Global Warming And Its Effect On The Marine Ecosystem Essay

Global Warming And Its Effect On The Marine Ecosystem Essay
The fear of global warming has been looming over people, and baffling scientists for decades. Since
it was recognised that climate change is becoming accelerated due to human resources, the
knowledge around it has been slowly evolving. Fifty years ago, as will be discussed, thinking
around the subject was quite different. Even now experts cannot come to a consensus as to what the
result of climate change will be. It is observed, at present, that global warming has made a huge
impact on the marine ecosystem as the sea temperature and amount of carbon continues to rise. One
of the great concerns about global warming is its effect on the cryosphere and polar caps, of which
the science will be later explored. In addition, it is predicted that if global warming continues to
develop within the next ten years, the world will change drastically for the worse. Body Paragraph
One: Past knowledge
Fifty years ago, scientific knowledge of climate change was limited, and some predictions were far
from the results. In the 1960's to 1970's, what we in the present day fear, global–warming, was not
an issue at all, actually, experts were concerned about global–cooling. According to this theory,
proposed by Kenneth Watson of the University of California, it was predicted that by the 21st
century, the earth would have cooled enough to send the world into an ice age, and billions of people
alive now would have died due to starvation, caused by crops being unable to grow. There were
grand
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Glaciers In The Andes
Although many glaciers are retreating in the Andes, some glaciers have shown a positive mass
budget. Schaefer et al. (2014) showed a progressive surface mass balance from 1975 to 2011 in the
South Patagonian Icefield. Masiokas et al. (2009) also noted glacier growths in certain portions of
SPI during the first half of the past millennium. Sakakibara and Sugiyama (2014), in their analysis
of 26 calving glaciers from 1984 to 2011, noticed small advancements in two termini of the Pío XI
glacier. Espizua and Pitte (2009) noticed some periods of minor advances in the Central Andes.
They concluded that the positive mass balance during the period was the outcome of the warm El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Glaciers of Chile act as a valuable source of fresh water
as their summer runoff contributes to several river basins. It is an important water resource to the
populated and eco regions of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Annual rainfall increases from 100 mm to 2,000 mm along the latitude within the central region
(Montecinos and Aceituno, 2003). The studies on climate variability in the region reported a
decrease in the precipitation and a diminutive increase in temperature (Favier et al., 2009; Rabatel et
al., 2011). The complex landscapes of the Andes create numerous microclimatic zones in the study
region (Rosenblüth et al., 1997).The varying climatic conditions and topography along the Andes
influence the development of glacial masses. Therefore, we divided the study region into four sub
regions based on climate and topography. These divisions help overcome statistical bias and avoid
overlying dissimilar radar signal footprints (Kääb et al., 2012). These four climatic sub regions are
DC (31°S–35°S), NW (35.1°S–46°S), SPI (48.15°S–51.4°S), and CDI (54.20°S–55°S) (Figure 2)
(Lopez et al., 2010; Williams and Ferrigno,

Ecology Culminating Research Paper
Ecology Culminating Task
Food Pyramids:
Food Pyramids are pyramid graphs showing the different levels of population, food energy, and
other factors. Some of these pyramids include the Pyramid of Biomass which shows the total
amount of dry mass per trophic level. The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in
a food chain. The other pyramids are Pyramid of Numbers, which show how many of the creature
per trophic level and Pyramid of Energy which shows how much total energy is available at each
trophic level. This pyramid cannot be inverted because energy always decreases the higher up you
go. The threats to the Food Pyramids are overhunting animals which can lead to inversion of the
pyramids where the trophic level either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When fossil fuels are burnt, the c02 is released into the atmosphere rapidly, and the c02 cycle
doesn't have enough time to get the c02 out of the atmosphere. This c02 traps the heat from coming
out of the atmosphere and creates global warming. Global warming is serious because it melts the
ice cap, removes habitas, raises sea levels and many other negative effects. A good way to stop this
environmental hazard is to use green energy. Instead of burning coal and natural gas, we can use
more wind turbines, hydro–electric dams and other green electricity options. We also need to
research solar panels more, so we can make them more efficiant. If we start to do this, the c02
outtake would be significantly decreased and the world will be a better place to live

Climate vs. Weather
Climate vs Weather
Weather is the day–to–day state of the atmosphere in a region, and its short–term (minutes to weeks)
variation whereas Climate is defined as statistical weather information that describes the variation of
weather at a given place for a specified interval. They are both used interchangeably sometimes but
differ in their measure of time, and trends that affect them.
Weather is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind.
In popular usage, climate represents the synthesis of weather; more formally it is the weather of a
locality averaged over some period (usually 30 years) plus statistics of weather extremes.
In a 2012 survey, a majority of Americans blamed global warming (or ... Show more content on
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The chaotic nature of the atmosphere means that perfect forecasts are impossible, and that forecasts
become less accurate as the range of the forecast increases. Climate is measured based on the
weather statistics. A general period of 30 years is taken to forecast climate of an area as patterns
over a period of time have to be observed. The standard classification of the earth's climatic zones is
mainly based on the annual cycles of temperature and rainfall. The time frame makes it possible for
weather forecasts to usually be easier and more accurate than forecasts about climate change.
Human impact and changes on climate and weather
There is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in
inadvertent weather modification. Acid rain, caused by industrial emission of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, adversely affects freshwater lakes, vegetation, and structures.
Anthropogenic pollutants reduce air quality and visibility. The effects of inadvertent weather
modification over the long term may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including
ecosystems, natural resources, food and fiber production, economic development, and human health.
Climate change caused by

The South American Cryosphere
The South American Cryosphere is composed of both tropical and temperate ice masses. The
Patagonian Icefields in the Southern Andes represent a major temperate ice mass in South America
(Warren and Sudgen, 1993). Although retreat of glaciers in the Southern Andes have been
documented earlier (Rigot et al. 2003; Lopez et al. 2010; Willis et al. 2012), glacier of Southern
Andes have long been neglected for mass–balance measurements. Due to the remoteness,
inaccessibility, and tough weather conditions in the Andes, field–based mass–balance studies are
sparse (Aniya et al. 1996). Because glaciers in this region have not been as closely studied, there is
an uncertainty in the estimation of the contribution of these glacier–melts to the sea level

