Speech And Language Disorders Essay

Speech and Language Disorders Essay
Speech and Language Disorders Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving
information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have "trouble
producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say" (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these
problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. Articulation, expression and reception are all essential components for communication. If a
student has an issue with articulation, they most likely then have difficulty speaking clearly and at a normal rate (Turkington, 2003). When they
produce words, they... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the already high–impact pressures that are put on students in education these days, difficulties in speech and language only escalate their stress.
Due to the progress made in technology though, several of these children can adapt to their educational environments smoothly and without concern.
Assistive Technology for Speech and Language Disorders Speech and language disorders, as with any learning disability, can cause embarrassment
and social hindrance for students along with the educational setbacks. Unfortunately there is yet to be a cure discovered, but luckily there are many
ways in which individuals with learning disabilities can seek treatment and aide. For example a child could receive therapy from a speech pathologist
to help them articulate more clearly. There is also assistive technology available for all types of disorders. Assistive technology can help motivate
students to overcome the barriers in learning that they face by compensating in the area that they lack. When choosing which type of device that a
student should use, it is very important that it is one that will accommodate to the specific disability of the student (Fleming, 1999). For individuals
with speech and language disorders, either an electronic communication device or a personal FM listening system would be appropriate. An electronic
communication device allows one to type their ideas into a machine so they
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Pokemonke Treatment Plan
My treatment kit for children with communication disorders consists of 5 activities. The first involves a cardboard box covered in construction
paper made to look like a monster. This monster box has an opening for its mouth where items can be dropped through. Once the pieces are placed
inside, the child cannot take them out, but there is a hidden opening under one of the sides of the box, allowing the clinician to remove the pieces
later. The monster box would be appropriate for all children, both male and female, but may be most appropriate for children that are 3 to 5 years old.
This activity was designed in particular for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, as they tend to have difficulties with turn–taking. To address
turn–taking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This activity includes laminated "PokГ©balls", a dry erase marker, and PokГ©mon cards. In this activity, the client searches for PokГ©balls that
have been hidden around the room and must produce the target sound or word that is on the back of the PokГ©ball for as many trials as the
clinician wishes to elicit. Should the client successfully produce those words, they will get to keep the PokГ©ball and "capture a PokГ©mon" by
choosing a PokГ©mon card. To win the game, the client must collect at least 3 PokГ©mon cards that he will use to "battle" the clinician, who has her
own PokГ©mon set aside. Given the abstract and multi–step nature of this activity, this activity would be most appropriate for older children ages 7 to
15. This activity is designed for addressing articulation disorders because a target phoneme or word can easily be written on the back of each
PokГ©ball and drilled. The third activity in my treatment kit is a "story taco." For this activity, I folded a paper plate in half and cut four different
colored pieces of construction paper to put inside. Each color has a different label: setting, characters, conflict, and theme. After reading a short story,
the client will fill in each piece and place it in their story taco. Then, the client will use their taco to "Taco bout the story." This particular activity
would address delayed receptive and expressive language skills, as the client not only has to analyze a story but also has to discuss

Language Processing Disorder
Children and most certainly adults can be diagnosed with language processing disorder. The term "Language disorder" is broad, and could be
understood in two categories Language Processing Disorder (LPD) and Auditory Processing Disorder APD. Although the two terms seems very
closely related, they are very different. A person that is diagnosed with LPD disorder may find themselves having difficulty learning grammar, sentence
structure, comprehending what is being read or said (making sense of what being told) in a given language. "The disorder may involve the form of
language (phonology, syntax, and morphology), its content or meaning (semantics), or its use (pragmatics), in any combination (American
Speech–Language–Hearing Association 1993)". This does not necessarily mean that the child or adult has a hearing loss. This could mean that their
brain does not process or interpret auditory information, properly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Especially, in young children. Early signs can be traced right in elementary school, language disorders often exhibit reading and academic learning
difficulties. Although a teacher, physiologist etc. may assess a child with language disorders varies based on the age of the child. A diagnosed in
which reveals the severity of the disorder is also observed during "play" behaviors, interaction with parents, siblings and peers provides information
about the child's cognitive and social development. There are also certain literacy skills that could but used as a formative assessment. Teachers
should monitor how student print alphabets and names, can the student recall the story or simply tell a story, conversations with peers and other
written samples of language. There are a lot of ways to "see" the symptoms in the assessments of a child with language disorders. The results may
indicate specific areas of deficit, ascertain the possible causes of the impairment, and formulate specific goals to remediate the

Speech Delay in Children Essay
Speech and language delays can be problematic for preschoolers, school aged children and adolescents. These delays range in degree of severity and
have many causes; physical and developmentally. Communication plays a specific and important role to all people, especially, preschool children who
are developing speech and language skills at fast rate. The consequences of these delays can be devastating for the children affected and can follow
them into adulthood. These effects may include academic problems, social and emotional issues and may even lead into mental illness. Children with
speech and language delays need professional intervention as young as possible. However even with intervention, some children are still at risk of
suffering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3121). For example a six year old may be speaking at the norm of a four year old; all speech is in tack but development is lagging. It is noted that
boys are at an increased risk of speech and language delay by three to four times more than girls (American Family Physician, 1999, pg. 3121). It is
also estimated that 2% to 19% of preschoolers suffer from some sort of language deficiency (CASLPA, 2012). Phonology (the appropriate speech
sounds of the language spoken) and stuttering may include 1% to 4% of defined speech issues. It is also important to note that there is a 20% to 40%
risk factor of speech problems among those children with a family history (CASLPA, 2012).
Many causes can be attributed to speech and language delay, and it is important to understand the characteristics of the causes in order to help a child
effectively. Although speech delay can be just that, it may indicate other issues or disorders and may be the first indicator of such (American Family
Physician, 2011, pg.1183). Some causes of speech delay are mental retardation, hearing loss, developmental language delay,expressive language
disorder, bilingualism, psychosocial development, elective mutism, and receptive aphasia (American Family Physician, 1999).
Mental Retardation can be caused by many different factors such as environmental (drug use during pregnancy), genetic disorders (trisomy 21 – down
syndrome), trauma, and prenatal infections to name a few. Mental retardation is a major cause of

