Cultural Conflict Resolution And Prevention

Conflict Resolution And Prevention Resolution
In the recent years, there has been a consistent increasing concern in the cultural aspect of conflict resolution and prevention. This might be as a result
of the increased number of intense ethnic/cultural conflicts that exist in the world. Balkans and Rwanda are the most cited examples of the violent
intra–country conflicts that are as a result of cultural dimensions. However, one should not forget that even the state to state disputes include numerous
cultural elements as evident in the Indian–Pakistan war. Together with other conflicts in the world has brought the element ofculture and its influence to
the forefront of conflict resolution. This has resulted to increased determinations of the international communities to appease ... Show more content on
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Communication is a significant barrier in cross–cultural mediation. Successful communication is difficult enough to be a mediation issue even without
introducing the different culture in the communication process. As far as models and theories of verbal communication among the various parties are
concerned, they define how a message is encoded first by the sender through words and then it is transmitted to the recipient who then decodes it to
interpret the intended meaning. Meaningful information is often added or lost in this process.
The issues of communication are aggravated when communication process takes place in different cultures. This is not because of the fundamental
problem of translation, or because of the difficulties for the non–native speakers of grasping distinctions when discussing an issue in a foreign language.
Language reflects a culture since it is a social instrument. The more the differences between two communicators, the more likely that the context of
information will be altered or lost during this transmission. If a certain culture comprises of attached values nd shared concepts, then the culture is the
basis for effective communication, which enables the correct interpretation of the encoded message. Therefore, if similar words have different
meanings for the mediation participants, the two
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Identity And Cultural Identity
Immigration is a worldwide phenomenon of the twenty–first century (Esses, Deaux, Lalonde & Brown, 2010). A case point is Australia, where almost
half (49%) of Australian populations recorded to be immigrants of the offspring of immigrants (ABS, 2016). On the surface, the growing presence of
second generations (offspring of immigrants) appears to testify the success of immigration settlement in Australia. Unfortunately, researchers recently
established that children of immigrants (second generation) faces daily conflict over cultural identity, whether to endorse the norms and traditions of
family's country or those mainstream Australian society (Phinney & Ong, 2007) or to balance both.
For Decades, developing a distinctive identity in one's heritage culture has been acknowledged as a crucial task for immigrant's psychological
well–beings. Second generation's strong link to own heritage develops intercultural awareness, proactive coping with discrimination and hardship
(Telzer, Yuen, Gonzales & Fuligni, 2016), positive relations in individual's well
–being and positive sense of self (Rivas–Drake, Hughes & Way, 2007).
Furthermore, retention of parent's traditional values and performing the culture (i.e., speaking the language) appears to associate with more positive
family relationship (Smokowski, Rose & Bacallao, 2008) especially if there are kin who remains monolingual and still holds norms and values of the
birth nation (Min, 2006). Lastly, according to developmental

Cultural Relativism And Anti Foundationalism
Relative Insanity
Introduction.
This paper seeks to explore the concept of cultural relativism and anti–foundationalism in philosophy. Cultural Relativism is a philosophical doctrine
that makes the claim that moral or ethical systems, which vary from culture to culture, are relative to culture and therefore equally valid. This is the
chief argument to support the anti–foundationalist view of the pre–Socratic era that denies the possibility of an ethical or moral foundation, because of
the multitude of cultural differences in ethical values. In essence, the argument is that as a product of society, individuals are subject to the standards
imposed by their culture, which in turn implies that those standards are relative as opposed to absolute. The idea is that there is no ultimate standard
of good or evil and that decisions are subject to cultural expectations. This is a dangerous concept to both religion and society. To say that standards
are not absolute is like saying god does not concern himself with particulars and therefore the reward nor the punishment for certain actions are not
guaranteed. To a society, the concept of cultural relativism argues that because standards are relative, there is no ethical or moral system that can be
considered "right" or "wrong" better or worse for a society than another. For example, human sacrifice is just or ethical, to the extent that the law should
not criminalize such an act, if it's acceptable in the individual's culture. This

Advocacy And It 's Role Of Cultural Diversity
Advocacy And It's Role In Cultural Diversity
Tabytha Balash
Ohio University
Advocacy And It's Role In Cultural Diversity
Facing ethical dilemma's is nothing new to nursing. As our society becomes more culturally diverse, cultural ethical dilemmas will become more
common. Several dilemmas can be contributed to the lack of education or misunderstanding by the medical staff, and the patient's own cultural values
and beliefs. This paper will discuss an ethical dilemma encounter with another culture in my own nursing practice. An explanation will be given on
how each group perceived the dilemma, and will identify the conflicting values and beliefs systems by each group. Lastly, culturally congruent care
will be defined.
Describe an Ethical Dilemma
The dying process is a very personal right of passage for many cultures. Several cultures have significant rituals that must be followed to enter the
next step in the life process. The patient's own cultural influences will considerably impact the patients and family's reaction the dying process, and
the decisions that are made with end of life care. The ethical dilemma I faced in my nursing practice was how to best care for a dying patient. I was
taking care of an elderly women from India who was in the United States visiting her family. She suffered a massive cerebrovascular event, and the
family needed to make plans for end–of–life care. There were several dynamics at play. The husband and father believed in the

Spanish And Native American Culture : Conflicting Cultures...
Conflicting Cultures In the 1500s, a clash between two worlds occurred. Although the French and the Spanish had the same religion and economic
ideology, their treatment of the natives were vastly different. The Spanish used their superior military to commit atrocities against the natives, while the
French allied their military with the natives. The Spanish used their religious zealotry to justify their heinous crimes, and sent missionaries to
completely convert the natives, the French, meanwhile, believed the natives should have their religion if they wished, but still sent missionaries to the
natives willing to convert. At first contact, the Spanish began to enslave the natives and put them to terrible labor, the French also desired materials
from the natives, but they traded goods with them rather than kill and loot them. Although they belonged to the same religion, the Spanish forced the
natives to revoke their old customs and adopt Catholicism, while the French were much more lenient on the conversion of natives. This was largely due
to the Spanish Catholic zealotry developed from the Reconquista, a movement in which the Spanish tortured and exiled people in their country who
were not devout Catholics. They viewed the Native Americans as nothing more than godless heathens, and dehumanized them as savages. The Spanish
quickly worked to convert or destroy the Native Americans' way of life, and they reconciled their atrocities by thinking they were saving their souls
from

