Organizational Culture And National Culture In...

Organizational Culture and National Culture in...
Abstract
Multinational organizations are combinations of multicultural employees. Multicultural
environments cause cultural shock among leaderships and employees. Organizational culture and
national culture are significantly important in current marketing environment. Organizational culture
mainly shows the value and the roles inside the organization. However, national culture is the
directing of organizational culture and influence both leadership and employees deeply from their
personal values. Furthermore, the relationship between organizational culture and national culture
has impacts on leaderships, employees, job satisfaction as well as the commitment of employees to
the organizations. This essay will discuss the issues above, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, Wallach (1983) viewes three perspectives of organizational culture, that is, innovative,
supportive and bureaucratic. Martin (1992) identified three forms of organizational culture,
including fragmentation, differentiation and integration. Goffee and Jones (1998) define four types
of organizational cultures, which is communal, fragmented, mercenary and networked. However, in
a company, individuals have personal values and beliefs as well as personal desires. On that account,
the attitude of employees and commitment to the companies may result in diversity of
achievements. National cultures also have some effects on the values, beliefs and personal desires. A
variety of countries have multifarious national cultures, giving rise to a culture shock in
multinational companies. Cross–cultural research shows that significant differences exist in national
culture characteristic between western and eastern cultures (Hofstede, 1980, 1991; El Kahal, 2001;
Chen, 2001). For instance, it is widely known that bureaucratic traditional deep–rooted culture and
high power distance exist in Chinese companies (Pye, 1985; Chen, 2001). The management of firms
in the west and east makes a world of difference. The reason for that is the distinction between the
impact of national culture on individual worth and how individual worth adapts to the organizational
culture. Furthermore, after organizations in Hong Kong are mostly in power by ethnic Chinese, the
Chinese–style high
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Multinational Company
Defination:
Multinational corporations are business entities that operate in more than one country. The typical
multinational corporation or MNC normally functions with a headquarters that is based in one
country, while other facilities are based in locations in other countries. In some circles, a
multinational corporation is referred to as a multinational enterprise or a transnational corporation .
The exact model for an MNC may vary slightly. One common model is for the multinational
corporation is the positioning of the executive headquarters in one nation, while production facilities
are located in one or more other countries.
Characteristics Of Multinational Corporations :
The multinational corporations have certain characteristics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
1913 as a Private Limited Company. | | | 2.In Bangladesh NEO is the second company who has fully
used the branded zipper technology from Korea. | | | |
3.MAXIMUS mobile phone was marketed in Bangladesh by Siemens Bangladesh. It was a
successful local mobile brand in Bangladesh holding around 7% market share. | |
4.Nokia Bangladesh official website provides information about latest Nokia Mobile Phones and
Accessories available in Bangladesh. Nokia Mobile Phone Bangladesh . | |
5.MAKS Renewable Energy Company Limited was established in 2006, now became one of the
growing players into the arena of Renewable Energy service providers in Bangladesh | | | |
6.TCB did perform a commendable job by ensuring steady inflow of a large number of essential
commodities in the market which provided succour to the common people of the country | |
7.Bangladesh Yellow Pages – Catalog of Bangladesh Companies and Services.
| |
8.The Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) is registered as a Public Limited Company and its activities are
regulated by its Articles of Association rules & regulations and bye–laws along with the
Securities . | |
9.Marine academy, having an excellent prestigious past of four decades, has achieved the requisite

professional status by being a branch of world maritime University in 1990 . | | 10.Mohammadi
Group is one of the leading garments manufacturers in Bangladesh, started its

Factors Influencing the Multinationals and Local Companies...
Bodawala Priyanka Manish Business and its Environment Dr. Racz Matron and Dr. Márta Szabados
August 25, 2009. Factors influencing the multinationals and local companies for the market
position. INTRODUCTION Couple of years before the policy maker decided to lower down the
tariff barriers and to give permission for foreign investment. Multinational companies have started
rushing into countries where they wanted to achieve the market position (Arindam K. Bhattacharya
and David C. Michael) The entry of multinationals is good for the country as they bring ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result the revenue was doubled than revenue in china between 1998 and 2005 and now exports
the China's product to 70 countries (Orit Gadiesh, Philip Levng and Till Vestring 2008 p.82).
Foreign companies dealing with good enough decision in china will need to consider the factors like
are companies still achieving high returns or returns eroding? Another is company's market position
– Are you a leader or niche player? (Orit Gadiesh, Philip Levng and Till Vestring p. 83). Than
perform through out the market and competitor analysis. For company to expand into middle market
this knowledge will have important decision about it, as to land as an existing player in that space or
should come up with a good–enough partner. Managers of multinationals to understand between the
china's premium and good enough market segments should carefully conduct the market analysis.
Arindam K. Bhattacharya and David C. Michael (2008) says that tariff barriers have been lowered
and foreign investment have been permitted, multinationals have rushed into countries and it
appeared like they would quickly defeat the local rival and capture the market for every product or
services. Poor nations like Brazil, Mexico, India, and Russia were assuring that local enterprise
would be washed out by

The Innovation Of The Multinational Companies
In today's competitive world, it is extremely pivotalpre for firms to adapt changes that help them
attain competitive advantage and sustain growth. Therefore, Clayton Christensen introduced the
concept of 'Disruptive Innovation' in 1995 that helped in attaining these radical changes. Disruptive
innovation is a term used to describe the process where a product or service is initially set–up at the
bottom of a market and persistently grows in the market, eventually taking over its adversaries.
In 2012, another type of innovation has been introduced by Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble.
Also known as trickle–up innovation, 'Reverse Innovation' is the term that is usually used to refer
innovating in emerging markets and moving those products to the wealthy world. This concept was
put forward with the idea of developing solutions for the developing markets rather that minimizing
the price of an already developed product.
Multinational companies have largely followed Glocalization, which is a simple global strategy of
innovating in home countries and exporting the product to other nations with minor modifications to
meet the requirements of local markets. This was a fruitful strategy to monetize in the past
especially if the export markets were other industrialized nations. However, trends have changed
over the past few years. Big companies started to understand that it is essential to innovate and not
just export in order to flourish in upcoming nations.
Retiring growth of

Multinational Companies Influenced By National Strategies
Multinational companies influenced by national strategies by making governments rival each other
to be appealing to multinational company interest in their nation. Multinational companies
frequently hold control over nearby and national governments through a syndication on mechanical
and licensed innovation. Due to their size, multinationals can likewise significantly affect
government approach through the danger of market withdrawal.
Financial globalization alludes to expanding monetary association of national economies over the
world through a fast increment in cross–outskirt development of merchandise, administrations,
innovation and capital. Multinational organizations assume a key part in this procedure. The
individuals who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cases
Walmart is a case of an extensive multinational enterprise that frequently applies impact on political
procedures through campaigning, commitments to crusades, and dangers of market withdrawal.
India is a case of a nation that, financially, has profited from globalization – it has seen quick GDP
development and has a developing working class with a rising way of life.
Certain parts of Mexico delineate the disadvantages of globalization – agriculturists in northwestern
states pitch create to California while experiencing unhealthiness and poor work conditions.
Give us criticism on this substance:
A multinational partnership (MNC) or multinational endeavor (MNE) is a corporate undertaking that
oversees creation or conveys benefits in more than one nation.
A MNC contrasts marginally from a transnational partnership (TNC), on the grounds that while
MNC 's are generally national organizations with outside backups, a TNC does not distinguish itself
with one national home. In any case, these terms are regularly utilized reciprocally. Multinational
organizations can have an effective impact in neighborhood economies, and even the world
economy.
Impact on Local and National Economies
National and neighborhood governments frequently rival each other to draw in MNC offices, with

the desire of expanded expense income, work, and financial movement. To contend, political
substances may offer MNCs

