The assignment has two primary purposes: (1) to acquaint you with how to find specific scientific materials in the holdings of a good library; and (2) to give you the opportunity to do some in-depth reading in a topical area of your choice. You are being asked to accomplish these goals through creation of an annotated bibliography, which requires you to read scientific papers in detail and to summarize their contents in your own words, Your bibliography should cover at least 10 scientific papers and it should treat some of the historical development of your topic. Each student responsible for his/her annotated bibliography, even if students work together on the research paper. An annotation, unlike an abstract, does not necessarily follow the organization of the original document it summarizes. Another characteristic that sets annotations apart from abstracts is an element of interpretation or evaluation. Annotations may also contain shorthand notes linking the paper to other, related works. The annotations you prepare for this class will be of an extended form, and each should include the following information: a) a complete bibliographic citation; b) a statement describing the research problem the article addresses; c) any hypotheses set forth by the paper's author(s); d) the methods used to address the problem; e) the conclusions reached in the article; f) your evaluation of the article. Because annotated bibliographies can be extremely useful for preparing papers some time down the road, it is critical that you use your own words. Any direct quotations (which are quite permissible) should be set out in quote marks. Don't base your annotations on authors' or others' abstracts; they should be the result of you having read each paper in its entirety. An example of an extended annotation is appended. Collections of annotations can be extremely useful for preparing the literature-review sections of research papers; if you take this approach, record your annotations in text files for convenient use in the future. Alternatively, most bibliography- management programs (for example, EndNote ) have a field devoted to "comments" or "notes." You may want to cross-reference ideas between articles in the various entries using "see also . . ." notation. EXAMPLE ANNOTATION Speight, J.G. (1971). Log-normality of slope distributions. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 15: 290-301. Various authors have examined the frequency distributions of slopes by defining classes and ascertaining the percentage of the total land area that falls in each class. When a large proportion of the landscape is in low-angle slopes, positive skew results in the frequency curve or histogram describing the distribution. Use of the normal curve has, therefore, not been appropriate with these distributions. This paper suggests that when the logarithm of the tangent of slope angles is plotted as a cumulative frequency curve on normal probability paper, the data approximate.

1. The assignment has two primary purposes: (1) to acquaint you
with how to find specific scientific materials in the holdings of
a good library; and (2) to give you the opportunity to do some
in-depth reading in a topical area of your choice. You are being
asked to accomplish these goals through creation of an
annotated bibliography, which requires you to read scientific
papers in detail and to summarize their contents in your own
words,
Your bibliography should cover at least 10 scientific papers and
it should treat some of the historical development of your topic.
Each student responsible for his/her annotated bibliography,
even if students work together on the research paper.
An annotation, unlike an abstract, does not necessarily follow
the organization of the original document it summarizes.
Another characteristic that sets annotations apart from abstracts
is an element of interpretation or evaluation. Annotations may
also contain shorthand notes linking the paper to other, related
works. The annotations you prepare for this class will be of an
extended form, and each should include the following
information:
a) a complete bibliographic citation;
b) a statement describing the research problem the article
addresses; c) any hypotheses set forth by the paper's author(s);
d) the methods used to address the problem;
e) the conclusions reached in the article;
f) your evaluation of the article.
Because annotated bibliographies can be extremely useful for
preparing papers some time down the road, it is critical that you
use your own words. Any direct quotations (which are quite