Essay about Sociology
Much research on helping behaviour can be criticised as being ethnocentric, conducted in the USA alone. Thus, the studies are rather limited in terms of
the lack of variety in the people studied. Latane and Darley were the first to systematically investigate the circumstances under which bystander's are/are
not likely to intervene to help others, and promote pro–social behaviour. However, we must be cautious not to generalise the findings to other cultures.
We cannot assume that the same circumstances apply equally to any human population. The tendency to make this assumption is something we need to
be very aware of when drawing broad conclusions regarding pro–social behaviour from a limited sample.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In collectivistic cultures, such as China, Japan and some other Asian countries, individual wishes are seen as less important than the well being of the
group. It might therefore be expected that pro–social behaviour would be more apparent in collectivistic cultures.
Cultural perspectives on pro–social behaviour place it within a much larger moral system that binds people together in social relationships (Miller and
Bersoff, 1994). An example of the role that pro–social behaviour, or specifically helping behaviour, plays in the establishment of social relationships
can be found in the Chinese custom of 'doing favours for people' (Moghaddam, 1998)
Eisenburg and Mussen (1989) conducted cross–cultural research into children's pro–social behaviour to examine this notion further. It was found that
North American children were less kind, considerable and co–operative than children who had grown up in Mexican villages, Hopi children reared on
Indian reservations or Israeli children reared in kibbutzim. Thus, the findings suggest that there is a relationship between the type of culture within
which children grow up and the degree of pro–social behaviour they show. Children reared within a collectivistic culture tend to show more pro–social
behaviour than those reared in an individualistic culture.
However,

Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land
Conflicting Cultures in Gish Jen's Mona in the Promised Land
Novels that illustrate a confrontation between disparate cultures provide particularly straightforward insights into basic human behavior. Characters
confronted with a cultural conflict must explore basic human commonalities to breach the gap between the cultures. In doing so, one diminishes the
differences between her culture and the unknown culture, ultimately bringing her closer to her raw humanity. Simultaneously, this sets the stage for
countless sociological case studies that may illuminate important human behaviors that are otherwise masked by the bias of a dominating culture. A
prime subject for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She decides to define herself as an American in rebellious response to Matsumoto's request that she become Japanese. In doing so, she tries to distance
herself from her parents' Chinese heritage so that she may be more American. The best way to achieve this, as Chang sees it, is to convert to Judaism.
While she is outwardly successful, her identity confusion prevents her from being capable of handling a serious relationship, consequently implying
her powerlessness to mature. Chang finally matures once she figuratively confronts Matsumoto, who becomes the culminating icon of her identity
confusion. Because few scholarly analyses of Mona in the Promised Land have been compiled, nearly all information to support theories about the
book must be derived from interviews with Jen, who loosely based Chang's experiences upon her own life as a Chinese American. With a flare of
irony, Chang unknowingly provokes her identity crisis when she is thirteen years old. Introducing exchange–student Matsumoto to American culture,
she informs him "You could become American... Like I could become Jewish, if I wanted to. I'd just have to switch..." (Jen 14). In thoughtlessly
oversimplifying the concept of adapting a new cultural identity, Chang isn't aware that the idea will backfire and

Case Study: Cross Cultural Management
IHRM– Cross Cultural Management
Cross cultural management
From the research it is evident that the western best practice of management is not universally adopted. Several national cultures hold a differing
opinion to the west in several areas, however it is the West of the world that provides the majority of research onmanagement (Bealer, D. and
Bhanugopan, R., 2014). Hofstede (1983) identified six dimensions of national culture independent of each other that distinguish countries from one
another. Nationality is an important factor for management because it has a psychological effect on employees. Our thinking is partly conditioned by
our national culture. This natural culture affects individuals early in life due to family experiences ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A typology of management studies involving culture. Journal of international business studies, 14(2), pp.29–47.
Ali, A.J., Azim, A.A. and Krishnan, K.S., 1995. Expatriates and host country nationals: managerial values and decision styles. Leadership &
Organization Development Journal, 16(6), pp.27–34.
Bealer, D. and Bhanugopan, R., 2014. Transactional and transformational leadership behaviour of expatriate and national managers in the UAE: a
cross–cultural comparative analysis. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(2), pp.293–316
Forster, N., 2000. Expatriates and the impact of crossвЂђcultural training. Human Resource Management Journal, 10(3), pp.63–78.
Hofstede, G., 1983. The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of international business studies, 14(2), pp.75–89.
Hofstede, G., 1986. Cultural differences in teaching and learning. International Journal of intercultural relations, 10(3), pp.301–320.
Hofstede, G., 1993. Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), pp.81–94.
Macnab, B., Worthley, R. and Jenner, S., 2010. Regional Cultural Differences and Ethical Perspectives within the United States: Avoiding
PseudoвЂђEmic Ethics Research. Business and Society Review, 115(1),

An Indian Father's Plea And Two Kinds: A Cultural Analysis
Culture builds up and shapes how people view the world and the people in it. It determines how we judge and view the way others act, look, and
even how they think. In the texts "Where worlds collide", "An Indian Father's Plea", and "Two Kinds", it is shown that a person's views of others and
the world are solely determined by their culture. In Pico Lyer's short story "where worlds collide", a group of immigrants arrive in California only to
find that America is not exactly what they expected. "They come out... with maps their cousins have drawn for them and images they've brought
over from COPS and Terminator 2" (Lyer 63). Their view of America has been shaped completely by what they have seen of it in their cultural
background, through tv shows, movies, and word of mouth. "The blue skies and palm trees they have seen on tv are scarcely visible from here" (Lyer
64) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is concerned that her and his classmate's view of Wind Wolf's culture is affecting his learning. "You have already labeled him a slow learner"
(Lake 95). Wind Wolf has developed a much different learning style than his peers, due to his Native American cultural background, and this has
caused his teacher to perceive him as a "slow learner". She believes that his culture has put him at a disadvantage. "He is not culturally disadvantaged,
but he is culturally different"(lake 97). The conflicting view between the cultures of wind wolf and his peers has caused him to be viewed as lesser.
"The students laughed at him, causing him further embarrassment" (lake