Science Of Climate Change And How Combined Cycle Power Plants
Scientific Report
The science of climate change and how combined cycle power plants will slow its impact
Pascal Nguyen
School of Applied Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3021, Australia
Abstract
The increase in the emission of greenhouse gases has led to the increase in climate change; the
consequence of unchecked pollution, where carbon emissions caused by human activity enters the
air and causes negative impacts on the environment. One of the many negative impacts could be the
change in the current state of the ocean and the melting of the cryosphere. One of the ways to
combat the increase in climate change may be the addition of the combined cycle power plants and
how its efficient ways will lower greenhouse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these factors, ultimately, affect the distribution, abundance, breeding cycle and migration of
marine plants and animals that millions of people rely on for food and income.
Cryosphere The plant's frozen areas are some of the most sensitive to climate change, as climate
change starts to increase, the mass loss of ice in these areas starts to increase leading to major
problems such as the major problem of water levels rising.
One of the ways the world is trying to fight back the increase in the greenhouse gas emission (GHG)
is through the use of combined cycle power plants used to created energy for the population. A gas
turbine generator produces electricity and waste heat is used to make steam to generate additional
electricity through a steam turbine. The gas turbine is one of the most efficient one of the conversion
of gas fuels to mechanical power or electricity,
Through the research of the science of climate change, it is important to look at this topic as early as
possibly can as it is the key to being able to change and make notice the way human kind acts on
climate change.
1.1 Natural gas combined–cycle power plants
The process for converting the energy in a fuel

Amazon Rainforest Sea Level
In these next couple paragraphs I am going to tell you how Global Warming affects Sea Levels,
Coral Reefs, and Tropical Rain Forest. The Sea levels have been rising majorly. The Coral Reefs
have been decreasing. The Amazon Rain Forest have been having droughts.
The Sea Level has increased over the past 200 years as average global temperatures have increased.
The rise is due to two factors, the freshwater being added to the oceans from ice melt in the
cryosphere, and the thermal expansion of the oceans due to rises in sea temperature. The sea level
has risen 6 to 8 inches in the past 100 years. It is predicted to rise another 50 to 90 centimeters in the
next century. As the sea level rises it's jeopardizing rapidly growing coastal communities, which
causes evacuation in some areas causing people to lose their homes. Sea level is the effect ... Show
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This plays a crucial role in the precipitation cycle of South America and pumps oxygen into the
atmosphere.Thousands of square miles of rainforest are cut down each year, releasing global
warming pollution in the form of carbon dioxide and methane from burning and decaying
vegetation. Deforestation disrupts the water cycle by allowing water to runoff directly to rivers
rather than being trapped in soil and vegetation and slowly released throughout the year. This makes
the forest more vulnerable to drought and the further loss of trees and release of global warming
pollution. As of the results the researchers predict it will be a dessert by 2050. This causes the
animals and plant their to die or extinct forever which may affect us in long terms.This shrinking of
the Amazon rainforest is a major reason why scientists predict that vegetation will shift from its
current state as a carbon sink to a carbon source by the middle of the

Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Climate Change
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Resulting in Climate Change
The Sun is responsible for all of the energy that enters the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth 's energy is
in balance when Earth emits the same amount of energy as it absorbs (Schneider, 1987). But today,
the Earth is absorbing more energy than is what is being released due to increases in greenhouse
gases in the Earth's atmosphere (Herbert, 2007). Out of the total energy entering the Earth's
atmosphere, as seen in Figure 1, only 30% is being reflected back into space due the Earth's albedo
(Schneider, 1987). The other 70% of this energy is being absorbed by the Earth's surface and
atmosphere (Schneider, 1987). Here we are going to discuss how increasing greenhouse gas
concentrations leads to climate change, some consequences that come with climate change and what
can be done about it.
The Earth has been known to go through various natural warming and cooling periods throughout
history. During warmer interglacial periods, CO2 levels are higher and during cooler glacial periods,
CO2 levels are lower (Monnin, 2004). This is because the heating and cooling of Earth's surface can
cause significant changes in greenhouse gas concentrations (Monnin, 2004). These changes often act
as a positive feedback, intensifying the existing temperature changes (Monnin, 2004). For example,
it was slightly warmer during the Holocene Climatic Optimum about 5,000–6,000 years ago and
was slightly cooler during the Little Ice Age from about 1600 AD

The Effects Of Climate Change On Oceans
In addition to carbon dioxide levels and surface temperatures, oceans also provide scientists with
evidence of climate change. Oceans play a major role in climate change because they absorb almost
all (90% from 1971–2010) of the energy increase in the climate system ("Summary", 2013, p. 8).
Scientists are confident that ocean surface temperatures have increased since the beginning of
industrialization ("Summary", 2013, p. 8) and that humans have contributed to this ocean warming
("Summary", 2013, p. 17). From 1971–2010, ocean surface temperatures have increased
approximately 0.4–0.5°C and are projected to increase by 0.3–2.0°C by 2100 ("Summary", 2013, p.
8). However, temperature is not the only effect of climate change on oceans; other ... Show more
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The decrease in salinity lowers the density of the northern water, which in turn reduces the
difference in density between the northern and southern waters. As a result, the force that
equilibrates the northern and southern waters weakens. As Arctic ice continues to melt, the AMOC
could be further weakened "within a decade or two" and may even shut down currents between
northern Canada, Greenland, and northern Europe (Rahmstorf et al. 478–479), The AMOC is likely
to weaken by 2050 and very likely to weaken by the end of the 21st century. While the AMOC is
unlikely to "collapse or completely shut down" in the 21st century, it is not impossible that it will
shut down any time after that ("Summary", 2013, p. 24). The AMOC shows that weakening currents
are possible and probable and could lead to an increase in more extreme climates.
In addition to weakening global currents, climate change also causes sea levels to rise. According to
the IPCC Fifth Assessment report, sea levels have risen 0.19m from 1901–2010 and have been
increasing faster in the last 50 years than in the previous 2000 years ("Summary", 2013, p. 11).
Climate scientists are concerned about rising sea levels because they have the potential to affect
coastal sea levels. Research shows that if the global average sea level increases by 20%, 70% of the
world's coastal sea levels could be affected ("Summary", 2013, p. 12). Projections show

Climate : The Five Components Of Climate Change
Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30–year interval. It is measured by assessing the
patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation,
atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of
time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short–term conditions of these
variables of a given region. A regions climate is generated by the climate system, which has five
components: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Climate is defined as
the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period. It is also a region with
particular prevailing weather conditions. Climate is overall variation of temperature, humidity, and
atmospheric pressure.
The Earth's climate has changed throughout history and that's why climate change is so important.
Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the
abrupt end of the last ice age about 7,000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate
era and human civilization. Most of the climate changes are attributed to the very small variations in
Earth's orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives. The current global warming
trend is really significant because most of it is really likely greater than 95% probability to be the
result of human activity since the 20th century. Global sea level rose

