A holistic vision of the future energy grid:Primary electrical energy source through utilization.

1. gridFUTURE, a Concept
OSU ECE3040 SP17
John M. Schneider, Dr. Eng.
ComplexEnergySolutionsllc@gmail.com
Technology Consultant

2. gridFUTURE
• Well rooted in power systems knowledge, grid operational
experience and a fundamental understanding of existing
and emerging technologies.
– Technologically achievable, but not commercially viable … today.
• gridFUTURE will never be achieved
– Constantly evolves as technology, the economy and societal
needs change.
• Current Smart Grid efforts involve near term tactics, which
will gradually evolve towards gridFUTURE, again and
again and again...
– Forward compatible (No Regrets Strategy)
A holistic vision of the future energy grid.
Primary electrical energy source through utilization.
Vision must precede strategy, which is achieved
through tactics 2

3. U.S. Electrical Energy
Source Profile
• Energy Source Mix (2016)
– 30.4% Coal, 19.7% Nuclear, 33.8% Gas,
14.9% Renewable, 0.6% Oil, 0.6% Other
• Total Generation Capacity (2015)
– 665.2 GW Utility, 429.2 GW IPP, 37.3 GW
IPP CHP, 31.4 GW Industrial, 4.2 GW
Commercial (1167.3 GW Total)
• Consumption (2015)
– 37.7% Residential, 36.5% Commercial, 25.8%
Industrial
3

4. Losses & Efficiency in Electric
Generation & Delivery
100
coal electricity
65% loss
Generation
~ 35
~ 5.7% loss
Transmission
electricity
~ 33
~ 87% loss
End Use
Utilization
~4
Distribution
electricity
~ 31
~ 6% loss
4

5. U.S. 2015 Electricity Flow
(Quads, 1015 BTUs)
Grid Net efficiency ≈ 32.64%! 5
Commercial 4.63
Residential 4.78
Coal 14.19
Natural Gas 10.4
Conversion
Losses
24.12
Total Energy
Consumed
38.85
Fossil
Fuels
24.99

6. Waste Heat
• The ~33% net efficiency of the U.S. electrical grid,
implies that 67% of the primary energy consumed in
the production, transmission and distribution of
electricity is wasted primarily as heat rejected to the
environment, due to the remote location of ‘central’
generation
– Combined Heat and Power (CHP, Cogeneration)
• Industrial colocation
– Distributed Generation, locates many small generation sources
closer to the electrical (and thermal) load
• Space heating
• Water heating
• Absorption cooling
6

7. Sustainability
The optimal utilization of human, natural and
man-made resources, in a safe and
environmentally responsible manner, to enhance
the lives of generations into the future.
• Multi-dimensional
• Environmental
• Primary energy sources
• Infrastructure
• O&M
• Financial
• Security & reliability of supply
• … 7

8. ≈ ≈
Commercial
NO/NC
≈
~
≈
~
≈
~
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
Industrial
Residential
Existing Grid
• Generation: Large, Central, Remote (No
Cogeneration), Moderate Monitoring
Communications & Control (MCC)
• Transmission: Interconnected, Self-
protecting, Low/Moderate MCC (SCADA)
• Distribution: Extensive, Low/No MCC
(Manual)
• Customer: No MCC (Limited exceptions)
 Extensive infrastructure
 Moderate/No MCC
 No Cogeneration 8

9. G,T&D Asset Base Loading
Implications
• Base load power system assets
– Reduce variation in load level by reducing peaks and filling
valleys of load variation.
• Power system components are rated to meet the peak
requirement of the load.
– Less G,T&D Infrastructure
– Higher utilization of all grid assets
• Most thermal power plants are optimized for peak load
operation
– More efficient generation
• Reduced thermal cycling of grid components
– Less thermal stress, less maintenance
9

10. Distributed storage would enable ‘base-load’
operation of grid assets.
Distributed storage and generation would enable
grid independence.
Something to think about…
Average
3kW
Time
DailyLoad
Peak
8-10 kW
Distribution System
Energy Storage
• The Grid is designed to meet the peak power requirement,
from the coal pile to the blow dryer.
3 kW Fuel Cell
or
9 kW Solar PV
10

11. Typical Efficiencies
% Efficiency
Coal Generation 25-44%
Fuel Cell 30-75%
Automobile 15-35%
11

12. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
• FCEV is an electric vehicle powered by the
combination of a fuel cell and a battery.
– Fuel Cell is an electrochemical energy converter: It
converts the chemical energy in a fuel (natural gas) in
the presence of an oxidant (oxygen in air) into electricity,
heat & byproducts (H2O & CO2).
– Requires on-board fuel storage.
• Mobile electrical/thermal/water generation source
• Potential to power and heat homes, businesses and
remote locations
12

