Anthropology-Culture And Globalization

Anthropology-Culture and Globalization
ANTH101 Cultural Identities in a Globalized World
All throughout our readings, lectures, videos, and textbook we learn the effects of globalization on
the different nations we studied. I often felt sad for these nations because we were encouraging them
to practice our traditions and therefore their personal identities and culture were lost. Other than to
improve healthcare and poverty through medical care and education I could not find positive
improvements. In fact it appeared in most cases we were trying to force our beliefs and practices on
these third world countries. Furthermore it appeared we weren't doing this for the good of the group
but to increase our own wealth, power, religious converts, prestige, and ... Show more content on
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Here they are in the United States being treated as second class citizens because of their Mexican
descent. Separated from the "white" kids, treated with disdain, seated in the back of the buses and
classrooms. It is very hbard on the children even though their parents value and see education as the
key. Oftentimes the parents are uneducated and this briding of Spanish and Engilsh fall in their
young laps. Overcrowded housing, travelling, poor nuturition, and hard labor figure heavily in their
experiences. Teased and ostracized they must transcend many difficulties here in the United States
to try and better themselves. There life expectancies are onlyu 49 years and they are at high risk for
diabetes, hypertension and alcoholism along with many other health issues as a result of their hard
lives. They live in extremely hard living conditions, socially ostracized, medically disadvantaged,
substandard living, sanitation problems, poor diets, and exposed to high rates of infection.
Another interesting case study was the Kohistani tribe of Thull located north of Dir on the border of
Pakistan. Although throughout their history they practiced violence through fighting between
descent groups these fights were somewhat controlled and mediated. This was a group that
traditionally kept to themselves without any contact of the neigboring towns such as Afghanistan
and Dir. They practiced their
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Eating Christmas in the Kalahari
The sources of cultural misunderstanding made by the anthropologists in the readings from Spradley
and McCurdy are affected by many factors including naive realism, culture shock and fully
understanding what is culturally and ethically appropriate. Naive realism is the belief that people see
the world in the same way, and culture shock is a condition of confusion and feelings of loneliness
and anxiety experienced by someone suddenly entering a new culture. "Eating Christmas in the
Kalahari" by Richard Lee is a perfect example of naive realism. Lee thought that Christmas would
be seen throughout the world in a similar manner. As Lee stated, individual who celebrate this
holiday feel "Christmas is supposed to be the day of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anthropologists then, write ethnographies which are first hand detailed description of a living
culture. Often anthropologists will find individuals within the society who are willing to become
informants. Even though informants can be very helpfully, they often hold bias views about their
culture. Some anthropologist must learn new and sometimes unwritten languages and this may
require extra training. An anthropologist's class, race, gender, language, dress, religion, and age, all
effect how he/she will be interpreted by the local people.(Cultural Anthropology pg31). Each step in
anthropological research brings about dilemmas common to any human interaction, engagement
versus detachment, subjectivity versus objectivity, particularization versus generalization, induction
versus deduction(Fieldwork, Ethnography and Ethics in Anthropology). On many occasion's, the
anthropologist will leave their projects, with a new found respect and begin to question their own
cultures.
For example Lila Abu Lughod, an anthropologist was accompanied by her father to Cairo for he
knew and understood how a young unmarried woman would look within his culture. She would
have been considered untrustworthy and living within a family where the males in her life have no
concern for her well being. Sometimes as the researcher is familiarizing his/her self with the
subjects, she may become acculturated and begin to see herself as a member of the group.

Proportional Changes
Infants
Proportional changes * The infant's posterior fontanel closes by 6 to 8 weeks of age. * The infant's
anterior fontanel closes by 12 to 18 months of age * Weight – Infants gain approximately 150 to 210
g (about 5 to 7 oz) per week the first 6 months of life. Birth weight is at least doubled by the age of
6 months, and tripled by the age of 12 months. * Height – Infants grow approximately 2.5 cm (1 in)
per month the first 6 months of life. Growth occurs in spurts after the age of 6 months, and the birth
length increases by 50% by the age of 12 months. * Head circumference – The circumference of
infants' heads increases approximately 1.5 cm (0.6 in) * per month for the first 6 months of life, and
then ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Attachment is seen when infants begin to bond with their parents. This development is seen within
the first month, but it actually begins before birth. The process is enhanced when infants and parents
are in good health, have positive feeding experiences, and receive adequate rest. * Separation–
individuation occurs during the first year of life as infants first distinguish themselves and their
primary caregiver as separate individuals, and then develop object permanence. * Separation anxiety
begins around 4 to 8 months of age. Infants will protest when separated from parents, which can
cause considerable anxiety for parents. * Stranger fear becomes evident between 6 and 8 months of
age, when infants are less likely to accept strangers. * Reactive attachment disorder results from
maladaptive or absent attachment between the * infant and primary caregiver, and continues through
childhood and adulthood
Sleep and Activity * Activity * Play should provide interpersonal contact and educational
stimulation. * Infants have short attention spans and will not interact with other children during play
(solitary play). * Rattles, teething toys, nesting toys * Playing pat–a–cake, playing with balls,
reading a book * Mirrors * Brightly colored toys * Playing with

Shakespeare In The Bush Analysis
Reading this puzzling but interesting article, Shakespeare in the Bush, left me with some thoughts
and feelings about the universal lesson from it. Also was wondering if the author, Laura Bohannan's
was shocked as much as I was after the Elders response to Hamlet and his little lesson of wisdom.
The beginning introduces Bohannan's objective of her trip, and some interesting background stories
of the African Tribe Tiv and shocking behavior from the elders, shocked by the fact of that they have
beer down there. As we learned in class, culture and customs are learned, as Bohannan's states
"Human nature is pretty much the same the whole world over; motivation of the greater tragedies
would always be clear". I was thinking just like her in the beginning of the story and the class, ...
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I believe this article is a great way to show us that literature has no limits. Even going beyond
literature it teaches us that nothing in the world is limited to only one thought or feeling. We can use
the idea of culture as evidence to why something can mean so many things and why stories can be
interpreted so differently. There is an unlimited amount of societies that can tell you different. I was
born on the Marshall Islands in the pacific, I was adopted along with my sister when I was two.
unfortunately I have no memory of my homeland, being raised in the U.S. all my life I'm pretty
much all American. After reading this article it got me thinking of how different I would be if I
wasn't adopted, and stayed on the islands. I would be a whole different person, my life would be
totally different. This relates to the article because my reactions of Hamlet, could be similar to the
Tiv tribe. Going back to what you said about culture as evidence, we aren't born with a culture gene,
culture is learned. I would've been confused on some aspects of the story of Hamlet and even could
have interpreted the story completely

