Student Project There is no extension of the due date for t.docx

Student Project
There is no extension of the due date for the project. Late
projects will not be accepted. A grade of zero will be given if
the project is not turned in on time. Hard copy of the paper must
be turned in to this instructor on or before the due date . No
electronic submission
Paper Requirements
Use the DSM V to identify a coded disorder and use the
symptoms of that disorder to create a client and case vignette.
The client you create should meet all the criteria for the
diagnosis you select. See following page
Student project paper organization and points distribution:
· 2 pts APA cover (page 1)
· 3 pts APA format entire paper (running heads and citations
etc.)
· 20pts Accurately completed Multiaxial sheet (page2)
· 50 pts Create a client and present your client in a narrative
using clinical language and terminology to describe symptoms
of a DSM disorder. DSM V guidelines and criteria. This section
must be at least 4 pages long and no longer than 5 pages (pages
3, 4, 5, 6) you will be penalized 5 points for each ½ page short
of the 4 page narrative.
Make this person real…
· What do you observe when you meet and speak with this client
· What does this client say and how do they say it
· Describe symptoms of your client that represent indicators
for an Axis I diagnosis
· Include medical issues. You must include at least one medical

from Axis III
· Describe background and environmental contributors to the
diagnosis at least three Axis IV factors Also provide
demographics, age, race, sex etc…
· Discussion of the GAF explains criteria as it relates to your
client (a paragraph 5pts.)
· You must give your client at least one assessment/
inventory/test relevant to confirming your diagnosis (depression
inventory, substance abuse, OCD, bipolar or anxiety inventory
etc...)
· Discuss and explain the results of the inventory ( a paragraph
5pts)
· Justify your diagnosis using DSM V criteria, terms and rule
outs.( a paragraph 5pts)
· Use information secured from your two peer reviewed journal
articles on the subject of the diagnosis to support your
diagnosis,(a paragraph for each article 10pts)
· 10pts APA Resource/ reference page (page 7or 8) you must
use and document the following:
· DSM V
· You must use, document and cite in text, at least two peer
review journal articles on the topic of your diagnosis.
· The articles appear in reputable psychological research
journals.
· Articles must have a publication date of 2001 to present.
· Document where you secured your assessment
· 10pts Appendix Place a copy of the inventory/assessment you
used with your client in the appendix

Multiaxial Assessment
Multiaxial Evaluation Report Form

AXIS I: Clinical Disorders
Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention
Diagnostic code DSM-IV name
___________
___________________________________________
AXIS II: Personality Disorders Mental Retardation
Diagnostic code DSM-IV name
___________
___________________________________________
AXIS III: General Medical Conditions
ICD-9-CM code ICD-9-CM name
___________
___________________________________________
AXIS IV: Psychosocial! And Environmental Problems
Check:
Q Problems with primary support group Specify:
___________________
Q Problems related to the social environment Specify: _
Q Educational problems Specify:
Q Occupational problems Specify:
Q Housing problems Specify:
Q Economic problems Specify:
Q Problems with access to health care services Specify:
Q Problems related to interaction with the legal system/crime
Specify:_________
Q Other psychosocial and environmental problems Specify:
AXIS V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale
GAF Score: _________

Version 5/07
USE PARAGRAPH (1.1) TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 – 6:
1.1 Big Time Toymaker (BTT) develops, manufactures, and
distributes board games and other toys to the United States,
Mexico, and Canada. Chou is the inventor of a new strategy
game he named Strat. BTT was interested in distributing Strat
and entered into an agreement with Chou whereby BTT paid
him $25,000 in exchange for exclusive negotiation rights for a
90-day period. The exclusive negotiation agreement stipulated
that no distribution contract existed unless it was in writing.
Just three days before the expiration of the 90-day period, the
parties reached an oral distribution agreement at a meeting.
Chou offered to draft the contract that would memorialize their
agreement. Before Chou drafted the agreement, a BTT manager
sent Chou an e-mail with the subject line “Strat Deal” that
repeated the key terms of the distribution agreement including
price, time frames, and obligations of both parties. Although the
e-mail never used the word contract, it stated that all of the
terms had been agreed upon. Chou believed that this e-mail was
meant to replace the earlier notion that he should draft a
contract, and one month passed. BTT then sent Chou a fax
requesting that he send a draft for a distribution agreement
contract. Despite the fact that Chou did so immediately after
receiving the BTT fax, several more months passed without
response from BTT. BTT had a change in management and
informed Chou they were not interested in distributing Strat.
READ ENTIRE DOCUMENT BELOW (2.1) FOR
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE:
2.1 The law provides certain relief for aggrieved parties that