Cultural Assimilation In Things Fall Apart
How can staying true to one's culture benefit them? More often than not, cultural assimilation is seen as a consequence of migration. And the
introduction of the Europeans into the Ibo society is no different, although in this case, it was more beneficial than detrimental to the Ibo. Enoch, a
character in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart accepts the Western ideas, and changes when his identity is tested, which evinces that a change in
culture has potential to be advantageous. To begin, Enoch's response to the conflicting European culture turned out to be positive. One way his
response is empathetic is his acceptance of the new religion. In the novel, this is shown when the narrator explains, "These outcasts, or osu, seeing that
the new religion welcomed twins and other such abominations, thought that it was possible that they would be received" (Achebe 155). Enoch's
acceptance of the new religion gave him the chance to start over. Another way Enoch's response is positive is his willingness to learn and help others
grow. The Europeans encouraged the Ibo to learn their ways, not only in religion but alsoeducation. The narrator process this by ... Show more content
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A new culture can either accepted or rejected by members of the original society, which can be shown by the characters Enoch and Okonkwo,
consecutively. There narrator describes, "Nwoye struggled to free himself from the choking grip. 'Answer me,' roared Okonkwo, 'Before I kill you"
(Achebe 152). Unlike Okonkwo, Enoch chooses to embrace the new culture, and because of that, he gets to reap the rewards. One of those awards was
protection. Enoch must have thought he had more than everyone else when he, "[...]boasted aloud that they would not dare to touch a Christian"
(Achebe 196). Enoch's boosting demonstrates that one definitely can gain from any

Hell-Heaven
For the past few days, our class has been discussing themes that arise in Jhumpa Lahiri's short story, Hell–Heaven. In our discussion, something that
interested me was the conflict of acculturation on Usha. Acculturation is the act of one "modifying their culture...due to the prolonged contact" to a
dominant place or people. Hell–Heaven is told from the perspective of Usha, a young Bengali girl born and raised in America. Usha's parents are
traditional, Bengali immigrants who try their best to preserve their culture, which causes conflict in Usha's lifestyle: "I began to grow out of my
girlhood, entering middle school and developing crushes on the American boys in my class..."Don't think you'll get away with marrying an American,"
[Mom] would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Something interesting that lingered around in every conversation was this concept of losing who you are and your culture, what makes you
unaccustomed and what you have to share with people that have different philosophies. I immediately thought of diversity, in a place like New York
City it's easy to find someone with different beliefs and live in peace without acculturation. Interestingly enough, Usha's mother after many years, "had
accepted the fact that [Usha] was not only her daughter but a child of America as well." (81). Usha created a cultural amalgamation between her
Bengali culture and the American lifestyle. Amalgamation allows people to create a unified, unique hybrid culture that won't result in conflicting
acculturation. Amalgamation goes beyond coming to unaccustomed earth. In fact, you'd be surprised that all of us here share a unified culture.
Although we may not share our race, religion, gender, sexuality, age or economic status, we're all part of the community of Bard, as people who go to
this school and learn something new every day from the people who are different from us. It's intriguing to me that no matter how different our roots
are, we can still sit down, learn and accept one another for our

Two Kinds By Jing-Mei Analysis
Culture is big part of life even if we do not think that it influences us in our everyday life. Everyone's culture is different and those differences make up
society as we know it. In most situations our culture shows through, whether that be in the form of action or opinions. Some of the components of
culture is values and beliefs. Culture is a huge component in the construction of one's perception of the world and other people. World views are
developed and a young age and when those world views develop the first signs of your culture come through. In new experiences our culture, including
our beliefs help you solve the problem and get through the impending situations. In the story "Two Kinds' Jing–mei and her mother have conflicting
views ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I won't be what I'm not" (19). Jin–mei saw the life her mother was laying out for her and she didn't like it. Her individual beliefs and her view on the
excel of her hown education kept her unique Up till now she blindly followed her mother until she saw it wasn't the only option for her future. In An
Indian Father's Plea, by Robert Lake he trying to get his son's teacher to understand how his culture influences his everyday actions and learning
processes. They are Native American and they have a lot of tribal influences in the things they do, the information they learn, and the way they learn.
The teacher believes that his child is a slow learner, but Lake is trying to make sure that she understands that because of his cultural differences that he
learns differently. He expresses this when he states, "If you ask him how many months there are in a year, he will probably tell you 13...he has been
taught by our traditional people that there are 13 full moons in a year" (77). Lake is showing the teacher that he understands information, but his
culture influences his thoughts on that

Commentary On Fresh Off The Boat By Eddie Huang
As Eddie Huang writes his memoir Fresh Off the Boat he brings many points across about his culture and his lifestyle, but through the whole memoir
his most provocative point he tried to convey to the audience was his struggles with the American culture and the conflicting situations he seems to get
himself caught in with this new culture. For example, Huang had many encounters with other kids at school over his ethnicity and the difference of
culture. Through Eddies school experience got off to a rough start with many fights and comments about his parents and their Asian culture. He never
took comments against him very well, he fought back many times with physical violence. He had to change schools many times through his
adolescence because

Pop Culture In Everyday Use By Alice Walker, And Two Kinds
Culture
"Pop culture shapes our ideas of what is normal and what our dreams can be and what our roles are [...]" quoted by Gloria Steinem. Culture has a
great influence on the way people view the world and others as seen in the stories By any other name by Santha Rama Rau, Everyday Use by Alice
Walker, and Two Kinds by Amy Tan.
In the story By any other name by Santha Rama Rau, Santha and her sister, Premila, move to a different school that changes them in ways that affect
their culture. In the beginning, the headmistress says, "Suppose we give you pretty English names (35)." This creates the beginning of how the
American culture is affecting Santha and Premila by changing their Indian names because it is too hard for everyone else to pronounce. The sisters are
also starting to question their lunch: "Premila and I were the only ones who had Indian food (37)." This explains how their culture is conflicting with
everyone else's and how they are viewing themselves as different. Throughout these two quotes, it shows how both cultures, people from the school and
Santha and Premila's, are conflicting and changing one another while they are viewing each other differently.
In Everyday Use by Alice Walker, the mother and Dee were talking about the quilts because Dee wanted them to "hang them (64)" she said but her
mother promised Maggie she would get them to "put them on the bed (64)" for "everyday use (64)" like they're supposed to be used. This passage in
the story shows how Dee

Culture, no doubt one of the most complex words of the...
Culture, no doubt one of the most complex words of the English language, for years, scholars debated its definition. Clarifying what culture means in
this essay or what culture means in an Intercultural respect would be to start by defining what it is not. Culture does not refer to products of the
intellectual and artistic elites, or "high–culture", nor does it refer Lady Gaga's dress sense or Miley Cyrus's Twerking or otherwise known as
"pop–culture" both examples of such culture are merely aesthetics , for all intents and purposes of this essay, culture will be operationally defined as an
ambiguous set of values, assumptions, beliefs about directions to life, procedural and behavioral norms that influence individuals with held ... Show
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Following that, this paper would bring about some context specific examples to contest the universality of face, most notably the Collectivistic cultures
such as Japan. Examining other authors' categorizations of positive and negative politeness in an attempt to identify the confounding factor as well as
looking into the context Brown and Levinson may have used in the formulation of their Politeness theory which produced conflicting dichotomies that
might have been because of some untenable assumptions of that age. If the linguistic community were to then accept the assumption as criteria for
politeness, what then should be done to clarify the dichotomies?
An intercultural interaction usually consists of three components, namely the Person which consists of gender, age, socio–economic status etc., Culture
which encompasses the values, beliefs, communication styles, the Situation which comprises of the setting of the exchange, location, formality, and
privacy. The three components does not mean that intercultural communications can be so easily broken down into distinct categories, but used for
identifying the contributors and players in communication, when people meet, it is never just