Human Environment And The Environment
Climate change is grounded by theory and observations based on direct measurements and remote
sensing from satellites and other platforms, which make its scientific bases strong and reliable
(Stocker et al., 2013). Drivers of climate change include both natural and anthropogenic substances,
but the latter has caused extreme and major observed changes in the climate system. Human reliance
on fossil fuels and on industrialized forms of agriculture has caused us to reach to the point in which
the ecosystem and the environment are at risk. Results of such human activities could result in
irreversible climate change that will damage the environment and reflect negatively on sustainable
development. (Rockström et al., 2009). This essay will explore the observed changes in the climate
system due to anthropogenic activities and will highlight the severity of fossil fuel reliance which
will negatively impact the ecosystem and human well–being.
I. Evidence
A. Changes in Temperature
It is evident that troposphere warming has been occurring since the mid–20th century. This has
caused major changes in global surface temperatures. Measurements and observations have shown
that during the last three decades, the surface of the Earth has been warmer than any prior decade
since 1850. Furthermore, the period between 1983–2012 has been the warmest period of the last
1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere (Stocker et al., 2013). All the continents have experienced
warming and increase in surface temperatures, except for Antarctica where there is no data available
yet. Global warming has also caused changes in the weather and climate. The number of cold days
and nights have decreased, while the number of warm days and night has increased on a global
scale. Large parts of Asia, Australia, and Europe have experienced an increase in heat waves, and
Europe and North America have experienced an increase in the intensity of heavy rain (Stocker et
al., 2013).
Changes in the temperature have also caused the upper and bottom ocean to warm. It is certain that
the upper 75 m of the ocean has warmed by 0.11°C from the period between 1971 and 2010 and that
3000 m to the bottom of the ocean has warmed from 1992–2005, with the largest warming

Drinking Water Pollution and the Earth's Rising Sea Level...
Water is one of the basic foundational units of life. It is very easy to take it for granted; after all, it
does make up three–quarters of the total global surface. It has no taste, no smell, and no color. When
considered on the most basic level, it is not very exciting or stimulating at all. Its simplicity is
infinitely remarkable, yet it is indispensable to the perpetuity of all life forms here on Earth. So why
has it taken so long for us to open our eyes to both its splendor and fragility? We as a people seem to
understand that existence is impossible without water, yet we continue to sabotage it both
consciously and unconsciously.
The purpose of this essay is to heighten awareness of a couple of problems as they relate to the ...
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In addition to this the global climate has begun to rise significantly, especially since the late 1970's.
The National Academy of Sciences expects doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases by the end of the 21st century, and this could raise the Earth's temperature
anywhere from 1.5–4.5 celsius degrees by that time. Global warming affects the climate patterns of
Earth in many ways, such as rises in temperature and precipitation and decreases in soil moisture.
Agricultural productivity will increase in northern regions, but without moisture in the south it will
drop dramatically. In addition there will be more frequent and violent storms and a plethora of local
impacts around the world.
Global warming causes a rise in sea level because of two main phenomena: thermal expansion of
warming ocean water and melting of glacial ice. A water level increase as significant as twenty
inches could be reached by the year 2100. To provide a working idea of this, twenty inches is
enough to submerge about 8500 sq. miles of the southeastern coastline of the United States (New
York Times).
The Science Behind the Issue:
The greenhouse effect is a very real and therefore terrorizing theory. If the atmosphere did not retain
part of the solar radiation being reflected back into space from the Earth's surface, then our planet
would become cold and uninhabitable. However, the

Carol Farbotko Analysis
Annotated Bibliography One
Farbotko, Carol. 2010. "Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan
experimentation". Asia Pacific Viewpoint 51, (1): 47–60 The journal "Wishful sinking: Disappearing
islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation" is written by Dr. Carol Farbotko, an
Australian environmental scientist. The journal marks the disappearing islands and the climate
refugees as an urgent impact of climate changes and discusses some consequences of raising sea
level. Author opines that the global climate changes are in crisis through an experiment that imitates
the disappearing of low–lying Oceania islands. And also, author points out that the emergence of
Tuvalu makes the world start to consider climate changes, but unfortunately, it also creates the
possibility of Tuvalu islands and Tuvaluan bodies being eco–colonized. The last, author expresses a
moral thought that only if an island actually disappears, people will actually start to deal with
climate issues. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the source provides an estimated area of disappearing lands, which will reduce the area
where can grow crops, consequently, the demand of food will increase and the price will raise. Thus,
unaffordable food price will not benefit Canada. Secondly, the source illustrates that the climate
refugees will enter many countries include Canada. Those low–paid labours will impact the
Canadian labour market, which is a serious issue to Canadians. Thirdly, the moral thought in the
article indicates that climate changes will cause lots of political issues, like eco–colonization.
Canada will not stay in peace in a global political chaos. Those negative influences of climate
changes in Canada can be evidences to support my

Student’S Name. Professor’S Name. Course. Date.Effect Of
Student's Name
Professor's Name
Course
Date Effect of Climatic Change on the Cryosphere
Introduction
The tale of the human race and our connection to the ecosystem can be viewed as an unfolding
adventure shrouded in mysterious occurrences. The impacts of the overall climatic change have
signaled danger for a long time, and it is clear that there is a global crisis facing us. One would
wonder where we are headed and if the earth will be able to sustain life in the next century. Global
warming continues to manifest itself to us every day through rapid changes occurring to the climate
system. Some of us still hide from reality and hold on to the notion that climate change is just, but
another scientific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When carbon dioxide and other toxic gasses are released into the atmosphere, they become too
excessive for all the vegetation to absorb. Such conditions lead to the over–accumulation of gasses
that form a layer called a greenhouse. The gasses create a greenhouse effect that prevents any heat
from escaping the earth (Taylor,881). This means that most of the heat being released from the
earth's center as well as that being absorbed from the sun is retained within the atmosphere. The
trapped heat has over time led to the rise in global temperatures which has subsequently had adverse
effects on the ecosystem. In essence, the small changes to a temperature that have occurred on a
global scale over time can lead to significant and human threatening changes in the global weather
patterns. The contemporary warmth has been exhibited by melting ice lands and glaciers as well as
increased floods and famines. Driving forces of this climatic change Scientists attribute a huge
percentage of the gas accumulation to the human activities using fossil fuels and whose operation
leads to the release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other toxic gasses into the air. The
rate of temperature rise since the industrial revolution shows a significant change of 38% due to the
constant emission of toxic gasses from human activity (Lonnie, 153).