suffer losses as a result of another party’s breach of contract.
These relief mechanisms are collectively referred to as
remedies. Recall the distinction discussed in Chapter 1 between
remedies at law and remedies in equity. For many contracts, the
remedy at law will be money damages awarded by the court to
the non-breaching party. This is simply a legal mechanism for
compelling the breaching party to compensate the innocent
party for losses related to the breach. In a contract claim, money
damages are primarily limited to (1) compensatory (also called
direct ) damages, (2) consequential damages, (3) restitution, and
(4) liquidated damages. 15
Compensatory Damages
Compensatory damages cover a broad spectrum of losses for
recovery of actual damages suffered by the non-breaching party.
These damages are an attempt to put the non-breaching party in
the same position she would have been in if the other party had
performed as agreed. This includes such sums as out-of-pocket
damages and even potential profits that would have been earned
if performance had occurred. For example, BigCo. hires
LowPrice to prepare BigCo.’s tax returns and financial
statements in time for BigCo.’s shareholders meeting on March
1 for a fee of $5,000. On February 15, the principal of LowPrice
notifiesBigCo. that she cannot prepare the returns because she
decided to switch careers and shut down the tax practice.
BigCo. must then hire HighPrice to prepare the documents.
Because of the short time line, HighPrice charged a fee of
$12,000. BigCo. is entitled to recover the difference between
the price actually paid ($12,000) and the price that would have
been paid if LowPrice had performed ($5,000) as originally
agreed. Thus, BigCo. is entitled to $7,000 as compensatory
damages (plus any additional out-of-pocket costs related to
locating and hiring a new accounting firm). Consequential
Damages Consequential damages compensate the non-breaching
party for foreseeable indirect losses not covered by
compensatory damages. An aggrieved party is entitled to
recover consequential damages if the damages are caused by

unique and foreseeable circumstances beyond the contract itself.
In order to recover consequential damages, the damages must
flow from the breach (i.e., the damages were a consequence of
the breach). For example, in the BigCo.–LowPrice case above,
suppose that LowPrice had breached on the day before the tax
returns were due and that BigCo. needed the tax returns as
documentation for a bank loan on that day. Because the tax
returns were not ready until one month after the due date, the
bank charged BankCo. a delay fee and then raised the interest
rate on the loan. These costs to BankCo. are related to the
unique circumstances (tax returns needed on a certain date) and
are foreseeable (assuming LowPrice had reason to know of the
bank loan). The rules that limit damages for which a
nonbreaching party may recover were set out in Hadley v.
Baxendale, 16 a landmark case on consequential damages that
has been followed almost universally by U.S. courts. The case
involved Hadley, a 19th-century mill owner, who was forced to
cease operations due to a broken crankshaft. The mill owner
sent the shaft out for repairs by hiring Baxendale to deliver the
shaft to a repair shop in another city. Baxendale had no reason
to know that the mill was shut down and, in fact, it was common
practice in the industry for mill owners to have a back up shaft
for just such an occasion. Baxendale delayed delivery of the
shaft and this resulted in additional days of shutdown for the
mill and, thus, lost profits for Hadley. Hadley sued Baxendale
for the lost profits as consequential damages. The court ruled in
favor of Baxendale because Hadley had not shown that a
reasonable person could have foreseen Hadley’s ongoing
damages. Because Hadley had not actually communicated the
unique circumstances, Baxendale was not liable for the damages
related to the delay.
Restitution
Restitution is a remedy designed to prevent unjust enrichment
of one party in an agreement. In the event that one party is in
the process of performing the contract and the other party
commits a material breach, the nonbreaching party is entitled to

