introduction to 3d weaving technology.

1. PRESENTED BY-
ANJALI
Msc. (previous)
Fabric And Apparel Science
3D WEAVING

2. CONTENT
• Introduction of 2D weaving
• What is 3D weaving
• Process of 3D weaving
• Devices being used
• Structures
• Types of fibers used and their properties
• Applications
• conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION OF 2D WEAVING
• 2D weaving is a process of producing fabric by
interlacing two sets of yarn known as warp and weft
at 90 degree cross-over points.
• Drape-able, flexible, warmth, strong.
• Can have technical applications when high
performance fibers used.
• Example- plain, twill,etc.

4. WHAT IS 3D WEAVING
• The process of weaving in
which yarns are arranged into
complex three-dimensional
structures.
• Substantial dimension in
thickness direction
• 3 directions – X (longitudinal),
Y (cross), Z (vertical)

5. • 3D solid woven fabrics are manufactured by
incorporating and manipulating yarns in the length,
width, and the through-the-thickness directions.
• WARP yarns are called as X yarns
•WEFT are called as y yarns
•Through the thickness yarns are called Z yarns
(Binder yarns)
•Also called as a single fabric system.
•3 PHASES
PROCESS OF 3D WEAVING

6. PHASE 1
WARP
OR
X YARNS

7. PHASE 2
WEFT
OR
X YARNS
WARP
OR
Y YARNS

8. WEFT
OR
X YARNS
WARP
OR
Y YARNS
BINDER OR Z YARNS
PHASE 3

9. 3D WEAVING

10. Interlacement of yarns in 3D weaving

11. DEVICES
•Many of these structures can be made on the
conventional weaving machines with little or
no modification.
•There have been successful attempts in
developing new weaving devices, particularly
for making 3D woven fabrics

12. Conventional weaving machines
3 Methods -
• By effective utilization of warp and weft in
single layer.
• By the use of multi-layer warp and weft or
multi-layer ground warp, binder
• Conventional 2D process can also produce pile
fabrics by utilizing three sets of yarns, namely,
single-layer ground warp, pile yarns

13. New weaving devices
These new technologies arrange warp yarns in a 3D
form and allow weft yarns to be inserted at
different levels in one or two directions example-
Non interlacing weaving device.

14. Specialized 3D weaving machine

15. STRUCTURES FORMED BY 3D
WEAVING
•Orthogonal woven architecture
•Angle-interlock woven architecture
•Multilayer woven architecture
•Three-dimensional hollow woven
preforms
•Three-dimensional shell woven fabrics

16. Orthogonal woven architecture
(a) Image of a three warp-layer ordinary orthogonal fabric. (b)
Image of a three warp-layer enhanced orthogonal fabric.
One set of z yarn
Two set of z yarn

17. Angle-interlock woven architecture
Angle-interlock structures contain a set of straight
weft yarns and a set of warp yarns that weave with
the weft in a diagonal direction in the thickness
Cross-sectional views of angle-interlock fabrics (along the warp direction) with
seven layers of weft yarns (a) Top-to-bottom binding. (b) Binding to the fifth
layer. (c) Warp wadded fabric.

18. Multilayer woven architecture
The layers are connected together through weaving by
either the existing yarns (self-stitching) or external sets
of yarns (central stitching).
Cross-sectional view of a stitched four-layer fabric (along the warp direction).

19. Three-dimensional hollow woven
preforms
3D hollow fabrics with flat surfaces. (a) Trapezoidal. (b) Triangular. (c)
Rectangular.
•THREE OR MORE LAYERS OF FABRICS ARE USED
•RIGID YARNS ARE MAINLY USED

20. TYPES OF FIBERS USED
• GLASS FIBERS
• ARAMID FIBERS
• CARBON FIBERS
• STEEL FIBERS

21. GLASS FIBERS
PROPERTIES
• LOW COST
• HIGH PRODUCTION RATE
• HIGH STIFFNESS
• NON-FLAMMABLE
• GOOD CHEMICAL RESISTENCE
• GOOD ELECTRICAL INSULATION GLASS FIBERS

22. ARAMID FIBERS
Aramid fibre is an aromatic polyamide, better known by trade
names such as Kevler (DuPont) and Twaron (Teijin Twaron)
PROPERTIES
• LOW DENSITY
• HIGHT STRENGHT
• GOOD ABRASION RESISTANCE
• GOOD CHEMICAL RESISTENCE
• LOW THERMAL DEGRADATION
• INSENSITIVE TO MOISTURE
ARAMID FIBERS

23. CARBON FIBERS
PROPERTIES
• SELF LUBRICITY
• HEAT RESISTANT
• SPECIFIC TENSILE STRENTH
• HIGHT ELASTIC MODULUS
CARBON FIBERS

24. APPLICATIONS
• AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
• FILTERATION, PAPERMAKING AND GEOTEXTILES
• MEDICAL FIELD
• SPORTS AND LEASURE
• PROTECTION

25. AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
• Albany is weaving 3D composite fan blades for the
LEAP turbofan aero-engine
• NASA- next-generation heat-shielding material
(Orion compression pads)
• IIT DELHI- Airplane wings

26. FILTERATION, PAPERMAKING AND
GEOTEXTILES
Although single layer fabrics are used as filters-
cheesecloth is a notable example- adding layers
often improves performance . Filtration is one of the
most successful commercial applications of the
nanofibre assemblies.

27. MEDICAL FIELD
• vascular prosthesis ( implant is an artificial device )
• Materials such as nylon, Teflon, stainless steel, glass,
and Dacron polyester fibers have been found to be
highly suitable.
• These materials were found to be significantly stable
with regard to resistance to degradation, strength,
and were not adversely affected by other factors

28. SPORTS AND LEASURE
• Sports shoes
• 3D fabrics in underwear and outwear
• The open structures provide good heat and moisture
transfer
• Resistence to mechanical pressure maintains open
structures, controls the forces acting on the feet in
shoes and provides protection in extreme sports
where falls or crashes possible
• Knee braces
Sports shoes

29. PROTECTION
The aim is to prevent the projectile from penetrating
the fabric and causing any wound or at least reducing
the speed so that damage to the body is limited. 3D
fabrics can be used for soft body armor or as rigid
composites for helmets.
BODY ARMOR

30. CONCLUSION
3D weaving is a growing technology . Whilst
specialized machines are capable of making
3D woven fabric with considerable sizes, the
availability of such devices is much limited in
comparison to the prevalence of the
conventional weaving machines.