Cultural Anthropology : Human Nature
Cultural Anthropology Assignment 2
Julie Kopp
(100121035)
July 28, 2015
Cultural Anthropologists view all aspects of human nature in order to generate an accurate
representation of society. It is imperative that anthropologists engage themselves in fieldwork in
pursuance to increase understanding among people of the world. Anthropologists found that by
becoming an active participant rather than an observer, they are more likely to be accepted as a
member. By becoming an insider, it allows the anthropologist to accurately view the range of
cultural behavior within a society and draw a conclusion based on their findings, which in turn
increases understanding among people of the world.
In the article "Shakespeare in the Bush," it is apparent that Laura Bohannan visited African tribe,
"The Tiv," with a preconceived idea that the play Hamlet had one possible interpretation and that
interpretation was universally known. As far as the Tiv's culture stands, story telling is a meaningful
art form of their culture. When Bohannan is given the opportunity to share one of her stories, she
immerses herself into the play, Hamlet. It becomes evident that the points therein are not universal
after all and despite efforts to explain central points to her audience, Hamlet began to loose its
meaning. To many people in our culture, Hamlet is an illustrious play and is widely accepted with
little or no difficulty. However, to people of another culture, such as The Tiv's, concepts of

The Influence Of Culture In Hamlet
The cultures in which the author and that of the Tiv affects the meaning of Hamlet to the respective
audiences. Hamlet is a famous play by shakespeare and we all understand it well in our culture, but
in the culture of the Tiv they misunderstood many things. They would tell Laura Bohannan to talk to
her elders when she went back home because they believe that elders know more and they would
explain it to her better. Culture is the main factor that decides your opinion on things. If a word
means something else in your culture that's how you interpret it in someone's work. Before telling
the story, Laura Bohannan believes that Hamlet has only one interpretation. As she tells the Tiv
elders the story, she notices that they misinterpret many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, Tiv elders believe that it's alright for chiefs to have many wives. Whereas, in the Western
culture chiefs only have one wife. In the end Bohannan changes her mind that Hamlet only has one
interpretation because of her experience with the Tiv elders. Overall, they gain knowledge on how
another culture thinks of something.
Equally important, art is subject to those viewing it. Art impacts people and makes them have their
own interpretation of each piece of art. In the "Shakespeare in the Bush" article, the elders did not
view the piece of art/literature as good as Western culture views it. The reason that they didn't see it
as good as we see it is because their interpretation of it is different than ours. They don't agree with
parts of what it says. Art is changed by those viewing it, which means that art has many
interpretations and culture has a huge impact on how we view things. In the article "Principles for
Interpreting Art," it says that "The artist's interpretation of his or her own work of art, if the artist has
one and expresses it, is one interpretation among many, and it is not necessarily more accurate or
more acceptable just because it is the artist's interpretation." This shows that art has many
interpretations and not just one. Overall, if one person sees something in one way, another person
can view it in a completely different way. This reminds me of the two versions that we read about in
class on Dennis Rodman. One version

The Cipd Profession Map 2015
The CIPD Profession Map Our Professional Standards Contents Introduction 2 The CIPD
Profession Map 4–7 The design principles and architecture of the Profession Map 4 Bands and
transitions 6 Professional areas 8–46 Professional area definitions 9 1 Insights, strategy and
solutions 10 2 Leading HR 14 3 Organisation design 17 4 Organisation development 20 5
Resourcing and talent planning 23 6 Learning and development 26 7 Performance and reward 30 8
Employee engagement 33 9 Employee relations 36 39 10 Service delivery and information
Behaviours 42–51 The Profession Map behaviours 43 Curious 44 Decisive thinker 45 Skilled ...
McDonald's INTRODUCTION How the CIPD Profession Map is used The Map is continuously
informed by research and feedback from HR professionals and academics. In our recent refresh, we
focused on reinforcing the idea of a more global mindset in the practitioner and to reflect the CIPD
Next Generation HR research. Want to know more? BANDS AND TRANSITIONS The Map lays
out the landscape as we know it now. As we continue to bank insight on the evolution of the
profession, so we will continue to review and update the map. So you can rest assured that you will
always have the latest thinking and standards for your profession at your fingertips.
cipd.co.uk/professionmap Have feedback or comment for the next refresh? If you or your colleagues
have feedback or would like to comment on any aspect of the Map, please let us know.
HRPMfeedback@cipd.co.uk CORE PROFESSIONAL AREAS We are now gathering feedback and
insight to inform the next refresh of the Map. We are actively seeking feedback and comment from
organisations and individuals across the world. PROFESSIONAL AREAS BEHAVIOURS 3
Profession Map – Our Professional Standards V2.4 The CIPD Profession Map The design
principles and architecture of the Profession Map The Profession Map was developed using the
following design principles: It describes what you need to do, what you need to know and how you
need to do it within each professional area at four bands of professional competence. It covers
behaviours as

Cultural Anthropologist Essay
Anthropologist are known to play devil's advocate, to accumulate knowledge on a global scale and
to ultimately make the familiar strange and the strange familiar. Their whole purpose is to study the
language, traditions and customs of societies so knowledge on how humanity has developed over
time may be advanced. Cultural anthropologists use a wide range of techniques in order to reach an
insightful understanding of human behavior in a specific culture. Cultural Anthropologists play a
vital role in spreading what knowledge is accumulated from other regions of the world.
Before an anthropologist is to set foot in another man's land; research is first to be done. An
anthropologist will read up on previous studies and articles done by past anthropologists.

The Meaning Of Shakespeare In The Bush By Laura Bohannan
No one piece of writing could ever be universally understood, especially a Shakespearean play. The
themes and meanings of Shakespearean plays have been in always been in debate and most likely
always will be because not only does a reader's societal background and experiences change how
they might interpret a piece of writing, but in addition, Shakespearean plays are written in a way that
is old and extremely difficult to understand. When Professor Laura Bohannan, an anthropologist
who had spent many fellowships in her career conducting research in East Africa, visited a tribe of
people called the Tiv of West Africa, she read Shakespeare's Hamlet, and believed the story had a
very clear plot and that the understanding of the story could not be interpreted multiple ways. In
Bohannan's short story "Shakespeare in the Bush," she ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Reading about the different explanations the Tiv had for why and how different aspects of
Shakespeare's Hamlet's plot progressed was fascinating because even though they did not believe in
ghosts or understood Hamlet's motives for wanting to kill King Claudius, the Tiv people still used
their wisdom to determine what they believed is the most intelligent interpretation of Hamlet and
gained some wisdom from hearing the story. When Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, I'm sure he had a
hope that the story would be interpreted a specific way, but I think the fact that even though the Tiv
people didn't receive the same message from Hamlet as Shakespeare would have liked them to, it is
still significant that the Tiv people gained knowledge and entertainment from hearing the story,
which is really what any storyteller like Shakespeare should ask