Language Disorder Research Paper
Introduction:
Language is a code that we learn to use in order to communicate ideas and express our wants and needs. Reading, writing, speaking, and gestures or
facial expressions are all forms of language. The language code is made up of rules that we all share and must follow to communicate well. If people
are unable to convey their ideas and have problems in reading and understanding of a message, then it comes under language disorder. A language
disorder can be defined as a significant delay in the use and/or understanding of spoken or written language. Children with language disorders have
been variously referred to as language disordered, language impaired, language delayed, or as having a specific language impairment. The disorder may
involve the form of language (phonology, syntax, and morphology), its content or meaning (semantics), or its use (pragmatics), in any combination
(American Speech–Language–Hearing Association 1993).
Phonology is concerned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Our focus on this project is what are the main causes of language disorder? What are the sign and symptoms of language disorder? How parents were
able to diagnose that their children are suffering from language disorder? How verbal and non– verbal communication affect the behavior of children?
How language disorders affect the overall behavior of children? Whether mental capability is affected by language disorder or not? What are the after
effects of therapy on children? What is the success rate of children suffering from language disorder?
To answer all these questions, we have gone through six case studies of each disorder ( Aphasia, dyslexia and autism). We have studied each patient
thoroughly to analyze the

The Is A Disorder Diagnosed When Oral Language
SLI is a disorder diagnosed when oral language lags behind other areas of development for no apparent reason (Bishop & Snowling, 2004). Many
studies report that SLI affects a relatively large percentage of the child population, around 5%– 10%, (McArthur et al., 2000). Furthermore, McArthur et
al. (2000) showed that more than 50% of children with dyslexia also meet the criteria for SLI (see also Marshall, Harcourt–Brown, Ramus & Van der
Lely, 2009 and McArthur & Hogben, 2001). Bishop and Snowling (2004) claim that diagnostic criteria for SLI are vague. This is
153
because children with SLI display significant difficulties with one or more linguistic domains, such as phonology,syntax, semantics and pragmatics. In
fact, the defining criterion states that a child has SLI if their difficulties cannot be explained by deficits in other aspects of cognition that are linked to
language acquisition, such as intelligence, hearing, oral–motor skills and language exposure (Dollaghan, 2008), but does not specifically define any
subfield of linguistics as crucial for the discrimination.
5. 4. 2 SLI and morphology
Friedmann & Novogrodsky (2006) present a detailed discussion of variability in SLI. The authors distinguish between phonological–SLI, syntactic–SLI,
semantic– SLI and pragmatic–SLI. In their study, the authors tested children with SLI using tapping tasks in dissociated form on syntax, semantics,
phonology or pragmatics. They observed that children's difficulties can be

A Correlation Between the Corpus Callosum and...
A correlation between the corpus callosum and "developmental language disorders"
Abstract:
Various types of language disorders affect a considerable amount of children academically and socially worldwide. This article focuses on
developmental language disorders (DLD) caused by central auditory processing disorders (CAPD). A CAPD is defined as showing "difficulties
discriminating, identifying and retaining sounds after the ears have "heard" the sounds." Both language and auditory are processed in an infinite
number of nuclei throughout both hemispheres of the brain. Thus it has been hypothesized that abnormalities of the corpus callosum (CC) are correlated
with deficiencies in auditory and language processes. This article reviews ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I am using the general term "language disorder" because there is not enough information on any one particular disorder. Both language and audition
are fairly new areas of research in the world of psychology, in addition to both being very complex processes. Thus this critic deals with auditory
language comprehension of people with dyslexia, developmental learning disorders, reading disabilities, central auditory processing disorders, and
x–linked adrenoleukodystrophy.
Auditory processing of language in a normal brain is thought to encompass the entire brain and that is a major reason why it so difficult to come to
an agreement on how language is processed (Obler and Gjerlow, 1999). A very popular model though is the Personal Model proposed in the early
1980's. This model states that the central auditory nervous system is made up of many integrating neural systems. Large myelinated fibers, as well as
smaller secondary fibers, interconnect these neural systems. As information is processed, the further (and higher) it travels into the brain the more
sophisticated and complex information is being processed. (see figure 1). For example at the cochlear level the pitch, tone, and frequency of the
sound is processed, but as you go into the specific cortices the morphology, pragmatics, prose, etc. of what is spoken is being processed. And finally
sensations (ex. audition) are not specifically part of the newer

Language Comprehension And Children With Autism Spectrum...
In this particular research article written by Sara T. Kover, Eileen Haebig, Ashley Oakes, Andrea McDuffie, Randi J. Hagman, and Leonard Abbeduto
there has been a broadly characterized ideal that there may be a particular impairment of language comprehension in children with autism spectrum
disorder. So, in order to build upon this profile, the purpose of this study was to differentiate between lexically and syntactically based difficulties in
school age boys with autism spectrum disorder, alongside a subgroup of boys with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability in comparison to
typically developing boys. By assessing the source of language comprehension impairment for children with autism spectrum disorder the article did not
only allow for analysis of the underlying issue but also prove that language comprehension is a crucial component of continued development in
adaptive and academic skills. So, outlining the extent in which the impairment of sentence comprehension was lexical or syntactic related to knowledge
will help further understand the points of receptive vocabulary expectations and nonverbal cognition.
Description of Research This study involved forty–five boys with autism spectrum disorder, ages four to eleven years old, and forty–five boys with
typical development, ages 2–6 years old. On the basis of selection, boys with ASD were recruited on a national and local standard. On the contrary,
participants with typical development were recruited

Autism Language Disorder
Introduction The primary focus of this paper is in regards to language disorders in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. ASD is a developmental
disorder, according to the DSM–5 diagnostic criteria, that is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across
multiple contexts, as well as restricted or repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. This disorder is present in the early developmental
period. Specifically, regarding social interaction, a child with this diagnosis may have deficits in social–emotional reciprocity, nonverbal
communicative behaviors for social interaction, and in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships (2013). One of the key diagnostic...
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Assessment Language assessment is necessary for Autism Spectrum Disorder in order to identify the areas of language that the client is struggling
with, so that the most beneficial treatment plan for their needs can be determined. Also, assessment is important because early language skills in this
population are key predictors of future language outcomes. It's imperative to consider investigating the early stages of language and communicative
development in very young children with ASD for this reason. In regards to measuring early language skills in clients with Autism, generally this is
done by both standardized tests and parent reports such as questionnaires or interviews. Both approaches offer valuable information about a child's
linguistic skills and provide important information to predict later language outcomes. Various types of standardized tests and parent reports can be
used to assess a child's receptive and or expressive language skills. For this reason, it's important to understand the various options, and the impact on
the results these types of tests may have. Rhiannon J. Luyster and her colleagues (2008) examined various assessment procedures and their influences
on the outcome of the assessment. One assessment included the Mullen Scales of Early Learning which is a test used to assess the developmental
functioning of

