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- 1. Bits and Holemaking IPM Bits and Holemaking DRILLING PRACTICES
- 2. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Classification
- 3. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Classification โ Roller Cone Ref: SPE 23937 The IADC Roller Bit Classification System 8-1/2โ EHP 51 517G Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High Drillability 1 Medium to Medium Hard Formations w ith High Compressive Strength 2 Hard Semi-Abrasive and Abrasive Formations 3 Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High Drillability 4 Soft to Medium Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength 5 Medium Hard Formations w ith High Compressive Strength 6 Hard Semi-Abrasive and Abrasive Formations 7 Extremely Hard and Abrasive Formations 8 INSERT BITS STEEL TOOTH BITS Cutting Structure Series Cutting Structure Type (1 to 4) 1 refers to the softest formation in a particular Series and 4 refers to the hardest formation within the Series Bearing/Gauge Description Standard Roller Bearing 1 Roller Bearing Air Cooled 2 Roller Bearing Gauge Protected 3 Sealed Roller Bearing 4 Sealed Roller Brg - Gauge Protected 5 Sealed Friction Bearing 6 Sealed Frction Brg Gauge Protected 7 Features Available (Optional) A - Air Application B - Special Bearing Seal C - Center Jet D - Deviation Control E - Extended Nozzles G - Gauge/Body Protection H - Horizontal Steering Appl. J - Jet Deflection L - Lug Pads M - Motor Application S - Standard Steel Tooth T - Two Cone Bit W - Enhanced Cutting Structure X - Predominantly Chisel Tooth Insert Y - Conical Tooth Insert Z - Other Shape Insert
- 4. Bits and Holemaking IPM Soft Hard IADC Codes Tooth 2 1 3 1-1 1-3 2-1 IPM
- 5. Bits and Holemaking IPM Soft Hard 8 7 6 4 5 Tooth Insert IADC Codes 2 1 3 8-3 4-1 IPM
- 7. Bits and Holemaking IPM Soft Hard 8 7 6 4 5 Tooth Insert Diamond IADC Codes 2 1 3 PDC IPM
- 8. Bits and Holemaking IPM Soft Hard 1 8 7 6 4 5 Tooth Insert 2 1 3 Impregnated Diamond IADC Codes Diamond PDC IPM
- 9. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
- 10. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code The International Association of Drilling Contractors has developed a standard methodology for describing used bits. This information is essential for detailed bit performance analysis. The methodology is composed of an 8 character code that describes bit wear and the reason why the bit was pulled. INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G
- 11. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G Fixed Cutter Bits The cutting structure is graded from 0 to 8 depending on the proportion of cutting structure lost (0 = Intact, 8 = 100% worn). Roller Cone Bits Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows) Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Cone 2 Cone 3 Cone 1 IPM Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 12. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics. Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 13. Bits and Holemaking IPM Fixed Cutter โ Main Wear Characteristics NO WEAR (NO) WORN CUTTER (WT) BROKEN CUTTER (BT) LOST CUTTER (LT) EROSION (ER) POST OR STUD CUTTERS NO WEAR (NO) WORN CUTTER (WT) BROKEN CUTTER (BT) LOST CUTTER (LT) CYLINDER CUTTERS BOND FAILURE (BF) BOND FAILURE (BF) Courtesy of
- 14. Bits and Holemaking IPM Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics Fixed Cutter Bits BU - Balled Up Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 15. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BT โ Broken Teeth (primary) CD โ Cone Dragged (secondary) Ref : IADC Drilling Manual โ Eleventh Edition
- 16. Bits and Holemaking IPM Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics Fixed Cutter Bits CT โ Chipped Cutter Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 17. Bits and Holemaking IPM Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics Fixed Cutter Bits LT โ Lost Cutter Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 18. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BT โ Broken Teeth/Cutters Ref : IADC Drilling Manual โ Eleventh Edition
- 19. Bits and Holemaking IPM Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics Fixed Cutter Bits La RO โ Ring Out Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 20. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples JD โ Junk Damage Ref : IADC Drilling Manual โ Eleventh Edition