Global Warming Controversy: The Cause Of Climate Change
Climate change is a global issue that is under an endless debate for its causes. The increase in the
global mean annual surface air temperature in the previous century by 0.75C (IPCC 2007) in
coincidence with the excess of the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere from 289
to 353 ppm (Lean et al. 1995) by burning fossil fuels support the human–induced hypothesis of
climate change. On the other hand, the protestors of the natural origin of climate change build their
argument on the variations of solar radiation and volcanic activities (Rind and Overpeck 1993).
Meehl et al. (2005) report that the global warming will continue in this century, even if the
greenhouse gasses are stabilized. This reveals that the climate change is ... Show more content on
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LST is a key parameter in the physics of land–surface processes, particularly the exchange of heat
fluxes between the atmosphere and the ground on regional and global scales (Feizizadeh et al. 2013;
Coll et al. 2005). Many previous investigations reported strong correlations between LST retrieved
from satellite data and air temperatures (Comiso 2003; Vancutsem et al. 2010; Benali et al. 2012;
Zhu et al. 2013). Relationships between land use and land cover change (LULCC) and LST were
also elaborated in numerous studies (Lejeune et al. 2015 & Nguyen et al. 2015). LST retrieved by
means of remote sensing is an alternate to earth's temperature and climate change. The LST utilized
the thermal infrared bands to acquire temperature data (bands 31 and

Impacts Of Anthropogenic Greenhouse And Trace Gases On The...
The Impacts of Anthropogenic Greenhouse and Trace Gas Emissions on the Ocean
By: Lexie Herdt, Meredith Fish, and Samantha Ballard
Meteo 470: Video Research Project
12/15/14
Introduction:
Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 and other trace gases affect the atmosphere, ocean, biosphere and
cryosphere (IPCC, 2014). These components of the climate system stimulate interactions between
each other ranging from synoptic to microscale processes and including everything in between.
Since the industrial revolution, human–produced emissions have been changing the world around us
(IPCC, 2014). The phenomenon of having greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere is
natural and necessary to support life on Earth. However, the buildup of greenhouse gases ... Show
This research is intended to further the understanding of how the Earth's climate will be affected
with rising anthropogenic emissions.
Each of the world's countries contributes different amounts of both gas and particle emissions to the
atmosphere influencing changes in weather and climate on a daily basis. The main anthropogenic
emissions in the climate system are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
and Aerosols, each consisting of a different atmospheric lifetime. Since the United States endorses
open access to scientific data, tools and resources to conduct research, it is more beneficial to
analyze the anthropogenic emission sources of the United States over other industrialized countries
whose data is not so freely available to the public (Auer et al., 2007). The United States is the
second highest emitter or polluter in the world. The burning of fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and
transportation produces most of the United States' emissions. Due to the country's dependence on
fossil fuels, the United States' emission footprint is expanding. With a growing population and an
expanding economy, the United States is urbanizing at an expansive rate. The increase in population
as well as the modernization of our world is causing Americans to increase their energy
consumption through increased transportation and the development of new cities. All in

Proposal Essay On Global Climate Change
Global Climate Change Proposal
Nicole Petitta
SCI/245
August 5, 2012
Marc W. Romine
Abstract
I hope this proposal will assist the reader in understanding our Earth's critical condition and ways
even an individual can attribute to the betterment of our environment.
Global Climate Change Proposal Scientists refer to global climate change as any alteration in the
average temperature involving the climate system. The climate system involves the following: our
atmosphere, including temperature, clouds and wind, precipitation, humidity, atmosphere trace gas
and aerosol distribution; oceans; volcanoes; land; cryosphere, which includes ice cover and snow
cover; and the sun (Murck, Skinner, & Mackenzie, 2010). The alternations have been ... Show
For myself, personally, I believe each and every prediction of the expert scientist could very well
come true. For example, the extinction of species has already started. As temperature increases
around the world, the habitats of animals are doing the opposite; shrinking. Murck, Skinner, &
Mackenzie (2010) identified a breed of penguins known as Adelie penguins that have made the West
Antarctica Peninsula their home for many years because of the ice cold temperatures; however,
recently the number of Adelie penguins has "sharply declined" due to the fact, naturally, they prefer
the cold sub–artic temperatures. To look at the big picture, this means that animals will have to
migrate, find a way to survive in a different environment and temperature, or, unfortunately, become
extinct due to the global climate change. Many species may very well become extinct in our
lifetime.
Another aspect, or negative consequence, of global climate

Causes Of Climate Change
What are the main contributing factors in climate change, and what should we do about it?
Climate change is undeniably one of the biggest problems which the world at large is currently
having to deal with. There are many factors that are causing climate change but more importantly,
there are numerous ways to combat it.
One of countless examples is environmental damage. Through this issue, mega–cities like Delhi
which is the capital city of economically developing India suffer constantly with problems like
smog. Due to New Delhi being blanketed in thick smog, their very own chief minister, Arvind
Kejriwal, has labelled the mega–city as a "gas chamber". This major problem leads to severe
consequences which were suffered at the hands of the Delhi citizens who were choking, rendering
them unable to breathe properly. It is clear that the smog that floats above cities is the most obvious
form of air pollution and in turn, environmental pollution. In megacities like Mexico City, cars are
indeed the main source of pollutants and an effective way to combat this problem is introducing
electric cars which do not run on petrol or diesel. Electric cars reduce the amount of greenhouse gas
emissions where common fuel would emit a large quantity of carbon dioxide and additional gases. If
these gases were to pollute the air, it could contribute to the greenhouse effect and thus, lead to
global warming. One pollutant related to climate change and is in actual fact an element of smog, is

Great Impact Of The Great Lakes
The Great Impact of the Great Lakes
Glaciers are formed in places where there is adequate snowfall and cold temperatures; specifically,
the area needs to have temperatures that are less than 32* F and more snow than is able to melt in
the summer. Present–day, glaciers only form in high latitudes and high elevations. However, 14,000
years ago, during the Pleistocene Ice Age, Michigan was covered by a mile–and–half–mile deep
glacier. Over thousands of years, the temperatures alternated from warm to cool, causing the glaciers
to retreat and advance. As glaciers traveled this way, they took the path of least resistance. This
caused the glaciers to move south from modern–day Canada, along the riverbeds that existed where
the Great Lakes now ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to the Great Lakes, the glacier also created kettle lakes in Michigan. These are lakes that
are formed by broken–off pieces of glaciers as they move. These pieces create indents in the land,
known as kettles (Glaciers: The Work of Ice). If these kettles are below the water level, a kettle lake
will form. Kettle lakes can usually be identified by their irregular, wavy edges and depths
(Schaetzl). One example of a kettle lake is Higgins Lake, a lake in Roscommon County, commonly
used for fishing and recreation, pictured here (MSU Hydrogeology). Because much of Michigan's
bedrock is sandstone, glacial erosion led to a large prevalence of sand in Michigan, creating
beaches, dunes, and wetlands. This abundance of sand has also impacted the shores. The glacial
deposits of sand throughout the state are transported by the westerly winds, moving from west to
east, creating dunes on the coast of Lake Michigan, but not Lake Huron. Dunes also exist somewhat
inland on the west coast of Michigan, while Lake Huron's sand is blown into the lake, creating a
sandy bottom (Ettema, 2010). One of the largest dunes on Michigan's east coast is the Sleeping bear
Dunes, pictured here (Sleeping Bear Dunes). In addition to the astounding features created by the
glaciers, their movement and disappearance also created an interesting interaction between the
lithosphere, asthenosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere. Isostasy is the interaction between the stiff
lithosphere and the