Stormchasers Essay
People are constantly scared of one of nature's most feared storms, the tornado. This storm can
happen anywhere and anytime if the conditions are right. Some people are willing to risk their lives
to see this! It is a thing of beauty in their eyes. The first thing that starts a tornado would be the
winds. The wind updraft can form a funnel. This funnel is called a Mesocyclone and when the
mesocyclone touches the ground it is considered a tornado. Clouds play an important role in forming
tornadoes too. Some other clouds are called, Wall Clouds. These clouds protrude from the sky and
look like a giant waves coming down about to crash on earth. When wall clouds form the sky might
turn to a greenish color or some other color. This wall–cloud ... Show more content on
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It throws debree and totally destroys their home in seconds.
The people who are willing to risk their lives on one of Mother Nature's beauties would be the
Stormchasers. Stormchasers are stromchasers for their own reasons. Some have experienced a
tornado as a small child, some for science, and some are just curious. To them tornadoes are not ugly
and hideous, as some people have described. They see a thing of beauty and marvel at its
destruction.
Each stormchasers is in a group of stormchaser. They each have a special job to have their fun and
information. Before they set out on their adventure they check all the weather stations in the area
where they might be going. The vehicles they use are specially built for their job. The TIV (Tornado
Intercept Vehicle) charges ahead and their mission is to go inside a tornado and film it. The TIV is
four tons and made of an old pick–up truck along with steel plating and bulletproof glass. It has
claws that anchor itself to the ground to spread its weight out. The Dow is the moveable weather
station, which tells the TIV which road to go down and how soon the tornado will arrive. Once they
get to the destination, they have to be prepared to move somewhere else since tornadoes can change
course and go back into the cloud in a blink of an eye. The Scouts job is to lay down probes in the

Analysis of the story 'Shakespeare in the bush'.
In the story Shakespeare in the Bush, author Laura Bohannan has an argument with a friend about
the interpretation of Shakespeare 's literature. Her friend stated that Shakespeare was "a very English
poet" and that people of other cultures could certainly misunderstand his literal meanings. The
author then argues that the plots and motivations of Shakespeare 's tragic plays will always be
apparent because human nature is more or less universal through out the world. She does however
take into account that the customs and translation of his works could produce slight differences in
their interpretations. The argument remained a stalemate as she was preparing to travel to Africa.
Her friend gave her a copy of Hamlet as a parting gift with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to the elder, Laertes had bewitched his sister in order to sell her body to the witches. The
Author protested to this by saying that the body was in fact buried and Laertes had jumped into the
grave and was followed by Hamlet. The elder then concluded that Hamlet had jumped in after him
to prevent Laertes from snatching the body. He continued to say that the son of a chief would not
want to see another man

Shakespeare In The Bush Analysis
Shakespeare in the Bush is an article written by American Anthropologist Laura Bohannan
regarding the incident during her fieldwork in Tiv of West Africa. It demonstrated the relationship
between culture and literary translation and illustrated the importance of the concept: cultural
interpretation. Due to the fact that our culture is never singular, but plural, elders in Tiv had a hard
time understanding the "true meaning" of Hamlet. Bohannan has always thought that Hamlet only
had one universal interpretation until she altered her thinking after the elders analyzed the plot in
their perspective. Bohannan soon realized that things are hardly universal, different interpretations
exist in different cultures.
As an anthropologist, Bohannan joined the local story–telling beer party and expressed her
understanding of Hamlet to a group of people who had never been in contact with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This notion is similar to the uncommon practices being conducted in others places, such as the
Virginity Test in Brazil. (Robbins 2016, 13–14) In both cases, people are thinking from their own
cultural perspective that the rest of the world should adapt to their styles of thinking. Later,
incorporating the theory of cultural relativism, similar to Indigenous people's realization that
Canadian Hockey is a way to demonstrate success, elders believed that witches represent all the
harms. Both cases have to be thought using an emic perspective in order to make them sound
appropriate. (Widmer

Essay on The Etruscan Religion
The origin of the Etruscans is a mystery, still unsolved by modern man. Ancient peoples held an
almost unanimous opinion on the subject, based on the account of the first great Greek historian,
Herodotus, who wrote in about 800 B. C. as follows:
In the reign of Atys, son of Manes, a great famine is said to have occurred in the whole of Lydia. For
some time, the Lydians persisted in carrying on their usual life; then as the famine did not abate,
they sought remedies and some thought of one thing and some thought of another. It is said that is
was then that the game of dice, the game of knuckles, games of ball and other games were invented
but not the game of draughts, the invention of which the Lydians do not claim. And this is how ...
The name Etruscan comes from the Romans, who called them Tusci or Etrusci, the Greeks called
them Tyrrhenoi, and they called themselves Rasena. A Lydian or Oriental origin is probable because
there is a locality in Lydia which is called Tyrra, which would help to explain the Greek name,
Tyrrhenoi.
At any rate, it is believed that during the Iron Age in the first millennium B. C. groups of people of
the so–called "Villanovan" culture settled on various hilltops, which provided ideal defensive
locations. Following the Villanovans came the Etruscans who invaded by ship and set up their first
towns on the coast. They were exceptional metal–workers and were evidently attracted to this
section of Italy by the vast supplies of copper near Populonia and Piombino and by the iron ore on
the island of Elba. The date is estimated at 750 B. C.
The Etruscan language is another mystery, still unsolved by modern man. A reason for this is a lack
of sources. Although about ten thousand inscriptions have been found, about nine thousand are
funerary and contain only the name of the deceased, his parentage and the age at which he died.
There are only about ten texts which consist of more than one line; there are only two that consist of
more than one hundred words. One is an engraved tile discovered at Capua, containing about three
hundred words, the other is the Cippus Perusianus, containing about one hundred twenty words. A
manuscript was also found.