Assimilation Process That Immigrants And International...
This shows the three aspects that form the type of assimilation process that immigrants and international students undergo. The society that they come
from, in correlation with their reasons for migrating and the society that greets them all come together to determine the degree of ease of integration for
individuals. While the factors differ for each individual, most legal immigrants and international students are able to take advantage of many different
opportunities to help them integrate easier and begin a prosperous life in America.
For Rahaf, coming to an affluent public university with a vast number of opportunities enabled her to meet many influential people, as well as helped
her get involved in organizations that have had great impacts on her life, in turn easing the assimilation process. When Rahaf was about twelve years
old, she was raped. Her parents instructed her not to tell or talk about it with anyone. They claimed that while it's not a rare occurrence to be raped in
Saudi Arabia, it's something that you just can't talk about there. "It makes people uncomfortable." As a result of this, for many years Rahaf was forced
to live with what happened to her in silent suffering. Nevertheless, upon coming to the United States and attending UCSD, she was able to get the
therapy she needed, and meet fellow victims that helped her get through the traumatic experience. Being able to talk to other people who were in the
same situation enabled her to move forward from

American Dreamer By Bharati Mukherjee Summary
"American Dreamer" by Bharati Mukherjee scrutinizes the problems involved with culture fusion and identity. Within the essay, Mukherjee provides
her story of traveling to the United States to expose America's problem with the fusion of other cultures. Fusion, according to Mukherjee, stands as the
idea of multiple cultures uniting together within the context of a country under one supreme set of ideals regardless of previous beliefs and cultural
influences. However, both resident countries and immigrants struggle to coexist with their conflicting societal influences. The refusal to accept cultural
differences provokes division within society. Immigrants' refusal to appreciate a fused culture promotes division. Mukherjee questions the idea of
immigrants losing their culture for American ideals: "Parents express rage or despair at their U.S.–born children's forgetting of, or indifference to,
some aspects of Indian culture," to that Mukherjee asks, "Is it so terrible that our children are discovering or are inventing homelands for themselves?"
(Mukherjee, 1997, para. 28). Many immigrants experience anger when their children no longer hold the ideals of their home country. This tension
produced within the household hinders the unity within a resident country's culture and encourages division within families. Using herself as an
example, Mukherjee provides another instance of anger directed at her from her own subculture: "They direct their rage at me because, by becoming a
U.S.

The Significance Of The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War is a blank page in the history of the U.S. foreign policy. As a matter of fact, there have been many public and congressional debates
about the American intervention in Vietnam and the morality of the political decision that proved to be fatal for both countries. Undeniably, the
Vietnam War belongs in the period of the Turbulent Sixties, which along with other tremendous political events such as the Civil War, divided the
American society for decades. Until today the memory of the war still haunts the American conscience. Thus, the purpose of the essay is to examine
the significance of the Vietnam War as a collective memory in the American society. Specifically, the main focus will be on how the remembrance of
the Vietnam War, as well as the U.S. policy has been constructed in the
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Since the late twentieth century on, cultural historians and psychologists have stressed the importance of the memory in an attempt to provide insight
to the traumatic past and the process of reconciliation, both in the political as well as the cultural domain. Furthermore, memory is considered of high
importance when it comes to the formation of identity either for individuals, groups or a nation as a whole. According to Marita Sturken's statements in
her book Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering, "memory is crucial to the understanding of a
culture precisely because it indicates collective desires, needs, and self–definitions" (2). Additionally, memory and history are distinct from cultural
memory, which is a "field of contested meanings" that interacts with American cultural elements in order "to produce concepts of the nation,
particularly in events of trauma, where both the structures and fractures of a culture are exposed" (Sturken

Themes, And Strengths?
Counsellor would encounter a wide range of clients in the course of their profession and sometimes other than the basic counselling skills, advance
counselling skills would be required to better bring out the conflicting emotions into the surface, providing clarity, opportunity for discussion and to
elicit the strengths from the clients. Several advance counselling skills are demonstrated for the purpose of this role play which are namely: Empathetic
confrontation, Mutuality, Immediacy, Reflection of Meaning, Interpretation, Reframing, Counsellor's Self–disclosure, Individual and Significant others
and finally, Themes and Strengths (Ivey, A. E., Ivey, M. B., & Zalaquett, C. P., 2014) and these would be evaluated later in this essay. Empathetic
...
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It also helps the client to be more in touch with their core values and its meaning which enables the client to see the relationship of how their beliefs
affects their feelings, thoughts and behaviour (Ivey et al.,2014). After asking the meaning question on how the relationship mean to the client, even
though she mentioned that it is important to her, it was clear that due to the importance she sees the relationship, it is making her so risk adverse and
stuck that she rather take on all the stress by herself rather than take small steps to move forward (line 44), which follows by the counsellor
summarising and interpreting the meaning while using the opportunity to reframe the meaning while emphatic challenging the client (line 45). By
interpreting the client's meaning, the counsellor can use the chance to clarify and test out his hypothesis, his understanding of client's meaning as well
as providing an opportunity to help the client see a different perspective by using client's materials (Ivey et

Multiculturism
Multiculturism is a philosophy which appreciates ethnic diversity within a society and that encourages people to learn from the contribution of those of
diverse ethnic backgrounds. Though culture is seen as ''a richly rewarding area to pursue,'' it is none– theless ''a woefully complex maddeningly
dynamic phenomenon'' (Faure & Rubin, 1993, p. 228)(5). "Unity in diversity" is the perfect principle based on which any organisation succeeds. It is
known fact that employees from various cultures contribute more effectively to organisations success than organisation working with single culture
employees. But the authors of the article "Managing Multicultural Teams" (henceforth referred as core article) are of the opinion that cultural... Show
This factor can be evaluated more on the research conducted by Prof. Terence. With the above mentioned challenges it is clear that multicultural teams
if not managed properly can often produce management dilemmas. A multiculturalteam is like a fruit salad bowl in which if a single bad fruit spoils all
other fruits eventually in that bowl. If corrective actions are taken at right time the same multicultural team can come up with great outputs. The author
of core article describe that the manager can utilise these corrective measures by implementing to 4 different strategies – Adaptation, Structural
Intervention, Managerial Intervention and Exit. The above strategies can be explained by a real life example. This example illustrates how efficiently
managers can manage multicultural teams. Couple of years back I had worked on offshore platforms for six months. They were owned by Oil and
Natural Gas Company (ONGC) in India. There are around 22–23 oil and gas exploration platform under "Bombay High" sector. Though the onshore
management is almost Indian, offshore sites have a great mix of people from different cultures. The mechanical parts are maintained by Germans,
deep sea divers are Russians, people drilling oil and gas wells are Arabians, and some experts from western countries and Australia also work there for
different purposes. In the above mentioned environment where people with different