Corporate Research : Wal Mart
Corporate Research Paper Wal–Mart
Linglan Gu
Introduction
Risk management and offshore borrowing are some of the activities undertaken by multinational
companies to help seal loopholes of foreign exchange risk. Moreover, these multinational
corporations have stringent risk management policies used to create efficiency and a concise
administration in all financial operations. Investment in foreign countries is also a means through
which multinational companies reduce currency risk that may hinder the growth of the enterprise.
This practice is also referred to as over the counter finance since it involves the exchange of
exchange between two parties without any supervision being required. It is different from exchange
trading that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In doing this, the paper will use Wal–Mart as a case study to investigate various aspects of foreign
exchange risk management policies and then give an interpretation on the current situation of the
global financial policy.
Wal–Mart has dominated 27 countries in the world with 11,435 overseas subsidiaries. Its sales are
widespread across all its subsidiaries but controlled from regional and head offices. Moreover, Wal–
Mart has involved itself in international trade contributing a lot to the overall supply in the
international market. In addition, Wal–Mart has been the market leader in providing fast moving
consumer goods with all its potential and prospective customers ' worldwide (Baker, & Powell
2005).
Wal–Mart sale is in high volume with each geographical location where it has a subsidiary receiving
an equal share of the required products to supply. The subsidiaries in Europe receive the largest
number of sale compared to the rest of the branches. Africa has only one subsidiary in South Africa
and thus registers the lowest number of purchase compared to other branches. However, the general
number of sale recorded by Wal–Mart is high because the company has gained a lot of market share
in the world. Economic survey indicates that Wal–Mart is the largest company in sales and that
registers the highest volume of revenues in the world (Kendall & Gerald 1998).
Wal–Mart being the

Nike's And Other Multinational Companies Responsibility...
All companies have certain ethical and moral responsibilities that they should uphold. For most
companies figuring out these ethical responsibilities is done through a combination of the owner's
and/or shareholder's moral and ethical views on their responsibilities, laws set for by the government
one is working under, and the cultural traditions of the area one operates their business from.
Multinational companies have a much harder time deciding where they stand on some ethical issues
because they may operate out of many different cultural areas and countries with very different
laws. Nike is one such multinational company and the focus of this paper. To begin I will focus I
what I believe is Nike's and other multinational companies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After ensuring international laws are followed, a company should follow the local laws of each
country they operate in. Facilities of the same company in different countries with different law and
standards do not have to have the same rules, but obviously the local laws are the minimum. I
believe if people expect all countries to have identical labor laws to them and try enforcing them,
then that it is regulatory imperialism. International laws agreed upon by a majority of countries is
not that because it isn't just one nation or culture enforcing its will on others. Above I stated how I
believe Nike and other international corporations should behave and which laws and regulations
they should follow in our current system. This leads us to the issue of who I believe should be
setting standards to follow in the first place. In an ideal system there would be an international
organization that both has power to enforce rules, and can't be unfairly influenced by any one
country. This organization could then make rules with input from different countries, economic
advisors, representatives from major multinational corporations, and representatives from
nonprofits/labor unions. This would hopefully allow them to make fair and balanced rules that
benefit the workers, without hurting the economy or corporations employing the workers. With the
power to enforce the rules across the globe, the rules and regulations wouldn't be able to be
circumvented by any one country to gain

Sweatshops Have Been Scrutinized Around The World Essay
"Sweatshops are work environments that possess three major characteristics: long hours, low pay,
and unsafe or unhealthy working conditions" (Childress, 2014). Sweatshops have been scrutinized
around the world and have been around for a very long time. For a period of time it was called
slavery because even some skilled slaves earned some money. Sweatshops are still thriving, even in
today's global economy. It is the corporations, stakeholders, and a global responsibility to ensure
sweatshops go away forever, but is it possible? Toyota was accused of such practices back in 2002
and today claim that they no longer practice voluntary overtime. Corporations have a responsibility
to the stakeholders. Their primary stakeholders are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a solid business, Toyota should have realized they needed to hire more people to work, not force
the current employees to work more. If Toyota would have done this, they would have not only
championed new world thinking, but also would have created more jobs to hire more people thus
helping lower unemployment in those countries. Corporations need to be held accountable for
making sure they do not operate sweatshops. With such high demand for lower and lower prices,
companies are scrambling to try and beat out their competition. With this demand, companies appear
to be trying their ethics practices. Toyota was no different, they were trying to keep the price of their
vehicles down so that customers in the United States would purchase them over domestic and other
international brands. To achieve this they were using the excuse of voluntary overtime, which was
not actually voluntary. Because the employees needed jobs, they worked all the hours without
getting paid extra. Part of the problem was cultural. Japanese believe they are part of the
organization and will do whatever is needed to not lose face for them or the company. Also, Japan
has a medium power index, indicating that people will not usually question a manager; they will do
what they are told (Beamer/Varner, 2010). Toyota needs to understand moral relativism, that all
cultures have valid principles. No one rule can apply everyone working in an organization,
especially large corporations.

The Brand Awareness Of Multinational Companies And Social...
2.4. The brand awareness of multinational firms and social media
According to the content above, it is clearly to see brand awareness is the most important goal for
multinational firms, Tomi Jokinen has undertaken a study about brand awareness on social media in
2016. Jokinen (2016) stated that brand awareness is a very important in brand equity, and increasing
brand awareness is usually one of the most important goals of branding. "Brand recognition refers to
the consumer's ability to recognize a brand when presented with a visual or a verbal cue. Brand
recall on the other hand refers to the consumer's ability to remember a brand name when thinking
about the category it is linked to." (Percy and Rossiter 1992, 265). Simultaneously, Jokinen (2016)
demonstrated that on social media users can engage in direct conversation with brands and with
each other, which makes it a good platform for relationship and word–of–mouth marketing. Here is
two–directional vertical engagement can be seen in Figure 1. (Blanchard, 2011, 10)
ORGANIZATION CONSUMERS
ORGANIZATION CONSUMERS Figure 1. Vertical engagement: two–directional
Source: Blanchard (2011, 10)
"Today social media allows users to share content, links, comments, and post their opinions that
reach a multitude of other users rapidly." (Jokinen, 2016), the later engagement can be seen in
Figure 2. (Blanchard 2011, 11)
Figure 2. The later engagement Source: Blanchard