2. permissible) should be set out in quote marks. Don't base your
annotations on authors' or others' abstracts; they should be the
result of you having read each paper in its entirety. An example
of an extended annotation is appended. Collections of
annotations can be extremely useful for preparing the literature-
review sections of research papers; if you take this approach,
record your annotations in text files for convenient use in the
future. Alternatively, most bibliography- management programs
(for example,
EndNote
) have a field devoted to "comments" or "notes." You may want
to cross-reference ideas between articles in the various entries
using "see also . . ." notation.
EXAMPLE ANNOTATION
Speight, J.G. (1971). Log-normality of slope distributions.
Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie
15: 290-301.
Various authors have examined the frequency distributions of
slopes by defining classes and ascertaining the percentage of the
total land area that falls in each class. When a large proportion
of the landscape is in low-angle slopes, positive skew results in
the frequency curve or histogram describing the distribution.
Use of the normal curve has, therefore, not been appropriate
with these distributions. This paper suggests that when the
logarithm of the tangent of slope angles is plotted as a
cumulative frequency curve on normal probability paper, the
data approximate a normal distribution very well. The slope
data of five earlier authors were transformed in this manner, as
were new data from two areas investigated by the author. The
actual class frequency was expressed as a ratio to the class
frequency of the normal distribution, plotted on semi-log paper,
and the resultant curves were examined for evidence of
characteristic slope angles. The author concluded that the logtan
normal distribution of slopes is frequently found in nature, and
that two parameters, the mean and the standard deviation, may

3. be used to compare slope distributions, both within and between
landscape units. Large standard deviations are indicative of
dissimilar processes at work in various parts of a landscape and
are therefore reflections of a heterogeneous landform
assemblage. This paper provides a useful extension to Strahler's
work in the 1950s on the frequency distribution of slope angles.
It also serves to integrate several earlier studies by treating
various data sets in a standardized fashion. On the negative
side, it shares a shortcoming of many morphometric studies by
failing to relate the statistical distributions to physical
processes. The logtan transformation, in particular, does not
have an easily decipherable interpretation.
Papers need annotated bibliography
T. D. Clayton. "Beach Replenishment Activities on U.S.
Continental Pacific Coast."
Journal of Coastal Research
7, no. 4 (1991): 1195-210.
Hapke, Cheryl J., Dave Reid, and Bruce Richmond. "Rates and
Trends of Coastal Change in California and the Regional
Behavior of the Beach and Cliff System."
Journal of Coastal Research
25, no. 3 (2009): 603-15.
Dugan, Jenifer E., and David M. Hubbard. "Loss of Coastal
Strand Habitat in Southern California: The Role of Beach
Grooming."
Estuaries and Coasts
33, no. 1 (2010): 67-77.
Zalesny, Emil R. "Foraminiferal Ecology of Santa Monica Bay,
California."
Micropaleontology
5, no. 1 (1959): 101-26.

4. Donn S. Gorsline. “Depositional events in Santa Monica Basin,
California Borderland, over the past five centuries”
Sedimentary Geology
Volume 104, Issues 1–4, July 1996, Pages 73-88.
Sandrine Aubié, and Jean-Pierre Tastet. "Coastal Erosion,
Processes and Rates: An Historical Study of the Gironde
Coastline, Southwestern France."
Journal of Coastal Research
16, no. 3 (2000): 756-67.
Ferreira, Ó., P. Ciavola, C. Armaroli, Y. Balouin, J. Benavente,
L. Del Río, M. Deserti, L.S. Esteves, K. Furmanczyk, P.
Haerens, A. Matias, L. Perini, R. Taborda, P. Terefenko, E.
Trifonova, K. Trouw, N. Valchev, A. Van Dongeren, M. Van
Koningsveld, and J.J. Williams. "Coastal Storm Risk
Assessment in Europe: Examples from 9 Study Sites."
Journal of Coastal Research
, 2009, 1632-636.
Ellis, Jean T., and Bradley J. Dean. "Gulf of Mexico Processes."
Journal of Coastal Research
, 2012, 6-13.
Fischer, David W., and Ma. Concepción Arredondo. "Municipal
Coastal Hazard Planning: Los Angeles and Orange County City
Responses, California."
Journal of Coastal Research
15, no. 4 (1999): 974-84.
Lee, Arthur C., and Robert H. Osborne. "Quartz Grain-Shape of
Southern California Beaches."
Journal of Coastal Research
11, no. 4 (1995): 1336-345.