Should We Need The Right Choice?
To have and to raise a child is no easy task, and with that responsibility comes many tough choices.
Parents are often put in situations where making the right choice is critical. Not making the right
choice can cause preventable illnesses to the child. Moreover, having to care constantly and pay
attention to the child is one basic requirement of being a parent. Being able to make the right choice
when needed is crucial. Parents are most often scared for their children's health and want the best for
them, and sometimes they go too far trying to protect them. In most cases, parents do harm more
than good when it comes to making health related choices because they tend to believe the media
instead of trusting their pediatrician. Parents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most parents should consider taking the advice of their family pediatrician seriously so their child
will not pay the price. Sometimes it is hard to argue the evidence, especially if not many are
presented. Not much research has been done over vaccinating children and then following them
every other season to record the findings. Those who did the research on children knew that
vaccinating a child with an extant medical condition can make a difference. Normally, most parents
would not jump to the idea of vaccinating their children as a part of an evidence based research.
Parents cannot fight this tendency of being overprotective of their child and it is understandable as
long as it is in the child's interest. Anthony Fiore and other scholars argue that in spite the concrete
evidence showing how important vaccinating school age children is, the rate of vaccination is low.
Community studies have pointed out that school age children hold the highest incidence rate of
influenza in comparison, to other age groups (S54). Additionally, the number of deaths reported
among children were more than 300 cases due to the influenza H1N1 outbreak in 2009 (S55). For
parents who lived through this pandemic called the swine flu, they most certainly do not want their
child experiencing the painful symptoms of the influenza. The H1N1 marked the deadliest flu of the
21st century and was declared as public health emergency. For those who

The Seasonal Influenza Vaccine For Children Has Acquired...
The seasonal influenza vaccine has been in existence for a numerous amount of decades, therefore
so has the gradual implementation of the vaccination. Through recent studies, the break through
knowledge of the importance of enforcing the requirement of this vaccine for children has acquired
increasing acceptance statistics. During the many outbreaks of different classified strands of avian
influenza, the health care community has been unable to retain the virus and alleviate patients
efficiently. However current tallies have shown that the system for controlling these outbreaks have
improved lowering the mortality rate profoundly. (BioScience Trends, 2013).
Seasonal Influenza is the monitored acquisition of the current avian influenza affecting a patient in
that particular season, it commonly presents itself as a common cold but then advances to show
more serious symptoms, in addition the seasonal influenza can mutate if not treated properly
creating yet another strand of the attenuated virus. A primary health care physician can only
diagnose seasonal influenza because some symptoms mimic those of the common cold, however the
seasonal influenza is often misdiagnosed– one of the many reasons attempts of retention struggle.
However there is a solution in the prevention of these epidemics and they include the proper
implementation on the influenza vaccines. There are two different types of vaccines the
Intramuscular injection is applied to the forearm and the LAIV (live

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the
flu season approaches, which starts around the October–November period and reaches its peak
between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S
in particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma,
given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population
and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to
control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in
multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in–depth intensive
research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find
new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.
Before jumping into talking about the different features of Influenza, ranging from its pathogenesis
and virulence, to the transmission and treatment of the disease, it is necessary to mention the slight–
but important– difference between seasonal influenza, pandemic influenza and zoonotic influenza.
What is seasonal Influenza?
First of all, the name "Influenza" is derived from the Latin word for "influence", and it is an
infectious disease that is caused by the RNA viruses from the Orthomyxoviridae family:

The Commercialization Of Flumist ( Medimmune ) The First...
The FDA approved in 2003 the commercialization of FluMist® (MedImmune) the first influenza
vaccine with attenuated virus. This trivalent vaccine is administrated via intranasal spray because
the virus replicates in cells lining the nasopharynx [21–23]. Use of live–attenuated vaccine has been
limited to individuals two through forty–nine years of age based on a failed efficacy to prevent
febrile illness in adults fifty through sixty five years of age [22]. As in the TIV the first step for the
vaccine production is the generation of the viral seeds that presents the circulating HA and NA and
six internal segments (PA, PB1, PB2, NS, NP, M) from the cold–adapted (ca) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 or
ca B/Ann Arbor/1/66 (the master donor virus for LAIV (MDV)) [24, 25]. The manufacture of
approved FluMist® is also based on the injection in embryonated eggs of the reassortant virus and
the recovery of the allantoic fluid with the screening of the reassortant that grows well at 25ºC
(cold–adapted) and present restricted growth (ta) at 37–39ºC and is attenuated (att). The vaccine is
tested in the ferret model [22]. Once the reassortant virus is selected, it is then injected in fertilized
eggs pathogen free (SPF) that are incubated between 48–72h at 35–37ºC. The allantoic fluid is
recovered and clarified by filtration. The virus is concentrated by ultrafiltration and diluted using a
stabilizing agent to obtain the final sucrose and potassium phosphate concentration. The virus
harvest is then

Effectiveness Of The Influenza Vaccine
Effectiveness of the Influenza Vaccine
Blake Olson and Eric Nietzel–Leone
October 16, 2014
EBP Paper Draft #1
A Paper Presented to Meet Partial Requirements
For NRSG 497
Research Methods in Nursing
Southern Adventist University
School of Nursing
It seems like everywhere you go you are reminded that it is that time of the year. Just a short drive
around town it is evident that flu shots are encouraged everywhere one looks. From medical
personnel to store checkouts one finds themselve bombarded with the question, "Have you gotten
your flu shot yet?" Anyone and everyone is a candidate for the flu vaccine according to local
pharmacies. (and many people are buying into this mantra). Millions of Americans will receive the
flu vaccination without a doctor's note or regard to any underlying conditions. The only question
asked is, "Can you roll up your sleeve for me?" Many blindly receive the flu vaccine without
question and assume that it is effective without factual knowledge. In the healthcare system it is a
requirement to get vaccinated, unless one wishes to be sectioned off and forced to wear a mask
during work. Mandatory vaccinations have been enacted among some employers pushing employees
to receive the vaccination. This is despite their views, concerns, or questions in regards to the safety
and effectiveness of the flu vaccination. There is much debate over whether the pros outweigh the
cons in regards to inoculation. In an age where

Explain August's Belief About Human Nature In Nigeria
ist's belief about human nature at the beginning of her fieldwork? Ans.1: Laura Bohannan, who was
travelling to Nigeria to stay with Tiv people. Before visiting there she thought people have same
mindset everywhere in the world. So those people will interpret the same meanings of hamlet story
as she has. This later on proved wrong. 2. The elders asked her to tell a story. Which story did she
tell? Ans.2: When the elders of Tiv ask her to tell a story of her culture, she decided to tell the story
about hamlet because she thought it is an important literature in her society. She also thought that
the story will be easy to explain because it is understood by everyone. 3. What problems did the
elders see in her story? Ans.3: While she was telling

The Impact Of Money On An African Subsistence Economy
Ethnography Review Paper
Throughout history, money and the nature money have been defined and redefined from economist
to economist, however, at its foundation, money serves as a standard of valuation, a means of
exchange, and a mode of payment. Of course, not all societies subscribe to this rigid definition of
currency because cultures have existed with economies based on barter or currencies that don't meet
the conventional interpretation of money, and in the case of the Tiv culture, both general and special
purpose currencies have existed for the trading of different types of goods. In Paul Bohannon's
article, "The Impact of Money on an African Subsistence Economy", he argues that the introduction
of a general purpose currency fundamentally changed the nature of Tiv culture because it altered
their previously multi–centric economy and changed their traditional methodology of trading and
valuation of categories of goods. Bohannon's ethnography of the Tiv culture and their economic
history opens with a simple analysis of contemporary definitions of money and an explanation of the
concept of "general purpose money". According to Bohannon's article, economists have frequently
approached the topic of currency incorrectly when it came to economies in more foreign cultures
because they lacked more "elastic" definitions of currency. Not all cultures have a singular, "general
purpose" currency that fits all three of the aforementioned foundations of money because like the
Tiv,