Children With Suspected Childhood Apraxia Of Speech
Introduction
Child hood Apraxia of Speech is a motor speech disorder that affects children's ability to say sounds, syllables, and words. The brain has trouble
coordinating muscle movements that are needed for speech. The child knows exactly what to speak, but the brain has trouble coordinating the muscle
movements. It is different for every person that has this type of disorder. In some other cases, it can be an unknown cause, meaning it can happen out
of the blue, or by mutations. One of the articles is based off of reliability and validity testing and scoring by the Dynamic Evaluation of Motor Speech
Skills, while the other has different assessments that were tested and transcribed.
First Summary of Article One
In the article, "Differential Diagnosis of Children with Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech", the authors describe the signs of a child having
Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). If a child is suspected of having CAS, here are a few symptoms that can occur, shifting errors on consonants and
vowels in repetitive syllables and sounds, incorrect prosody, and interrupted articulatory between sounds and syllables. (Murray, McCabe, Heard, &
Ballard, 2015, p.44). A tool that is used to identify CAS is a Strands 10 point checklist. (Shriberg, Potter, & Strand, 2012). This is a checklist that
contains 10 segmental and suprasegmental structures. Authors say that this checklist doesn't lead to an exact assessment, but authors rely on it (Strand,
McCauley, & Weigand,

The Effects Of Music Therapy On Children With Autism...
From 1997 to about 2007 the number of children with autism spectrum disorder has increase from 42,517 to about 258,305 and has risen since
(Reschke–HernГЎndez, 2011). With this rise of children who have autism, the rise of music therapy has since appeared greatly. When music therapy
was first documented, the music was used in both group and individual settings. It was used with those who lacked social skills, those who needed
rehabilitation, for self–expression, for psychological improvement and also recreational purposes (Rescheke– HernГЎndez, 2011). Music therapist use
techniques such as improvisation music therapy, dancing and singing, speech dynamics, and rhythm to help clients with social skills, body awareness
and communication skills (Rescheke– HernГЎndez, 2011). Children who are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder can be treated through music
therapy to enhance their social skills, learning skills, and coordination.
Through the use of music children with autism are able to express themselves better in these social situations. Children with autism are found to not be
as engaged with others in social situations as other children. Children with autism are found to have impairment in their communication skills when
they want to express themselves in a social situation (Gattino, dos Santos Riesgo, Longo, Leite, & Faccini, 2011). A study done by Kim, Wigram, and
Gold found that music therapy promotes social skills, motivational and emotional development in children with

Personal Narrative: My Attractive Language Disorder
It all started when I was 8, I was in speech therapy for my expressive language disorder. It was a pretty dark time for me because I felt like an
outcast. I was unable to communicate well, not only with my friends, but also with my teachers, and family. This obviously made it extremely
difficult to make friends or connect with virtually anybody. To no surprise everybody around me assumed that my silence meant I was unintelligent.
This was not true; academically I did very well in most subjects such as math, science, and social studies. In all honesty what people thought of me
was not a concern, nor did it cause me to stress. The only concern on my mind was whether I would ever make friends. The longer I spent with my
speech therapist the

Dravet Syndrome Research
Chieffo, D., Battalglia, D., Lucibello, S., Gambardella, M., Moriconi, F., Ferrantini, G., Leo, G., Dravet, C., Mercuri, E., Guzzetta, F. (2016). Disorders
of early language development in Dravet syndrome. Volume 54, pg. 30–33. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy–iup.klnpa.org/science
/article/pii/S1525505015005879?np=y&npKey=615606ba1d70cbc0096e4579a704a0b75554cc04d08eaa13fa1bca9cfa70b6df
Background
This study was focused on children with the disease Dravet syndrome (DS) in order to conduct an experiment about their early language disorders.
Some of the most common DS language disorders include delayed acquisition, articulation disorders, and dysphasia. Researchers conducted this
experiment during the early years of the individual's lives. The individuals that were chosen have a history of epileptic seizures, and to conduct this
study the researchers performed neurological examinations and long–term EEG monitoring. This was the first longitudinal study on the development of
early language in children with DS and the children were researched from the age of 3 until the age of 6. Different assessments were administered to
these children based on their age along with their developmental, cognitive, and language skills. While monitoring these ... Show more content on
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Throughout this study the researchers did not give a clear image of what Dravet syndrome is so I had to do a little research to learn more about the
syndrome that they were testing. It was also interesting to learn that Dravet syndrome is an epileptic disorder, but the epilepsy of the patients did not
create disorders in their language development. Throughout this study there were also a lot of tests and assessments done which made it hard to follow
what could create the most deficits in the patient's language development. The researchers also called this a longitudinal study, but many of the patients
had a short follow–up

Language Disorders: Anomic Aphasia
Aphasia is a language disorder that results from damage to the part of the brain that control speech. Aphasia is often caused by strokes, however,
any damage to the part of the brain that control speech can cause aphasia like tumors or any traumatic brain injury. When referring to aphasia we
can mentioned a couple of different aphasias. Anomic Aphasia is a type of aphasia where an individual has consistent inability to produce words for
things that they want to talk about. Usually anomia aphasia is seen in all the different types of aphasias. Anomia is caused by damage to various part
of the parietal lobe or the temporal lobe of the brain which is now the main target of research for those studying any type of aphasia. The severity and
the specific symptoms of the aphasia depends on the localization of the brain damage. Anomic Aphasia is characterized by problems in recalling
everyday words, names and number but the individual speech, language and intelligence is not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Patients suffering from word selection anomia sometimes might have exhibit selective impairment, example the patients is able to distinguish the
different colors presented to them but they can't identify them by name. Semantic anomia is a disorder in which the patient doesn't know the meaning
of the word. Patients with semantic anomia are unable to the select the right object even when they are giving the name and the function of the object.
Disconnection anomia is he results from the severing of the connection between sensory and language. Patients with disconnection anomia are limited
to a specific sensory modality, such as hearing. For example, when the patient is able to name the object when they are presented via the sensory
modalities like audition, this patient might be unable to name the object when presented