13. …and think about…
The engine ‘kW-equivalent’ (~100
kW/auto) of two years of U.S. auto
sales exceeds the country’s total
installed electrical generating base
(~1167 GW).
Consider:
• HQ building: Maximum load ≈ 5.4 MW
• HQ Total Garage Capacity: 2087 cars
Assuming a 50kW fuel cell car (FCEV), operated
at a composite net capacity of 30%…
Garages’ Gen Capability ≈≈≈≈ 31 MWe + 39 MWt
ηe = 40% / ηt = 50%
13

14. …the Grid of the Future?
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Storage
WindFuel Cell
Solar
Grid of the Future: Optimal integration of central &
distributed assets.
14

15. gridFUTURE General
Assumptions
• Central generation and transmission requirement is
reduced
• Distributed Generation & Storage (utility & customer)
– Massively deployed throughout system
– Waste heat utilization
• Smart grid components and loads
– Bidirectional communications
– Imbedded sensors, actuators & intelligence (massive
redundancy)
• Real Time rates/Net metering
• Redesigned grid
– Engineered underground
– Increased interconnections
– DC Transmission & Distribution
15

16. DC Transmission & Distribution
• Emergence of ‘DC transformers,’ would
enable the possibility of DC T&D (Solid State
or Vacuum Tubes)
– Conversion of T&D circuits from AC to DC
• Increased capacity
• Increased OH/UG line length
• Reduced losses
• Increased controllability
– Many emerging generation technologies produce DC
directly (solar, fuel cells) or utilize DC internally (wind).
– Modern industrial motors (on compressors, fans,
conveyors, pumps…) also use variable speed drives, and
DC. 16

17. DC Transmission & Distribution
Cont’d.
– Existing methods of storing electrical energy involve DC
directly (batteries, flow cells, supercapacitors…) or
conversion to DC (flywheels).
– Virtually all electronic loads (TVs, DVD players,
computers, electronic lighting, wireless telephones, sound
systems…) utilize DC internally
– Many major appliances (washers, dryers, refrigerators, air
conditioners, furnaces…) have variable speed drives
which utilize DC.
• DC Transmission & Distribution may become
preferred over AC
17

18. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control
System Topology
Storage
≈
≈
Commercial
NO/NC
≈
~
≈
~
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
Industrial
Residential
≈
~
Wind
Fuel Cell
Solar
Monitoring &
Optimization
Center
Regional
Aggregation/
Control
Control
Point
≈
18

19. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control
System Topology
Storage
≈
≈
Commercial
NO/NC
≈
~
≈
~
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
Industrial
Residential
≈
~
Wind
Fuel Cell
Solar
Monitoring &
Optimization
Center
Regional
Aggregation/
Control
Control
Point
≈
19
• Bottom of hierarchy: Dual paths proceed up the
hierarchy through a series of control points:
– Customer’s meter → secondary → distribution line →
distribution substation → Regional Aggregation/Control
Center → Monitoring & Optimization Center
– Central plant control room → generator bus → plant
substation → transmission lines → transmission
substation → Regional Aggregation/Control Center →
Monitoring & Optimization Center

20. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control
System Topology
Storage
≈
≈
Commercial
NO/NC
≈
~
≈
~
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
≈
Industrial
Residential
≈
~
Wind
Fuel Cell
Solar
Monitoring &
Optimization
Center
Regional
Aggregation/
Control
Control
Point
≈
20
• Middle of hierarchy resides in T&D substations,
‘Regional Aggregation/Control Centers’
– Reconcile source with load
– Communicates regional system status into Central
Monitoring and Optimization Center.
• Top of hierarchy resides in Central Monitoring
and Optimization Center.
– Monitors overall system operations
– Enables longer term optimization & supervisory control
– Distributes protocol & software updates
Shifts supply/demand decision away from
remote generating plants towards customer.

21. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control
System Attributes
• Interfaces with smart loads & grid components.
• Aggregation & dispatch
– Central, Distributed Generation & Storage
– Load (Load as a resource)
• Autonomous Operation
– Seamless separation/autonomous operation (reduced
functionality)/reconnection
• Self-healing
– Automatically reconfigures topology & operating
protocols in anticipation or result of system
contingency
• Grid Optimization
– Both central & distributed assets in near real-time.
21

22. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control
System Attributes
• Progressively higher level information develops as it flows
up the hierarchy.
• Timely control actions communicated throughout
hierarchy as actionable information becomes available.
– Decision making conducted at lowest level of hierarchy
• Secure
• Prioritized communications
– System protection
– Transient stability
– Dynamic stability
– Contingency planning
– Load management
– System optimization
– System status
22

23. gridFUTURE Hierarchical Control
System Components
• Robust, redundant communications system overlays
entire hierarchy
• Distributed intelligence throughout hierarchy
– Self-aware AI systems
• Broad array of sensors, actuators & intelligence
integrated into traditional equipment throughout grid
– Flexible platform
– Broadly adaptable
– Self-monitoring
• Imbedded sensors, computation, communications and control
– Massive redundancy (Compact & inexpensive)
• Integrated protection, optimization, operational history, maintenance
notification,...
– Plug & play
23

24. gridFUTURE ‘Smart’ Components
• ‘Smart’ transformers, circuit breakers, generators,…
• Bi-directional communications
• Embedded sensors
– Voltage, current, temperature, moisture, vibrations,...
• On-board information archival
– Operating criteria
– Maintenance history
– Operational history
• Embedded intelligence
– Self-monitoring
– Self-diagnosis
• Self-initiates corrective actions
24

25. Imc2, gridFUTURE’s Key Enabler
• Acronym for Intelligent monitoring communications and control.
• Advanced concept that will be realized in the grid of the future, and can be
generally characterized as the underlying technologies, which will make
the ‘smart grid’ truly smart.
• Involves the broad integration of sensors, bi-directional communications,
actuators and intelligence (computational capability) into components
throughout the grid from the sources of generation and storage, through
the transmission and distribution systems, into the meter and,
ultimately, the customer’s loads.
• The embedded component intelligence will be controlled by an
overarching, distributed, hierarchical control system responsible for
coordinating everything from local component protection to overall grid
optimization.
• Enables anticipatory/reactionary self-healing; plug-n-play; aggregation
and dispatch; autonomous operation; situational awareness and learning;
self-adaptation.
25

26. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• PHEV is a hybrid vehicle that utilizes a rechargeable
battery-powered electric motor (20-60 mi. range) and a
conventional gasoline engine (long range).
• Recharges from wall outlet
• Operated for ~75₵/GGE, on batteries
• Centralizes emissions
• Base load grid (recharge during light load conditions,
preferably at night)
• Load leveling (V2G), mobile energy storage.
26

27. Zero Energy Buildings
• Buildings with zero net annual energy use
• Utilize:
– Own generation (solar, wind, fuel cells…)
– Waste heat
– Energy storage (electrical and thermal)
– High efficiency lighting, HVAC, appliances…
– Advanced thermal insulation
– Energy management system…
• Traditional grid serves as a back-up power
source. 27

28. Sophisticated gridFUTURE
Customer
Adapted from EPRI source image
LG Electronics
“High Demand Period”
“Delay wash 2 hours?”
“Please respond Yes or No”
FC
AMI
28

29. gridFUTURE Residential
Customer Apps
• Telecommunications
– Internet, videophone, cable TV
• Electrical protection
– Overload & Fault
• Load management
– Smart appliances, PHEV, storage
– Load coordination
• Generation and storage management (Scenario 1)
– PHEV, solar, fuel cell (FCEV), storage
– Uninterruptible, quality power
– Arbitrage into grid/neighborhood
29

30. gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 1
Customer’s energy management system (CEMS) dispatches residence’s
distributed generation (DG) and storage (DS) via preset protocol, which
includes customer cost of electricity (CCOE), loads and real-time grid
conditions.
• 6:00 am: Warm summer morning; CCOE – Low; DG – Idle; DS – Float charging; CEMS
– Normal load
• 12:00 pm: Hot Summer Day; CCOE – Low/Mid; DG – Idle; DS – Float charging; CEMS
– Reduce load
• 4:00 pm: Heading towards peak; CCOE – Mid; DG – Minimum generation; DS – Float
charging; CEMS – Essential load
• 6:00 pm: At peak; CCOE – High; DG – Peak generation; DS – Peak shaving; CEMS –
Essential load, arbitrage energy into grid.
• 7:36 pm: Primary outage from severe storms; CCOE – Premium; DG – Peak
generation; DS – Peak Discharge; CEMS – Critical load, arbitrage energy to secondary
customers.
• 10:43 pm: Primary restored; CCOE – Low; DG – Idle; DS – Charging; CEMS – Normal
load
30

31. gridFUTURE Residential
Customer Apps
• Home automation
– Environmental control (occupant dependent)
• Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,…
– Control smart electronics & appliances
• Physical security
• Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2)
• Continuous medical monitoring
– Implants, diagnostic devices,…
31