rescind (cancel) the contract and receive fair market value for
any services rendered. For example, BuildCo. contracts with
WidgetCo. to build a new warehouse for WidgetCo.’s inventory.
One-third through the construction, WidgetCo. fails to make its
payments on time and, therefore, materially breaches the
contract. BuildCo. rescinds the contract and in a lawsuit against
WidgetCo., BuildCo. may recover restitution equal to the fair
market value of the work performed.
Liquidated Damages
Liquidated damages are damages that the parties agree to ahead
of time. In some cases it may be very difficult to determine
actual damages, so parties may agree at the time of the contract
that a breach would result in a fixed damage amount. Liquidated
damages provisions are commonly used in license agreements
(such as a software-user’s license) whereby the parties agree,
for example, that a breaching party will pay $10,000 in the
event of a breach caused by one party making unauthorized
copies of the software. In order to be enforceable, courts have
held that liquidated damage clauses must be directly related to
the breach and be a reasonable estimate of the actual damages
incurred (i.e., damages cannot be excessive so as to penalize the
breaching party).
EQUITABLE REMEDIES
Although the usual remedy for a breach of contract is money
damages, there are some instances where money damages are
insufficient to compensate the nonbreaching party or when one
party was unjustly enriched at the other party’s expense. In
these cases, a court may grant equitable relief. This relief comes
primarily in the form of (1) specific performance, ( 2)
injunctive relief, or (3) reformation.
Specific Performance
Specific performance is a remedy whereby a court orders the
breaching party to render the promised performance by ordering
the party to take a specific action. This remedy is only available
when the subject matter of the contract is sufficiently unique so
that money damages are inadequate. 17 Therefore, specific

performance is rarely available in a sale of goods case unless
the goods are rare (such as a coin collection) or distinctive
(such as a sculpture) where the buyer cannot reasonably be
expected to locate the goods anywhere else.
One of the most common circumstances where specific
performance is awarded is in a real estate contract. Most courts
consider each parcel of land to be sufficiently unique to trigger
specific performance as a remedy. For example, Andrews agrees
to sell Baker an office building in 30 days. At the closing where
conveyance of the title is to take place,
Andrews breaches the agreement by refusing to sell the
building. In this case, Baker cannot be completely compensated
for the breach because Baker chose that building for its
location, convenience, accessibility, appearance, and other
important factors. Baker contracted for a unique parcel of real
estate and is entitled to the benefit of the agreement for the
same parcel. The court will require Andrews to perform as
promised by conveying the property to Baker. If, however,
Andrews has already sold the property to a good faith buyer,
then Baker may only be awarded money damages as a remedy.
Specific performance is also an appropriate remedy in a narrow
category of personal services contract where the parties agree
that a specific individual will perform the services, and the
individual possesses a unique quality or expertise central to the
contract. For example, if Marcel contracts with Constantine to
paint Marcel’s office lobby in whitewash and Constantine
breaches, a court would not consider specific performance as an
option because the work is not specialized enough. On the other
hand, if the Marcel–Constantine contract requires that
Constantine paint a special mural on the wall, that would be
sufficiently unique as to qualify for specific performance.
Injunctive Relief
A court order to refrain from performing a particular act is
known as injunctive relief. 18
In the Andrews–Baker office building contract, suppose that
Andrews promises to sell the building to Baker in 30 days.

Baker learns that Andrews is intending to breach the contract
and sell the building to Dominguez for a higher price. In this
case, both money damages and specific performance are
inadequate because Baker still wants the building instead of
compensation for the breach. Baker will ask the court to issue
an injunction that would prevent the sale of the building to
Dominguez as an equitable remedy consistent with the notion of
putting the aggrieved party in the same position as if the other
party had performed as agreed.
Reformation
When the parties have imperfectly expressed their agreement
and this imperfection results in a dispute, a court may change
the contract by rewriting it to conform to the parties’ actual
intentions. This contract modification is called reformation. For
example, suppose in the Andrews–Baker building contract
above, that Andrews’ real estate broker mistakenly placed the
decimal in the price making it $10,000 instead of the parties
agreed upon price of $100,000. At the closing, Baker gives
Andrews the check for $10,000 and refuses to pay any more,
citing the price on the contract. So long as there was a
sufficient basis for believing the parties intended the price to be
$100,000, a court may simply reform the contract. Andrews may
then show that Baker breached the contract and request specific
performance as an additional remedy.
AVOIDANCE AND MITIGATION OF DAMAGES
The law imposes an obligation on the parties in a contract to
take appropriate steps in order to avoid incurring damages and
losses. So long as a party can avoid the damages with
reasonable effort, without undue risk or expense, she may be
barred from recovery through a lawsuit.
The rule preventing recovery for reasonably avoidable damages
is often called the duty to mitigate. 19 For example, Leonardo
contracts with NewCo. to design a new office building for
NewCo. Midway through the design planning process, NewCo.
changed its management, notified Leonardo that it believes that
the design contract is invalid, and ordered them to stop work.