A Research Study On Communication And Language Development
1. The search terms that I used were "parent implemented interventions." I used the One Search database on the UNF website. I selected this article to
analyze as opposed to other articles in the research results because it met the requirements for the assignment. The researchers whom conducted the
study wrote this article. Many of the other articles listed in the results were research reviews of other studies. Also, many articles were written by
authors who were not conducting the research discussed in the articles. The reference for this article is:
Brown, J. A. & Woods, J. J. (2015). Effects of a triadicparent–implemented home–based communication intervention for toddlers. Journal of Early
Intervention, 37, 44–68. doi: 10.1177/1053815115589350.
2. Authors Brown and Woods thoroughly explained their background for the research study. Most of the background research focused on
communication and language development. Numerous parent–implemented interventions were mentioned such as the Early Start Denver Model
(P–ESDM), Hanen's More Than Words (HMTW), KidTalk–TaCTICS Project (KTTP), and Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT). These intervention
strategies were discussed by Brown and Woods in the article in order to support their claim that parent–implemented interventions can have a beneficial
impact on their children's language development and communication. Brown and Woods (2015) cited the work of Roberts and Kaiser (2011), which
found that children with disabilities who had

Ap Psychology Case Study Essay
Case H. F. is an 11 year old male with a history of major depressive disorder and ADHD who presented to the inpatient child and adolescent mental
health unit for concerns of suicidal ideation. During an interview with H. F. and family members, it became clear that there were behavior concerns
during school, increased difficulties in interpersonal relationships with peers, and increasing use of the internet and social media to form social
relationships. His parents were also concerned about the inappropriate content of his conversations online. During an interview with H. F. alone, he
showed difficulty in conversation with an odd range of topics, for example "robo–hamsters," his pets, and "becoming a bank robber" when he grew up,
but was redirectable. Throughout conversation he was also excessively fidgety and could not maintain an appropriate body station, eye contact or
maintained engagement. While hospitalized, he had several... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Importantly, children diagnosed with SCD must also demonstrate functional limitations as a result of poor pragmatic communication skills, which may
pose barriers to social, interpersonal and academic or occupational success. Also, the communication deficit cannot be due to a deficit in structural
language skills, or be attributable to another medical or neurological condition. The DSM–5 notes frequent co–occurrence of other neurodevelopmental
disorders. However, if a child's symptoms are better and more completely explained by ASD, intellectual developmental disorder, global
developmental delay or another mental disorder, a diagnosis of SCD cannot be made. The notable absence of restricted and repetitive behaviors is the
important in appropriately diagnosing a patient with SCD versus ASD.

How Communication Disorders Can Be Divided Into Categories...
Communication is a process by which two or more people transfer symbolic or non–symbolic information including facts, thoughts, ideas, and feelings.
This process is comprised by three factors which are, the sender who has the job of formulating and sending a message to the receiver, the means of
the message that can be either a written, gestured, signed (American Sign Language), or a spoken message, and finally the receiver whose job is to
provide with feedback expressing that the message was unclear or comprehended (Justice & Rede, 2006). When the formulation or comprehension of a
message is extraordinary difficult is when a communication disorder can be the cause. Communication disorders can be divided into categories that
affect different domains of language. A person can have a language disorder, aspeech disorder, a hearing loss (HL), or a feeding and swallowing
disorder that can affect drastically the role they play in communication (Justice & Rede, 2006). Being one of the major subgroups in communication
disorders, HL is one that affects 4 out of every 1000 newborns in the United States making it a heterogeneous condition because it does not have a
specific cause and the severity of HL can differ from person to person (Kaderavek, 2015).
The challenges that come from having a HL are many, for children, hearing and speech are important tools for learning, playing and developing social
skills. Not getting intervention can bring a setback to their full potential. When a

Speech And Language Treatment At The Florida Atlantic...
OF PROBLEM: W.C., a 26 year 11 month old woman, was brought to the Florida Atlantic University
–Communication Disorders Clinic (FAU–CDC) by
her boyfriend for a Speech–Language Evaluation. She was referred to the FAU–CDC by her neurologist for word finding difficulties and a possible
articulation disorder after a left hemisphere hemorrhagic stroke one month ago. According to her boyfriend, W.C.'s symptoms began immediately
following her stroke and are characterized by word finding difficulties, slowed and choppy speech, and mispronunciation of certain consonants that is
affecting intelligibility along with a strained voice. BACKGROUND INFORMATION: a)History of Speech/Language and/or Hearing Problems:
W.C.'s speech difficulties were first observed at the hospital following a left hemisphere stroke by her neurologist. The client has not received
previous treatment for these symptoms. The client has no history of speech and language treatment or problems. W.C. exhibits no hearing loss or
vision difficulties. b)Pertinent Medical History: W.C. suffered from a left hemisphere hemorrhagic stroke on September 25, 2015 as a result of an
aneurysm located in the third frontal convolution. There was associated damage to the pyramidal tract. W.C. underwent surgery to release the pressure
on her brain on September 25. W.C. was released from the hospital on October 2, 2015 to her home. W.C. was one month post onset at the time of
evaluation. W.C. is currently not taking any

Liam's Diagnosis Of Language Disorders
Liam is 9 years old and in grade 4 and he has met the criteria for a diagnosis of a language disorder as well as a specific learning disorder causing
impairments in reading, written expression and mathematics. Due to his diagnosis, his exceptionalities can create challenges in many areas of Liam's
life including psychological processing, academic performance as well as social, emotional and behavioral skills. In addition to challenges, his
exceptionalities have strengths, which can be used within the case. Overall, the core features of his exceptionalities will affect the case study. In
regards to the language disorder, it has caused many challenges for Liam throughout his life. Overall, Liam has delays in the development of both his
receptive... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means using "simple, short sentences when giving instructions or explaining complex, multi–faceted concepts (Module 8d)." Since Liam has very
limited vocabulary, using simple sentences when talking to Liam will help stay within his vocabulary range. As well, Liam has strong reasoning
skills when working with concrete, visual materials, therefore using "visual prompts to support verbal expression (Module 8d)," would be very
supportive for Liam's learning. Similarly, making concepts and vocabulary concrete would be beneficial to improving challenges resulted from the
language disorder. The best instructional strategy for Liam's learning disability will be creating developmental changes in instructional goals. Since
Liam is in a junior elementary grade, that means "remediate and compensate academic skills (Module 5a)." "Using intensive instruction in
compensatory strategies, such as the use of computer word processors and adaptive technology (Module 5a)," will support reading and writing skills,
which are some of Liam's areas of