32. gridFUTURE Customer Scenario 2
Customer’s home monitoring & automation system (HMAS) monitors home and
controls household systems per the occupants pre-selected preferences
and/or voice/electronic overrides.
• Customer approaches home via driveway: HMAS recognizes car, opens garage door
to permit entry.
• Customer exits car: HMAS recognizes customer, closes the garage door, grants entry
into home and announces customer's arrival to occupants, as well as, occupants’
presence and location to customer.
• Customer enters the laundry room: Lights turn on, and the laundry equipment reminds
him that a load of laundry awaits washing, which the customer responds to by granting
verbal permission to wash and dry.
• Customer proceeds through the house, the HMAS ‘locationally’ adjusts lighting,
temperature, and audio/visual equipment per the customer’s preset preferences or
voice commands.
• Suddenly, the HMAS alarms the customer to a dangerous level of carbon monoxide
present in garage, instructs car to shutdown engine, secures laundry room external
entry, and opens garage door, to enable fresh air entry…
32

33. gridFUTURE Residential
Customer Apps
• Home automation
– Environmental control (occupant dependent)
• Preset room temperature, light, sound, air quality,…
– Control smart electronics & appliances
• Physical security
• Fire/CO/pathogen detection (Scenario 2)
• Continuous medical monitoring (Scenario 3)
– Implants, diagnostic devices,…
33

34. gridFuture Customer Scenario 3
Customer with history of heart disease and lives alone has a communications
enabled implanted heart monitor…
• 2:17 am: Monitor detects impending heart attack, while customer sleeps
unsuspectingly. CApS* dispatches emergency services and transmits EKG to
hospital, where it is reviewed by cardiologist.
• 2:22 am: Emergency squad arrives at residence. CApS disables security system,
grants emergency access, and directs squad to customer’s location.
• 2:35 am: Customer stabilized under cardiologist remote supervision. Placed in
vehicle for transport to hospital. CApS secures residence, and notifies customer’s
emergency contact of situation in progress.
• 2:39 am: Patient rushed into hospital emergency room, and begins to receive
treatment.
• 3:19 am: Patient regains consciousness in presence of daughter, and is happy to
be alive!
* Customer Application System. 34

35. gridFUTURE
Configuration Options
• Customer controls operating protocol
• Default to enable plug & play
• Customer interview
• User interface
– PC/Tablet
– Cell phone
– Cable box/TV remote
– Wall display
– Voice
35

36. Industrial Colocation
• Colocation of electric power plants with
complementary industries
– Lower cost electricity
– Utilize
• ‘Waste’ streams
– Heat
– Ash, scrubber sludge, CO2
• Petrochemicals & synthetic fuels (IGCC)
• Biofuels (Biomass)
36

37. Energy Utility of the FUTURE
‘Real-Time’ Optimization of Energy
Production, Delivery & Utilization
Distribution
Substation
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Bulk Generation
Transmission
& Distribution
Transmission
Substation
Gensets, Fuel
Cells, Load
Management, CHP
Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells , Load
Management, CHP
Gensets, Solar, Fuel Cells,
Load Management, CHP
Imc2
IGCC- FC Hybrid, Biomass,
Wind, Solar, Nuclear, Direct
Carbon Fuel CellsHeat, Chemicals & Byproducts
Synfuels & Biofuels
Industrial
Co-location
37

38. gridFUTURE Adoption Impediments
• High capital cost
• Immature stage of technical/commercial
development
– Emerging products
– Very limited infrastructure
• Unknown reliability
• Unknown lifetime
• Fueling
• ...

39. Grid Competition
• Ultimately, gridFUTURE technologies must
compete directly with the existing grid on a
customer cost of electricity basis (CCOE,
$/kWh @ customer’s meter)
– Capital cost
– O&M
– Environmental Emissions
– Locational Value
• T&D losses
• Reduced G, T&D infrastructure
• Reliability, security & constraint avoidance

40. gridFUTURE Implementation
Status
• Interfacing one-off components to grid
– Disconnect under abnormal circumstances
– Currently achievable
• Integrating components collectively into grid
operation
– Assist grid under abnormal circumstances
– Technically challenging
• Optimizing integrated components
– Ultimate challenge to the power industry
Dynamically balance supply AND demand
40

41. Why?
• Sustainability
– Reduces centralized infrastructure (G, T&D)
– Improves reliability, security and asset utilization
– Increase overall efficiency
• Higher base generation efficiency (η=60%, fuel to electricity)
• Bypass T&D losses
• Enables combined heat and power (CHP) on a grand scale
(adjacent to load)
– Bypass grid constraints
– Imc2 enables grid optimization, autonomous operation &
self-healing capabilities
41

42. 42