Research on Elizade Nigeria Limited
A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY ON THE ENTERPRENEUR
Chief (Dr.) Michael Ade Ojo was born on June 14, 1934 at Ilara–Mokin in Ondo State, South West
of Nigeria. He studied Business Administration at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) and
graduated in June, 1965.
He has worked with some multinational companies including C.F.A.O., the then British Petroleum
(BP) now African Petroleum Plc.
Today he is the proud owner of ELIZADE NIGERIA LIMITED with several subsidiaries including
Toyota Nigeria Limited, Oodua Creations Limited, Crown and Gold Shipping Company Limited
among others. He is the Chairman of various Companies including Moorhouse Sofitel Limited,
Imperial Telecommunications Limited, Custodian and Allied Insurance Company Limited.
He setup ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a marketer in BP, he was disappointed when a man he outclassed was promoted to become his
direct boss. This he considered very unfair especially because he had just then helped boost the
company's sales by about 25% with the winning over of a new contract.
He left the job to serve himself at a time when it was considered stupid to leave the certainty of a
colonial job for the uncertainty of private enterprise. The result was the establishment of a small
family business (with his wife) now known as ELIZADE NIGERIA LIMITED.
HOW THE BUSINESS WAS ESTABLIHED
His Start up – funding: Chief Michael Ade Ojo did not make it that easily; he started with the little
money he was able to save at the time he was working combined with the help from his wife.
Registration of the business: In 1968, he registered a business name Known as Elizade Trading
Stores handling general textile sales including underwear under the 1968 Companies Decree (now
known as Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990 as amended), but later started business as an
automobile marketing company named Elizade Independent Agencies formed in 1971. By 1973
Elizade Trading Stores and Elizade Independent Agencies were merged and Elizade Nigeria Limited
was incorporated and in 1976 the company secured Federal Government License which was dealing
in Toyota vehicles and spare parts in Nigeria.
Procuring

Multinational Companies and Their Social Responsibilities...
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 AN OVERVIEW OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGERIA
2.1 Introduction This chapter will provide basic knowledge of Shell Nigeria Oil Company and its
operation in Nigeria, in particular regarding its ethics, performance, social involvement, contribution
to national income and its contribution to keeping the environment green. Since the Rio Conference
of 1992 the code of conduct for all extractive industries including crude oil mining companies has
underlined the following principles that should be respected in doing business:
i. Social and economic development of host communities ii. Provision of basic social services iii.
Regard for Human Rights iv. Good governance and civil society involvement. There have also been
some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They want the protection of the ecosystem and biodiversity of indigenous and local community
territories; iv. They want the revenue sharing formula based on derivation revived at 50 percent to
derivation, 35 percent to distributable common pool and 15 percent to the central government;
v. They want Shell and the Nigerian government to adopt policies that will recognize indigenous
communities as rightful owners in the crude oil business; vi. They want Shell to clean up their
environment after many years of ecological devastation and comply with all international standards.
Shell environmental legacy and community relations' efforts deserve priority attention. What is
however involved is the totality of the existence of the communities and their environment, their
farmland, economic development, education health, water management, spirituality and cultural
heritage – which are daily being threatened.
2.2 Introduction and Discussion of Theories and Models from the Literature In this section we
would look at the Royal Dutch Shell Oil company operations worldwide and in particular the
Nigeria operations from several different angles. We will look at how Shell Nigeria operations can
impact upon the three stakeholders; The CEO of Shell, an investor and a local Shell employee. Then
we would look at this wicked problem with the oil spill in the Niger delta. Shell is a global group of

How Companies Use Their Website to Gain and Sustain...
Long Island University | E–Commerce Project | How Companies Use Their Website to Gain and
Sustain Competitive Advantage | Course:MBA 620–001Instructor:Dr. Shailendra C. Jain Palvia | Li,
YiLiao, JiaxingLin, FangyunLuo, Kaikai | 12/1/2009 |
|
1. Background
Electrical commerce, commonly abbreviated to e–commerce, generally consists of the developing,
marketing, selling, delivering, servicing, and paying for products and services over electronic
systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. With widespread Internet usage, the
amount of U.S. e–commerce growth has dramatically increased in last decade. In today's
competitive jungle, providers of any kind and consumers with any need are utilizing the growing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The primary suppliers of leading consulting and outsourcing services industry are information
system providers who aren't that powerful any longer. According to Moore's Law, the Law of Mass
Digital Storage, and Metcalfe's Law, the cost of information system becomes lower and much lower.
Therefore, the bargaining power of suppliers of this certain industry is weak.
3.4 Threat of substitute products
The development of Internet creates new substitute threats. The services and products of the three
chosen companies are primarily focusing on custom–made market in order to meet client's need of
any kind. However, substitute products such as normalized software package and standard system
built–in hardware solution are driving in an incremental speed. Moreover, products and services
provided from SMEs around the world are more and more competitive in lower price and flexibility.
Thus, the threat of substitute products is at a high level.
3.5 Competitive rivalry within an industry
The four previous forces influence the rivalry among competitors in the market. There is definitely
more rivalry now. Large company such as IBM Global Services is facing intensive competition from
similar–scale companies, for instances, Accenture and Capgamini. In addition, increasing amount of
companies of smaller size is emerging into the international competitive

Kellogg Company : An American Multinational Food...
Introduction:
The Kellogg Company – an American multinational food manufacturing company was founded on
February 09, 1906 and is headquartered in Battle Creek, Michigan, United States. Kellogg 's
specializes in breakfast cereal and convenience foods, including cookies, crackers, toaster pastries,
cereal bars, fruit–flavored snacks, frozen waffles, and vegetarian foods. Among many Kellogg's
brands Froot Loops, Apple Jacks, Corn Flakes, Frosted Flakes, Rice Krispies, Special K, Cocoa
Krispies, Keebler, Pringles, Pop–Tarts, Kashi, Cheez–It, Eggo, Nutri–Grain, Morningstar Farms are
most popular. With a vision of "Nourishing families so they can flourish and thrive" Kellogg
company has extended its operations in 180 countries worldwide. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The operative cash flow reports inflows and outflows because of regular operating activities. Cash
flow from operating activities is the cash version of net income. Net income includes non–cash costs
such as depreciation and does not consider other cash expenditures, such as purchases of properties
or equipment. Cash flows from operating activities are contributed by earnings, cash receipts from
the sale of products, net of costs to manufacture and market products, accrued income from
employee wages, interest expenses and income taxes. As per the annual report for the financial year
ended on Dec 31,2015, net cash provided by operating activities for 2015 amounted to $1,691
million. The net income for the same year amounted to $ 614 million which is approximately 36%
of the total operating cash. The difference is the result of the factors such as, adjustments made to
reconcile net income to operating cash flows, income from postretirement benefit plan contributions,
variations in operating assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions.
Liquidity and Capital Structure Exhibits 2 shows that an inordinately large dividend payment in
2015 of the cash budget, coupled with a large asset purchase, places both companies in a negative
cash position. Paying out such a large dividend can be a problem for lenders, who do not like to
issue loans so that companies can use the funds to pay their shareholders and thereby weaken their
ability to pay