Speech Disorder : Language Delay Essay
LANGUAGE DELAY IN TODDLERS. Language delay in toddlers should by no means be confused with speech disorder or language disorder.
Speech disorder is when one's child is incapable of sounds pronunciation in words. Different letters have unique ways in which they sound and a
child with speech disorder finds it almost impossible to achieve communication by speech as their speech is next to impossible to understand. In
language delay, the child in question usually struggles with the following; saying their first words be it as simple as 'mama', learning their first
words which is usually a product of what they have heard over a long period of time, combining two or three words to form a simple sentence in a
bid to communicate, building their vocabulary and eventually understanding what some words mean like 'come' or even sentences and
instructions. When the speech delay does not seem to go away or get better then this could be a language disorder. SOME OF THE
CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH LANGUAGE DELAY IN CHILDREN. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER This is a condition that affects
the brain of a child and it has some genetic links associated with it. For a child with this disorder, the brain usually fails to develop in the normal
typical way. A child with this disorder displays the following characteristics; Repetitive behaviors: there can be a certain specific behavior or activity
that the child will often engage in. A good example is switching the lights on and off continually or even

The Effect Of Telehealth On The Language And Communication...
Introduction Telehealth, also referred to as telepractice, is defined as "the application of telecommunications technology to the delivery of speech
language pathology and audiology professional services at a distance by linking clinician to client/patient or clinician to clinician for assessment,
intervention, and/or consultation" (American Speech–Language–Hearing Association [ASHA], 1997). Healthcare personnel use telehealth practices to
treat or assess disorders via technology, such as video or webcams, rather than treating patients face–to–face. Speech–language pathologists (SLPs) may
use this method to treat a variety of delays and disorders, including stuttering, apraxia, lisps, and others. This paper will explore the use of telehealth in
treating the language and communication delays that accompany Autism Spectrum Disorder (autism), specifically in children. Autism Spectrum
Disorder is "a complex developmental disability, typically appearing during childhood and affecting a person's ability to communicate and interact with
others" (Autism Society, 2016). Autism is typically diagnosed in childhood and affects the individual into adulthood.
Description of Childhood Autism Diagnoses of autism have increased rapidly over the last ten years, and continue to do so, making affordable and
effective treatment for the developmental disorder crucial. Statistics report that "about 1% of the world is on the Autism Spectrum; prevalence in the
US is about 1/68 births, prevalence

Kathy's Language Disorder
In planning for intervention for Kathy's language disorder, it is imperative the clinician understand the language acquisition process specific to Kathy
to efficiently gather evidence–based treatment approaches to target goals in therapy. There are many theories that explain language acquisition or
language development in individuals. A theory that may account for Kathy's language impairment is the Biological Maturation Theory. The Biological
Maturation Theory and its theorists describe language as a product of brain structures and functions (affected by genetic and environmental influences),
which play a primary role in language acquisition. Biological theorists are less concerned about the nature of language than the genetic and neurological
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Targeting these components will increase Kathy's repertoire and semantic relationship to each word in reading, increase expressive communicative
abilities in discourse, improve Kathy's planning in controlling her impulsivity to answer without understanding the question, and organize class
assignments more efficiently. To target these objectives, an appropriate intervention strategy must be implemented to efficiently address Kathy's needs.
Because Kathy lacks self–regulation skills, the Self–Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD; Graham & Harris, 1989; Graham, Olinghouse, & Harris,
2009) would be appropriate to use. This approach is used for teaching both narrative and expository texts. It focuses on both processes and products of
writing and employs peer–mediated teaching as an instructional technique. It consists of six steps:
1. Develop background knowledge

Language Disorders Paper
According to National Institute on Deafness and other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) 6 to 8 million individuals in the United States are affected
by a language and speech disorder (Statistics on Voice, Speech, and Language, 2010). Millions of children are faced with speech language disorders
and understanding the factors like biological, and environmental influ–ences can help researchers, clinicians and educators in their practice to aide this
population. If language disorders are due to the environmental occurrences or hereditability in children, the an–swers to these questions must be known.
Once these key elements are better understood, this pa–per will look into the relationship between language delays and behavioral issues in children....
Chomsky (Steinberg 2011) views language as an innate ability children carry; this views centers the idea that the process of acquiring language is
rooted in organized cognitive structures, and these traits are considered fundamentally biological. Chomsky (Steinberg 2011) states that each child has
the potential to learn language with a lan–guage acquisition device (LAD). The LAD contains linguistic universals, one being the ability to speak a
universal amount of utterances which Chomsky labels this knowledge as linguistic crea–tivity (Steinberg 2011). It also provides for the ability to learn
the complexities of a language rapidly and uniformly. Chomsky, and other research has provided a wealth of knowledge to ex–plain language
development, but it has its limitations. Whether language is hard wired or a learned experience, we know language has universal components that are
shared among many languages and are a part of language development. This paper will try take a point of view that encompasses both of these
perceptive. The model that best suits this idea is the interactionist

Developmental Receptive Language Disorder
Communication disorders come in many shapes and sizes. They can range from speech to auditory problems. Communication disorders can be very
common and starting to show at an early age. Developmental Receptive Language Disorder is one of these common communication disorders.
Developmental Receptive Language Disorder can affect your comprehension and your speech. ("mixed receptive–expressive language disorder.")
Developmental Receptive Language Disorder is a problem where you do not understand or comprehend what you are hearing or reading.("Receptive
Language Disorders.") It is often referred to as a learning disability. A person who has this disorder can not efficiently process language and that can
often result in using correct spoken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Victorian Government) It is normally initially recognized when the child starts speaking. (Victorian Government) The disorder can be genetically
passed down through genes to the child.("mixed receptive–expressive language disorder.") This disorder can also be brought on later in life by
something such as a car accident causing brain damage. If the disorder is caused by brain damage there is no cure for it.("Receptive Language
Disorders.")
If this disorder is just a developmental problem and not brain damage then there is a chance for intervention. There is a number of treatments that can
be effective, depending on what works best for that individual. (Victorian Government) Treatments can range from speech therapy, one–on–one (or
group) therapy, special education classes, integration support at pre–school (or school in special cases), or referral to a mental health service (if
significant behavioral problems exist). (Victorian Government)
Sometimes the child never fully recovers from this disability. They may always have trouble with their communication skills. Because they develop at
a slower rate than other people their age they are at an educational disadvantage. ("mixed receptive–expressive language disorder.")They may have
problems expressing themselves and understanding other adults.(Wacyk and Zundel) When the disability is caused by brain injury the victim may gain
their ability to communicate back over a period of time, or they