Despite this, Leonardo continues the design process, submits
the final work product to NewCo., and demands payment in full.
In this case, it is likely that a court will not allow Leonardo to
recover for any damages occurring after the NewCo. stop order.
Once Leonardo learned of NewCo.’s claim, he had an obligation
to avoid any further damages incurred by his failure to stop the
work even if NewCo.’s stop order breached the contract.
Managers may encounter a mitigation of damages issue when
dealing with employees who claim that their employer breached
an employment contract. If an employee has been wrongfully
terminated, for example, that employee has a duty to seek new
employment (of similar type and rank) if available in order to
avoid damages resulting from the alleged breach by the
employer.
1
RUNNING HEAD: DSM-V DEPRESSION
6
DSM-V DEPRESSION
DSM-V: Depression
Annie Bush
University of West Florida

Milton is 55 year old divorced African American man, who
works as a city driver. When he came into my office the first
time there was a clear indication that he was not ready to talk
about his life. He was very hesitant and he hardly made any eye
contact. He had a letter from his boss informing me that he
required assistance and it be highly appreciated. Once he settled
down, I had a chance to evaluate him physically. It was way
past working hours yet he was still in his work uniform, it was
dirty and stained. He had a long beard and long unkempt hair,
his eyes were blood shot. He has a slurred speech and starts
every sentence by repeating the first word. This is a clear
indication that he has no interest in his physical and social
appearance (Narrow, 2009).
He slowly started getting comfortable when he ignited a
cigarette and he communicated to me about his life. He derived
from a family of five, but had not seen his mother or siblings
for over ten years. His wife asked for a divorce from him seven
years ago and left him with his three children and he has not
seen them since then. The only friend he has is his dog Bruno,
who he seemed to value very much. He hardly has friends as
they all think he is a strange man and the only thing that he
does for fun is going out alone to have a drink or purchasing
alcohol and drinking it at the comfort of his home while
watching television. He confessed that ten years ago he used to
love going to social events and attend to basketball games with
friends, but now he hardly does any of those activities. In fact
he seemed not to like the idea of being in public as he felt like
everybody would be judging him for whom he has now become.
It was clear that he was experiencing clinical depression.
According to beach et al 2006, he has most of the indications of
a depressed man. This is because he hardly has any social life.

He in fact confesses that he feels that his siblings, wife and
children are better off far away from him. He sees himself as a
failure, this is evident from the story he tells of how when he
was young he used to think he would have achieved far better
results for his life than what he currently accomplished. He
barely cares about his hygiene or even physical appearance and
has not had close or personal relationships with anybody for the
last seven years or so. During the conversations there are
instances when he drifts off, and talks about how happy he as
when he first got married and how grateful he was when he
became a father, but he completes the sentence by saying that
he ruined it all and there is now no going back, it’s too late.
When I asked him about his eating habits he hardly seemed
to be interested, he can easily remember the last time he had a
good bottle of vodka, but not a good meal, he likes take out,
cooking is too overwhelming for him. He talks about Velma, his
ex-wife and how he loved her cooking. All these are clear
indications of a depressed man who blames himself for all the
misfortunes he has experienced and has lost touch with his
reality and mostly with his social life.
He confesses that a few years back, he was diagnosed with
acute hypertension and was told to start living a healthier life
style in order to reduce chances of it becoming worse. He has
hardly stuck to that as his lifestyle is getting worse. When I
asked him about the lifestyle changes, he said what is the need
for living healthy when there is really nothing to live for? He
confesses that he smokes and drinks alcohol in order to calm
himself down and not to think about life in general; reason
being is if he thinks too much his blood pressure will rise
steeply. He avoids thinking about his life and chooses to live
everyday as it comes. When I asked about the last time he had a
proper medical checkup he could hardly seem to remember. He
gives an approximation, but says he has an appointment the next
week and is planning to attend it.
Milton has undertaken intense changes in his life. He talks
about how he loved playing basketball while in high school and