An Analysis Of Shakespeare In The Bush
Shakespeare in the Bush Shakespeare in the Bush written by Laura Bohannan is a story talking
about how a American Anthropologist travels to study a tribe called the Tiv of West Africa, but
while she was out there she was introduced into a completely different environment and type of
living which is what she was studying. The tribe that she was living with was very into the method
of story telling while you sat around a fire and drank and told these stories, due to the fact that they
could go outside because the ground are to difficult to walk through during the wet season. Laura
when she was out in West Africa she decide to try and teach this native tribe the true meaning of
Hamlet, which is a sometimes hard read for most Americans due to ... Show more content on
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So one of the things that our family would love to do was sit by the fireplace drink hot chocolate and
listen to my dad tell stories. In a sense I can completely relate the type of lifestyle that this native
tribe would live because we would do something very similar not drink beer but replace it with hot
chocolate for the kids and whatever the parents want to drink, and tell stories by the fire because it
was to cold and a rainy day outside. Another thing that makes the thing that I used to do as a kid was
when we did do these nights where we would sit by the fire we would listen to stories that my dad
would tell us so for my younger brother and I we would be listening to stories from our elder.
Sometimes the stories that my father would tell use would be to complicated for us at such a young
age so we would ask a lot of questions throughout the stories just like the native tribes elders would
do to Laura because to them it is something completely out of there knowing so they need better
explanation. So I have stories from my past that I have learned from my elder which allows me to
relate to this passage very well in that sense. The Tiv tribe of West Africa are very easy to relate to
from a close family like my mine is because they will come together and share stories with one
another which is something most families do. The Tiv has many qualities that most American
cultures can relate to because they are centered around the elders just like most cultures in America
do which is to listen to your elders because they have unlimited amount of knowledge that could be
told through

Analysis Of Laura Bohannan 's ' The Bush '
Laura Bohannan(1966) in her story " Shakespeare in the Bush" describes a tribe called Tiv. It is an
ethno–linguistic group living in West Africa, occupying remote regions, difficult to reach even by
foot. The members of the tribe live in homesteads. In the homestead described by Bohannan( 1966)
there were about one hundred forty relatives living together; men, women and children. The elder
men of the tribe hold an especially esteemed role. The oldest among them is the leader. Women do
not hold the same position in the homestead as men, although a man is obliged to respect his mother
and "never scold her" ( Bohannan, p. 6.) The young men of the tribe do not hold the same respect as
do elders because they lack wisdom. Men, and especially the leader are expected to marry multiple
wives and have many children with each one of them. This provides hands to work on the farm, as it
is mainly that young men, women and children that participate in harvest. When older brother dies,
the younger one maries his brother 's widow and becomes father for his children. If that brother is a
full brother of the diseased, then he becomes a real father to his brother 's children. Woman whose
husband dies need to marry immediately to have someone take care of her and her farm. The leader
of the homestead spends most of his time performing ceremonies. Most of the ceremonies demand
the participation of other elders from several homesteads located nearby. Rising swamps disrupt
communication

Mother's Love: Death Without Weeping: Article Analysis
Nancy Scheper–Hughes studies and observes the connections between the loss of infants and the
mother's ability to express maternal love in the shantytowns of Brazil in her article "Mother's Love:
Death without Weeping." Studying documents, interviewing, and observing the everyday lives of
mothers, were the fieldwork procedures she used to conduct her research. The results of her research
provided evidence of two theoretical perspectives observed in the article, structuralism and
materialism. Scheper–Hughes did a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data during her
fieldwork. It doesn't say that she read documents and researched, but one can infer that is how she
collected data of average pregnancies, child births, stillbirths etc., ... Show more content on
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Gaining rapport from story telling and collecting emic data through participation observation were
the fieldwork techniques that she employed while researching. The theoretical perspectives
seemingly prominent within Bohannan's article are structuralism and interpretivism. Clearly,
interpretivism dominates the article as the focus is the interpretation of Hamlet among the Tiv.
During Bohannan's visit, she was threatened by the headman that they would stop telling her stories
if she didn't tell one of her own. By doing what he asked, she was gaining rapport with the Tiv
elders and had the opportunity to research her hypothesis regarding the story of "Hamlet". In the
beginning, she told the story with confidence knowing for sure that, "Hamlet had one possible
interpretation, and that one universally obvious" (Bohannan 2012: 34). Cultural differences created a
lot of confusion as she told the story and was challenged by the Tiv elders regarding the "true"
interpretation of Hamlet. She mentally collected emic data and occasionally jotted a few things
down in her notepad. By the end of the story, Bohannan realized her hypothesis was

Problems with Cultural Relativism in Anthropology
Cultural Relativism and Problems Associated with This Approach
Cultural anthropology is the study of cultural variation among people. An essential concept that
professional anthropologists apply in their fieldworks is – cultural relativism – an approach to study
of the nature and role of values in a culture without judgment and comparison to their own.
According to the Study Guide, Smillie and Kenny state that major contribution to the study of the
concept of cultural relativism can be attributed to Boas and his students, who challenged a wide–
spread idea that societies are staged along a line from the most undeveloped to most "civilized."
Rather, they suggested that each individual culture should be understood in terms of its unique ...
Thus, in order to understand and speculate about others, it is important to understand human nature
in the light of unique cultural customs and beliefs before passing judgment.
However, there are situations when it is difficult to suspend judgment and engage with a cultural
relativist approach. Particularly, when people engage in behaviors that are harmful to individuals or
when basic human rights are at stake, sometimes it is necessary to intervene and hold back cultural
tolerance. On the other hand, it has been questioned whether it is ethical to impose one's beliefs and
cultural standards on someone else; especially, when subjected individuals have no concerns with
their controversial cultural practices. Who decides at what degree of a controversial issue an
anthropologist has a right to intervene on account of human rights violation? On that note, this paper
will focus on the issues of human rights violation that makes it difficult to engage in cultural
relativism.
While each cultural practice, controversial or not, can be justified within its cultural content, it does
not mean that it is appropriate and accepted. Take into account an international debate that has been
going on over the issue of "female circumcision" discussed in the article "Searching for "Voices":