Language And Communication Impairments Are Primary...
Language and communication impairments are primary features of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and are the some of the earliest emerging
behavioral markers of ASD. "Research with typically developing populations highlights the importance of both infants and maternal gesture use in
infants' early language development" (Talbott and Flusberg, 2015, p.1). Investigations of infant siblings of children with autism, who are at increased
genetic risk, have shown delays in language and gesture production during their first year of life; these children are later diagnosed with ASD.
Therefore, due to the commonness of language and gesture difficulties amongst high risk siblings and the impact of language on functional outcomes,
it is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other infants were placed in a low–risk control group (LRC) if they had at least one sibling with typical development. The development of these
reference siblings was determined by their scores on the Social Communication Questionnaire answered by their parents. HRA infants had siblings
who scored at least 15 and LRC infants siblings scored less than 12. HRA infant siblings also met diagnostic criteria on the Autism Diagnostic
Observation Schedule (ADOS) or were diagnosed by an expert clinician. Infants were seen at 12 and 18 months as part of a larger ongoing project. At
the 12–month visit, research staff administered the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scale (CSBS), the Mullen Scales of Early Learning
(MSEL), and infants and parents had 10–minutes of free play with infant–appropriate toys (MC). At the 18–month visit, staff ran the MSEL and the
ADOS. CSBS is a semi–structured interaction between an infant and examiner designed to assess the infant's communicative and symbolic behavior
ranges; in the context of the present study, it was used for scoring infant gesture competency. MSEL is a standardized developmental assessment for
infants from birth through 68 months that measures skills in Gross Mother and four cognitive domains: Visual reception, Fine Motor, Expressive and
Receptive Language. ADOS is a semi–structured play–based interaction used to assess participants' communicative and

Analysis of вЂњBehavior Predictors of Language Development...
The scientific study, "Behavior Predictors of Language Development over Two Years in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders," conducted by
Karen D. Bopp, Pat Mirenda, and Bruno Zumbo was published in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. This study was conducted
in British Columbia, Canada from data retrieved from a database of another study. The goal of this study was to determine if certain types of behaviors
often displayed by autistic children before intervention could be predictors of the language abilities they would develop. There are many factors that
contribute to the development of language skills in autistic children, or lack thereof. Still, it is theorized that there are many more factors that influence a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this study, the data following 69 children were used. These children represented many ethnic backgrounds, and living situations with 58 males and
11 females ranging from 1 year, 9 months to 6 years–old. All of the children in this study were diagnosed with autism before the study began and after
some length of early intervention (not all of the early intervention programs were the same). Data of the severity of the children's autism and language
skills were initially collected and were then collected again after 6, 12, and 24 months. The data collected was collected by a team of psychologists,
speech–language pathologists, and graduate students who conducted interviews. The scores each child received on the language and vocabulary tests
served as the dependent variable in this study. These scores came from several tests performed by psychologists including the Peabody Picture
Vocabulary Test, the Expressive One–word Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Preschool Language Scale. The children's behaviors (the independent
variable in this study) were collected through a series of surveys of the children's parents of primary caregiver. Before the researchers could assign
numerical values to these surveys, they first had to decide what behaviors would be included and in which of the five categories. To do this they first
looked at the surveys to see which behaviors seemed to be

Speech and Language Disorders Psychology Essay
Speech And Language Disorders Psychology Essay
Young children can have unclear speech and mispronounce words, but as the children get older they learn how to use their tongue, lips and brain to
work in harmony to say difficult and unfamiliar words. For most children speech difficulties pass with time but for some they find it hard so they
repeat or pro–long sounds. This can be very hard for children so they can struggle to find ways to avoid using these sounds or words.
A phonological disorder is when a child has a problem with producing sound that is needed for the child to speak. Children with phonological disorder
can have problems controlling their rate of speech and can fall behind when learning certain sounds. 2 to 3 year old ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"80% of children who stutter before the age of 5, will no longer stutter once they attend school for a year or so" according to (Packman & Onslow,
2002). Since most children will outgrow stuttering, it can be hard for parents and therapists to decide wither to go ahead with therapy or not. Therapy
can be given if the sound and syllable repetition is frequent and if the child or parent is worried about it. Once the parent contacts the Health Service
Executive and the Speech & Language Therapist, the therapist can give the parent advice and can offer individual therapy or group therapy. The
sooner the child is referred for speech and language therapy the prospect for success is greater. While there is no guarantee that therapy will cure the
stuttering, therapy can help to increase confidence and self–esteem and lessen the amount of stuttering and improve the child's lifestyle. Childhood
stuttering can develop into a severe physical and psychological disability in adulthood. They have difficulty breathing during stuttering. They may have
a laryngeal block where the airflow is cut off during stuttering and also they can develop secondary behaviours such as twitching and eye blinking. The
psychological symptoms can include, avoidance of feared sounds, words and speaking situations and they may also substitute a words for another word.
According to Lavid stuttering is termed "developmental stuttering" to differentiate the condition from the occasional stuttering that

The Reading Of Reading And Written Expression Fell Within...
Kurtis' overall achievement in reading and written expression fell within the average range with slightly low average scores in reading fluency and
oral reading when compared to his same aged peers. Kurtis struggled with word attack skills and had difficulty with sounding out of words. Kurtis
could identify beginning sounds, but when he was asked to read nonsense words he struggled with short vowel sounds and correct pronunciation.
However, Kurtis' Letter–Word Identification and Passage Comprehension were within the average range. When he read sentences orally he
mispronounced words, and did not slow down to correct his errors even when they did not make sense. On the reading fluency subtest, he was required
to read a short sentence and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kurtis' classroom teacher ratings suggest he has difficulty maintaining necessary levels of attention at school. At times Kurtis might disrupt academic
performance and functioning of those around him. He is restless and impulsive, and has difficulty maintaining his self–control. Socially Kurtis
generally plays alone and has difficulty with social interactions in the classroom with peers his own age. Kurtis has difficulty comprehending and
completing schoolwork especially when reading is concerned. When he is having a good day he is more willing to learn and treat others respectfully.
Kurtis often struggles with understanding what is asked of him. He needs directions repeated and the teacher utilizes proximity and re–directing as
needed to assist him in the classroom. Kurtis' teacher expresses his concern about his inability to answer comprehension questions and expressing
himself. Kurtis' mother indicates that Kurtis plays with his younger brother and older cousins. During play he has appropriate social skills. At times,
Kurtis' mother, indicated he may struggle with attention. Kurtis' mother reports that he generally exhibits adequate expressive and receptive
communication skills and he is able to seek out and find new information when needed. They read books together and Kurtis is able to answer general
comprehension questions. Kurtis is described as being thoughtful and helpful; however, he could always improve his listening skills. Kurtis