how sports helped him gain a full ride scholarship to college.
However, after playing a few games in college he injured his
right knee (ACL) and he can no longer perform at a Division
one level. As he says this he touches his knee and to him it
seems like something that had just transpired yesterday. This
was enough to end his scholarship and this placed him in the
city searching for job opportunities. After this life altering
event his life took a completely different turn this time for the
better. When he met his wife he became better, he studied at a
community college and got an exceptionally good job in the
insurance industry, but he was fired years later when the firm
downsized and this made his life very difficult. His marriage
took a downward spiral and his family and friends according to
him were always against him. He used to love going to church,
but he has not attended service in well over five years. He
sometimes in the most recent years tried to reach out to his ex-
wife, but she did not want anything to do with him, in fact she
took a restraining order against him and moved and now he is
unable to locate his former spouse. He hears from people that
his two daughters are now married and his son is doing well but
to him the ship of being a father has already sailed.
For a person of his age and given that during the conversation
he was smoking heavily, Milton has a good memory of things,
especially what previously mattered to him. He has a GFA of
35; this is in accordance with the Widiger (2000), analysis of a
person’s behavior, responses and social relationships. He has
severe social problems as he hardly talks to his neighbors or
even personnel at work, he prefers to have lunch at work alone.
He never goes out, in fact he cannot remember the last time he
went out to have a sociable dinner. He feels like his dog Bruno
is his only real and true friend because he would never leave
him. He has economic problems as he says he is unable to cater
for some of his needs and lives in a small apartment downtown
but he has already accepted that his life will never reach any
level higher than his status quo.
In order to accurately determine his state, I gave Milton a

depression inventory as a test. This was inclusive of a BDI test
and an MMSE analysis. He scored 15 in the MMSE. In the BDI
he seemed not to answer questions that required some form of
calculation and did not even bother to attempt them. He has a
mean score of .78. This clearly indicates that he has impaired
cognitive ability and he requires immediate treatment (Narrow,
2009). Milton is tired of the turn that his life has taken and
wants out, but he feels desperate because he does not know how
to undo what has happened in his life. He wants to reach out to
his mother and siblings and more so to his daughters, but has no
idea how to accomplish this feat. He feels that they will reject
him all together.
Milton is experiencing depression as a result of the many
unfortunate events that have occurred in his life. His social life
is non-existent and this pushes him to become an alcoholic. His
cognitive ability is also impaired due to the MMSE and BDI
tests. He also has health problems as he hardly visits the
doctor’s office for regular check-ups of his blood pressure.
Widiger. T.A. Clark. L.A. (2000)., Toward DSM—V and the
classification of psychopathology by Psychological bulleting of
America, states that depression can be a cause of socio
economic factors that make a person not be able to function
properly in the society. It is also encouraged by feelings of self-
pity and a low self-esteem. These are symptoms that are
observable in Milton.
Narrow. D R. W, Kuhler. E. (2009). The conceptual
development of DSM-V, American Journal of Psychology,
American Psychiatric Association Print, expansively explains
that clinical depression is expressed by lack of concern for
one’s appearance, tendency to withdraw from the rest of the
society and denial by use of drugs and substance in an effort to
forget.

References
Narrow. D R. W, Kuhler. E. (2009). The conceptual
development of DSM-V, American Journal of Psychology,
American Psychiatric Association Print
Widiger. T.A. Clark. L.A. (2000). Toward DSM—V and the
Classification of Psychopathology, Psychological bulleting of
America, University Print
Beach H.R. S, Wamboldt Z. M, Kaslow J. N. (2006). Relation
Process and DSM-V: Neuroscience Assessment, Oxford
University Press, New York
Running head: THE RAMAYANA AND SEI SHONAGON
1
THE RAMAYANA AND SEI SHONAGON
9
The Ramayana and Sei ShonagonTommy Bush Sr.
Professor Menon:
September 12, 2013