What Is A Multinational Company?
What is a multinational company? The best explanation of what a multinational company is simply
company which operates in two or more countries. With the competition within the global market,
exploration for expanding into new markets with products and services is a necessity in order to stay
ahead of the competition. Gaining and maintaining a competitive edge in the global business world
increases an organization's chances of a more promising future. In order to consider reaching out
into the global markets for a particular service or product, a company needs to be very successful
where there company originated. In order to be a leader in the global business world, an
organization has to successfully displayed financial control as well as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Being able to react or stay ahead of changes along the way, a company's local following will usually
stand by them and render support. If given an opportunity to present my own revolutionary product
to an emerging market, the product would be one that harvested the energy from the sun and wind
for utilization and residential and industrial applications. This product would also filter the carbon
monoxide being committed by automobiles thus aiding and the reduction of greenhouse gases.
Using the inorganic growth process, I would try to merge into the growing international energy
conservation device market.
APPLE INC. (Apple or "the company") designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication
and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of
related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third–party digital content and
applications ((Apple Inc. SWOT Analysis. (2014). The company was founded by three individuals
in 1976. Steve Jobs is the most famous of the three founders but Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne
played a part in establishing the Apple brand. The company primarily operates in the US, Europe
and Asia Pacific. It is headquartered in Cupertino, California and employed 84,400 people as of
September 28, 2013, including 80,300full–time equivalent employees and 4,100 full–time
equivalent temporary employees and contractors (Apple Inc. SWOT Analysis. (2014).
Within the technology

The Multinational Company : Multinational Corporation
*The multinational corporation
Multinational Corporation can be defined as a corporation that has its facilities and other assets in at
least one
country other than its home country. Such companies have offices and or factories in different
countries and usually
have a centralized head office where they co–ordinate global management. It can also be defined as
a multinational
corporation which is usually a large corporation which produces or sells goods or services in various
countries.
*Culture shock experienced by managers who work abroad
What is culture shock? It is a phenomenon that all types of expatriates experience, no matter if they
work abroad for
the first time or if they are veterans in the field of expat assignments. Often, it is the deeper cultural
differences in
mindset, customs and interpersonal interaction that trigger this phenomenon and turn cultural
transition into a
struggle. The majority of ethical issues an individual encounters abroad occur when the cultural
expectations clash
with those of the country they are working in. These issues can create a dilemma and cause them to
doubt
themselves and the company they are working with.
*Fair trade issue

Like in any system, there are some criticisms and issues with fair trade for example in some
countries in Europe
producers pay a certain amount to register for certification and also pay yearly fees to keep the
certification which
takes away their hard earned, much needed money away

Multinational Companies : An Organization Essay
Introduction
Multinational companies are playing something new and introduced a new role in local and
globalization, thus, the rising numbers to achieve and strive from emerging companies in world
market. It also defines to accomplish goals in organisational, local, and international management,
thus, to be able to success the weakness and strength of the company must recognize to determine
their capabilities before the management can proceed to international. It is very important for the
multinational companies to increase the product life cycle for growing capabilities and to expand
from domestic to globalization. However, many of multinational companies will be facing different
dilemmas and obstacles towards to international market. Additionally, many countries have different
approach towards to business market. In fact, when domestic company moving to global economy
they need to involve in organizational learning and adjust to cooperate well with people and market.
Multinational company must find the best idea and decision making between centralized and
decentralized while they employ control and coordination (Zhang, M., & Edwards C. 2017). The
permanent task that all multinational companies facing is the control and coordination of
international subsidiaries regardless of what country they are from such as Europe, Japan, US, China
and everywhere. Initially, they developed and study the market and cultures of different countries
before entering the global market.

Management Activity Analysis in Small and Medium Sized...
The purpose of the small and medium enterprises in ensuring its prospect future through growth is
not only about doing further business or making more money or acquiring greater kudos through
larger size. Where knowledge management maturity is high, there the firms are realizing handsome
profits and significant increase in growth. Growth is a strategy that basically addresses the question
of unsafe and doubtful environments, with the help of attainment of greater influence over the
environment within which the enterprise works. In the European economy, SME's are recognized as
the primary players. SME's in Spain, signify that from all registered businesses which are more than
99.8%, almost 70% of the employment and make the contribution 65% ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
5.2 trillion in large scale sector while on the other hand only Rs. 8 billion needed in small/micro
scale sector. According to the definition of SMEDA (small and medium size enterprise development
authority of Pakistan , those firms will fall under the category of SME who have up to 250
employees, or 250 million of paid up capital and or sale of 250 million rupees annually. As it is the
major sector of the economy, a lot of work is needed to make this sector more profitable and
attractive for foreign investment. Being the student of research and knowing the importance of this
sector, my research also revolves around knowledge management and SME's. The data will be
collected from various SME's located in different cities. Similarly multinational corporations
(MNC's) are also working in Pakistan in various fields like telecommunication, banks etc. it has
been observed that these MNC's are practicing knowledge management practices in a better way and
ensuring better profits, sustainable growth along with competitive advantage over others.
1.2 Objectives and scope of the research:–
As mentioned earlier about the importance of the set of organizations i.e SME's and MNC's. the
focus or the objective of this paper is to analyze the possible outcomes like competitive advantage
for a firm, profits and sustainable growth after the implementation of knowledge management
practices, which is the leading factor for competitive advantage, profits and sustainable growth in

How Mergers And Acquisition Affect Financial Performance
Student Name: Wenqing Gu Student ID: 201114686
Title:
Can company create value through M&A in technology industry?
Research area – according to different data btw acquiring firms and target firms to analysis their
company value changes before & after in disclosure date.
Company choice： Cisco system Inc, Lenovo Group Ltd, Microsoft Corporation
Objectives
The report will focus on analysis what kind of impact will affect companies' financial performance
and its value through companies' mergers and acquisition in technology industry.
This article will use a variety of ways for detailed analysis of how Mergers and acquisition affect
financial performance, such as use the financial ratio to analysis corporate performance. Then use
the PESTEL theory to analysis whether companies can benefit from Mergers and acquisition.
Rational for chosen industry and companies
Over the past few years, technology industry is important sector in our society, as the change of the
global economic environment; the technology industry has great changes have taken place around
the world. Frequent new products and category innovation define and redefine the sector's
constantly shifting landscape. Increasingly, technology firms are reexamining the structure of their
businesses and taking bold steps to squeeze out better financial performance (Strategyand.pwc.com,
2015).
Lenovo is a multinational company. Lenovo is mainly oriented to China, Americas, Asia Pacific, and
Europe–Middle east–Africa.