Aphasia Is A Language Disorder
Aphasia is a language disorder where certain areas of the brain are damaged, which affects one's ability to comprehend or produce speech and
language. Nearly two million Americans have some type of aphasia, with about 180,000 American's acquiring aphasia per year (NAA). There are
many ways aphasia could be acquired such as, traumatic brain injury, infections, diseases or tumors. However, it is most commonly acquired by having
a hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke. These events do not always lead to aphasia, but when they do, it is because the lesions are located in certain language
centers of the brain, such as Broca's Area or Wernicke's Area. According to Schlaug, Marchina, and Norton (2008) about 600,000 to 750,000 strokes
are documented each year in the US and around 20% of those who suffer from a stroke end up with some form of aphasia.
It has been shown over the years that intervention and therapy greatly benefits those with aphasia, allowing them to gain some of their language skills
back or taking some of the strain off producing language. Melodic Intonation Therapy is one of the most efficient ways to treat adult's affected with
non–fluent aphasia. In this research paper it will be discussed what Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT) is, the types of aphasias it is used for, how
MIT is performed, research studies that give credit to MIT, and what criteria needs to be met before starting MIT.
Depending on where the lesion is it could result in different types of

Expressive Language Disorder In Children
Between 6 and 8 million people in the United States have some form of language impairment. Research suggests that the first 6 months are the most
crucial to a child's development of language skills. For a person to become fully competent in any language, exposure must begin as early as possible,
preferably before school age. Approximately 7.5 million people in the United States have trouble using their voices (NIDCD). Expressive Language
Disorder is a developmental disorder where a child will have difficulties expressing him or herself in speech. Characteristics may include limited
vocabulary, difficulty recalling words and producing complex or lengthy sentences. Children with expressive disorder often start speaking late and
experience delays acquiring expressive language. A child with Expressive Language Disorder has lower than normal ability in vocabulary,... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For other children, expressive language disorder is associated with known developmental difficulties or impairments such as Down Syndrome, Autism
and hearing loss. Standardized expressive language and nonverbal intellectual tests, and in certain cases functional assessments, should be conducted
if an expressive language disorder is suspected. Expressive language disorders may interfere with academics and social communication. Speech
therapy and social skills therapies may benefit children affected by this disorder. There are many successful everyday people to this day that have
struggled with this disorder, there are also some famous people as well. Truman Capote was a famous American author who was diagnosed with
communication disorders. At the age of eleven, since he cannot speak in a very natural way, he decided to train himself to become good writer.
Communication disorder didn't stop him in continuing his ambition which is to become a famous writer and a television

Do Studies Of Neurological Disorders Support The Claim...
Do studies of neurological disorders support the claim that specific language functions are associated with distinct neural structures?
Student ID: 12926466 Studying language in terms of its localization of function has proven to be a challenging task. Unlike other cognitive processes
such as perception, attention and memory, language research faces the constraint of studying merely human beings. Even though other types of
mammals and birds also develop some form of communication systems their complexity is not even close to that of the human language. Facing these
limitation, early researches that have embarked on the task to clarify the neural mechanisms associated with language devised a study field called
Neurolinguistics. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This essay will focus on the extent to which studies of neurological disorders support the claim that distinct neural structures underline specific
language functions and look into some of the most valued contributions made by scientists studying this field. Pierre Paul Broca was one of the earliest
and most influential physicians and anatomists of his time, who in the 1860s conducted some of the first work on the effects of brain damage on
behaviour (Harley, 2008). In 1861 Broca worked as a surgeon in BicГЄtre general infirmary, where on 11th April, a 50 year old patient called Leborgne
was transported from the main hospital of BicГЄtre, suffering from diffuse gangrenous inflammation of the entire right inferior limb (Broca, 1861).
Leborgne was admitted to the hospital at the age of twenty–one being subject to epileptic attacks and exhibiting lack of ability to say anything else
except the word 'tan'. During his stay in BicГЄtre it was determined that his language comprehension and intelligence were intact. On the day of
Leborgne's death on 17 April 1861, Broca performed an autopsy on his entire body. In his report Broca discussed in great detail the state of his brain,
where he discovered

Reflection On Clinical Work
My client this semester was a 5–year–old boy who presented with a moderate expressive language disorder and a severe phonological disorder.
Throughout the semester with my client, I found many aspects of clinical work both rewarding and challenging. The most rewarding aspects of
clinical work was represented through my client's overall progress. As a student clinician, it was rewarding when I learned how to facilitate my client's
performance for a specific skill. For example, learning that my client benefited most when I gave him tactile prompts for /s/ blends or that my client's
performance increased when implementing more motivating activities. Watching my client reach his objectives with the aid of my prompts and
teaching was rewarding. However, seeing my client use these newly learned skills to achieve a more functional outcome was even more rewarding
(e.g., using a consonant cluster when talking to his brother at the end of a session). Although, I experienced rewarding aspects of clinical work I also
faced multiple challenges. Throughout the semester, I had difficulty with documentation. I was able to portray verbally what was happening in my
session and what I was learning in all my courses, but had difficulty writing it all out on paper. Documentation is an important aspect of clinical work
and I will need to continually focus on and practice this piece to become more proficient in my writing as a clinician.
My didactic course work and previous undergraduate

Language Disorders: Article Analysis
This article discusses the differences between a dialect, specifically African American English (AAE) and Standard American English (SAE) and a
child with AAE who actually suffers from a language disorder. One of the strengths of the paper is the ability to mention the variety of issues and how
to correctly take the steps to deal with them when working with a child or individual who has a dialect. One of the points being mentioned is the
importance for choosing the correct type of standardized test or assessment that takes AAE dialect into consideration without giving a biased result that
might lead one to think that the person has a disorder versus just having a dialect that does not follow the standards of SAE. Unfortunately, in the area

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Language Versus Visual...
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a disability that affects many aspects of life, including reading comprehension levels. The University of
Southampton has conducted a experiment on how people with ASD compared to TD (Typically Developed) or the "normal" people when it comes to
their lexical, (figuring out the meaning of a word in a particular sentence) syntactic, (making connection between the words) and semantic(encoding the
meaning of a word after hearing it.) processing. ASD is a known disorder found on the autism spectrum. Often those diagnosed with Aspergers have a
difficult time understanding language versus visual communication. Both written and spoken communication can be even difficult to understand due
to the way their brains process language. Summarizing and conveying back what's communicated can be more difficult. In this study, scientist wanted
to know how a diagnosis of Aspergers affectedreading comprehension.
The University of Southampton was interested with the ASD participants because they were able to understand the words they were reading, but often
did not understand the full meaning of them. They wanted to know if ASD ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The procedures consisted of the participants reading sentences off a 19–inch LCD computer monitor. The participants heads were stabilized and their
eyes were closely analyzed by an Eyewink 1000, operating at a sampling rate of 1000Hz. Dots on the computer showed the reader where the sentence
would start. The sentences were displayed one at a time, and after each sentence was read the participant would push a button on a hand controller to
tell the experimenter he was done with the sentence. After reading he or she was given a simple yes or no comprehension question. The eye tracking
task took approximately 25