Summary Of On Thin Ice
In modern times, when individuals think about environmental problems, climate change seems to
always be at the forefront. Whether people learned through the Paris Climate Accord or the internet
about the devastating effects that a warming climate could bring, most of society can at least
acknowledge that climate change is a hot political talking point. Because of this, more and more
research has been focused on the effects that a changing climate could bring about. Research on the
effects of climate change range from the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its
effects on global temperatures, to the rate at which glacial ice is melting and sea level rise. This
documentary, On Thin Ice, is concerned with the relationship between a warming climate and the
rate at which the Gangotri Glacier has been melting over several years. This film discusses the
different effects that a rapidly melting Gangotri has on water scarcity in Indian villages located
downstream as well as the ways that Americans could be affected by this environmental
phenomenon. On Thin Ice begins with the host, David Brancaccio, presenting the main focus of the
film: the effects that a warming climate could have on the endangered Gangotri Glacier. Brancaccio
then introduces Conrad Anker, an accomplished mountaineer and environmentalist. Both Brancaccio
and Anker decide to go on a long hiking trek to see firsthand, the ways that the Gangotri Glacier has
been affected by climate change. Dr. Vandana

An Analysis of Policy and Business Solutions to Global...
As scientific research contends, discrepancies in the earth's climate will have a significant impact on
the environment and humans. Human habitation and economic patterns will all have to shift as
entire ecosystems are altered because of these climate trends. As scientists continue to present the
case that climate change is a serious problem that must be addressed through societal efforts,
members of the public and private sector are beginning to recognize their obligation to take action.
Yet, in order to make sound managerial decisions regarding climate change it is important to
understand the nature of the problem. This report will consider the causes of climate change and
evaluate the political response to climate change on an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, research reveals that the levels of greenhouse gases has increased between the base periods
of 1961 and 1990, with a warming of the atmosphere accompanying the increase in carbon dioxide
levels (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2014). These trends will have serious
consequences for humans around the globe.
The reason that climate changes impact human life significantly is that climate interacts
significantly with the ecosystem. The climate system is composed of the atmosphere, the
hydrosphere, the physical Earth, the biosphere, and the cryosphere, a term designating solid forms of
water that are permanent landmarks on the Earth's surface (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2013). Thus, when a
change to the Earth's atmospheric temperature occurs, it not only impacts the atmosphere, but all
components of the environment are impacted as well. For example, if a drop in temperature takes
place over a series of time, this modifies the features of the Earth's surface, which can make it
uninhabitable for entire species. This also impacts the food and plant sources that humans rely upon
to survive while making different locations less desirable for habitation. Thus, humans are
profoundly affected by global trends in climate.
Causes of Climate Change The causes

Climate Warming : Climate Change
Samantha Ballard
470 Climate Project
Anthropogenic Emissions in the Ocean
Anthropogenic emissions affect the atmosphere, ocean, biosphere and cryosphere. These
components of the climate system create interactions between each other ranging from a synoptic to
microscale including everything in between. Ever since the industrial revolution, human–produced
emissions have been changing the world around us. The phenomenon of having greenhouse gases
and aerosols in the atmosphere is natural and necessary to support life on Earth. However, the
buildup of greenhouse gases can change Earth 's climate and result in dangerous effects to human
health and welfare and to ecosystems. These changes are new to the earth as never in this planet's
terrestrial history has anthropogenic emissions been a factor in changing the natural processes. This
change to the earth's natural environment has been termed "climate change". Various research
departments in the academic, government and public sector has done extensive research regarding
climate change. This includes studying the earth's paleoclimate, atmospheric composition changes,
oceanic changes, biological responses and possible consequences. This research is intended to
further the understanding of how the Earth's climate will be affected with rising anthropogenic
emissions.
Each of the world's countries contribute various amounts of both gas and particle emissions to the
atmosphere, influencing changes in weather and climate on a daily

Climate Change : Its Causes, Effects And Impacts On The...
1. Climate Change: Its causes, effects and impacts on the Globe and mitigation strategies The
"Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers" addresses the observed
changes and their causes; future climate change risks and impacts; future pathways for adaptation,
mitigation and sustainable development; adaptation and mitigation. Through various scientific
researches, it has been confirmed that human influence on the climate system is clear and recent
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history (Climate Change 2014
Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers, 2014). The earth has become successively warmer
over the last three decades since 1850. Both scientific and observed evidence have shown ... Show
This is necessary in order to achieve sustainable development and equity, including poverty
eradication. One mitigation strategy would be to have substantial cuts in GHG emissions over the
next few decades which would limit the warming in the second half of the 21st century and beyond.
But no one single option is sufficient by itself. There would have to be effective institutions and
governance, innovation and investments in environmentally sound technologies and infrastructure,
sustainable livelihoods and behavioral and lifestyle choices.
2. Climate Change recorded data on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and its impacts The
impacts of climate change will affect livelihoods, coastal settlements, infrastructure, ecosystems and
economic stability in SIDS (Carabine and Dupar, 2014). With rising sea levels, this poses a threat to
low–lying coastal areas and because of these islands interdependence among each other, the impact
of climate change on resources or commodities such as supply chains, trade, effects on prices,
investment and political relations, on one state would impact the other. It is notable that the IPCC's
Fifth Assessment Report finds high level of confidence and robust agreement for many of the
impacts of climate change on small islands, in contrast to the agreement and confidence levels for
many other developing regions (Carabine and Dupar, 2014). Climate–related risks for SIDS include
sea level rise, tropical and extra–tropical cyclones,

Changes in Glaciers Due to Changes in the World
The Environmental
Science of Glaciers s
Glacial Physics
Introduction
Given the current concern for our planet, worry over climate change
Formation of Glaciers
To begin formation of a glacier, snow falls. This snow transforms into firn, which eventually
changes into ice. The official definition of snow is atmospheric water vapour that has frozen to form
small crystals of ice before it falls to the ground and settles. The intermediary stage before it ...
Ice density
Glacier zones
Glacier deformation– BULK CREEP
Flow of Ice Masses
There are many categories of glacier that depend on their properties, for example relative size,
location and flow speed. A glacier can be on land or floating. Thick, floating glaciers are referred to
as ice shelves. Ice streams are channels in which ice flows much faster than the ice surrounding it.
Reaction of Glaciers to Environmental Change
Glacial flow is the primary cause of differentiation between glaciers in their growth and retreat.
Broadly, glacial change happens simultaneously with similar rates of development. Occasionally,
random fluctuations seem to occur, as can be found in rock records from the Pleistocene epoch,
where continental ice sheets were subject apparent random growth and retreat, (Cuffey & Paterson,
2010). The most direct influence on the progress of a glacier is climate. A change in climate has the
obvious direct effect of melting ice or depositing more snow, these processes are called the mass
balance. A

