph.D. Jury HAM Autonomic Neurotransmitters Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Brain Postganglionic fiber (axon) Preganglionic fiber (axon) Ganglion Sympathetic neurons ACh = acetylcholine (cholinergic) NE = norepinephrine (adrenergic) ACh ACh ACh ACh ACh ACh NE NE Cranial parasympathetic neurons Sacral parasympathetic neurons Collateral ganglion Paravertebral ganglion Visceral effectors
- 19. 201403 Sympathetic Division Ph.D. Jury HAM Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lacrimal gland Skin Eye Blood vessels Heart Lungs Adrenal gland Kidney UterusPenis Liver Stomach Gallbladder Pancreas Ovary Scrotum Small intestine Large intestine Trachea Parotid gland, submandibular and sublingual glands Urinary bladder Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Sympathetic chain ganglia Inferior mesenteric ganglion Spinal cord Superior mesenteric ganglion Celiac ganglion Fibers to skin, blood vessels, and adipose tissue Celiac and pulmonary plexuses
- 20. 201403 Parasympathetic Division Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Heart Trachea Lung Gallbladder Liver Stomach Spleen Pancreas Small intestine Large intestine Kidney UterusScrotum Otic ganglion Ciliary ganglion Eye Penis Ovary Sphenopalatine ganglion Cranial nerve III Cranial nerve VII Submandibular ganglion Cranial nerve IX Cranial nerve X (Vagus) Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Celiac plexus Superior hypogastric plexus Inferior hypogastric plexus Spinal cord Pelvic nerves Urinary bladder Parotid gland Submandibular and sublingual glands Lacrimal gland Preganglionic neuron Postganglionic neuron Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 21. 201403 Dermatom Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ph.D. Jury HAM C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 T1 C6 C7 S2 S3 C8 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 T12 T1 S1 S5 C0 S4 S3 S2 S1 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 L5 L1 C8 T1 T12 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2
- 22. 201403 Cranial Nerve Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 23. 201403 Cranial Nerve Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 24. 201403 Cranial Nerve Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 25. 201403 Cranial Nerve Ph.D. Jury HAM CN I Olfactory Olfactory epithelium Smell CN II Optic Retina Vision CN III Occulomotor Midbrain Eye movement; accommodation CN IV Trochlear Midbrain Eye movement (superior oblique) CN V Trigeminal Pons Sensation to face; chewing CN VI Abducens Pons Eye movement ( lateral rectus) CN VII Facial Pons Facial expression; taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue CN VIII Vestibulocochlear Pons Hearing & balance CN IX Glossopharyngeal Medulla Salivation; swallowing; taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue CN X Vagus Medulla Digestion; taste to pharynx CN XI Accessory Medulla Movement of trapezius & SCM CN XII Hypoglossal Medulla Movement of tongue
- 26. 201403 Brain Protection Ph.D. Jury HAM Bone Meninges CSF Cerebrpspinal fluid Blood Brain Barrier
- 27. 201403 Spinal cord Protection Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 31. 201403 QUIZ Ph.D. Jury HAM Does a bigger brain mean you are smarter? The debate is still on. It seems that the higher brain to body mass an animal has, the smarter it is. Einstein's overall brain was a normal size, but the specific portion known for spatial intelligence was wider and had a unique anatomy. Ha! Ha!
- 32. 201403 Brain/Body size relationship Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 33. 201403 Brain/Body size relationship Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 34. 201403 Evolution of the Brain Ph.D. Jury HAM
- 35. Ph.D. Jury HAM