Speech Disorders : Speech And Language Disorders
Speech Disorders A speech disorder occurs when a person has problems with his or her voice or is unable to produce speech sounds correctly.
Difficulties pronouncing sounds, articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of speech disorders ("Speech and Language Disorders and
Diseases", 2016). Some of the common speech and voice disorders in adulthood include Dysarthria, Apraxia, and voice disturbances. Dysarthria is
when a person has an ongoing difficulty expressing certain sounds or words. They have poorly pronounced speech (such as slurring) and the rhythm or
speed of speech is changed. Dysarthria has many causes which include alcohol intoxication, Dementia, neuromuscular diseases, Facial trauma, Facial
weakness or tongue weakness, head trauma, head and neck cancer surgery, nervous system disorders that affect the brain, poorly fitting dentures, side
effects of medications that act on the central nervous system, stroke, or a Transient ischemic attack ("Speech impairment (adult): MedlinePlus medical
encyclopedia", 2016). Apraxia of speech is a motor disorder. The messages from the brain to the mouth are disrupted and the person cannot move his
or her lips or tongue to the right place to say sounds correctly, even though the muscles are not weak, Apraxia can occur in conjunction with dysarthria
or aphasia (language difficulties related to neurological damage). Apraxia is caused by damage to the parts of the brain that control coordinated muscle
movements, such as a

Pragmatics Of Language : Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )
Pragmatics of language in the broad autism phenotype
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder primarily characterized by impairments in social–communication and interaction
as well as restricted repetitive patterns of behaviours (DSM–V). It has a strong genetic component and thus, relatives of children with ASD are at a
higher risk for the disorder. Sometimes, the core features of the disorder are present in other family members albeit in much milder forms. Such
conditions do not meet the diagnostic criteria for ASD and are referred to as the "Broad Autism Phenotype" (BAP). The pragmatics of language are the
rules that govern the use of language in a social situation. Pragmatic deficits are common among children with developmental disorders (e.g. Mental
retardation, Specific Language Impairment etc.,) and especially so in children with ASD.
Pragmatic impairment is universal in ASD (one of the hallmark features). A study of pragmatic difficulties among the first degree relatives of children
with ASD can be considered as a natural candidate for assessment of the BAP. Different groups of researchers in the west have demonstrated that
pragmatic impairments exist in parents of probands with ASD (e.g. Hurley, Losh, Parlier, Reznick & Piven, 2007; Landa et al. 1992; Piven et al. 1997,
Sasson et al., 2013). A study to gain further insight into the understanding of the phenotypic variations, if any that exist across cultures will inform
interventions. The

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder And Language Development /...
Abstract
In the field of speech language pathology, children may come onto a caseload with an identification of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. About 0.5 to 3
in every 1,000 live births is a child impaired by maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has a strong correlation with
language delays and language impairments. This research paper will review the relationship between fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and language
delays or impairments.
Keywords: prenatal, alcohol, language
The Relationship of Maternal Alcohol Use and Language Development/Impairment
The relationship between maternal alcohol use and language development/ impairment is not a "by–the–book" relationship. Language impairment ...
Citations?
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a concise, uniform definition for conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is a broad term
used to describe the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy (Caley, Kramer, & Robinson, 2005).
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder can also cause growth retardation, birth defectscomma and deficits in cognitive, languagecomma and motor
development (Coles et al., 2015). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a teratogenic effect, which is caused by daily, chronic, heavy and frequent
alcohol use while in utero. Chances of an infant diagnosed with FASD are 0.5 to 3 in 1,000 live births (Cone–Wesson, 2005). Fetal alcohol spectrum
disorder has many different diagnoses. There is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial fetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS)comma and alcohol–related
neuro–developmental disorder (ARND)comma all under the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder umbrella (Brown et al., 2015). Maternal alcohol use is
correlated to the timing, frequencycomma and quantity of the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Drinking during the first trimester may not be
as detrimental as drinking during the second or third trimester. The frequency of alcohol consumed is also a key factor in FASD, such as how often
per day drinks are consumed, the quantity of alcohol consumed, and how many glasses or cans per day the mother consumes

Language Development Is A Central Characteristic Of Autism...
Literature Review Delays in language development is a central characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Walker and Snell (2013) suggest that
children who demonstrate poor communication skills often times are more likely to engage in problematic behaviors. The literature provides
substantial evidence that functional communication training (FCT) is an effective intervention to use as a replacement behavior to decrease maladaptive
behaviors for children with ASD. In a study conducted by Lambert, Bloom, and Irvin (2012), trial–based functional analysis and functional
communication training was researched to determine if FCT could cause reduction in problem behavior for children with developmental delays in a
preschool setting. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The results of this study further support previous research that students with communication deficits can be taught to use assistive devices as the
alternative behavior (Durand, 1999). While functional communication training has proven to be an evidence–based procedure to use to decrease
maladaptive behaviors, concern arises for those individuals who have difficulty using conventional speech to communicate and may benefit more with
using augmentative and alternative communication systems (AAC) (Ganz et al., 2012). Lorah et al. (2013) conducted a study comparing the effects
between a picture exchange and an iPad speech generating device (SGD) with five preschool aged boys diagnosed with autism to teaching manding.
This study resulted in an increase rate of independent manding using an SGD. Some limitations included results consistent with previous literature that
found that some individuals prefer other AAC modalities and it is important to conduct an assessment to determine which the individual would prefer
to use to communicate with. Additionally, Kagohara et al. (2010) found that speech generating devices offer many advantages as they provide a speech
output feature that can be understood by the communicative partner and produce clear and concise messages to the communicative partner so that it
decreases instances of miscommunication.
Research Question With the

Child Language Disorders Video Analysis
The videos that I had observed was about child language disorder and speech sound disorder. The clinician, Bob Buckendorf, had worked with both
clients individually, but this was their first group session. The clinician, Molly Berger had worked with the client individually for a few months. The
clinician used a lot of visual supports during this session. These visuals supports range from reading books to pointing at different items in the class
room. The clinician helped the clients read the story. Mr. Buckendorf also asked the kids to predict different things based on the reading. Ms. Berger
helped her client duplicate sounds that were hard for her client to produce. There were no major behavior modifications made during the session. The

Speech And Language Disorders Essay

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