Analysis Of Neighbours By Tim Winton
How does Tim Winton's short story 'Neighbours' explore the transition of individuals into new phases of life and new social context?
New experiences shock and captivate readers consequently prompting a reassessment of their perceptions of respect, truth and friendship. Tim Wintons
short story "Neighbours" confronts individual stereotypes through exploring the multicultural context in which the story is set. Winton explores the
transition of a "young couple" into a new phase of life by describing their move to a lower socioeconomic suburb full of "European migrants". The
composer does not name the characters, rather calls them the "Macedonian Family" and the "Polish man", in order to show their cultural differences and
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This is shown through the emotive language of "people smiled tirelessly at them" and the positive connotations associated with verb "presents". Winton
challenges the audience to question their individual perspective upon society's moral truths and forces the revaluation of the values of mateship. The
composer is critiquing Australia's fractured historical truth through confronting multiculturalism in society. Furthermore, Winton explores aspects of
cultural acceptance through showing the naivety of the "young couple". The "young man" and "young women" are symbolic of the lack of experience
in the world and leaves them open to develop and mature as they experience different aspects of the world. Thus, composers confront widely held
perspectives regarding mateship and acceptance to prompt a revelation of Australia's multicultural society.
New experiences prompt individuals to reconsider their upheld values in the social context in which they're placed. Tim Wintons short story,
"Neighbours" questions Australia's social discourse by exploring the transition of individuals into a new phase of life. Winton challenges society's
ignorance and cultural stereotypes by displaying a provocative new experience which has the ability to manipulate and change individuals perspectives.
Society's ignorance can be

Analysis Of Catfish And Mandala By Andrew X
Sudden Exposure to the World
Catfish and Mandala is a narrative by Andrew X. Pham, representing his bicycle tour of Vietnam, with his childhood memories of the place. The book
characterizes the author's younger life in the country, until when he later moved to America with his family. Upon moving to America, he encountered
a veteran of the Vietnam War, and it was the veteran 's disturbed emotional state that prompted Andrew to make various observations, among them, is
the role of culture in people 's life. He set to establish the differences between the American and Vietnam cultures, which to him were conflicting and he
felt lost in–between the two places (Pham 6).
In his search for an explanation for the differences, he came across many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He realized that it would be quite difficult to reconcile his Vietnam past with his American present. Andrew was faced with culture shock, which is a
feeling of being disoriented, lonely, and anxious when one is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, set of attitudes, or way of life (Wanning 294).
Pederson (7) explains that there are stages of culture shock, which he identifies as the honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaptation. In the
honeymoon phase, a person is likely to get excited about being in a new place, meeting new people, tasting new foods, and acquiring new habits.
However, as time passes by, they get into a phase of negotiation, where the differences betweenthe culture one is used to and the one they find
themselves in start to become apparent. Feelings of anxiety, anger, and frustrations start to take shape as unfavorable events perceived as strange
come in the way of the person 's life, especially if a person does not feel accepted in the new culture (Mukherjee 273). Loneliness may set in, and the
urge to go back to the familiar culture strongly comes into play. However, as time goes by, adjustment sets in, usually within six to twelve months, and
one gets accustomed to the culture and also comes up with a routine. By this phase, one knows what is expected of them, and life once again becomes
'normal.'

Silence In Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston And The Mother
Language is not always sufficient for telling stories, especially difficult narratives. The most difficult stories are those that force characters into
situations with no desirable outcomes. The short story "Sweat" by Zora Neale Hurston and the poem "the mother" by Gwendolyn Brooks deal with
vastly different topics, but share the difficulty of narrating women's stories. Hurston and Brooks also share similar views on the use of silence in
writing, its use and effect. These texts define silencing broadly, such as not expressing an opinion about an action, denying a character a voice, or even
the absence of new language. While "Sweat" and "the mother" agree that silencing usually amplifies women's stories better than language, Hurston takes
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The syntax of the punctuation also creates pauses. Pausing forces reflection: each space of not speaking allows for the processing of the emotions
Brooks presents. By pausing and thinking, the emotions can become personal rather than the emotions of the speaker. Silence through repetition thus
allows traumatic stories and the related emotions to present themselves in full via reflection. Similarly, "Sweat" repeats the final words of the story to
allow a better grasp on Delia's experiences, and mainly achieves this through the investigation of what the text does not say. After Delia sees Sykes's
swollen eye and neck, she leaves the house. She sits outside in the heat "while inside she knew the cold river was creeping up and up to extinguish that
eye which must know by now that she knew" (9). The repetition of knowledge pervades. Like in "the mother," pauses occur here, too, but for a different
reason. The phrases "he knew," "she knew," and "[the eye] knows" cause pauses to think about what each person knows. Through this reflection,
"knew" obtains a new meaning each time, because Hurston forces the acknowledgement of each character's personal story. Without thinking and
seeking out the experiences of the characters, there cannot be any understanding of the knowledge. Silence invites the investigation of what is not
spoken, and eventually the understanding of the silence through

Comparing Two Narratives
I chose the narratives From My Parents to Me by Shio Fung Zhu , and Grandma's Story by Genevieve Hynes. These two narratives are similar because
both main characters emigrated from another country to America and struggled to learn the English language. Furthermore, each narrative talks about
their different cultures. The biggest differences between the two narratives are that in Grandma's Story the narrative is based on the grandmother while
in From My Parents to Me the narrative is about Shio Fung Zhu the author. Another big difference is that in the narrative From My Parents to Me the
author feels "My situations have led me to a place between Chinese and American culture, where I do not fully possess one or the other, but it is not a
full