- 21. Bits and Holemaking IPM Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics Fixed Cutter Bits WT โ Worn Cutters Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 22. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples SD - Shirttail Damage Ref : IADC Drilling Manual โ Eleventh Edition
- 23. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples TR - Tracking
- 24. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples SS โ Self Sharpening Wear Ref : IADC Drilling Manual โ Eleventh Edition
- 25. Bits and Holemaking IPM *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Roller Cone Bits Dull Characteristics โ Some Examples ER โ Erosion Ref : IADC Drilling Manual โ Eleventh Edition
- 26. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G ย ย Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits C - Cone N - Nose T - Taper S - Shoulder G - Gauge N - Nose Row M - Middle Row G - Gauge Row A - All Rows Cone 1, 2 or 3 Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 27. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits This box is for roller cone bits. Fixed cutter bits will always be designated by "X". A linear scale estimating bearing life used. (0 -No life used, 8 - All life used, i.e., no bearing life remaining.) Non Sealed Bearings Sealed Bearings E - Seals Effective F - Seals Failed N - Not Able to Grade Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 28. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G For all Bits The letter โIโ is used to designate bits that are in gauge. ย If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16โ of an inch. For example, if the bit is 1/8โ under gauge, this is reported as 2/16 or often only as 2. ย Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 29. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristicsย *BC - Broken Cone BF - Bone Failure BT - Broken Teeth/Cutters BU - Balled Up Bit *CC - Cracked Cone *CD - Cone Dragged CI - Cone Interference CR - Cored CT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters ER - Erosion FC - Flat Crested Wear HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage *LC - Lost Cone LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Teeth/Cutters OC - Off-Center Wear PB - Pinched Bit PN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow Passage RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Teeth/Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristic * Show Cone under Location 4 Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits This is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char. Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 30. Bits and Holemaking IPM IADC Bit Dull Grading Code INNER ROWS OUTER ROWS DULL CHAR LOCA- TION BRNG/ SEALS GAUGE 1/16โ OTHER CHAR REASON PULLED Cutting Structure Remarks B G For All Bits BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly DMF - Down hole Motor Failure DSF - Drill String Failure DST - Drill Stem Test DTF - Down hole Tool Failure RIG - Rig Repair CM - Condition Mud CP - Core Point DP - Drill Plug FM - Formation Change HP - Hole Problems HR - Hours PP - Pump Pressure PR - Penetration Rate TD - Total Depth/Casing Point TQ - Torque TW - Twist Off WC - Weather Conditions WO - Washout -DrillString Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
- 31. Bits and Holemaking IPM Key to Dull Bit Grading: Grade a Lot of Dulls ! Photo courtesy of
- 32. Bits and Holemaking IPM BIT RECORD Well : BIT RECORD Date : Bit Data BHA Bit Size Bit type Serial IADC Nozzles Depth Depth Drilling ROP Bit krevs WOB Rot Flow Press Inc Mud Total Total Total Dull No. No. (inch) & maker Number Code (1/32") IN (m) OUT (m) Time (m/hr)(drilling)(Klbs) (RPM) (GPM) (psi) (deg) SG mtr hrs krevs I O D L B G O R 1 1 16 T11C L15264 115 3 x 18, 1 x 16 15 420 18.04 22.45 151.50 10-25 120 820 1450 0 1.07 405 18.04 152 0 1 WT A E I NO TD 2 2RR 12 1/4 DSX113 204556 PDC 8 x 13 420 422 0.50 4.00 1.22 2-10 60 680 1000 0.00 1.15 2 0.50 1 0 1 WT S X I CTBHA 4 2RR2 12 1/4 DSX113 204556 PDC 8 x 13 1408 1714 16.54 18.50 119.09 25-35 120 820 1900 1.00 1.19 308 17.04 120 1 3 WT A X I PN TD Run Data Bit life Grading To be filled up at wellsite โขBHA nb does not always = bit nb โขDrilling time = bit time on bottom (โ Mud loggers) โขKrevs = 1000 bit revolution (โ Mud loggers)
