This document discusses various narrative devices that authors use to shape stories. It defines a narrative as a retelling of events and explains that narratives shape history by constructing a series of events. It then outlines several common plot devices like plot twists, red herrings, and deathtraps that aim to advance or misdirect the plot. Additionally, it examines literary techniques used to provide backstory context through visions, dreams, flashbacks, and prophecies. The document concludes by presenting different types of story endings such as cliffhangers, twist endings, and resolutions through poetic justice or deus ex machina interventions.

2. 
A narrative is some kind of retelling, often in words of something
that happened.
 The narrative is not the story itself but rather the telling of the
story -- which is why it is so often used in phrases such as "written
narrative," "oral narrative," etc.
Narratives thus shape history (the series of events, the story of
what happened).
Narratives

3. Literary Devices

A Literary Device is a technique that shapes
narrative to produce an effect on the reader.

4. PLOT DEVICE - A plot device is an object, a character or a concept introduced into the
story by the author to advance its plot.

 A Plot Twist is any unexpected turn of the story that gives a new view on its
entire topic. A plot twist at the end of the story is called a twist ending.
 A Flashing Arrow is a technique used to focus the reader's, but not the
characters', attention on an object or a location that will be important later
in the story.

5.  A Red Herring is a plot device that distracts the reader's attention from the
plot twists that are important for the story. It is used to maintain tension and
uncertainty.

 A Deathtrap is a plot device that the villain uses to try to kill the protagonist
and satisfy his own sadistic desires.
 A Comic Book Death is a technique makes a major character die or
disappears 'for forever', but character re-appears later in the story.

6.  Dark and Stormy Night is a cliché-like opening that usually
includes darkness, violent lightning 
and a general mood of
solitude. is a cliché-like opening that usually includes darkness,
violent lightning and a general mood of solitude.
Reverse Chronology is technique where begins at the end and
works back toward the beginning.
In medias res is a literary technique where the narrative starts in
the middle of the story instead of from its beginning. The
characters, setting, and conflict are often introduced through a
series of flashbacks.

7. Visions
Characters share with the reader visions of the past or the future in order to explain a
character's motives or certain plot twists.

 A Dream Sequence is a series of dreams which allow a character to see events that
occur or have occurred in another time.
 Analepsis (flashback) presents events previous to the current time frame. Flashbacks
are usually presented as characters' memories and are used to explain their
backgrounds and the back-story.

8. Visions
Characters share with the reader visions of the past or the future in order to explain a
character's motives or certain plot twists.
 A Dream Sequence is a series of dreams which allow a character to see events that

occur or have occurred in another time.
 Analepsis (flashback) presents events previous to the current time frame.
Flashbacks are usually presented as characters' memories and are used to explain
their backgrounds and the back-story.
 Prolepsis (flash-forward) presents events that will occur in the future.
 Prophecy is often used science fiction to underline their futuristic structure.
 Foreshadowing is a premonition, much like a flash-forward, but only hints at the future.

9. 
Finales
There are several patterns for story endings:
 A Cliff-hanger is an abrupt ending that leaves the plot incomplete , without
denouement. It often leaves characters in a precarious or difficult situation which
hint at the possibility of a sequel.
 A Twist Ending is an unexpected finale that gives an entirely new vision on the
entire plot. It is a powerful technique but it can leave the reader dissatisfied and
frustrated.

10. 
Finales
 A Happy Ending is a finale when everything ends in the best way for the hero.
 Poetic Justice is a type of a happy ending where the virtue is rewarded and the vice is
punished.
 Deus ex machina a plot device dating back to ancient Greek theatre, where the
conflict is resolved through a means (by god, deus) that seem unrelated to the
story. This allows the author to end the story as desired without following the
logic and continuity of the story.