The Price Of Apple Stock Prices
Apple
The negative change in stock prices comes up as a result of decrease in organization's earnings.
Investors lose confidence in a product once its share prices begin to fall as a result of competitors
(Michelle, 2015). However, in view of the Apple stock analysis, the income is expected to grow at
any time and the future company's stock might be higher. The closing price for Apple in the stock
market was $123.38. The purchase price was $130.28 with its percentage change in stock price as –
5.30%.
Exxon Mobil
The primary reason behind the decrease in Exxon's stock price is the change in oil prices.
Profits of Exxon's has decreased in the second quarter of 2015 which may cause the investors to lose
trust in Exxon Mobil Corporation. However, Exxon has a competitive advantage against its major
competitive (Chevron) which is the free cash flow. Exxon could return the money to investors even
if the prices are low by using the free cash flow advantage.The closing price for Exxon Mobil
Corporation was $82.48 with purchase price of $85.14.
Exxon's percentage change in stock price was –3.12%.
Grupo Aeroportuario del Sureste
Grupo Aeroportuario del Sureste closing price was 147.77 with a purchase price of $143.40. The
percentage change in stock prices was 3.05%. The positive change in stock prices of the firm is due
to the increase in passenger traffic. The Canadian dollar currency is also picking up as compared to
the US dollar.
Stock price for Daimler Ag
Daimler Ag closing

Multinational Companies And Tax Avoidance
1. Introduction
With the development of modern society, multinational companies reach higher profits than before.
For instance, Starbucks got 495 million of sales revenue while it only paid 6 million of tax to the
government. It turns into the topic of tax avoidance. Actually, there are many multinational
companies use the strategy of tax avoidance, and Starbucks is just one of the examples.
1.1 Multinational Companies and Tax Avoidance
First of all, the definition of multinational companies and tax avoidance should be learnt.
Multinational companies are those companies have international branches, shops or manufacture
factories in both local and foreign countries. And the tax avoidance is a company which uses legal
methods to escape paying the tax for its own profits. Obviously, the multinational companies such as
Starbucks use this strategy is to enlarge the profit.
Although these companies claimed that they had taken high level social responsibility of business,
they have kept using tax avoidance which should be included in the social responsibility. However,
it has been largely silent on the issue of the payment of corporate tax. It is serious that such
fundamental tax payments present a company's citizenship behavior.
However, because there are legal ways to avoid payment of corporate tax, which is a representative
of a boundary condition for corporate social responsibility. Despite the fact that the law and CSR
always provide the suggestion on paying the tax,

The Is The World Still Not Homogenous? How Does This...
How far is the world still not homogenous? How does this influence the decisions made by
multinational companies?
Introduction
The competitive advantage of every multinational company is determined with their ability to
coordinate information and critical resources that spread across numerous geographical locations.
However, the world population is diverse and it is increasingly getting hard to find a homogenous
society (Matsumoto 1995). A homogenous society is the one most of its individuals share same
religious systems, ethnicity, cultural values and language. The reality is that even within the same
ethnic society, there are different religions and values.
Moreover, the previously homogenous societies are increasingly becoming ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the MNCs emanate from the developed countries and most of their investments target the
diverse cultural societies in the developing nations, whose societies continue to change. These
MNCs must undertake a number of strategic decisions in order to ensure their success in the
multicultural societies.
The managers in the global companies make a broad range of decisions in the plant and firm levels,
encompassing traditional functions such as marketing, finance, human resources and production.
Most of these decisions centre into three broad categories of the extent to which the specific actions
should be differentiated or standardized, hiring across the global market and the decisions on the
extent of decentralization of specific actions.
Decisions Concerning Differentiation and Standardization
The definition of the concept of standardization in business is hugely dependent on the nature of
business activity under consideration (Roach 2007). Although the concept is easily defined in the
marketing context, since it is defined in terms of the 4Ps (product, price, place and promotion), the
concept is more complex when used in the context of the product choices. A multinational
corporation would be forced to make a decision on whether to adopt complete standardization,
which involves creation of completely new product for each geographical market or complete

Multinational Companies
ESSAY PLAN 1. Definition of multinational company which says that a company which serves
more than one country at a time and small description about its background. 2. Main body
contains:– * Description about how multinational corporations give employment and remove
poverty. * Role of these companies in enhancing local economies. * Its impact on globalization. 3.
Conclusion– about how multinational corporations are beneficial to the world.
INTRODUCTION
Multinational companies have brought revolution in the world. Their role is very significant in our
lives. The multinational corporation is defined as an association or organization which provides its
services to not only to one country but to many countries of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is increase in exports and decrease in imports which helped in improving the balance of
payment. They have equalized cost of factors of production all over the world. They have provided
an effective way of incorporating economics. They purchase the raw materials from different parts
of the world which is cheapest in cost. This leads to higher productivity as the access to raw material
is easier which eventually leads to higher profit. They provide the best technology and management
to the world by competing in global markets. By giving training to its employees, they can transfer
their knowledge to them which lead to great work and hence higher productivity. By exporting in
large quantities they get large income which helps in increasing the national income of the country.
These companies helped in developing relations worldwide. This way they enhanced bonding
among people. With the advancement of technology multinational companies produced such kind of
products which made our life easier. They provide different range of products for its customers.
Multinational company is also called as transnational company or international company as they do
transactions or we can say that they deal with numerous companies all over the world. These
companies gave boost to the career people of the world. This way they have provided many benefits
to the whole world. These companies have manufactured many products with latest technology for
the people. These

Internalization Strategy Of Lenovo
1.0 Introduction
The main objectives of this report is to identify and critically evaluate the strategies used by a
chosen Multinational Company (MNC) to internationalize. Firstly, this report will clearly analyzed
the current internalization strategies that being used by the chosen Multinational Company (MNC)
which is Lenovo Group Limited and its relationship with the theory of internalization.
Secondly, a relevant of internalization strategies will be proposed in this report which is suitable for
the internalization of Lenovo Group Limited.
1.1 Background of the case
The chosen company is Lenovo Group Limited which is a multinational technology company that is
headquartered in Beijing, China. Established in 1988, Lenovo is the largest information technology
enterprise in China, engaged primarily in the sale and manufacturing of personal computers, mobile
telephone handsets, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2005, Lenovo acquired IBM's PC division, aiming to transform itself into a sizable multinational
PC manufacturer. Lenovo paid US$1.3 billion to IBM with a combination of considerations of cash
and stock. As a result of the acquisition, Lenovo gained the rights to the product lines as well as a
range of intangible assets, including licensed trademarks, such as ThinkVision, ThinkPad and
NetVista. Moreover, the acquisition included IBM's desktop and notebook computer businesses as
well as its PC‐related R&D centers, manufacturing plants, global marketing networks and service
centers. Both intangible and tangible assets were considered to be strategic for Lenovo's plan to
become a global technology company. (Ng, A.W., Chatzkel, J., Lau, K.F. and Macbeth, D. 2012)
2.1.2 Joint

What Is The Impact Of Multinational Companies In...
Introduction
Transnational corporation is a large company that has their head office in one country and subsidiary
offices in others, normally developing countries. McDonalds, Coca Cola, Nike and Apple are few
examples of transnational corporation. However, there has been much conflict between different
transnational corporations due to the competition. These corporation normally establish their
manufacturing unit at developing countries which helps them to maximize their profit. This report is
focused on the impact of transnational corporation on the economy of the developing country.
Developing countries are poor countries which have a low standard of living and have disadvantages
to those in developed countries.
The Globalisation Process
Globalisation is the process of interconnecting people, companies and countries as a result of
economic trade and cultural exchange. Due to globalisation, the production of goods and services
has increased (at a larger scale) in large scale. The large companies of a country have grown to be
multinational companies establishing its subsidiaries in different countries to generate more wealth.
Economic and cultural globalisation are different types of globalisations. Economic globalisation
involves interdependence of the world's economics which can be expressed in the flow of goods,
services, capital, technologies and information. It involves reducing or removing barriers that come
across the free movement of trade, investments and