The Ramayana and Sei Shonagon
Introduction
This is a paper on the world literature and compares
Valmiki’s, The Ramayana with Sei Shōnagon, The Pillow Book.
In directly the paper will compare Indian literature with Japan
literature. Both the books have their own importance in their
respective culture. First of all both the books will describe in
which century they are created and their founders. The paper
will also tell to which country both the books belong.
Next, that paper will describe the summary of each book,
their characters, and an overall analysis of both the books. Both
the book compare their main characters, roles, themes and
backdrop, followed by the thesis statement and a brief statement
of the reaction the student felt after reading the literature.
Ramayana is a great Indian epic poem written by
Valmiki in the 5th century BC. In the Indian subcontinent,
Ramayana is the oldest and the most popular epic. This epic is
written in Sanskrit language. Ramayana means, the journey of
Lord Rama”. Rama has been shown as a incarnation of God
Vishnu and another main character Ravan’s who depicts the evil
force. The book shows a final victory of Lord Rama over
Ravana for safeguarding the Dharma.
The Pillow Book shows the court life in the 11th
century in Japan and the book is written by Sei Shonagon. This
is a classic text that represents great beauty in its content and
literature and is written when the Heian culture is at its heights.
The book contains anecdotes, humorous observations, and
subtle impressions. The Pillow Book reflects Shonagon’s royal

and religious ceremonies, its nature, its pilgrimage, its
conversation and poetry. The writer also explained the
character sketches and other things that she loves and loathes.
She has a sharp wit with eloquent style of writing. She has
beautifully explained the Heian upper class and Ivan Morris's
notes and has made a great content for readers and scholars
(Morris 1991).
The Ramayana
Ramayana is a Sanskrit word which means the journey
made by Lord Ram. This is a great Hindu epic written by
Valmiki in the 4th and 2nd century B.C. This is a smriti which
is secondary to the authority of Shruti. The Ramayana is spared
through seven books and has 2400 verses. Ramayana, first book
is called the Book of Youth that explains the childhood of Ram.
Ram is the eldest son to the King Dasarath and Queen Kausalya.
Dasarth has three wives, to which there were four sons, Ram,
Lakshman, Bharat and Shatrughan.
Both the brothers Ram and Lakshman were sent with
sage Vishwamitra so that they can help them sages to complete
their rituals by killing the demons who are interrupting their
rituals. While Rama was living with sage Vishwamitra, he got
an invitation from King Janaka who has arranged a Swayamvar
for her daughter Sita and many princes from different kingdoms
were invited in the Swayamvar ceremony. Sita was the
incarnation of goddess Lakshmi. Ram successfully bend Lord
Shiva’s bow and had won Sitas’ hand for marriage. In
Ramayana, both Ram and Sita were idolized as ideal husband
and wife and hence considered as role model for all husbands
and wives in the Hindu culture and are worshipped by the
worshippers.
Second book is called the Book of Ayodhya. This book
tells the story of jealousy by Queen Kaikeyi for Ram. Kaikeyi
made a conspiracy and forced King Dasarath to crown her son
Bharat instead of Ram and also forced Ram to go for exile for
14 years out of the kingdom in jungle. Third book is called the
Book of forest. This book begins with Bharat’s journey to bring

Ram back to the kingdom and pleaded Ram to come back to the
Kingdom and take his crown. But Rama refuses the request of
Bharat and Sais that he will not break his father’s promise. In
the meanwhile King Dasarath dies of sorrow and his separation
from his son Ram.
In the forest, the demon-ness Surpanakha tries to
seduce Rama and fails to do so and brother Lakshmana has cut
her nose. Surpanakha was the sister of Ravan and therefore
Ravan decided to take revenge from two brothers and send the
demon Maricha to lure the brothers and they succeeded to trap
them, In the meanwhile Sita was alone in the forest where
Ravan abducts her. While Ravan was on her way to Lanka after
capturing Sita, Ram’s friend Jatayu saw this and fight with
Ravan to save Sita but was killed by Ravan. Jatayu dies in the
arms of Ram while narrating the incident.
The fourth book is called the kingdom of monkeys. In
this section, Ram was wandering in the forest to locate Sita ,
where he received help from the king of Kishkindha, Sugriva.
But the entire monkey kingdom fails to find Sita. Then they
met jatayu’s brother Sampati, who has been gifted with great
vision. He used his power and locates Sita sitting in the garden
of Ashok trees on the island of Lanka. Now ram has located
Sita and the entire monkey army proceeds towards Indian
Ocean.
The fifth book is called the Sundara , which means
Hanuman. When Ram with his army reached Indian Ocean, they
realized that they have no facilities or boats to cross the ocean
with the army. Only Hanuman has the ability to fly and
therefore he flew over Indian ocean and reaches Lanka to meet
Sita. Hanuman met Sita and told her that Ram is on his way to
save her. But he was caught by the Ravana army men and they
set his tail on fire as a punishment to enter the Lanka premises.
But instead of Hanuman feeling helpless, he flies and
set the entire city of Lanka on fire. Then he left Lanka and
informed Ram about the entire incidence and his meeting with
Sita. Finally the army gets a way to cross Indian Ocean, they