Universal Declaration Of Human Rights: The Universal...
The universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted in 1948 is the leading treatise on human rights. The declaration has received much criticism and
praise since its inception. The most outstanding criticism of the universal declaration challenges the universality of human rights. The view is that
some, if not most, of the provisions in the declaration stems from the customs of the western world. This, therefore, makes human rights inapplicable in
and incompatible with other cultures. Human rights is a result of successive struggles in the west. This issue creates a problem in relating cultural
rights and the universal nature of human rights. The tension between the two and the concept of cultural relativism are the central elements in
contesting the universal nature of human rights. In this respect, this paper will discuss the universal nature of human rights. The question of whether
human rights are universal is dependent on the interpretation of what is right and and to what extent these rights are acceptable to all. Attempting to
make human rights universal in a world with diverse and conflicting cultures becomes problematic. There are, however, several view points that
consider human rights universal in nature. In the discussion of the universality of human rights it is imperative to distinguish between substantive and...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is evident in the local variation of human rights. These variations are neccesary bacause human nature is culturally relative. Human nature is a
result of unique social practises and social upbringing. This means that people are affected by cultural values and they inturn develop some
personalities based on social upbringing. The different personalities in different cultures may give rise to conflicting understanding of human rights.
Weak cultural relativism provides a middle ground where cultural variations do not overide human

Importance Of Advocacy And Its Role In Diversity
Advocacy and Its Role in Diversity
Patients come from many diverse backgrounds, cultures, and religions. It is important that nurses advocate for our patients. Providing culturally
sensitive care, can give our patients better outcomes, and reduce health disparities (Oregon Center for Nursing, n.d.). In this paper, I will discuss an
ethical issue with a patient who has a culture other than my own. I will examine our different perceptions on the issue, as well as our conflicting
values and beliefs. Last, I will discuss the meaning, as well as ways to provide culturally congruent care.
Describe an Ethical Dilemma
The ethical dilemma I experienced, happened when I worked as a nurse on a neurology unit. We admitted a patient that was going to be having
elective surgery on a benign brain tumor the following day. During the admission process, the patient was asked questions about her current
medications, and health history. The assessment was complete, and another nurse went to place a second intravenous (IV) access. The patient asked
why she needed a second IV, and the nurse told her that it was in case she would need blood products during her surgery. The patient suddenly got very
upset, and stated that she did not want to have surgery anymore. When asked why the patient suddenly was refusing surgery, she stated that because of
her religion, she was not able to have blood products.
Perception of Dilemma As a nurse, I was confused at first on why the patient all of the

Summary Of Anniversary By Joy Harjo
Summary: Joy Harjo's poem, Anniversary, is a perfect rendition of her Native American heritage intertwined with various allusions to it. This
cooperative effort is seen throughout the poem and is contrasted with the the ideals of modern science. This conflict of beliefs creates controversy
within both communities, the argument of myth versus fact.
Topic Sentence: Often, people rely on mythological and scientific beliefs to explain everyday occurrences, however, myth and science contradict one
another.
Thesis: Reality, in the eyes of Native Americans, is determined by the past, by the stories/myths theirculture has preserved, while modern science
contradicts their ideals with facts, creating a conflict of belief.
Transition: Anniversary utilizes... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since both are not proven facts, it raises a controversial statement to this, even if most scientists agree on this theory. THis similarity could the the
bridge between the two groups and maybe connects them in more ways than separates now that it is prevalent that neither creationism or the Big Bang
Theory has been proven, but nearly speculation on both spectrums.
Evidence (direct quotation from poem) "the shy fish who had known lonely water walked out of the ocean onto dry land"
Support analysis (Personal analysis, criticism): This line exemplifies the slow, drawn–out evolutionary process of the fish becoming a land animal, but
worded in a way that makes it happen in an instant.
Tie to thesis (Personal analysis, criticism): This way of thinking conflicts with the belief of the Creek's way of creationism and furthers the argument of
scientific fact being the correct way of thinking. Although Harjo uses both fact and myth within her poem her way of lightly putting each of the ideas
is splendid.
4th Body Paragraph (Science on outside sources)
Topic Sentence
Evidence( direct quotation from poem): "Aristotle, the most famous of the Greek philosophers, believed the universe had existed forever" (Hawking

Deaf Culture Research Paper
Customs and traditions define the different things each culture do to maintain their special bond. Values are the morals that the community lives by.
Religion is a strong belief in the power of a greater God that controls human destiny. Food can be a big part of culture and can provide nutrition that
powers the people in the culture. Each culture has certain traditions or values that hold them close together. The Deaf culture uses sign language to
express their pride and culture by coming together. Other cultures may use bibles or religion that tie them close together and make them proud to be a
part of that culture. Culture can also be defined by the way they spend spare time and uses creativity. The Deaf culture can spend their spare time by
communicating with each other through ASL. The Deaf culture loves to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Deaf community may or may not believe in getting hearing aids or cochlear implants, like the audiological community does. The Deaf
community views cochlear implants differently and more negatively. Some people believe that the cochlear implant will help with hearing and
will be beneficial in their lives. Others believe that they do not need an implant to be happy nor successful in life. In other words, they feel as if
they do not need to hear to be happy. Some people are happy with the way they are and are proud of being Deaf, so they believe that a cochlear
implant is unnecessary. These types of people view Deaf with the half full perspective. The audiological community views hearing aids and cochlear
implants as a great idea and advancement for the Deaf. The audiological community believes implants will help the Deaf and encourages the Deaf
community to grow and be more successful. The audiological community views deaf people with the half empty perspective. They see the Deaf
community for what they do not have, which is extremely

Essay On Asian Americans
The phrase "Asian American" simply represents a particular race by dictionary definition, but there are many more ideas and struggles that are attached
to this phrase in real life.
As a person who was born in China but grew up in both China and U.S.A, I often wonder how should I categorize myself. Should I link myself more
closely with "Asians" or "Asian Americans"? It is actually somewhat funny or even melancholy considering the fact that the word "American" without
any adjective never crossed my mind when I questioned myself.
Whether I am an Asian who grew up in America or an Asian American, I still face the same problems, because "Asian" is a part of my identity.
After I came to America, I faced the stereotypical perceptions of Asians. When many other people try to use those stereotypical labels to define Asian
Americans, I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though the values for a likable person is mostly universal, the attitude toward the way of living often differs in term of Asian and American ideals.
Asian traditions often encourage one to be more reserved and humble than American traditions. Those somewhat conflicting values often result in me
not knowing how open I should be when conversing with strangers, which can be uncomfortable at times.
Each race has its own history, and Asian Americans certainly have their own struggles to tell. Although Asian Americans still face many challenges, as
Asian Americans begin to stand up and to advocate for themselves, the public is becoming more aware of the struggles that Asian Americans
experience. From my personal experience, although I did have a few unpleasant moments because I am an Asian, I am embraced by my community
most of the time, which really helped me open up to others and enjoy the differences of the two