The Role Of Multinational Companies
Introduction
Competitiveness has become one of the most important determinants of both prospects and assesses
the functioning of the company in the market, and is seen as a determinant development.
Competition between companies is an inherent characteristic of a market economy. From the
practical point of view it is important to recognize and understand the conditions and factors that
have an impact on the competitiveness of enterprises. Drafted the research problem requires a
comprehensive approach – including the aspects and characteristics of the MNE, foreign investment
importance and competitive advantage.
Multinational companies
The role of multinational companies (MNEs) in international trade has become very great
importance in the last 20 years. This is in large part to the increase in the integration of national
economies and technological progress, in particular in the area of communication. The growing
importance of MNEs develop complex issue of taxation on both the tax administration as well as
MNEs, since the regulations of each country in the taxation of MNEs can be considered in isolation,
but should be considered in the wider international importance (Grimwade, 2000).
The concept of foreign direct investment (FDI) is closely related to the definition of transnational
corporation (MNE, MNC, transnational corporations). In the literature, there are several definitions
describing the features that should have a firm considered as multinational enterprises.

The Increasing Significance of Multinational Company
The increasing significance of MNCs in 1950s transformed them to the dominant phenomenon in
the international economic relations since then. It has triggered a strong interest among the scholars,
media, and society. The surrounding controversy around MNCs has triggered the need and necessity
for the analysis due to the fact, that it is described by some scholars and economists as the principal
instrument for maximizing world welfare, and by others as the imperialistic agents (United Nations
Publication 1973, p.1). Non–state actors are the international organizations that possess the
diplomatic power and corporate with the states in the global scene (Kegley and Wittkopf 2004). The
question is whether MNCs are such important non–state actors and in which ways they exert power
over the states. First of all, one needs to comprehend the definition of a MNC. A MNC is a business
organization whose activities are located in more than two countries. This means that MNC consists
of a country where the business is incorporated, and of the branches, or subsidiaries in foreign
countries. MNCs can obviously vary in the extent of their multinational activities as regards to the
number of countries in which they operate. A large MNC can operate in hundreds of countries. The
economic reality demonstrates the ability of the company located in one country to control the
operations in foreign countries (Chandler and Mazlish 2005). According to Department of Economic
and Social Affairs of

Philips As A Multinational Companies In The Philips
To become a leading consumer electronics company in the post–war era, Philips implemented the
strategy of a multinational company from early on, and also benefited from proficient leaders,
Gerard and Anton. Philips managed to gain successes through becoming a multinational enterprise,
evident through various characteristics of a multinational enterprise. Other strategies included a
decentralised organisational system, and their technical and innovative capability. When Philips first
began their business in 1892, their only product was the light bulb. Instead of diversifying, Philips
main focus lay only with the light bulb and as a result, were able to specialise and create significant
innovations in this department. As their products began to gain success and a strong reputation, sales
increased dramatically and Philips' research and development sector continued to grow. In fact,
Philips became a leader in industrial research, an attribute that would continue to benefit them as the
company continued its global leadership in the post–war era. It was evident that Philips was aware
of the importance of globalising their company in the post–war era, coupled with the small domestic
market, and in 1912, the company began to internationalise, resulting in becoming a multinational
enterprise. Some of the main features that suggest this is that they had multiple operating
environments, global competitive game, and organisational complexity and diversity. Before the
anticipated

Assess the Global Role and Local Impact of Multinational...
Assess the global role and local impact of multinational companies.
A multinational company is often defined as a corporation whose operations and investments are
broaden across a number of countries. They are also referred to as transnational companies.
Therefore given this definition it would be expected that if a company operates over such a large
territory that it would indeed have many effects and impacts, locally and globally, and its role would
also be quite significant as it can have a direct influence on an economy, the environment and
general effects on society. However, changing the way they run things in order to accomidate
society could break there business down and they could eventually have no impact on society so
looking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contradictions of corporate responsibility have been seen many times over the years within
companies such as;
'Barclays Bank
CLAIM: We have the skills, resources and determination to make a positive and lasting contribution
to the communities in which we operate.' (Barclays social review, 1999)
ACTION: Barclays bank closed 172 branches in April 2000'
'Proctor & Gamble
CLAIM: An employee should be able to answer "yes" to the questions: is this the right thing to do?
With this action uphold p&g's reputation as an ethical company? (Proctor & Gamble code of
conduct)
ACTION: Proctor & Gamble continues to trade in Burma, while other companies have pulled out
because of the appalling record of the Burmese government on human rights.'
'BAT (British American Tobacco)
CLAIM: its corporate social responsibility report defines targets for reducing energy use, water
consumption and waste products, and describes its commitment to enlightened employment
practices.
ACTION: it markets its tobacco products ruthlessly to young people – it was caught on television
handing out packets of Benson & Hedges cigarettes to teenage volley ball players in the Gambia.'
(All three examples used is from AQAAS Business studies, John Wolinski

President Of A Multinational Company
"A true leader has the confidence to stand alone, the courage to make tough decisions, and the
compassion to listen to the needs of others. He does not set out to be a leader, but becomes one by
the equality of his actions and the integrity of his intent." – Douglas MacArthur One continuous
message that came across throughout the Kukin lecture series is that leaders in the business world
come in all shapes and sizes. Most of us have an image of what a typical successful businessperson
looks like; however, this image was certainly altered after hearing from the various speakers we had
the privilege to learn from in our Contemporary Problems in Business class. Many of the speakers
took a roundabout path to get to the place they are today, and others never expected to find
themselves in the business world whatsoever. One of our first speakers, Vivien Glueck, is the CEO
of a multinational company; however, she began her career working for NASA and never envisioned
herself taking over her fathers' company, Citromax. Similarly, Ziel Feldman started out as an
attorney and eventually became a huge player in the real estate investment world, while Lance Hirt
majored in Biology in YU before becoming a partner at a private equity firm. Some of our speakers,
such as Howard Jonas and Lazar Kornwasser, displayed a laid back and approachable temperament
that was both unexpected and made them much more relatable as people, as role models and as
leaders. The "American dream" of having

