Ch 13 Powerpoint

1. PSYCHOLOGY
Katherine P. Minter • William J. Elmhorst
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Links to Learning Objectives
31.1 How has mental illness been explained in the
past and in other cultures?
31.2 What is psychologically abnormal behavior?
31.3 What are the major models of abnormality?
32.1 What is the DSM classification system?
32.3 What are the different types of anxiety disorders
and their causes?
32.5 What are the different types of dissociative
disorders and their causes?
32.6 What are the different types of mood disorders
and their causes?
32.7 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes
of schizophrenia?
32.8 What are the different types of personality
disorders and their causes?

3. What Is
Abnormality?

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Defining Psychopathology
Psychopathology:
The study of abnormal
thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors

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Early Explanations of Mental Illness
31.1 How has mental illness been explained in the past and in
other cultures?
Ancient times:
Evil spirits released via trepanning
Hippocrates:
Mental illness from imbalance of
body’s four humors
Middle Ages:
Spirit possession and exorcism
Renaissance:
Mentally ill labeled witches

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What Is Abnormal Behavior?
31.2 What is psychologically abnormal behavior?
1
2
3
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5
Statistically rare
Deviant from social norms
Causes subjective discomfort
Does not allow day-to-day functioning
Causes a person to be dangerous
to self or others

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What is abnormal psychology?

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The Sociocultural Perspective
Sociocultural perspective:
Abnormal/normal behavior
is product of behavioral
shaping within context of:
• Family influences
• Social group to which
one belongs
• Culture within
which family and
social group exist
Cultural relativity:
Need to consider norms
and customs of another
culture when diagnosing
person from that culture
with a disorder
• Culture-bound
syndromes

9. Models of
Abnormality

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Models of Abnormality
31.3 What are the major models of abnormality?
Behavior is caused by
biological changes
in the chemical,
structural, or genetic
systems of the body.
Abnormal behavior
comes from irrational
beliefs and illogical
patterns of thought.
Abnormal behavior is
learned.
Abnormal behavior stems
from repressed conflicts
and urges that are fighting
to become conscious.
Abnormal behavior is
the result of the
combined and interacting
forces of biological,
psychological, social,
and cultural influences.
Cognitive
perspective
Psychodynamic
model
Biopsychosocial
model
Biological
model
Behaviorism
EXPLANATION
OF DISORDER

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DSM-IV-TR
DSM-IV-TR:
• Manual of psychological
disorders and their
symptoms
• Divides disorders and
relevant facts about person
being diagnosed along five
different axes
32.1 What is the DSM
classification system?

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Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR
Clinical disorders
Personality
disorders; mental
retardation
General medical
conditions
Global
assessment of
functioning
Psychosocial,
environmental
problems

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Axis I Disorders of the DSM-IV-TR

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What percentage of the
U.S. population do you
think suffers from one or
more psychological
disorders?

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How Common Are Psychological Disorders?
26.2 percent of American
adults over age 18 have a
mental disorder in any
given year.
• 57.7 million people in U.S.

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What disorders do you
think are most common in
the United States?

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Disorders in the United States

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Common Psychological Disorders in Teens

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A glipse into schizophrenia…

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The Pros and Cons of Labels
Labels:
• Help establish distinct diagnostic
categories
• Help patients receive effective treatment
• Can be dangerous or overly prejudicial
Rosenhan study at psychiatric hospitals:
• Psychological labels long lasting and
powerful
• Affect how other people see mental
patients and how patients see themselves

21. Anxiety Disorders:
What, Me Worry?

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Phobic Disorders
32.3 What are the different types of anxiety
disorders and their causes?
Phobia: Irrational, persistent
fear of an object, situation, or
social activity
• Social phobia: Fear of negative
evaluation in social situations
• Specific phobias: Fear of
objects, situations, or events
• Agoraphobia: Fear of
place/situation from which
escape is difficult or impossible

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Common Phobias

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Panic Disorder
Panic disorder: Frequent,
disruptive panic attacks
Panic attack: Sudden, intense
panic; multiple physical and
emotional symptoms
Panic disorder with agoraphobia:
Fear of panic attack in unfamiliar,
public place

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Click here to watch a video about
panic attacks and anxiety on
mypsychlab.com.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder:
• Obsessive, recurring thoughts
create anxiety.
• Compulsive, ritualistic,
repetitive behavior or mental
acts reduce that anxiety.

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Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
• Acute stress disorder (ASD):
From exposure to a major
stressor, with numerous
symptoms including moments
when the event is “relived” in
dreams and flashbacks for as
long as 1 month after
occurrence
• Posttraumatic stress disorder:
Symptoms of ASD last
more than 1 month

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder:
Feelings of dread/doom and
physical stress lasting at least
six months

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Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Psychodynamic: Repressed urges
and desires trying to come into
consciousness, create anxiety that is
controlled by the abnormal behavior
Behavioral: Disordered
behavior learned through
operant and classical
conditioning techniques
Cognitive: Excessive anxiety from
illogical, irrational thought processes
Biological: Chemical
imbalances in the
nervous system,
genetic transmission

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Willowbrook State School for the Intellectually
Disabled

31. Mood Disorders:
The Effect of Affect

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Mood Disorders
32.6 What are the different types of mood disorders and their causes?
• Affect: An emotional reaction
• Mood disorders: Severe
disturbances in emotion
• Person with mood disorder
experiences emotions that
are extreme and, therefore,
abnormal

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Major Depression
Major Depression:
Severe depression,
sudden, no apparent
external cause
• Most common of mood
disorders
• Twice as common in women
as in men

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Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

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Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder:
Severe mood swings
between major
depressive episodes
and manic episodes

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Bipolar Disorder: Manic Episodes

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Click here to watch a video
about bipolar disorder on
mypsychlab.com.