Mount Everest : Sustainable Tourism And Sustainable...
Sustainable development is defined as "development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (United Nations General
Assembly, 1987, p. 43). It is not only related with natural environment, but with social and
economic conditions of what people do. In this respect, tourism industry which is highly associated
with these conditions is, indeed, an essential part of sustainable development. Thus, the UNWTO
defines sustainable tourism as 'tourism that delivers positive economic, social and environmental
outcomes with consideration to the needs of the visitor, industry, community and environment.' As
the tourism industry is mounting every year, sustainable tourism has ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Global Warming has been emerged as one of the potential threat in the world. It is estimated that
there will be an increment of temperature between 1.1oc – 6.4oc in the time period 1990 – 2100 due
to man–made gas emission (FAO). The global warming is adversely affecting the tourism sectors in
the world; especially mountain tourism faces harsh consequences due to climate change.
In case of Nepal, mountain tourism is facing the several dilemmas regarding climate change. Along
with Mt Everest – the tallest mountain in the world, other mountains, glacial lakes, glaciers, rivers
are facing dangerous situation. The research published in The Cryosphere, the journal of European
Geoscience Union, found that the estimated 5500 glaciers in the Hindu Kush–Himalayas region –
site of Mount Everest and many of the world's tallest peaks – could reduce their volume by 70% –
99% by 2100 with dire consequences for farming and hydropower generation and, ultimately, for
tourism industry. Moreover, the lead author of the research, Joseph Shea pointed out that persistent
and possibly accelerated loss from glacier is probable because of future change in climate and
temperature.
Likewise, it is found that some glaciers on or around the Everest had shrunk by 13% in the past 50
years with the snow line 180m higher than it was 50 years ago; and, some smaller glaciers are now
only

The Exploration Of The Arctic Oil Spills
In the Beginning Prior to today's mechanisms, Native Americans and European settlers retrieved
minor amounts of crude oil from holes in the ground. It was not until the mid–nineteenth century
when Colonel Edwin Drake discovered the how to retrieve even larger quantities of oil. He realized
that, by drilling a hole deep enough, greater quantities of oil could be obtained. Colonel Edwin
Drake established the very first oil well in Titusville, Pennsylvania. After Colonel Edwin Drake's
discovery, the search for oil followed. Through this quest, many oil reserves were located all over
North America, with the richest reserves found in Texas. Today, oil companies have discovered rich
reserves all around the globe, including the Arctic. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2001, someone fired a rifle at the pipeline, resulting in 300,000 gallons to leak out. Likewise, in
2006, a deteriorated portion of the Prudhoe Bay pipeline resulted in a leak of 270,000 gallons of oil
into the area. Furthermore in the Alaskan area, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker leaked approximately 11
million gallons of oil into the Prince William Sound. This massive oil spill killed over a thousand
sea otters, thousands of birds, and cost more than $2 billion dollars to recover. Threats Damages to
the Cryosphere The cryosphere refers to the frozen water part of the Earth system including the
frozen parts of the ocean, such as waters surrounding the Arctic. Recent studies show that the
cryosphere is generally in a poor state, and scientific agreement stated that average global
temperatures will continues to increase over the next century. This means that the existing risk to
these climatically sensitive areas is increasing. In the past 20 years, the amount of summer sea ice in
the Arctic has decreased dramatically, and could even disappear completely within the next hundred
years. Evidence shows that some of these depletions in the cryosphere are human–induced,
specifically the fragmentation of sea ice when oil tankers break through the frozen waters to make a
passageway. This fragmentation leads to global sea rise and habitat destruction for large predators
such as polar bears and seals, in addition to other Arctic wildlife.

Climate change occurs when there is a significant variance...
Climate change occurs when there is a significant variance in the climate which last for several
decades or longer and not for a short period of time. Climate change includes changes in elements
such as temperature, precipitation and wind patterns.
People tend to use this phrase to refer to the changes in the climate that is caused mainly by human
activities, for example the activity of burning fossil fuels, more than changes that are caused
naturally by the Earth itself. Therefore the term climate change is being given the same meaning as
anthropogenic global warming.
Observed Changes in the Climate System
By observing the climate system it has become very strong and clear that changes in the climate are
taking place, and our climate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From 1901 to 2010, the global mean sea level rose by 0.19m, increasing from 0.17m to 0.21m.
Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles:
There has been an increase in the levels of the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide which have never happened in the last 800,000 years.
The level of carbon dioxide used has increased by 40% since pre–industrial times, mostly for two
reasons; one being from the burning of fossil fuels, emitting fossil fuel emissions and also from net
land use change emissions. The ocean has absorbed roughly about 30% of the emitted anthropogenic
carbon dioxide which leads to ocean acidification.
Humans have had a huge impact on climate change and are mainly the reason that change is even
happening, as over the past hundred years they have been releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide
and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are mostly the result of the burning of
fossil fuels, but they are also the result of activities such as deforestation, some agricultural practices
and industrial processes. The effect that these greenhouse gases created have on the climate is that
these gases create like a 'blanket' around the earth, trapping any energy in the earth's atmosphere and
therefore causing the climate to warm. This is what is known as the greenhouse effect. Although this
is natural and it

High Albedo Lab
Introduction
The cryosphere consists of all frozen water on earth. It is found in the high northern and southern
latitudes of the planet. The components of the cryosphere include the following: sea ice, glaciers, ice
sheets, ice shelves, snow cover, freshwater ice, and frozen groundwater. The cryosphere plays an
important role in cooling the planet. The cryosphere, being ice, has a high albedo. The accepted
albedo of ice in the cryosphere is .6 or 60%, meaning ice reflects 60% of incoming shortwave
radiation. It is important that the cryosphere has a high albedo because it helps the planet to absorb
less coming radiation, thus helping to cool the atmosphere. Surfaces such as the open ocean or
asphalt roads have a lower albedo; these surfaces absorb more incoming radiation and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results of the Measuring Albedo lab are given in table 1. Accepted albedo value were obtained
from _____. The ice had the highest albedo, meaning is reflected the most incoming light. The
surface with the lowest albedo was the soil. The table shows the experimental albedos to be lower
than the accepted albedos of each surface. It is very likely that the experimental albedos were lower
than the accepted albedo due to human error in measuring the incident illuminance and the reflected
illuminance. The values for incident illuminance were higher than expected. They were likely
skewed by the distance the light meter senor was held from the heat lamp. Further effort should be
taken when repeating this method so that the experimental albedo accurately represents the accepted
albedo. This can be accomplished by taking care to hold the light meter sensor at the appropriate
distance from the heat lamp. It would have been better to get multiple recordings for the incident
illuminance rather than one so the incident illuminance can more accurately represent the