Case Study: A Brief History Of Nestle
3. Introduction
Name of Nestle selected and its brief history Nestle was founded by Henri Nestle in 1866 and is the
largest food and beverage company in the world nowadays. Nestle employ around 339,000 people
from about 194countries and has 447 factories in almost every country in the world. In 1867, Vevey,
Switzerland, a German pharmacist call Henri Nestle launched his product name Farine Lactee
Nestle which is a nutritious gruel for children and saving the life of a neighbour's child. He used his
surname, which means "little nest", in the company name and the logotype. The nest which means
or symbolizes as family, nourishment and security, it still play the central role in Nestlé's profile.
Nestlé success with product innovations and business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since Henri Nestlé developed his successful infant cereal "Farine Lactée", they have built their
business on the conviction that to have long–term success for their shareholders, they not only have
to comply with all applicable legal requirements and ensure that all of their activities are sustainable,
but furthermore they have to create significant value for the society.
Nestlé Agricultural Services has a key world–wide responsibility to develop and protect the source
of the raw materials to meet our production needs. While its main activity is providing agricultural
extension services to farmers, Nestlé Agricultural Services also maintains ongoing dialogue at
international, national and local levels. Collaboration with partners in the food chain ranges from
agricultural R&D to plant and animal breeding. We work with agricultural policy–makers and trade
organisations, as well as with farmers and farmers' organisations with the aim of improving
agricultural production. Sustainability in the supply of agricultural raw materials depends on many
ecological, economic and social factors. Wherever possible, Nestlé supports activities that contribute
to sustainability in the production of agricultural raw materials, including integrated farming
techniques and the use of all technologies that may contribute to

Ford Motor Company : An American Multinational Automobile...
The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automobile maker and is a leader in the
automobile industry. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. It started out
with 12 investors and 1,000 shares, the beginning cash investment was $28,000 and almost all of it
was spent by the time they sold their first car on July 23 1903, but by October 1st, 1903 they had a
profit of $37,000. Ford was one of the leaders in crash testing research, finding ways to continue on
making safer cars. In 1960, Ford Motor Company had the largest initial public offering of common
stock shares in history. Henry ford, started out as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company
in Detroit. In is own free time in his backyard shed he built his first gasoline–powered horseless
carriage, called the Quadricycle. In 1903, he founded the Ford Motor Company, and within five
years the company was ready to sell the first Model T. Ford made an all american affordable car for
the middle class families, and in order to meet the overwhelming demand for the new car, Ford had
to create a new mass–production method, and with a large amount of space, and standardized
interchangeable parts, and he did in 1913, he made the world's first moving assembly line for cars.
This new way of fast mass production has since been very influential in the industrial world.
The first car sold car was the Model T, in the first full year of production, just over 10,000 Model Ts
were built and sold.

Toyota Motors Company Case Analysis
Toyota Motors Company
Toyota Motors Company is multinational Japanese automobile manufacturer, a corporation that has
it 's headquartered at Toyota, Aichi. Toyota Motors are the largest world's manufacturer of the
automobiles about the data of 2013 by the number of vehicles. Toyota was also the biggest producer
of the cars in 2012 and has been the first an automobile manufacturer that produced ten million
vehicles per year. It is also listed the most major manufacturing company in Japan of the market
capitalization and revenue. The motors industry produces its vehicles under the five viz. Toyota,
Lexus, Ranz, Hino and Scion. Toyota Motors Company also has joint ventures that are Toyota
Kirloskar based in India, GAC Toyota and the Sichuan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Specification model of culture assumes the harmony and the consistency in both the cultural and the
social levels (Christoph Weckerle, 2008). It further specify particular functions and groups in the
different social system.
The second model of culture usually assumes that there are several more fundamental conflicts in
the social order levels but still views the cultural system to be still integrated relatively. In this
second model, the conflicting social groupings and functions can usually develop antagonistic
subcultures and not only complementary aesthetic referred to as specifications and this model is
called cultural refraction (Wagner, 2011).
The third model is the columnisation that describes the fundamental antagonism that exist between
the social and cultural system since its interest groupings occur in the hermetically sealed columns
of culture. Volkswagen Group Company is one of the international automobile competitors of
Toyota Motors Company and the model of culture that is most appropriate for it is the specification
model since it operates globally and assumes that there are harmony and consistency in the
marketing society (Books, 2011).
Types of economic system Economic systems are the systems of production and also an exchange of
goods and services and also the allocation of the resources in a society. There are four types of the
economic system that includes, traditional, market, command and the mixed economic

A Multinational Company ( Mnc )
A multinational company (MNC) is a business that operates beyond its geographical boundaries of
its country of origin by opening branches or dealing with associates in more than one country. In
other words, it is a company that engages in foreign direct investment (FDI). MNCs organize
processes of manufacturing and delivering of goods and services to market in various countries,
using their production firms either locally or abroad. To be able to operate in other countries, a
company must be registered in these individual countries. The headquarters of multinationals are
usually in the country of origin, with partly or fully owned subsidiaries abroad. Today, the world is
increasingly becoming a global village. With Internet technology, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Carrying out an environmental analysis can help determine the viability of investment. The elements
that need to be analyzed in such a probable country include political, economical, social,
technological, environmental and legal, which are popularly referred to as PESTEL analysis (Sexton
& Vlasto, 2012). Besides, the company must evaluate its internal analysis in the lens of the new
market by carrying out a SWOT analysis to establish its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threats. The reasons why companies chose to become multinational corporations vary. Even before
carrying out market analysis, the reason is always there. Establishing the right country to invest, can
go a long way in expanding the business in the future markets. However, some ventures fail, but that
does not mean that the business cannot still do well in other alternative markets (Sexton & Vlasto,
2012). All in all, there are different reasons which push companies to go into the global market,
otherwise known multinational companies. The reasons are discussed below. Firstly, first mover
benefit refers to the venturing into a new market and getting all the advantages of being the first to
operate in that market in particular products or services. A firm may consider going global in an
effort to tap untapped market for its products or services. According to Biggs (2011), a business that
enters into a market as the first operator not only benefits from increased sales and profits, but also
the

The, Inc. : An American Multinational Company
Amazon.com, Inc. is an American multinational company that specializes in providing cloud
computing and electronic commerce services to its customers who are evenly distributed all over the
world. The company's headquarters are located at Seattle, Washington in the United States of
America. The company was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos who acts as the president, chairman and
the chief executive officer (CEO) up to date. Currently, the company trades its shares publicly on the
National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) securities under the
stock ticker name NASDAQ: AMZN. The company has under through a series of changes and
organizational development over the past two decades. For instance, the company was ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that all these water vessels must always fly the United States of America flag
hence the name US flag services. The use of the United States flag services is always advantageous
to the individuals and companies transporting their commodities through company's services since it
is a complete assurance that their products are safe. These vessels are always occupied by highly
trained personnel who provide security to the goods being transported and curb the threats imposed
by the pirates in the seas (Myerson, 2015).
Additionally, the US flag services provide its customers with an in house 24–hour cargo technical
management. The commodities being transported are always treated with the utmost care they
deserve thanks to the vast expertise that the firm has put in place. For instance, the company has
structural engineers, naval architects and master mariners who are concerned with the functionality,
maintenance and the sailing of the vessel respectively. Each of every category of the employees are
highly trained and experienced in their work based on the 10 year period that the company has been
in place. It is important to note that the stated services are always provided for under the service
delivery scope of the US Ocean Flag Services Maritime Inc. Therefore, the Amazon.com, Inc. only