A Form of Expression in Tattooing
Evidently through out time, human civilizations have found unique ways of expressing themselves,
through cave drawings, wood carving and even through body modifications. Ancient cultures were
able to express their emotions through a particular form of body art, known as tattooing. This form
of body art symbolizes self–expression of individuality, status, and culture. The purpose of a tattoo
and its meaning varies from each culture and the time at which an individual gets a tattoo also varies
within each culture. Some tattoos are perceived as a sign of beauty while others can be perceived as
a distinction between statuses. The importance and meaning of the tattoo is relevant to the culture
itself.
Tattooing is defined as the process of making permanent designs to an individual's body. The word
tattoo is believed to have two etymological origins. The first derivation is from the Polynesian word
ta, which is used for the sound when something strikes another thing (PBS). The second derivative
is from the word tatau, which originated in Tahiti and it means marking something on the body
(RUSH). The process of tattooing has been around for many years and there is contingent evidence
of tools marking the beginning of tattooing in the Upper Paleolithic (RUSH). However the first
human to be found with evidence of tattoos was a frozen corpse of a man, whom they call Otzi.
According to Professor Rush, Otzi dates between the 5th and 4th millennium, and he was found to
have small lines by

Tiv Benefits Of Hunting Dogs
The Tiv people realize the importance of hunting so they utilize dogs to make their hunting more
efficient. However the people south of the Tiv eat the dogs and mistreat them (Bohannan &
Bohannan. 1969). The Tiv take great care of their hunting dogs, the hunting dogs are all male dogs.
The female dogs are left at the compound and aren't treat as well as the male dogs. The male dogs
are fed and trained well, so they can hunt animals without struggling. Young men are usually are the
people to train, care, and give expense necessary to train hunting dogs. The hunting dogs are forced
to turn into vegetarian, they are taught to like yam porridge so they don't have to eat meat. A great
sign of the perfect hunting dog is that he goes hunting alone

Return To Laughter
Return to Laughter is an anthropologic novel written by Elenore Smith Bowen. Her novel was not
intended to be an ethnography, but rather a fictional account of her interpretation of the bush tribe
called Tiv of Northern Nigeria. Bowen was an American anthropologist who spent a year in Africa
studying the people of the Tiv tribe, learning their language and engaging herself in their culture. In
her studies, Bowen found that kinship was very important to the natives. She also found a new
perspective on time and space throughout her research in Africa. Elenore Bowen used an etic point
of view to observe and learn from the Tiv people. This story is told through cultural idealism.
Bowen was most interested in learning about the ideas and values ... Show more content on
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Men and women have different views on kinship. Tiv men think that blood is thicker than water.
"Here people looked for little in marriage. A man would turn to his sixteenth cousin twice removed
before he turned to his wife. Here the important ties were between blood relatives" (122). However,
women viewed kinship to be through relationships. In her time with the Tivs, Bowmen was given
the kinship title of mother. "You feed Ihugh, therefore you are his mother." Udama corrected me
firmly but quite patiently now that she saw I meant no insult. "Listen, Redwoman, if a woman dies,
do her children become motherless? Is not the woman who feeds them and cares for them their
mother? Therefore these are not merely matters of birth. They are matters of deed as well." . . . I
wrestled with the implications of this dual aspect of kinship, by birth and by deed (118). Bowen's
experience had changed her view on time. "Already the days of the week and the month were no
more than a heading printed on my diary page.... The rains began when it began to rain; when it
began to rain, people started to plant. One could say that a man had done his planting late, but not
that the rains had come late" (63–64). To get the most of her experience, Bowen tried to fully
emerge herself in the culture. The Tiv had no set calendar. Everyone seemed to run on their own
schedule with different days of the week and there was no set year, just a repetition of

Participant Observation in Anthropology
Participant observation is a method of collecting information and data about a culture and is carried
out by the researcher immersing themselves in the culture they observing. The researcher becomes
known in the community, getting to know and understand the culture in a more intimate and detailed
way than would be possible from any other approach. This is done by observing and participating in
the community's daily activities. The method is so effective because the researcher is able to directly
approach the people in the community in a natural context as opposed to taking the participant out
of their environment. The aim of participant observation is to gain an understanding the subject's life
from their perspective, with the purpose of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schensul, Schensul and LeCompte (1999) offer many reasons for using the participant observation
method in research. These reasons include allowing the researcher to create relationships with
informants and with the community, assisting the researcher in getting a feel for how different
aspects of the community are organised and how they are valued, as well as how those in the
community depend on each other. Observation and immersion in the culture also allows the
anthropologist to become known to the members of the community, and easing facilitation of the
research process.
DeWalt and DeWalt (2002) argue that the goal of the participant observation method is to "develop a
holistic understanding of the phenomena under study that is as objective and accurate as possible"
(DeWalt and DeWalt 2002 p.92). They also believe that the validity of the anthropologists study can
be increased by participant observation, as the direct and inclusive nature of the method helps the
researcher to gain a more in–depth understanding of the situation and the people being studied.
When interviews, analyses, questionnaires and other quantitative methods are used in conjunction
with observation, the validity of the study increases as more intimate and accurate information can
be obtained, and hypotheses can be tested. The results from participant observation can be

Minima Ethnographica Analysis
Laura Bohannan in Shakespeare in the Bush and Michael Jackson in Minima Ethnographica:
Intersubjectivity and the Anthropological Project examine their experiences with vastly diverse
cultures. Both authors visit places that are so dissimilar from their own communities and have
trouble adjusting to their new society's mores. Bohannan found it almost inconceivable that a classic
novel such as Hamlet could be interpreted in such a different way than what she had thought.
Jackson also had trouble understanding how he and his acquaintance, Noah, could have opinions
that were so incongruent due to cultural differences. Nevertheless, both experiences made Bohannan
and Jackson recognize the how an individual's culture impacts their beliefs and references. Laura
Bohannan writes about her times in West Africa in Shakespeare in the Bush. Experiencing Tiv
culture enabled Bohannan to witness first hand the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jackson addresses the issue of the study of cultural diversity through an anthropological lens. While
working in Sierra Leone, the anthropologist found that due to cultural differences, conversations
with the native Africans was challenging. However, once befriended by the indigenous Noah,
Jackson was able to understand and learn more about the native people and their society.
Nevertheless, their relationship had a falling out as Jackson was personally struggling with the idea
of identity and blamed Noah for his difficulties. Jackson admitted to the fact that he was struggling
to be an anthropologist but found that being so far from his native land and customs made him
extremely uncomfortable. He felt like his identity was lost. Regardless of their previous friendship,
Noah and Jackson came from diverse backgrounds and were unable to comprehend one another's
cultural differences and

