This document discusses the problem of induction, explaining its reasoning technique and highlighting the conditions required for proper proofs. It critiques various philosophical perspectives on induction, particularly the ideas of Popper and Kant, and contrasts inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning. The content also includes applications of both reasoning methods in research and examples of inductive arguments.

1. Essay On Induction
Induction
The problem and its solution
Introduction
In this paper the question "What are the possible solutions and alternatives for the problem of
induction?" will be answered. To answer this question, induction will be explained. After that the
problem of induction will be pointed out. Then possible solutions and alternatives will be discussed.
What is induction?
First of all: what is induction? Induction is a reasoning technique which is used to prove statements.
It uses general statements about observations, turned into premises, and uses these to form an
overall statement. There are three conditions which need to be followed for a proper proof by
induction. REFERENTIE INDUCTION
1)The number of observations must be large.
2)The observations should be repeated under a large amount of conditions
3)Not a single observation should be in conflict with the argument.
Induction uses two steps. The first one is to observe and make premises. The...show more content...
He does that by providing the theory that it actually is not a way to proof things, but to make
induction a way of creating a statement, which can be proven wrong by using conjecture and
criticism (Popper, 1963). Instead of looking for theories that are probably true, science should look
for theories that are probably false. Instead of finding justification, there should be looked for errors
in existing theories to correct (Popper, 1963).
According to Immanuel Kant our fundamental convictions about the natural world are derived from
twelve a priori –principles which he had classified into four categories: Quantity, Quality, Relation
and Modality. He believed that we have obtained these a priori–principles in the process of natural
selection. Because of these principles, we were able to judge induction quite accurate (Kant, 1781).
Even though this gives an explanation for our trust in the principle of induction, it does not give any
justification for our
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2. Inductive Argument
C.This article is an inductive argument. We can prove with a reasonable level of certainty, with
statistics, that racial or religious profiling is helpful in the prevention and or identification of
crimes and catastrophic events. However, we cannot prove indefinitely that all crimes and
catastrophes are directly correlated with specific races or religious beliefs as a basis to commit.
Therefore, this argument is inductive since it is based largely on probability. D.This argument is
good. The premises are unbiased and the argument starts out with quickly clarifying that everyone is
profiled irrespective of backgrounds or beliefs. Premise 3 could be debated but the others gives
sound reasoning to permit it. The article gives many factual
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3. Inductive Approach
Deductive: Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the
concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is
sometimes referred to as top–down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred
to as bottom–up logic. Difference: The main difference between inductive and deductive approaches
to research is that whilst a deductive approach is aimed and testing theory, an inductive approach is
concerned with the generation of new theory emerging from the data. Inductive or Deductive? Two
Different Approaches Learning Objectives 1.Describe the inductive approach to research, and
provide examples of inductive research. 2.Describe the deductive approach...show more content...
Specifically, no hypotheses can be found at the initial stages of the research and the researcher is
not sure about the type and nature of the research findings until the study is completed. In inductive
approach there is no theory at the beginning point of the research, and theories may evolve as a
result of the research: It is noted that "inductive reasoning is often referred to as a "bottom–up"
approach to knowing, in which the researcher uses observations to build an abstraction or to
describe a picture of the phenomenon that is being studied" (Lodico et al, 2010, p.10). In other
words, in inductive studies no known theories or patterns need to be tested during the research
process. Inductive reasoning is based on learning from experience. Patterns, resemblances and
regularities in experience (premises) are observed in order to reach conclusions (or to generate
theory). Here is an example: My nephew borrowed $100 last June but he did not pay back until
September as he had promised (PREMISE). Then he assured me that he will pay back until
Christmas but he didn't (PREMISE). He also failed in to keep his promise to pay back in March
(PREMISE). I reckon I have to face the facts. My nephew is never going to pay me back
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4. Inductive & Deductive Research
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH
Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney
Director UBIT Chairman
Department of Computer Science University of Karachi
burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008
"Well begun is half done"
––Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
2
Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive
approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
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Deductive Research Approach
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally
called a "top–down"...show more content...
PP 61–75 61 CS/IT"
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5. Reasoning methods and Argumentation
The main division between forms of reasoning that is made in philosophy is between deductive
reasoning and inductive reasoning. Formal logic has been described as 'the science of deduction '.
The study of inductive reasoning is generally carried out within the field known as informal logic or
critical thinking.
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http://www.phac–aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic–mcc/18–3/d_e.html 11
Automated Reasoning
Logic lends itself to automation. A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem
description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as
theorems to be proved.
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72/98
Logic and Reasoning
Reasoning
Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems.
Logical Reasoning
Probabilistic Reasoning
Bayesian Networks
Subjective
Objective
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EXAMPLE
p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All
mathematicians are algebraist
p∧q в†’ r в‰
Ў ( в€
ј( p∧q) в€Ё r)
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TRUTH TABLE
Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators

6. p T T T T F F F F
q T T F F T T F F
r T F T F T F T F
pО›q ~(pО›q) ~(pО›q)Vr О› О› О› T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T
15
If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement. In
real life, the
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7. Inductive Bible Study Essay
dholloway3@liberty.edu
Douglas Holloway
Due by Monday at Midnight of the end of Module / Week #8
Name:Best Email Address:
BIBL 350 – Inductive Bible Study
Assignments for Submission #4
Assignment 19–4: Deuteronomy 22:8
"When you build a new house, make a parapet around your roof so that you may not bring the guilt
of bloodshed on your house if someone falls from the roof."
(1) Study the text and make as many observations as you can. List the observations in the space
provided. Be sure that you understand the meanings of all the words. Do background study and word
studies as needed to understand each term. (2) Identify both the historical–cultural context and the
literary context. Regarding the...show more content...
Gal. 5:13 sums up the principle of this Old Testament law perfectly: You' my brothers' were called
to be free. But do not use your freedom to indulge the sinful nature; rather, serve one another in love."
G
(3d) Step #4: Cross into the New Testament:
(3e) Step #5: Grasping the Text in Our Town:
Christians today need to grow in love and to show that love through concern and service for the
well–being of others. We need to put the care and well–being of others above our care and concern
for ourselves. We need to love all people, not just the ones that are like us, or that are nice, or that
can help us get what we want. This love for people will reflect God's love for all people which He
made clear by His laws in the Old Testament and the sacrificial death of Christ for our sins in the
New Testament.
Assignment 20–1: Psalm 20
Based on the discussion of parallelism in the textbook, classify each of the couplets (verses) in
Psalm 20, printed below. That is, identify each set of parallel lines as synonymous,
developmental, illustrative, contrastive, or formal. Note that verse 5 and 6 each have three lines
instead of two. Either classify all three lines together as one category, or classify the first two as
one category and then relate the last line to the first two as a category. Verse 1 has been completed
as an example for you.

8. 1May
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9. Inductive Argument Paper
Logic is a science originating from Aristotle, which comprises the ideologies of validity of inference
and demonstration (Merriam–Webster, n.d.). Therefore, it is a tool to interrogate and understand the
world around us, by separating the valid properties from invalid properties (Sayle, 2013). However,
it is merely a tool, and may not be the best tool for a particular situation to analyze. At its base, logic
reduces to deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning derives a conclusion from the
necessary consequence of a couple of true premises (Sayle, 2013). Moreover, inductive reasoning
comprises multiple true premises to form a valid conclusion (Sayle, 2013). Deductive reasoning
may be useful when solving simple problems with only two premises. For instance, if a car is a
vehicle and a vehicle has wheels, then a car has wheels. The benefit to this is that an invalid form of
the argument is easy to identify, when two true premises lead to a false conclusion (Sayle,...show
more content...
The format for this has multiple premises that tend to logically lead to a universal catchall. However,
it is impossible to properly determine if the inductive argument is truly valid, since the premises and
conclusion are a relation of patterns. For example, the sky is typically blue in the daytime, and since
it is daytime, the sky must be blue without having to physically look. In fact, this is incorrect, since it
can be raining, or cloudy during the day. Although the form follows inductive reasoning, it is hard to
prove the previous statement incorrect, without prior knowledge of the situation. As a result,
inductive reasoning is not entirely valuable, since the validity of the conclusion is unreliable.
Additionally, with Aristotelian logic, thetruth of the premise implies the truthful conclusion, which
the Russell Paradox contradicts to an extent (Sayle,
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