used stones to make a bridge, each stone is inscribed with the
name Ram so that they do not sink and hence abridge is formed
over Indian Ocean.
The sixth book is called the Book of War. Ram killed
Ravana and saves Sita. Later on when they both returned to
Ayodhya and Ram become the king of Ayodhya. The seventh
book is called The Book of Beyond. Ram makes Sita prove her
celibacy through a test of fire and also sent Sita to the jungle
and lost his credibility. He believed on the gossip and banished
Sita. It was believed that this seventh book was not originally
written by Valmiki; rather it was added later on.
Readers have learned many things from Ramayana
book. The book told about ideal king, ideal husband, ideal wife,
ideal brother etc. The entire book was about Ram’s
determination towards fulfilling his father’s promise and proved
to be an ideal son and king (“Ramayana: Summary”).
The Pillow Book
Some of the earliest and most beautiful literary works
in the world are done in Japan and one of the superlative works
is The Pillow Book, the first and best written "lifestyle" diary.
This book is almost 1,000 years old. The book’s style, syntax
and structure has been recognized as the most elegant and
accessible in the Japanese language.
“The Pillow Book is a sort of diary that Sei Shonagon
kept while she served as a lady in waiting to Empress Sadoko
during the last decade of the 900's. The entire text is segmented
into six parts. In The Cat Who Lived in the Palace, she writes
about a dog named Okinamaro and how he gets banished from
the palace for trying to bite Lady Myobu, the cat, who got
awarded the headdress of nobility. When the dog came back to
the palace, no one knew if it was really him, and he was
avoiding betraying himself and letting everyone know it was
really him” (The Pillow Book).
She covered all varied topics. She writes poetry in her
journal, gossips about the people in the court, and writes about
the wonders of nature. The book has no real plot but there are

recurring characters and themes. Its few themes are beauty,
position, and nature.
Recurring characters are other courtiers, especially the
Emperor and Empress. Her life was revolving around taking
care of Empress, preparing for festivals and special occasions,
and going on pilgrimages to temples. Only at some occasions
she visited her family otherwise this palace has become her
home (Shōnagon).
In The Hateful Things, she wrote about the people who
do not respect others and she personally do not like those
people who try to become over smart or people who do gossip
or those who interrupts others. In Graceful things, she
explained about different things that likes and appreciates. She
mentions things that are pretty and elegant to her like Women
behind a curtain of state.
The book contains brief essays ranging from
observations of nature to witty comments what she faces in the
imperial court. The Pillow Book was written by Sei Shonagon
who was popular for her beautiful language but at the same time
she was known for her controversial topics which she selects at
that time. She always highlights social problems and other
problems that people like to hide from others, she has also
highlighted some beautiful things of Japanese culture and
nature. She was the inspiration for many upcoming writers.
In Hateful things, Sei has collected many letters from
different people and each letter described a unique action or
event or action of people in the culture. She criticizes all those
who speak bad to others, or the people who interrupts others
while talking or complaining. She also hates those people who
tell the story in too much detail. She is good in criticisms but
never pointed on particular with their names.
She also believed that people become used to their
behavior whether good or bad that they never realized that their
behavior is bad and is hurting others. She also believes that
tension is continuously breeding between all social relations. “A
newcomer pushes ahead of the members in a group; with a