- 33. Bits and Holemaking IPM Drilling Parameters vs Bit Performance
- 34. Bits and Holemaking IPM DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE AT BIT Erosion Depth of Cut Wash out Worn Cutters WOB Flow Rate Drilling Problem Identification
- 35. Bits and Holemaking IPM CIRCULATING PRESSURE (standpipe pressure with bit off bottom) Nozzles Restriction Wash out Pumps Mud Weight Flow Rate Mud Properties Air in Mud Drilling Problem Identification
- 36. Bits and Holemaking IPM TORQUE WOB Hole Angle Wash out Formation Mud Weight Hole Cleaning Mud Properties Junk Bit Related RPM Reaming Dry Drilling Drilling Problem Identification
- 37. Bits and Holemaking IPM RATE OF PENETRATION RPM/WOB Hole Angle Wash out Formation Overbalance Hydraulics Bit Related Junk Drilling Problem Identification
- 38. Bits and Holemaking IPM Condition of Dull Bit Possible Causes Possible Remedies Excessive bearing wear Excessive rotary speed Excessive rotating time Excessive WOB Excessive sand in circulating system Un-stabilised drill collars Improper bit type Slower rotary speed Reduced rotating hours Lighter WOB Removal of sand from circulating fluid Stabilise drill collars Use harder formation bit type with stronger bearing structure Excessive broken teeth Improper bit type Improper break-in procedure used for new bit Excessive WOB for type used Use harder formation bit type having more teeth Proper break-in procedure used for new bit Lighter WOB Unbalanced tooth wear Improper bit type Improper break-in procedure used for new bit Use of different bit type based upon the rows of teeth which are excessively worn on the dull bit Proper break-in procedure used for new bit Excessive tooth wear Excessive rotary speed Improper bit type Use of nonhardfaced type Slower rotary speed Use of harder formation bit type having a greater number of teeth Use of bit type havinghardfaced teeth Fluid cut teeth & cone Excessive circulation rate of fluid Excessive sand in circulating system Reduction in circulation fluid rate Removal of sand from circulation fluid Excessively undergauge Improper bit type Excessive rotating time Use of bit having greater gauge protection Reduce rotating hours Skidded due to balling Excessive WOB Improper bit type Insufficient fluid circulation rate Lighter WOB Use of softer formation bit type having teeth more widely spaced Increase fluid circulation rate ROLLER CONE BITS Drilling Problem Identification
- 39. Bits and Holemaking IPM Condition of Dull Bit Possible Cause Possible Remedies Polished diamonds Rotating in a hard formation without making hole Add WOB or select a bit with smaller diamonds/cutters Shattered diamonds Improper stabilisation Abnormal vibrations Improper handling Correct the stabilisation Reduce the vibration by changing the RPM Proper handling Sheared diamonds Improper break-in, Broken nose stones Clean bottom of hole, Correct break-in procedure Burned (flattened) diamonds Inadequate cooling Increase the circulation rate to improve cooling Burned bit Overheating as a result of plugging and/or balling up Take care of proper hydraulics Heat checking of PDC supports or bit body (matrix) Overheating Worn throat Fragments of hard formation rolling in the throat Proper hydraulics Loss of gauge Long intervals reamed with insufficient cooling due to clogged junk slots When reaming minimise RPM and bit weight Junk damage Junk in hole just ahead of the first diamond bit used Clean bottom on previous bit run with a junk basket in the string FIXED CUTTER BITS Drilling Problem Identification
- 40. Bits and Holemaking IPM Bit performance โข Main function: ROP and longevity โข Drilling fluid is circulated through passageways in the bit to remove cuttings and apply hydraulic power to improve ROP โข ROP is a function of WOB, RPM, mud properties and hydraulic efficiency
- 41. Bits and Holemaking IPM Cutting Structure Comparisons HP83 EHP41H Faster Drilling Less Durable Slower Drilling More Durable 42
- 42. Tooth & Insert Cutter Designs Soft Formation โข Fewer Teeth โข Longer Teeth โข Bigger Teeth โข Sharper Teeth โข Round Profile โข Fracture-Resistant Tooth Material โข Faster Drilling โข Less Durable Hard Formation โข More Teeth โข Shorter Teeth โข Smaller Teeth โข Duller Teeth โข Flat Profile โข Wear-Resistant Tooth Material โข Slower Drilling โข More Durable 43
