Mutations are genetic changes that result in alternative gene forms. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations that change gene chemistry and chromosomal aberrations that affect chromosome structure and number. Most mutations are random, recessive, harmful, and non-adaptive, but can provide raw material for evolution by creating genetic variation. Mutations occur spontaneously due to errors in DNA replication or can be induced. They play a role in forming new alleles and allowing adaptability to environmental changes. There are different types of mutations, including somatic, germinal, hereditary, acquired, silent, neutral, missense, and nonsense mutations.

1. Introduction to
mutation
Presented by
Ahmad Ali
P.hD scholar P.U chandigarh

2. Genome (dynamic)
mutations
 genetic change and develop
alternative forms
Mutation
Recombination
Forms new combination of
existing gene

3. mutations
 Gene mutations
Change in chemistry of gene
Chromosomal Aberrations
changes in chromosome
structure & number

4. General characteristics of mutation
 Its generally recessive in nature .
 Most of the mutation are harmful.
 It’s a random process.
 It is a non directional process.
 Its non adaptive phenomena.
 It’s a recurrent process.

5. Role of mutation
 Responsible for formation of an allele.
 Ultimate sources of variation .
 Act as a raw material for evolution.
 It allow individual to adaptability to change
in environmental condition.

6. MUTATIONS CAN OCCUR IN TWO WAYS
Spontaneous mutation Induced mutation
Transition Deletion
Addition
Frameshift mutation
Spontaneous lesionReplication error
Point mutation
Transversion
Depurination
Deamination

7. Normal
round cells
Misshapen
sickle cells
Only 1 out of
146 amino acids

8. Types of mutation
1. Somatic mutations.
2. Germinal mutations.
3. Hereditary mutations.
4. Acquired mutation.
5. Silent mutation.
6. Neutral mutation.
7. Missense mutation.
8. Nonsense mutation.
9. Forward and back mutation.

9. Thank you

10. Thank you