The Relationship between Bell's Palsy in Children and...
The article focuses on determining the relationship between Bell's palsy in children and its
relationship with immunization. Authors discuss the problem that immunization can be one of the
causes for Bell's palsy in children, as there more than one cases of Bell's palsy have been reported
followed by immunization with influenza and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines. Hence, the authors
aim at conducting a population–based epidemiologic study of immunization and its relation with
Bell's palsy among children aged 18 years or younger. They specifically aim at finding an
association between Bell's palsy and HBV vaccine, intramuscular inactivated trivalent influenza
vaccines or any other vaccine among children under the age of 18 by using a case–centered analysis.
The study included different variables. Bell's palsy itself is a dependent variable as its occurrence
and relationship with immunization is being studied. A dichotomous dependent variable has been
used in the study too, which is observed immunization status. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine,
trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) and any other type of vaccine are independent variables. Other
independent variables include population of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), their
age, sex, race and socioeconomic status, census distribution and their income. Hence, the authors are
focusing on the problem of Bell's palsy among children aged 18 or younger and its occurrence
following the immunization with TIV, HBV or any

Marjorie Shostak
The main objective of Marjorie Shostak was to fulfill her curiosity about the lives, fears emotions
and hopes of !Kung women and learn more about the !Kung women life's in terms of what it was
like to be a woman in their culture. She does this by comparing and contrasting universality of
!Kung women experiences and that of her own experiences she has experienced as a woman in the
Western society. The main Objective of Laura Bohannon was to study and learn about the people,
their culture, their customs and their beliefs and positions and roles the elders played. Laura's study
goals were to gain more knowledge on how adultery was dealt with within the tribes and how
disputes were settled within the tribes.
Shostak, Marjorie. . Nisa the Life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She talks about getting married again and her husband leaving her in a foreign place while she was
pregnant with his child and having a miscarriage. Nisa remember meeting another man named Twi,
and her older brother driving Twi away because he preferred her with Besa, she felt miserable and
told her brother that since he's driven away Twi, she will have nothing to do with Besa, even though
Besa kept asking her to remarry him again, she no longer has feelings for him because of what he
put her through when she was married to him and pregnant with his Nisa talks about the pain she
felt when her two surviving children died (Nia, Kxau) and almost dying from the pain she felt when
they died. Nia die because she refused to have sex with her husband (domestic abuse). He tried to
take her by force, they struggled and Nia fell down and broke her neck. Nisa retaliates by hurting
him and his sister, she was angry that the headman of the village didn't punish her daughters
husband, instead he was ordered to give Nisa 5 goats. And Kxau dying after eating the honey that
the spirits had appointed for the hone badger. As an adult, Nisa feels hurt because she thinks her
husband Bo finds her unattractive; she talks about him not wanting to sleep with her often. She feels
old and ugly and asks Marjorie for medicine that can bring back her menses. While reading the
book, I noticed Nisa blames God for all her pain and

Scarification In West Africa
Body modifications have been practiced all around the globe for over hundreds of years. One
modification that was and still remains extremely popular is scarification. Scarification comes from
the Latin word "scarificare" which literally means "to scratch open" (Ojo 2008: 355). Scarification
involves branding, burning, freezing, or cutting into the skin to intentionally influence wounds that
create designs, pictures or words. To the People of West Africa, scarification means using their
bodies as art for the expression of cultural individuality. To the people of New Zealand, scarification
shows the public rank and status in the tribe. To the people of Tiv in Nigeria, scarification is the used
for females to become more likely to find a mate. Also, early European colonists used scarification
on their slaves to mark their property. Scarification is a way of life for some people around the
world. Scarification comes in many forms. The most common type of scarification is branding.
European slave owners branded their slaves during the period of the ... Show more content on
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Without these marks, a person is not considered part of the community and cannot participate in
normal community activities. These marks differentiated the cultured, and social structured beautiful
bodies to the natural and ugly bodies of animals. If a person was not marked, they were seen as
uncivilized and animal like. On the other hand, for people who did receive scarification the marks
operate as a measure of the wearer's self–esteem and worth. Each tribe has a unique design which
identifies a person's clan or village. Most young men begin the scarification process at puberty and
continue into adulthood. Children are also included in this tradition of scarification when they reach
different stages of their lives such as leaving from their mother's breast (Oultram 2009:

American Culture And Their Influence On The Culture
Often in the case of anthropology people like to view the extreme sides of the field; either popular
culture, typically seen in the United States, or remote locations only impacted by their local folk
culture. In Return to Laughter, Lauren Bohannon, or her nom de plume Elenore Smith Bowen,
experiences the latter as she leaves the comfort of her first world culture to spend time with the Tiv
tribe in Western Africa. The Tiv is a group that lives quite differently from what Bowen is used to.
They live very communally and as team, everyone contributing to the collective betterment of the
group, base their entire economy on agriculture, and use witchcraft as a way of maintaining social
order. Bowen even remarks witchcraft surprised her when she writes, "despite my training I had
thought these people would differ only by externals of dress and custom... I had willfully closed my
eyes to all but obviously superficial differences. (Bowen 1964: 144) Witchcraft proves to be at the
cornerstone of Tiv culture and forces Bowen to reevaluate herself, her ethnographic method, and
what it means to be a real anthropologist. Witchcraft is used by the Tiv to explain elements of the
world as well keep the community in order. It is a way to accuse a person that makes it impossible
for someone to deny or escape. It labels the accused as a social outcast, making their behavior a
model of what the rest of the tribe cannot or should not do. It is such a subjective accusation that the
accused has no

The Pandemic Of Influenza And Vaccination
INTRODUCTION
Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the
flu season approaches, which starts around the October–November period and reaches its peak
between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world– and in the U.S
in particular– are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma,
given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population
and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to
control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in
multiple animal hosts. In fact, many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Seasonal influenza viruses can cause mild to severe illness and even death, particularly in some
high–risk individuals. People at increased risk for severe disease include pregnant women, very
young, very old and immune–compromised individuals, and people with chronic underlying medical
conditions. That being said, type C virus is associated with only minor symptoms, but types A and B
remain the most influential as they are mostly related to the major outbreaks of influenza. Type A
influenza viruses are further divided into two groups according to the combinations of the
hemagglutinin or "H" protein and the neuraminidase or "N" protein, which are found on the surface
of the virus. This type is the most spread and can affect humans and animals. Type B virus can also
be divided to two subtype viruses that are considered to belong to the seasonal influenza family,
being named after the area they were first identified: Victoria lineage and Yamagata lineage. Since
type C of the virus is not very dangerous and does not cause any major health threat, only types A
and B are included in vaccines for the seasonal flu, an annual challenge that threatens professionals,
scientists and public health leaders.
What is Pandemic influenza?
A pandemic influenza is when a new virus emerges and spreads out quickly among the population
worldwide because it has not been circulating before, and thus people don't have immunity to it. The
appearance of this new

