course material

1. Describe the various ways that water is used as an ecosystem service.
How do these uses impact ecosystem function?
Describe the various ways that water is used as an ecosystem service. How do these uses
impact ecosystem function? Provide examples. this is a ECS111 homework(Intro to earth
ecosystem) Please answer the question and full fill at least 2 pages and provide the
references please. Using the Chicago style or APA format.Writing Tips for Homework:
Homework and rewrites of test questions will be graded primarily based on the scientific
and analytical content of the work. This includes an adequate use of citations to appropriate
literature, use of appropriate analytical tools including proper introduction and explanation
of equations and calculations used to consider the problems, a concise discussion of the
conclusions of the work. Below the basic formats expected and some guidelines for layout of
assignments are outlined. References: Appropriate references are typically considered to
stem from juried (reviewed) literature. This means that the work should have been
reviewed and published in scientific or engineering journals. Citing textbooks is allowed
when documenting well known techniques and or solutions to specific mathematical
problems. In general, it is not appropriate to quote a text book when the object is to refer to
a specific piece of work in the juried literature. Instead it the original work should be cited.
A text may be cited when it provides an overview of an entire field. The discussion should
still quote the individual works that are pertinent to the discussion in the homework. A final
note on textbooks is that they are usually out of date, therefore the newest juried literature
is the place to start on homework. When providing a reader with a reference list a good
?rule of thumb? is to quote the most up to date references on the topic, a few of the major
contributions on the issues, and the original work on the problem. Be explicit in discussing
the role of each of the works cited in framing the conclusions in your paper. This is very
important in documenting what you have added to our understanding of the problem with
your own analysis. In other words carefully documenting what you have added. Citations
should appear in the text. While modern word processing has made it easy to use footnotes,
you should use the authors? names and the date for their work in the text. Single authors
should appear as Smith (2001) if you are discussing the work outright in the sentence. If the
citation is just to provide a source for further research by the reader, the citation usually
appears at the end of the discussion as (Smith, 2001). In general, in scientific papers page
numbers are not given in the text. For two authors, both are provided, i.e. Smith and Jones
(2008). For three or more authors make use of the Latin et al., i.e. Jones et al. (2010). Again

2. these should be worked into the narrative when you are actually discussing a work or
placed in parenthesis if you are just supplying references for the reader to go to for further
information. The reference section of your work should provide the reader all the
information needed to find the work. In science the common widely used style is that of the
American Chemical Society. There are a number of other formats also. Typically one must
conform to a specific style of reference to comply with specific journals for publication. The
important issue is to be consistent with a specific style. In the literature there are various
templates for references. Any will be accepted for homework as long as they are
consistently followed. Here are a set of examples: Haywood, A.M., P. J. Valdes, and B. W.
Sellwood. 2000. Global scale paleoclimate reconstruction of the middle Pliocene climate
using the UKMO GCM: Initial results. Global and Planet. Change, 25, 239-256. Fiedler, P. C.
and L. P. Talley 2006. Hydrography of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Prog. Oceanogr.,
69, 143-180. Mullen KM, Peters EC, Harvell CD 2004. Coral resistance to disease. In:
Rosenberg E, Loya Y (eds) Coral Health and Disease. Springer, New York, pp 377-399
Greenspan, H. P. 1969. The Theory of Rotating Fluids. Cambridge Uni. Press., London, 328
pp. Darwin, C. 1890. Coral Reefs, Volcanic Islands, South American Geology. Bettany ed.,
Ward, Lock and Co. G. T. London, pgs 312-318. Note here the first two are juried articles.
The journal titles area abbreviated and the citations includes the volume number and page
numbers for the articles. Author lists include all of the authors and their initials. The Mullen
article is in a book and therefore includes the editors in the citations (eds). The last two are
also books, but involve single authors who are responsible for the publication and therefore
there is not mention of an editor. The Greenspan book just lists the total number of pages.
The Darwin citation involves a long book without an index. Therefore the page numbers for
the specific quotation are given. The books also list the publisher and the city where they
were published. This is particularly important for the Darwin quote since his writings are
voluminous and this is not an easy book to find. Using the Internet and the Library: The
Internet is a very powerful tool, that along with word processing, makes it far easier to
complete academic work than in the past. That said, it is very easy to be lead astray by
bogus information found on it. The ephemeral nature of material on line and the tendency
for old information to hang on for years, make the Internet a problematic in terms of proper
referencing. This is an issue that has seen considerable debate within the scientific
publishing community. In general, sources from the juried literature should be used as
much as possible. There are some data sets, however, that can only be accessed through the
Internet. These should be fully documented including the agency source and the date of the
product, plus the date when it was retrieved. This should allow a reader sometime in the
future to find the data. The two important dates also allow checks on data recalls and
modifications over time to data bases. In terms of other uses of the Internet, a good way to
start on a project is to ?surf the web.? While this may not provide the reference material
that is required in the final product, it does do a good job of opening up information on
problems. Sources such as Wickipedia are fine for getting basic definitions. Most of their
offerings also contain useful references to get start with the literature. Google and other
search engines are also useful. In general it is better to use Google Scholar. Services such as
the Web of Science and Web of Knowledge are also good places to start. Most University

3. libraries are equipped to facilitate the development of references for a project. In particular,
there is access to most of the juried literature through E-Journals. The library also has
excellent citation services and topic search capabilities. The citation indices are particularly
useful in chasing down references on a topic by just checking on authors that have cited a
work you have already found.