knowing look, this person starts laying down the law and
forcing advice upon everyone- most hateful” (504) (The Pillow
Book). She also forces people to change their behavior if they
do not have respect for others.
In the part, Embarrassing Things, Sei explained that
there are some people who find it hard to recognize the
embarrassment or what is embarrassing and it is very difficult
to reproach such people. She came to know that people praise
themselves for the things that were funny and did not care about
others feeling and thinking about them and are always ready to
make fun of themselves in front of others. “It is embarrassing to
know that one’s visitor can overhear, But how to stop them?”
(504) (The Pillow Book).
In Remember a Clear Morning, she was inspired by
Japanese nature and admired it. In this section, she discussed
about the Chrysanthemum festival that was about to begin in the
ninth month of the year. She has truly explained the morning of
this festival with true colors and it shows the real Japanese
nature and culture. Her writing in this has attracted people
towards the true Japanese nature and its fascination. “It has
been raining all night. Despite the bright sun (…)”( 505). “On
the bamboo fences and crisscross hedges I saw tatters of spider
webs; (…) I was greatly moved and delighted.” (505). “What
most impressed me was that they were not at all impressed”
(505). (The Pillow Book). All these sentences explain that how
beautifully she has described the Japanese nature at that time.
In the Letters Are Commonplace, Sei has shown her
excitement of receiving letters from people staying at far places
and is someone is special. That was the time when the only
medium of communication was letters so she reflected the
significance of letters at that time to keep the relation alive.
“When one has been worrying about something and wants to tell
a certain person about it, what a relief!” (505). Receiving and
sending letters was one big part of the life in that period. This
shows that people in Japan value relationships and always keep
trust upon each other (The Pillow Book).

Readers find that book has encountered all the correct
sentiments in right manner. Readers find that Sei has served in
the court of the Empress Sadako, one of the most culturally
refined courts in the history. She has described the appearance
of conducts on the life of each aristocrat around her. She gave
beautiful comments on the insight and are often time scathing.
Even with the passing time, the book manages to retain its
charm and freshness (Genji, Haiku, Rumi, and Tagore).
The book, “The Pillow Book” demonstrates all the events
that are considered not good by the writer and these events are
just a reflection of unique cultural values and concept of
Miyabi. Miyabi is a refined courtly taste and a perfection of
form and color. Majority of the described events differs from
the concept and is in ancient Japanese societies. This concept
was valued. Sei Shonagon describes various examples of
hateful things and fifth example of this list shows that “the
sight of men in their cups who shout, poke fingers in their
mouths, stroke their beards, and pass on the wine to their
neighbors with cries…” (Hateful Things).
Through this example, the writer wanted to show that
she has observed well-bred people violating the concept of
Miyabi which has made its distasteful. The writer evaluates the
concept of Miyabi on the basis of social aspects and also tells
how to behave socially.
Conclusion
This comparative analysis concluded that both are the
books that reflect their own culture which is unique and special.
It also shows that both the books are divided into different
sections to make the content easy and understandable for the
readers. In Ramayana, each section has its own separate theme,
story and value and similarly in the, The Pillow Book has a
separate section that explains different themes and Japanese
nature and culture.
It is good to find that the book reflect the fascinating
exploration of life among the nobility when the Heian period
was at its peak. It also beautifully explained the superb

pleasures of a confined world in which poetry, love, fashion,
and whim dominated along with harsh reality. The books has
also discussed variety of themes like nature, society etc. The
writer has provided a witty and intimate window on a woman's
life at court in classical Japan (Shonagon).
Work Cited
Genji, Haiku, Rumi, and Tagore. "Asia's Great Books in the past
Millennium." Books in Asia That Changed the Last Millennium.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.
<http://bystander.homestead.com/millenbooks.html>.
"Hateful Things." N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.
<http://www.basicincome.com/bp/hatefulthings.htm>.
Morris, I. "The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon." The Pillow Book
of Sei Shonagon. N.p., Dec. 1991. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.
<http://cup.columbia.edu/book/978-0-231-07337-0/the-pillow-
book-of-sei-shonagon/reviews>.
"Ramayana: Summary." Ramayana Summary. N.p., n.d. Web. 20
Aug. 2013. <http://www.mythome.org/RamaSummary.html>.
Shonagon, Sei. "Summary of The Pillow Book." Penguin.com.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. 2013.
<http://www.us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,9780
140448061,00.html>.
Shōnagon, Sei. "The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon." Book Rags.
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Aug. 2013. <http://www.bookrags.com/:
http://www.bookrags.com/The_Pillow_Book/>.

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