The Blind Side Culture
The Blind Side released in 2009 ("The Blind Side", 2009) is a recent American classic directed by John Lee Hancock, based on the novel written by
Michael Lewis ("The Blind Side", 2009). This film was chosen for the film analysis by the professor, however, after watching The Blind Side, it is quite
evident that this movie is perfect for analyzing the different concepts of communication since the entire move revolves around the forming of
relationships and the strain between the conflicting methods of communication. The concepts that will be used to analyze The Blind Side are
conflicting cultures, creating relationships, and expressing feelings. Fortunately, all these concepts are somewhat related and intertwined within each
other when they... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This movie is centered around Michael and Leigh Anne starting out as strangers and eventually forming a relationship nearly identical to the
relationship Leigh Anne shared with her two biological children. There are multiple steps involved with creating a relationship, as discussed above,
the first being initiating or meeting. Leigh Anne and Michael first met when she and her husband drove past Michael heading towards the school's
gym to seek shelter from the rain. The next step in creating a relationship is the experimentation phase, in The Blind Side it seems as if Michael and
Leigh Anne almost skipped this step. There was not a trial and error process for them, Leigh Anne knew she needed to give Michael a good home, they
seemed to skip right to the intensifying and integrating stages of creating a relationship by Leigh Anne allowing Michael to move into her house for
him to have a better quality of life. When Michael officially decides to move in Michael and Leigh Anne bond and continue to strengthen and
eventually maintain their relationship through conversation, spending time together as a family, and more specifically reading The Story of Ferdinand
with S.

They Poured Fire On Us From The Sky
All aspects of culture is largely impacted by conflict across the world. War brings a lack of supplies such as clothing and food, causing people to have
to adjust their life–styles. People have to scrap for the necessities of life and lose touch with their culture and who they are. War often causes a lot of
tension and arguments in a community, tearing families and friends apart, "... married men also joined up as they felt it was their duty..." (BBC
Schools– Families). People are often misplaced, having to adapt to new languages, culture, and ways of life. Culture can give bring people together as
much as it tears people apart. With constantly changing cultures, people can learn and grow from others' lifestyles, "... they are always changing..." (
Beyond Intractability). Culture can alleviate conflict by bringing people together and can help people of other cultures understand each other better and
differences can be celebrated instead of conflicting.
In the book They Poured Fire on us From the Sky, three men tell the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Culture can also give people hope in a time of conflict, the hope that one day things will return to normal and they can go back to their lives. It can
also give hope of a better life. In the book I am Malala, Malala Yousafzai tells the story of getting shot in the head by the Taliban and almost dying.
She has left her home country in fear, but she holds onto hope of one day returning to her home of Swat Valley, "One year ago I left my home for
school and never returned." (I Am Malala). In They Poured Fire on us From the Sky, the three boys had to learn how to flush a toilet to go to
America. The change from never having running water to using a toilet gave them hope of a better life in

Historical Significance Of The Vietnam War
The Vietnam War is a blank page in the history of the U.S. foreign policy. As a matter of fact, there have been many public and congressional debates
about the American intervention in Vietnam and the morality of the political decision that proved to be fatal for both countries. Undeniably, the
Vietnam War belongs in the period of the Turbulent Sixties which along with other tremendous political events such as the Civil War, divided the
American society for decades. Until today the memory of the war still haunts the American conscience. Thus, the purpose of the essay is to examine the
significance of the Vietnam War as a collective memory in the American society. Specifically, the main focus will be on how the remembrance of the
Vietnam War, as well as the U.S. policy has been constructed in the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the late twentieth century on, cultural historians and psychologists have stressed the importance of the memory in an attempt to provide insight
to the traumatic past and the process of reconciliation, both in the political as well as the cultural domain. Furthermore, memory is considered of high
importance when it comes to the formation of identity either for individuals, groups or a nation as a whole. According to Marita Sturken's statements in
her book Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering, "memory is crucial to the understanding of a
culture precisely because it indicates collective desires, needs, and self–definitions" (2). Additionally, memory and history are distinct from cultural
memory, which is a "field of contested meanings" that interacts with American cultural elements in order "to produce concepts of the nation,
particularly in events of trauma, where both the structures and fractures of a culture are exposed" (Sturken

Difference Between Universality And Universal Human Rights
Universal Human Rights mean the rights which are equally applicable and acceptable in all the societies irrespective of caste, creed, race, gender,
religion etc. To give justice and treat all the people equally without making any discrimination Universal Declaration of Human Rights came in to
existence. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the unique and an important document which is translated into different languages
all over world. It is based upon idea of promoting freedom, justice and peace for all the people and societies across world. It provides a set of uniform
standards that were adopted by the United Nations General Assembly with the support of forty–eight countries to establish a world with justice and
equality. The world is the melting pot of societies with different religions, cultures and traditions. These cultures consist of values, norms and traditions
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So Western liberal thinking is in favor of absolute individual, political and civil rights while non–western, third world values the collective and
community basis of all the rights.
Thus, these two types of values are unique and indispensable in their own cultural context. To give more clarity to this issue, the concept of
universality and relatively has been explained as follows
Universality Vs. Relativity The conflict between Universal Human rights Doctrine and cultural relativism is found from the very beginning of adoption
of Universal Human Right Doctrine in 1948. But this conflict takes a new turn when we talk about the human being's security of life. Conflicting
situation always endangers the human security. Before analysing this main fact, it is imperative to know that what is meant by 'universality' and
'relativity' in the concept of 'universal human rights' and 'cultural relativism'.