Communal Conflict in Tiv Land: Strategy for Resolution
ABSTRACT In the last few decades Nigeria has experienced violent conflicts and antagonism
rooted in religion, ethnicity, and economics. communal conflicts in Tiv land area of the Middle Belt
region of Nigeria are not an exception. This paper (1) examines the causes of communal conflict in
Tivland (2),challenges,as well as the(3) strategies of resolving and managing conflicts in Tivland
and society in general. Introduction The African continent has been, and continues to be engulfed in
one conflict after another. Over the last 40 years, nearly 20 African countries, or about 40% of Sub–
Saharan Africa (SSA), have experienced at least one period of civil war (Elbadawi &
Sambanis, 2000). They further estimate that 20% of SSA's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Tiv people The name Tiv according to Makar, (1994) has a dual meaning. Tiv is a cultural group
of a people,who by 1963 census numbered one and half million. Tiv is also a name of the father of
all Tiv people. The Tiv people are said to have migrated from central Africa to where they are now
found in what is generally described as the Middle Belt of Nigeria, but specifically some 150 miles
east of the confluence of River Benue with River Niger. They settled on both sides of the River
Benue, also known as the Upper and the Lower Benue River Valley. Other accounts trace Tiv origin
to the Bantu tribe (Bohannan & Bohannan, 1953). The Tiv are mainly subsistence farmers,
dispersed in seven states of Federal Republic of Nigeria–Benue, Taraba, Nassarawa, Plateau, Niger,
Kogi, and Kaduna States. The Tiv can also be found in the Republic of Cameroon, Nigeria's
neighbor to the east. The population of the Tiv people, according to census figure 2006, is
3,687,000and continues to grow. (Ethnologue 2010). Thoerical Framework Marxist Theory The
Marxist theory has its roots from the works of Karl Mark and his friend Frederick Engels. The
starting point for their analysis of the society is determined mainly by social production. i.e what is
produced, how it is produced and how the product is shared. The theory therefore insists that society
is composed of contradictions and

The Science And History And Development Of The Influenza...
Introduction Influenza vaccines, also known as flu shots, are vaccines that claim to protect against
influenza. The extent to which the influenza vaccine reduces the risk of disease under controlled
conditions is known as the vaccine 's efficacy. The testing of vaccine efficacy is quite stringent and
involves Phase I, II, and III trials. Two of which, are double–blinded placebo controlled trials.
Influenza adapts, and mutates such that is never the same from year to year, and therefore making
the double–blinded placebo controlled trials very difficult to accomplish before the vaccine is
needed to be released to the public. This causes an ethical predicament in which there is a trade–off
between waiting to project which viruses will be prevalent in the upcoming year, and beginning
deciding on the projected viruses earlier in order to conduct the efficacy testing. In this paper we
review the science and history of influenza as well as the science, history and development of the
influenza vaccines. We then discuss the stringent process required by law in order to test vaccines
before they reach the population. We look at the efficacy studies conducted by the CDC, and
conflicting views of geneticists highly involved in vaccine safety. Finally, we present an overall
assessment of the efficacy of the influenza vaccine, and leave to the reader, the level of efficacy the
influenza vaccine has actually achieved.
What is Influenza? The influenza virus initiates in wild

William Shakespeare 's The Bush
Shakespeare in the Bush
Stuck in her own interpretation of Shakespeare's Hamlet and the idea that "human nature (nearly)
the same" worldwide, and American Anthropologist, Laura Bohannan, set off for the Tiv in West
Africa (Bohannan 1). Bohannan's original intent was to learn about the African tribe's culture and
ceremonies, but one morning, when she was sitting with the elders of the tribe, they asked Bohannan
to tell them the story of Hamlet, for they have told her many of their stories and found it only fair. In
an attempt to translate the play into the Tiv's language and finding the lack of appropriate words, as
well as cultural differences between ideas many Europeans and Americans both agree upon,
Bohannan quickly realized her original theory was incorrect. Ultimately, human nature is not
"universally intelligible," for culture shapes the way we think and our language gives us the tools to
express those thoughts (Bohannan 1).
There were obvious cultural difference Bohannan was expecting to encounter, such as ways of
dressing, food, and ceremonial rituals, but the differences in perspectives, specifically pertaining to
Hamlet, was not one of them. An individual's ideas and opinions of how everything should be
effects ones outlooks, particularly because it stems from that individual's culture. The Tiv could not
understand many concepts Bohannan was trying to explain, and to help them grasp each notion, an
elder would reword the ideas from Hamlet to allow it to fit into

Review Of Jack Eller's 'Shakespeare In The Bush'
Reading Responses 1 In chapter one "Understanding Anthropology," explains us that anthropology
is hard to describe (Eller 2013:3). Anthropology is the study of humankind of the past to nowadays.
Moreover, it has four major fields which contain biological, cultural, linguistic, and archaeology. In
fact, the four major focus on who we are, how we became who we are, and where we are going to
end up. The diversity to anthropologist is a frame of reference to understand every aspect of life in
any community or society.
In chapter two "Understanding and studying culture," Jack Eller is trying to explain and define
culture. However, culture is very difficult to define. The best definition to understand culture in the
textbook was provided by E. B. Tyler, "Culture or Civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic sense,
is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" (Eller 2013:20). In other words,
culture is something we earn not born with. Culture is shared, symbolic, integrated, and adaptive. As
a result, every individual could have a different culture, even thought if the live in the same society.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She explains how the Tiv culture has a different view and understanding about story of "Hamlet".
The elders of the tribe show her that the plot of the story could be seen and interpret in a different
way. Bohannan said, "That is the way it is done, so that is how we do it." after the elders of the tribe
argued her for telling wrong interpretations. Laura thought that the plot of the story would be
understand in the same way in every culture. Her experience is a good example how individuals
could have a different thinking.

Refugees: Inside Out And Back Again
Refugees from all over the world has been running for their lives going to refugee to refugee camps
trying to find a better life, so they can be exported to the U.S. to find a better life. How many
refugees are there? About 65.3 million people have been displayed in refugee homes, because
something terrible has happened to their homes. As an example, Ha from the novel Inside out and
back again by Thanhha Lai, is a 10 year old girl who lives in Saigon,Vietnam who has to flee her
home because of terrorist has taken over her country. All refugees lives turn inside out when they all
leave from their homes to become a refugee, but then it turns back again because all refugees gets
useful in their life in the U.S. . Refugees that had to leave

Anthropology-Culture And Globalization

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