3D weaving involves yarns crossing at various angles between layers to form a 3D mesh structure, unlike standard 2D weaving where yarns alternate passing above and below each other to form a single layer. 3D weaving can be done on single or multi-shed machines, with multi-shed machines allowing for higher production rates and different materials in different layers. Applications of 3D woven fabrics include use in aerospace, filtration, medical, sports, and protection industries due to properties like thickness, strength and permeability.

1. 3D Weaving
Jotish Chandra Roy
BSc in Textile Engineering
BUBT
ID-12132107059
MSc in Textile Engineering
BUTEX

2. What Is 3D Weaving
The weaving of fabrics with substantial thicknesses, many times greater than the
diameters of the yarns.

3. What Is 3D Weaving (Cont.)
In 3D weaving the constituent yarns cross at various angles and between
different layers to form a 3D mesh or a network like structure.

4. How 3D Weaving Differs from Regular Weaving

5. In standard 2-dimensional weaving weft threads (red) are woven through warp threads (black).
In the simplest possible pattern, the weft alternates between passing above and below the warp,
creating a single layer of fabric. In 3-dimensional weaving, the goal is to create thickness by
stacking multiple layers. On conventional weaving machines, the layering is achieved by dividing
the warp into multiple, separate sets. On a given pass through the warp, the weft will not
intersect the warp threads that belong to a different layer. The right illustration
below demonstrates this process for a three-layer weave.
How 3D Weaving Differs from Regular Weaving

6. Basis of Dimensions

7. Production of 3D Multi-Layer Fabrics
Multi-Layer Fabrics can be produced on
 Single Shed Machines
 Multi Shed Machines
Both types of machines can produce multi-layer fabrics, only difference
is:
 Production rate .
 Ease of using multiple kind of yarns in multi-shed weaving machines.

8. Single Shed Weaving Machines
 One pick at a time
 Lower production rates.

9. Multi-Shed Weaving Machines
 Simultaneously multi-picking
 Higher production rates.
 Possibility of inserting different materials in different sheds.

10. DEVICES
•Many of these structures can be made on the conventional weaving machines with little or
no modification.
•There have been successful attempts in developing new weaving devices, particularly for
making 3D woven fabrics

11. Conventional weaving machines
3 Methods –
• By effective utilization of warp and weft in single layer.
• By the use of multi-layer warp and weft or multi-layer ground warp, binder.
• Conventional 2D process can also produce pile fabrics by utilizing three sets of yarns,
single-layer ground warp, pile yarns.

12. New weaving devices
These new technologies arrange warp yarns in a 3D form and allow weft yarns to be inserted at
different levels in one or two directions.
Example:Non interlacing weaving device.

13. TYPES OF FIBERS USED
• GLASS FIBERS
• ARAMID FIBERS
• CARBON FIBERS
• STEEL FIBERS

14. Types of Multi-Layer Fabrics
Single layer fabric
Open width two
layer fabric
Open width
three layer fabric
Open width
four layer fabric
Tubular two
layer fabric
Tubular
three layer
fabric
Tubular four
layer fabric

15. APPLICATIONS
• AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
• FILTERATION, PAPERMAKING AND GEOTEXTILES
• MEDICAL FIELD
• SPORTS AND LEASURE
• PROTECTION

16. AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
• 3D composite fan blades for the turbofan aero-engine.
• NASA- next-generation heat-shielding material.
• IIT DELHI- Airplane wings

17. FILTERATION, PAPERMAKING AND GEOTEXTILES
Although single layer fabrics are used as filters cheese cloth is a notable example- adding layers
often improves performance . Filtration is one of the most successful commercial applications of
the nanofibre assemblies.

18. MEDICAL FIELD
• vascular prosthesis ( implant is an artificial device )
• Materials such as nylon, Teflon, stainless steel, glass, and Dacron polyester fibers have been
found to be highly suitable.
• These materials were found to be significantly stable with regard to resistance to degradation,
strength, and were not adversely affected by other factors

19. SPORTS AND LEASURE
• Sports shoes
• 3D fabrics in underwear and outwear
• The open structures provide good heat and moisture transfer
• Resistence to mechanical pressure maintains open structures, controls the forces acting on the
feet in shoes and provides protection in extreme sports where falls or crashes possible
• Knee braces

20. PROTECTION
The aim is to prevent the projectile from penetrating the fabric and causing any wound or at
least reducing the speed so that damage to the body is limited. 3D fabrics can be used for
body armor or as rigid composites for helmets.

21. CONCLUSION
3D weaving is a growing technology . Whilst specialized machines are capable of making 3D
woven fabric with considerable sizes, the availability of such devices is much limited in
comparison to the prevalence of the conventional weaving machines.