Valuable Identity Factors Allowing Acceptance in Society...
A person's family, race, culture, and life style within a society or a community are just a few factors that give him or her an identity. Coming to terms
with understanding one's identity is not simple because of the many factors defining it and might take one's whole life to finally understand who he or
she is. "Girl" by Jamaica Kincaid and "My Two–Lives" by Jhumpa Lahiri are both writing pieces that have characters who share these conflicting
factors of identification yet still have very different views on which of these factors are more valuable to allow them to be accepted in their societies
or communities. The race of a person for instance might represent a certain uniqueness and pride yet at times, it can provoke a sense of shame ... Show
They did not approve of the American ways and always found ways to stay connected to their Indian culture and faith. This confused Jhumpa as a child.
Although living in America and speaking the English language fluently, unlike her friends, she had to follow her Indian traditions and culture. She was
stuck in between two worlds that did not intertwine because her parents refused for it to happen. And so she created two personalities to fit the picture
in which they will never meet each other. Lahiri emphasizes that it was not until the beginning of the 21st century that the word "Indian–American" has
come up. This is when Indian–Americans were officially accepted by society. Her psychological struggle between her bicultural identities were
somehow summed up with a hyphen and bound together as one. She states, "What a difference from my early life, when there was no such way to
describe me" (Lahiri 547). She finally found a way to bring her two lives together and identify herself with this word. She also states in her writing,
"As I approach middle age; one plus one equals two, both in my work and in my daily existence." She is no longer cancelling herself out because of
her conflicting selves. Jhumpa thanks her parents for keeping her Indian side alive and she will also try to do the same with her children by speaking
the Bengali language to them. Her

Cultural Perception In Amy Tan's 'Two Kinds'
A Mutual Cultural Perception Culture shapes one's perspectives and characteristics in which paves a pathway into society; however, one's cultural
position is connected by one's decisions regardless of the importance of one's culture in terms of introducing values and beliefs at an early stage of life.
In other words, as individuals within society begin to view others and interpret the world, they may choose to follow a different path into society in
which their cultural influence remains static. Some individuals within society believe that one's culture impacts one's perspectives and moral values of
one's physiological beliefs, one's cultural identity; however, some individuals effected by a new environment and society may feel disconnected ... Show
Bharati is welcoming of her new environment in America and as a result, is consumed in the environment and society, accepting that her cultural
identity will change and that her former culture's influences will remain static. "I am an American citizen and she is not. I am moved that thousands of
long–term residents are finally taking the oath of citizenship. She is not" (Mukherjee 70). This reveals Bharti's acceptance of American culture, whereas
her sister, Mira refuses to accept American culture into her life. In other words, one's former culture as one begins to experience a new environment,
does not significantly impact one's views on others and the world. "She is here to maintain an identity, not transform it" (Mukherjee 71). Mira refuses
to accept the influence of American culture and continues to follow her culture in which she first experienced due to its significant influence upon
incorporating its cultural values, morals, and beliefs, impacting the way she views others and the

Obasan Culture Essay
Canada, as we currently know it, is a country that was built by settlers. Through numerous amounts of settlements and constant immigration from
locations all over the world, Canada's populations have quickly become diverse and multicultural. However, while the country presently prides itself on
its multiculturalism, there is a history of racism and massive cultural genocide to avoid this acceptance for a multicultural country. This is heavily
reflected in Canadian literature throughout different periods of times, beginning with the Aboriginal tribes who were forced to assimilate to European
culture. Through the examination of texts that prominently reflects different cultures within Canada, one can understand the beginning rejection of
cultures ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both with Kogawa's own character and her brother within the story, there is either an integration of their Japanese background with their Canadian life
or the complete rejection of their Japanese heritage. Finally, Austin Clarke's "Canadian Experience" is a recent example of an immigrant from the
Barbados who attempts to make a life in Canada, but fails to do so because of racist and intolerant acceptance that he faces in Toronto. Despite the
hopes of a good life in the country that promotes multiculturalism, George is rejected and refused at every corner in Toronto. There is a deep feeling of
isolation and rejection from Canadian society that eventually leads to George's suicide. Through the use of these primary texts and external secondary
texts, this research essay will examine the notion of multiculturalism and how it has faced constant resistance throughout Canadian's history while still
being far from perfect in the current day. As a result, when using Canadian literature as an area of study, it becomes difficult to pinpoint what is actually
Canadian culture and if there truly is multiculturalism within the

Diversity In Canada
In the cultural mosaic that is Canada, all citizens within the country are seen as Canadians. However, to what extent a person wants to embrace or
engage in that Canadian–citizen role is where the lines begin being blurred. Integration and nationalism have now become a hot–button topic for most
within the Canadian context due to the systemic malpractice of colonialism and present–day turmoil. According to Trovato (YEAR, p. ), the root of
this problem of how much one embraces nationalism comes down to conflicting views due to varying Models of Integration (from Monolithic to
Multicultural within a liberal democracy) that having a diverse population possess. These conflicting models show the natural complexities that any
society has when addressing integration and to what degree a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
25). The key outcome tries to get "educators...to broaden students' understanding of differences and different groups of people" (Kumashiro, 2004,
p.xxv), through embracing their students' diversity. The idea of embracing student diversity and experiences within the classroom ties into the idea of
culturally relevant teaching. As described by Pelkowski (2014 p.7), is "described as [the] critical consciousness, or an individuals's awareness of how
herself and others are impact by the dimensions of culture, race, class, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation, as well as how these dimensions are
related to the political, social, and economic systems". I think if students have a fundamental understanding of how these structures/systems impact
them and those around them is of paramount importance within this unit, especially within the Canadian context. Through student learning, they
should be able to understand how some factors will contribute to how someone identifies or refuses to identify to certain types of

TMA1 Cross Cultural 031140049
TMA 1
LLS203/05
CROSS CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE
Name: HOR CHEE HORNG
Student ID: 031140049
Class Code: 3CUL1Contact No: 012–7665755
Email: cheehorng85@hotmail.com
Submission Date: 5th March 2015
Tutor: PERINPARAJAH AL CHINNIAH
Course Coordinator: JASMINE SELVARANI
No. of Pages : 12
QUESTION 1
COMMUNICATION IS ESSENTIAL IN TODAY GLOBAL BUSINESS WORLD
Communication is the basis of business therefore it is essential for us to learn a culture or cultures to help overcome miscommunication and
misrepresentation. Smriti Chand points out that effective communication is a basic prerequisite for the attainment of organizational goals, no
organization, no group can exist without communication (CHAND n.d.). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the distance through which a message has to travel is great, there is every possibility that it may be changed, modified, shortened, amended or
interpreted during transit in such a manner that even the original sender may not be able to recognize the contents of the communication. This usually

happens in government department where usually messages are not successfully reach to the correct person.
Socio–cultural barriers usually happen when a group of different culture people are being group together. People coming from different countries may
not find comfort in communicating or coordinating easily with one another. Stephen quoted when people from different countries come together, their
way of thinking varies, some might be shy to communicate, while others open for communication owing to the difference in their cultural backgrounds,
there is a difference in their upbringing, due to which there 's a difference in their views and beliefs (Rampur 2011). Even the communication etiquette
differs across the different countries, thus making it difficult for communication to even start.
Socio–cultural elements that could be barriers are:
a) Beliefs and values which are conflicting
Every culture, every people have different beliefs and values. For example, right now many western countries people opt for vegetarian because they
feel it is cruel to kill the animal and to be on them on the meal

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