The Multinational Company ( Mnc )
A Multinational Company (MNC) is "an enterprise which owns and controls activities in different
countries" (Buckley and Casson, 1991, p.1). According to Buckley and Casson (1991), MNCs have
very high labour productivity, which creates very high profits. They are among the most rapidly
growing businesses in the world. They even argue that MNCs might have a greater impact on world
affairs than the government institutions of the countries where they trade. Even with all of this in
mind, they can still be subject to limitations. In the end, MNCs have to consider that they are
operating in a different environment, which may have different legal and political systems,
institutions, and culture (Edwards and Rees, 2006). This is also known as the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This institutional context is especially relevant for MNCs designing HRM policies that will be
transferred to a different country of operation. This essay will discuss how institutional context
influences the decisions that an MNC makes when establishing HRM policies, specifically
examining those relating to training, reward, and resourcing.
Before studying the impacts of the institutional context in the specified HRM policies, it is
important to mention that within the field of HR, the policies of the parent company will influence
those of its foreign offshoots. This means "there is some implementation of home country practices
in foreign subsidiaries particularly in relation to work organization ... there will be a distinctive
parent company approach when it comes to human resource management" (Edwards and Rees,
2006, p. 72). At the same time the HR policies established by MNCs need to be in line with the
business needs in order to achieve competitive advantage, but must also be flexible enough to enable
their relocation (Schuler et al. 1993). Moreover, what the MNC may want in order to achieve a
competitive advantage might clash with the political aims of its host country, creating conflict as a
result of their divergent priorities (Edwards and Rees, 2006, p. 79). Furthermore, some HRM cannot
be transferred at all due to legal, institutional or cultural constraints making the MNC look

Multinational Company Achieving Competitive Advantage...
Research Paper Research Topic Telenor i.e. Grameenphone as a Multinational Company achieving
competitive advantage through high level of adaptation and local responsiveness in an emerging
country like Bangladesh. Prepared By: Mohammed Sabirul Islam, ID: 072 195 530 Course Code:
MGT 372 Course Title: International Business Sec: 07 Prepared For: Mr. Jasim Uddin Lecturer
School of Business North South University Date of Submission: August 30, 2012 I. Introduction
The point of doing this research paper is to help you find out how Multinational Companies could
achieve competitive advantage in 3rd world emerging economies like Bangladesh. A sneak peek into
one such company which has been doing business ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"We don't look so much at what or where people have studied but rather at their drive, initiative,
cultural sensitivity, and readiness to see the world as their oyster. Whether they've studied classics,
economics, history or languages is irrelevant. What matters ate the skills and qualities necessary to
be good, well–rounded executives in a highly international institution operating in a diverse set of
communities." Explained by CEO, HSBC.
[http://www.deanstalk.net/deanstalk/2006/01/the_theory_of_e.html] Competitive advantages give a
company an edge over its rivals and an ability to generate greater value for the firm and its
shareholders. The more sustainable the competitive advantage, the more difficult it is for
competitors to neutralize the advantage. There are two main types of competitive advantages:
comparative advantage and differential advantage. Comparative advantage, or cost advantage, is a
firm 's ability to produce a good or service at a lower cost than its competitors, which gives the firm
the ability sell its goods or services at a lower price than its competition or to generate a larger
margin on sales. A differential advantage is created when a firm 's products or services differ from
its competitors and are seen as better than a competitor 's products by customers.
[http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=880468] According to Affuah Allan,
competitive advantage will ensure

Apple As A Multinational Company
A multinational corporation houses other offices and factories in different countries and regions
(Investopedia.,2014). In addition, these corporations tend to have a centralized office where global
management is carried out. Becoming a multinational corporation has the advantages of vertical and
horizontal economies of scale as well increased market share due to the increased outputs
(Investopedia.,2014). To contrast these corporations can be portrayed as entities that seek political
and economic control. While this perception is not always the case it does occasionally occur
because big businesses can impact the countries they are in.
The very name brands that provide the products American people have come so accustomed to using
are likely to come from these multinational corporations. Adidas, Nike, Nintendo, Google, Honda,
Red Bull and Apple are just some examples of multinational corporations. These are strong
dominating companies which further impact their industry and shape the way people choose to
allocate their funds. This paper will discuss the corporation Apple and how is has become the
successful multinational corporation is it today.
Apple was first founded on April 1, 1976. Since this day, the corporation has become one of much
success. Even though Apple does not have full control over the markets it is in, the corporation has a
vast amount of market share and customer loyalty. Furthermore, they have a large impact in regards
to the pricing in the smartphone

Walmart Is A Multinational Retail Company
Walmart Organization Walmart is a multinational retail company that runs a network of more than
11,000 discount retail stores as well as warehouse stores distributed in more than 27 countries. Its
headquarters are located in Bentonville, United. It ranks as the world's leading private employer
with over 2.2 million employees serving in different countries' retail stores. Walmart operates as a
family owned organization that is managed by the Walton family. The Walton siblings own more
than 50% of this company through managing the Walton Enterprises as well as through individual
holdings (Charles, 2014). Walmart is equally ranked among the highly valuable companies, in terms
of market value, as well as the biggest grocery retailer where it generates more than 51% of its sales
from the grocery business. This paper explores Walmart's operation management with regard to
supply chain characteristics, global business operations, production processes, the company
commitment to quality and excellence, inventory methodologies, operational planning and
movement towards lean processes (Massengill, 2013). Walmart Organization History and
background information Walmart's history dates back in 1945 when Sam Walton bought an outlet of
the Ben Franklin retail stores with the aim of selling products at a relatively low cost, so as to
generate huge sale volumes and make profits at a low margin. Although this portrayed the purchased
outlet as a crusade for most consumers,

The Importance Of Sweatshops In Multinational Companies
This paper focuses on the establishment of sweatshops in multinational companies as well as local
companies while focusing on performance management in workplaces. The workplaces had in the
past; surveillance, employees working long hours and unfair payments. Thus, the British
government exposed "Sweating system" as it is called today– sweatshops. For example, In Qatar,
the Middle East; Krantz Engineering– a multinational company was accused of delaying payment of
migrant workers and even withdrawing their passports (Aljazeera, 2014). The company had been
contracted to work on Qatar Petroleum's institute titled "RasLaffan Emergency and Safety College"
(RLESC) and was mostly using Indian migrants to work there. It concludes by focusing on the
remedial activities that include; reducing the power distance between company owners and workers,
restricting of labour laws (at local/ international levels) and improving working relations in firms.
Sweatshops in Multinational Companies
Multinational companies have been criticised for focusing on their global responsibility in relation
to their business style and not about reforming their labour conditions that support sweatshops.
Scherer, Palazzo & Baumann (2006) look at an example of Nike which in 1998–2001 had received
worldwide backlash due to its exercising of negative labour laws that portrayed negative and an
infringement of human rights– creating sweatshops. With Nike being a powerful multinational
company, it took a

Organizational Culture And National Culture In...

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Organizational Culture And National Culture In...

Similar to Organizational Culture And National Culture In... (8)

More from Julie Brown

More from Julie Brown (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Organizational Culture And National Culture In...