- 43. Bits and Holemaking IPM โข Under no circumstances should the cutting structure of fixed cutter bit be allowed to contact any steel surfac โข All bits should be gauged with an appropriately sized gauge ring โข Bit serial number should be recorded, together with the bit type and diameter. โข Tricone bits should be made up to the drill string using a correctly sized bit breaker. โข Fixed cutter bits should be โwalkedโ by hand before applying correct torque. โข Natural diamond bits, impregnated bits and TSP bits have a fixed TFA which can not be modified at the rig si Bit Handling and Make up
- 44. Bits and Holemaking IPM Roller Cone Bits Running in โข Make the bit up to proper torque. โข Lower the bit slowly through ledges and dog legs โข Lower the bit slowly at liner tops Roller cone bits are not designed for reaming. If reaming is required then it should be undertaken with light weight and low RPM โข Protect nozzles from plugging Establish a bottom hole pattern โข Rotate the bit and circulate when approaching bottom. This will prevent plugged nozzles and clear out hole fill. โข Lightly tag the bottom with low RPM. โข Gradually increase the RPM. โข Gradually increase weight on WOB. Before re-running green bits โข Make sure the bit is in gauge. โข Check any bit for complete cutting structure. โข Check any sealed bearing bit for effective seals. โข Soak any sealed bearing bit in water or diesel to loosen formation packed in the reservoir cap equalisation ports. โข Re-grease l4ยพ" diameter and larger open bearing bits. Bit Running Procedures
- 45. Bits and Holemaking IPM Fixed Cutter Bits PREPARATION โข Before running a diamond bit into the hole, have a junk basket run on the previous bit. โข After the previous bit is pulled, inspect it for junk damage and other wear, then gauge it. โข If the previous bit appears OK, the bit may be prepared to be run into the hole. โข Check O-ring and install nozzles, if appropriate, using the correct nozzle spanner as supplied by the bit manufacturer. โข Check for cutter damage. โข Check that the bit is within tolerance on diameter and that there is no foreign material inside it. Bit Running Procedures
- 46. Bits and Holemaking IPM Fixed Cutter Bits RUNNING THE BIT (ROTARY ASSEMBLY) โข Handle the fixed cutter bit with care. DO NOT set the bit down without placing wood or a rubber pad beneath the diamond cutters. โข A correct bit breaker should be used and the bit should be made up to the correct torque as determined by the pin connection size. โข Care should be taken in running the bit through the rotary table and through any known tight spots. Hitting ledges or running through tight spots carelessly may damage the cutters or gauge. โข Reaming is not recommended, however, if necessary, pick up the string and run the maximum fluid possible. Rotate at about 60 RPM. Advance bit through tight spot with no more than 4000 pounds weight on bit (WOB) at any time. โข As hole bottom is approached, the last three joints should be washed down slowly at full flow and with 40 to 60 RPM to avoid plugging the bit with fill. โข Once the bottom is located, the bit should be lifted just off bottom (0 to 1 foot if possible) and full volume circulated while slowly rotating for about 5 to 10 minutes. โข After circulating, ease back to bottom and establish the bottom hole pattern. โข When ready to start drilling, increase the rotary speed to about 100 RPM and start cutting a new bottom hole pattern with approx. 1000 to 4000 pounds WOB. โข Cut at least one foot in this manner before determining optimum bit weight and RPM for drilling. โข Determine optimum ROP by conducting a drill-off test. Bit Running Procedures
- 47. Bits and Holemaking IPM Fixed Cutter Bits RUNNING THE BIT (PDM or TURBINE) โข Start the pumps and increase to the desired flow rate when approaching bottom. โข After a short cleaning period, lower the bit to bottom and increase WOB slowly. โข After establishing a bottom hole pattern, additional weight may be slowly added. โข As weight is increased, pump pressure will increase, so the differential pressure and WOB must be kept within the recommended downhole motor specifications. โข drillpipe should be slowly rotated to prevent differential sticking. โข All other operating practices are as per standard practices. Bit Running Procedures