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Causes of Mood Disorders
Behavioral: Link depression to
learned helplessness
Cognitive: See depression as the
result of distorted, illogical
thinking
Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter
levels or specific brain activity; genes
and heritability play a part

39. Dissociative
Disorders:
Altered Identities

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Dissociative Disorders
32.5 What are the different types of dissociative disorders and their causes?
Dissociative disorders: Break in
conscious awareness, memory,
and/or sense of identity
• Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for
personal information, either partial or
complete
• Dissociative fugue: Travel from familiar
surroundings with amnesia for trip and
possibly personal identity
• Dissociative identity disorder:
Person seems to have two or
more distinct personalities

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Click here to watch a video
about The Three Faces of Eve
on mypsychlab.com.

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Causes of Dissociative Disorders
Psychodynamic: Point to repression of
memories, seeing dissociation as a
defense mechanism against anxiety
Cognitive and behavioral:
Trauma-related thought avoidance
is negatively reinforced by reduction
in anxiety and emotional pain
Biological: Lower than normal
activity levels in areas responsible
for body awareness;
depersonalization disorder

43. Schizophrenia:
Altered Reality

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Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia:
Severely disordered
thinking, bizarre
behavior, inability to
separate fantasy from
reality

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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
32.7 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes of schizophrenia?
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
• Excesses of, or additions
to, normal behavior
• Delusions: Unshakeable,
false beliefs
– Delusional disorder:
Primary symptom is
delusion
• Hallucinations: Seeing or
hearing things that don’t
exist
• Less than, or an absence
of, normal behavior
• Poor attention
• Flat affect: A lack of
emotional responsiveness
• Poor speech production

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Categories of Schizophrenia
• Periods of
statue-like
immobility
mixed with
bursts of wild,
agitated
movement and
talking
• Delusions of
persecution,
grandeur, and
jealousy,
together with
hallucinations
• Hallucinations
• Confused
speech
• Inappropriate
emotion
• Social
impairments

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Click here to watch a video
about schizophrenia on
mypsychlab.com.

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Causes of Schizophrenia
• Positive symptoms appear to be associated with
overactivity of dopamine areas of brain; negative with
lower dopamine activity
• Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated
• Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies
• Biological roots supported by universal lifetime
prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people
out of 1,000
• Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with
genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the
disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or
emotional stress at critical times in development

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Genetics and Schizophrenia
Source: Gottesman (1001)

51. Personality
Disorders:
I’m OK, It’s
Everyone Else
Who’s Weird

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Personality Disorders
32.8 What are the different types of personality disorders and their causes?
Personality disorders:
Persistent, rigid,
maladaptive behavior
interfering with normal
social interaction

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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder:
No morals or conscience,
impulsive, lacks regard for
consequences

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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality
disorder: Moody,
unstable, unclear sense
of identity, clings to
others

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Personality Disorders

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Causes of Personality Disorders
Cognitive-behavioral:
Specific behaviors learned over
time, associated with maladaptive
belief systems
Genetic factors: Biological
relatives of people with
personality disorders more likely
to develop similar disorders
Stress tolerance: Look at the lower than normal
stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered
persons as responsible for their low responsiveness
to threatening stimuli
Family relationships:
Linked to disturbances in family
communications and relationships

57. Lecture Activities

58. What is Abnormal?
Suppose that you have a close friend or family member
whom you are concerned about. What factors would
be important in determining whether this person’s
behavior falls outside the range of “normal”?

59. Acknowledgments

60. Cicc 3e Slide # Image Description Image Source
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4 hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Nicholas Monu
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10 book ©istockphoto.com/Carmen Martínez Banús
12 Table 14.1 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 538
13 anxiety/panic headlines ©istockphoto.com/nicholas belton
14 Table 14.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 539
15 hospital ©istockphoto.com/Dr. Heinz Linke
17 black widow spider ©istockphoto.com/[Mark Kostich] International Wildlife Photographer
18 Table 14.3 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 542
19 EKG Heartbeat ©istockphoto.com/dan ionut popescu
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26 holding knees and hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo
26 leaping ©istockphoto.com/Valentin Casarsa
27 holding knees and hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo
28 Figure 14.2 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 547
29 holding knees and hiding face ©istockphoto.com/Aldo Murillo
29 leaping ©istockphoto.com/Valentin Casarsa
30 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT

61. 30 spring for multimedia template istockphoto©Pei Ling Hoo
33 standing in door with shadow ©istockphoto.com/Özgür Donmaz
34 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT
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40 laptop ©istockphoto.com/CostinT
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41 chromosomes ©iStockphoto.com/Felix Möckel
42 Figure 14.3 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 559
44 peering through blinds ©istockphoto.com/Dominik Pabis
45 stealing social security card ©istockphoto.com/Jill Fromer
46 unstable blocks ©istockphoto.com/Dave White
47 Table 14.5 Ciccarelli, Psychology, 3/e, p. 561
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