Climate Change And Ocean Level Rise And Its Effects On...
Climate Change and Ocean Level Rise and their effects
Michael Estrada
Florida Atlantic University
July 19, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction..................................................................................................3
Literature Review...........................................................................................4
Climate Change.............................................................................................4
Melting of Greenland and the Arctic and its effects on the Ecosystem..............................4
Ocean level rise and its effects on Coastal Societies.....................................................5
Discussion.....................................................................................................6
Conclusion....................................................................................................7
References....................................................................................................8
Introduction For years now people have acknowledged that there have been shifts in our climate that
have affected the ecosystem. People refer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What humanity faces from the ramifications of this issue is immense. This research article will seek
to convey and articulate if climate change has affected the rise of ocean levels, and if so what are the
detrimental affects on coastal communities. This article will also reveal what specific regions and
events that are happening that are elevating ocean level rise. The objective of this research article is
to inform people about the plight that humanity has found itself in and how to prevent ecological
damage and along with that prepare for the coming tide.
Literature Review
Climate Change Due to the immense anthropogenic release of green house carbon emissions into the
atmosphere, there has been and will be major detrimental effects on human resources and the
ecosystem. For example, by the middle of the 21stcentury, River runoff will increase by 40% in
northern latitudes and also in a few tropical areas, while in dry regions it will decrease by 30%.
Some of these tropical areas have already reported and are experiencing water droughts that will
only get worse (Gillman 2008). In addition, if temperatures continue to increase to 1.8–5.4 degrees,
food productivity and resources will be affected. When the temperatures reach the lower latitudes of
what is predicted, there will be a slight increase in food productivity for a little while. However,
when the temperatures reach the higher end of the latitudes, food productivity will

The, An Unprecedented Planetary Emergency Essay
Earth is home to millions of species. Just one dominates it. Us. Our cleverness, our inventiveness,
and our activities have modified almost every part of our planet. In fact, we are having a profound
impact on it. Indeed, our cleverness, our inventiveness, and our activities are now the drivers of
every global problem we face. And every one of these problems is accelerating as we continue to
grow towards a global population of 10 billion. In fact, I believe we can rightly call the situation we
're in right now an emergency, an unprecedented planetary emergency. We humans emerged as a
species about 200,000 years ago. In geological time, that is incredibly recent. Just 10,000 years ago,
there were one million of us. By 1800, just over 200 years ago, there were 1 billion of us. By 1960,
50 years ago, there were 3 billion of us. There are now over 7 billion of us. By 2050, your children,
or your children 's children, will be living on a planet with at least 9 billion other people. Sometime
towards the end of this century, there will be at least 10 billion of us. Possibly more. We got to
where we are now through a number of civilizations and society–shaping "events", most notably the
agricultural revolution, the scientific revolution, and the industrial revolution. By 1980, there were 4
billion of us on the planet. Just 10 years later, in 1990, there were 5 billion of us. By this point,
initial signs of the consequences of our growth were starting to show. Not the least of these

Global Warming Satire
Global warming is a big issue a lot of people like to ignore. Why? Because people don't want to
focus on the future; unless it's when the new iPhone is coming out. An amendment should be made
that all 50 states should have some type of program to help slow global warming; because if we
don't do anything to prevent this catastrophe, there might not be a planet to live on. If America has
an effective program in place, then we might be able to show the world why we should take care of
our planet. But if we don't care, then the world would get too hot because of excess greenhouse
gasses in the atmosphere, the ice caps will continue melting leaving the polar animals nowhere to
live, and there will be so much pollution in the air that it will be ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
First, as I explained above, Earth's water systems will be thrown off balance, that would then alter
natural habitats, which will then add various burdens on people and society. Climate change is also a
major threat to agriculture; the price that climate change takes on agriculture is nearly infinite and
unpredictable, and as a result, our food security is at risk. All over the globe, farmers are struggling
to keep up with the constantly changing weather and increasingly unstable water supplies. Along
with agricultural loss, warmer and polluted air affects our health and increases smog – a commonly
known lung irritant and a main cause of asthma attacks. Severe summer heat will also mean more
deaths during heat waves. Infrastructure and transportation are also at risk; because intense weather
damages: infrastructure, puts heavy burdens on electrical supplies, and disrupts how we travel and
commute.
The most widespread pollutant in the U.S. is ozone which is also one of the most dangerous. The
ozone layer found high in the stratosphere shields us from a lot of the sun's UV rays. When Ozone
pollution (or smog) is at ground level where we can breathe it, it causes serious health problems; it's
dangerous to breathe, it aggressively attacks lung tissue by reacting chemically with it, it may also
cause premature birth, premature death, infant mortality, and neurodevelopmental disorders like
autism.

Potiential Future Effects of Global Warming
Introduction Climate change is one the biggest threats to nature and mankind in the 21st century.
The impacts of climate change are visible everywhere, whether it's melting glaciers, rising sea level,
severe storms, heavy flooding, reduced snowfall in the north and a severe drought in the south. It
will also have a number of effects on the flora and fauna in the future. Scientists predict that global
warming in the near future may cause a mass extinction of wildlife, affecting more than 1 million
species, i.e. about a quarter of all kinds of currently known. World overheating causes significant
changes in climatic conditions and it can damage sensitive ecosystems in which species live. Sea
level rise is a potentially disastrous result of climate change. Glaciers melt because of the rising
temperatures and ocean waters warm. Therefore, small island developing states and low–lying
coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and climate change. The more sea levels
will rise, the harder will be the situation for the coastal cities, and will be more impressive to erosion
prone coast. Moreover, coastal areas will be exposed to impressive erosion. Coastal areas have an
extremely high population density, since it is a home to more than 50% of the population, generating
over 70% of gross national product. Moreover, the coastal zone is deeply integrated into the
economy, even very distant from the shore areas and stresses on coastal zones seriously

Summary : Finding On Ipcc Summary
Summary of finding on IPCC Summary for Policymakers The IPCC Summary for Policymakers
provides basis for information about weather changes and its effects in the atmosphere and ocean,
these findings are based on the author teams' scientific evaluations, and statements of fact without
using uncertainty qualifiers. According to the IPCC Summary for Policymakers, warming of the
climate system is happening without a doubt, many of the observed changes have never happened
before over decades to millennia and these changes were specially noted since the 1950's. The
consequences of these changes are reflected on the atmosphere and ocean which have warmed up,
snow and ice have diminished around the globe, sea level has risen, and ultimately the
concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased. Warming of the atmosphere was noted over the
last three decades being this period likely the warmest. Land and ocean surface temperature showed
an increase of 0.85C from 1850–2012, it is also important to note that almost the entire globe is
experience warming. The report also notes confidence in changes in precipitation. It is very likely
that heat waves frequency will increase in parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. There are regions
where heavy precipitation did likely increased. The ocean has suffered changes as well, ocean
warming was noted happening largely near the surface. It is likely that the ocean warmed between
700 and 2000 m since 1957 to 2009. The net energy increase more

Climate Change In The Article 'Cold Warriors' By Gregoire
The article "Cold warriors," Gregoire (2008) indicates that climate change leads to environmental
issues and melting ice, and the scientists' researches point out climatic issues in Canada. The author
comes up with a point that everyone is responsible for protecting the environment because people
around the world are bearing negative effects due to climate degradation. For example, residents in
Grise Fiord and Inuit notice a huge differences, the landscape is becoming warmer, softer and
unpredictable. Moreover, a greater risk of environmental pollution is caused by climate change. In
addition to changes in environment, shrinking glaciers, earlier ice breakup, later freeze–up and less
snow caused by warmer temperature bring double–edged effects

Snow Cover Research Paper
Changes in glaciers, ice sheets as well as changes in ice crystals in the atmosphere are among the
many changes that have occurred and are occurring in the cryosphere. Both local and global climate
fluctuations instigate a significant variation in seasonal snow observed by the satellite in the
Northern Hemisphere. One of the many changes in seasonal snow includes the decrement of snow–
covered area during spring and summer. Snow cover is extremely susceptible to the earth's warming
and cooling, therefore s slight increase in temperature will result a shift in spring season by 2 weeks.
(Marshall, 2012)
During spring and summer, the total snow cover of most region in the world has shown a noticeable
decrement of 5% in the annual mean in the late

The Gaia Theory And Traditional American Indian Climate
Published in 1965 by James Lovelock, the Gaia Hypothesis proposes that organism's interact with
their inorganic surrounding on Earth to form a multifaceted, self–regulating structure that preserves
the circumstances of life on the planet. The theory has sparked religious, philosophical assumptions
about the evolution, and the significance of humans in influential ecological alteration, and the
association between life and the ecosystem. In this essay, I will be exploring and comparing the Gaia
hypothesis in relation to Algic indigenous tribes beliefs and ideology. Land destruction and global
warming are ecological problems that can be approached with the ideology of the Gaia theory.
insights from the Gaia theory to similar insights from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This characteristic of gratitude, and thankfulness for the gifts of the creator and the Earth/universe is
very similar to the Gaia hypothesis where Ge or Gaia is the ancient Greek goddess Earth,
embodying a notion of a mothering Earth. The Gaia theory views humans and other organisms as
apart and one with the environment, "The earth is more than just a home, it's a living system and we
are part of it." (Hathaway, 2015h)[25/33] Lovelock said in Hathaway's lecture slide. This ideology is
also perceived in indigenous cosmologies "humans a part of nature/Earth web." (Hathaway, 2015e)
[11/24] Both Gaia and Indigenous cosmologies believe the interconnectedness of Earth and

Climate Change in Time
Climate change is when there are different measures of climate during a period of time. It includes,
big changes in the weather regarding temperature, wind patterns and more that occur over several
years. (EPA, 2014)
The term sometimes is applicable to climate change caused by human activity, as opposed to
changes in climate that were a result of the natural processes of the Earth. The words Climate
change now has the same meaning as anthropogenic global warming. (Conway, 2008)
Observed Changes in the Climate System
When the climate system was reviewed and looked at, it showed that warming of the climate system
is absolute and since the 1950 s, many of the observations that were made show that changes are
unusual over decades. (Seattlepi Weather, 2014)
Atmosphere:
The Earth's surface has been continuously getting warmer over the last three decades. This period of
time was warmer than any previous decade since 1850. In the Northern Hemisphere, the period
between the 1830s and 2012 was the warmest 30–year period of the last 1400 years.
Ocean:
The increase in energy, stored in the climate system is effected and dominated because the ocean is
getting warmer. It accounts for more than 90% of the energy stored between 1971 and 2010.
Researchers and practitioners are practically certain that the upper ocean (0−700 m) warmed from
1971 to 2010, and it probably warmed between the 1870s and 1971. (Department of Environmental
Conservation, 2013)
Cryosphere:
Over the last twenty

Informative Essay: Climate Change In Canada
Climate Change
Issue
The issue is the startling climate changes that have and undoubtedly continue to occur in Northern
Canada. Climate changes are known as weather conditions such as temperature, winds,
precipitation, and others that have been affected over a period of time (GOC, n.d.). The concern with
this is that the earth's climate has a balance between energy that is received and energy that being
dispatched. The intent is to maintain regulated temperatures; instead the issue that has occurred is
disturbances between these two balances (GOC, n.d.). Changes in the climate affects the air
temperature and precipitation, the cryosphere, freshwater resources, and ocean climate (Bush, Loder,
James, Mortsch, & Cohen, 2014).There are however ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With Canada being a country that relies heavily on natural resources throughout the continents it
poses a great threat to level of severity this may impact. Therefore, with the rising levels of average
air temperature as well as ocean causing large mounts of melting of ice, thus increasing sea levels.
In addition with the increase in temperature levels this poses a threat to the certain weather patterns
such as heat waves (GOC, n.d.). Canada has already witnessed changes such as, rising ocean
temperature this being detrimental to the levels of survival rates for fishing (David Suzuki
foundation, n.d.). Forest fires have increased decreasing the values of the trees, prairie drought;
mining industry has taken a toll due to the low levels of water (David Suzuki foundation, n.d.). all
these being of the utmost importance in maintaining Canada economic system. These areas that are
being affected are job losses and natural resource

Climate Change Is A Real Issue
As the Earth's temperature begins to rise, it is questioned what has brought this upon the third largest
planet. Climate change is a real issue, and civilization is one of the biggest factors in this dilemma
(IPCC). Climate change is the difference in temperature over a large region of land throughout a
long period of time (IPCC). What causes this increase in temperature? Society is the greatest reason
for this increase as human's activities such as burning fossil fuels and agricultural practices increase
the release of carbon dioxide (IPCC).
The Earth's average temperature has risen by almost a degree and a half within the last century
(Vitousek, 23). At the rate the temperature is rising, the Earth is expected to have risen by a full two
degrees by the end of the following century (Vitousek, 23). As these changes seem small and
unbeknownst, they are able to create a greater impact on the earth as a whole in creating dangerous
shifts in weather and climate. In regards to these changes, large heat waves and droughts can be a
result (Vitousek, 23). These dramatic changes in weather can make it difficult for humanity to adjust
to such drastic changes in weather (Vitousek, 23). While the earth is warming and causing the
ocean's to warm, the result creates a higher acidity level in the water (Vitousek, 23). As ice caps
begin to melt and sea levels rise, society is going to begin to notice more pronounced changes in
society and its environment (Vitousek, 23).
There are five

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