Why Is Globalization Important In International Trade

Why Is Globalization Important In International Trade
Globalisation could be defined as the growth to a global or worldwide scale. Globalisation has
brought a wave of improvement and development in technology and knowledge, also bought a
change to the world. Many fields of knowledge have been affected, the new technologies have been
built and have been shown to the public. As in the other fields, finance is impacted. For example,
financial markets have been established in many counties, local companies have become the
international companies, well – known banks have been known in many countries and so on.
Financial advances have also changed the way of international trade, making transaction in
international trade is more convenient and comfortable than in the past. Buyers and sellers can make
a payment although they are not in the same country, money is transferred cross country in a short
time. So, in the international trade context, there are four different ways to transfer money from the
buyer to the seller as advance payment, letters of credit, draft and open account, and in the different
methods have their own risks. So, this essay will evaluate the potential risks which could occur and
will look at what situations is each method commonly used.
Firstly, letter of credit or documentary of credit (L/C) is a famous payment method in international
trade because this method provide a safety to the both of importers and exporters (Paul and Aserkar
2013: 31). It is one of the payments which base on the contract documents. In
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Diversity In The Workplace Essay
Diversity in the workplace, in terms of gender, race, and other factors, is helpful, necessary, and
even profitable, as shown by the four, black female engineers who accepted an award for the tech
company Slack for TechCrunch's "fastest rising startup." No person's physical identity should affect
whether they get hired or not by an organization or business. In terms of getting hired, a person's
gender or race should not matter, as long as he or she has the right skills and tools for the job. In
terms of running a company and hiring a position of power, however, I do not believe that diversity
should be the main hiring factor. I believe the most qualified individual should get the job,
regardless to if the company has met its diversity quota.
I do believe that organizations and businesses should have quotas to meet in terms of how many
women they employ. I think it is important that companies are not discriminatory in their hiring
practices due to the gender of the applicant. Qualified applicants should be hired, regardless of if
they are male or female. It is disappointing that women, who have the same college degrees, job
experiences, work ethics, energy, and enthusiasm as men get paid $0.77 for every $1.00 a man
makes, according to LA Times writer Shan Li. Companies should not turn away female applicants
too, for the reason of their gender. A person's gender cannot be controlled, unlike an education,
criminal record, work experience, etc. However, I do not believe that

Non Fiscal Barriers And The Free Movement Of The European...
This question concerns non–fiscal barriers to the free movement of goods in the European Union.
Issues concerning Articles 34,35 or 36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
(TFEU) are raised and Brian's potential claim is against France as the Member State who has
enacted measures which may restrict imports and exports, thereby violating the Treaty. Firstly,
considering the licence required by French legislation to import PS's, this could amount to a selling
arrangement which is defined in the case of Keck as rules that concern who sells the product and
when, where and how they go about it. Those selling arrangements which apply equally in law and
fact will not invoke Article 34 TFEU. As the product, the PS, in not directly affected, the
requirement of a licence may be a selling arrangement . However the selling arrangement does not
apply equally in law and fact because there is no licence requirement mentioned for domestic
producers of PSs . As the licence discriminates against imports, this may invoke Article 34 and it is
likely to be a measure equivalent to a quantitative restriction (MEQR). MEQRs were defined in
Dessonville as "All trading rules capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially,
intra–Community trade" . In other words, an MEQR applies only to imports and not to everyone. As
the licence is an additional requirement for imported PSs, and applications are only considered once
a year in August, it makes imports more

Effects Of Second Hand Vehicles In The Zimbabwean Economy
INTRODUCTION
The Zimbabwean economy is nose diving and experiencing huge cash shortages of the currency in
circulation ,this is being seen as the banks are now rationing the payments, giving each individual
about $100 per day and sometimes less or no cash , also money is now not easily accessible from
mobile bankers like eco–cash, telecash and one wallet, this is being caused by the imports which are
outweighing the exports and among these imports there is the importation of second hand cars
which is seen to have dominated the imports of Zimbabwe. In 2013 between January and November
the Zimbabweans imported about 206 519 cars worth over $606 million (ZIMSTATS,The Herald 23
April 2014).Thus the importation of second hand vehicles is worsening the trade deficit that is
already unfavorable as in 2013 the budget deficit stood at $3billion(ZIMSTAT).
Willowvale Mazda Motor Industry's production slumped from 18 000 vehicles per year in 1997 to
below 4 000 vehicles and stopped producing in 2012 (Zimbabwe Independent 22 May 2015),this
was mainly due to the importation of second hand vehicles by the Zimbabweans as they were less
costly and complied with their budgets, the other players such as Quest motors and Croco motors in
the automobile sector are being affected in the same manner leading to unemployment due to low
capacity utilization in these companies as the demand new vehicles was estimated to be 25
000(Zimbabwe Independent 22 May 2015).
The imports of second hand

The Effects Of Food On The Food Industry
There are currently two types of food systems that exist in our food shed. TINA, which comes from
Maggie Thatcher, who said, "There Is No Alternative" to global economy–T–I–N–A" (Shuman,
2002). And LOIS, which stands for "Local Ownership and Import Substitution" (Shuman, 2002).
TINA is the system that has been used for the pasted 60 to 70 years, and throughout that time the
way we produced are food has become both productive and efficient; but it has also become
destructive and unhealthy. In A TINA–based food economy, food is either mass produced through
the process of industrial farming or it is imported from other countries. These lead to adverse effects
on the food, the environment and the economy. However, in a LOIS–based food economy, food is
"produced locally through locally owned businesses, then the more you can minimize your
vulnerability to nasty surprises, the more you can maximize your economic multiplier, and the more
you can maximize tax proceeds to the public sector and the many good things that come from it."
(Shuman, 2002). So in simpler terms the more you produce locally, the better local economies will
be and if local economies have a large income then the nations income will increase by way of tax.
Along with being good for our economy, LOIS has little to no adverse effect on our environment or
health. Compared to TINA, LOIS looks like paradise, but just like every dream world, the LOIS
system is currently an impossible system to live by. As I said

Swot Analysis Of Nissan
First of all, the company we chosen is Nissan Motor Co., Ltd which usually shortened to Nissan is a
Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Nishi–Ku Yokohama, Japan.
Nissan was founded since 26 of December 1933. Nissan currently manufactures vehicles in 20
countries and areas around the world including Japan as well. In addition, Nissan also offers
products and services such as automobile products, marine products, and related parts in Japan and
also internationally in more than 160 countries and areas worldwide.
There are two basic types of import products including industrial and consumer goods as well as
intermediate goods and services. For your information, industrial goods are used as input or raw
material to produce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consumer nowadays are quite concern on the quality of the products purchased. They are more
willing to pay for a premium in order to obtain a superior quality of a product rather than spend less
money to get a low quality of product. Thus, quality has become an important factor in determining
what car or vehicle to purchase among consumers. Previous research has suggested that consumers
are keeping their cars for longer, so it is even more vital that their car be well–built and relatively
inexpensive to maintain. Definitely, imported car is better as compared to local car especially in
term of quality. This is because imported cars were more reliable and cheaper to maintain than
domestic car. This helps consumers to save their considerable money at import car services such as
for maintenance and repair over the life of the car. Even the price of domestic car is cheaper than
imported car, but it require consumers to spend a lot for maintenance and repair in the future. As a
smart consumer, it is essential to consider not only the initial cost, but also the overall cost of
ownership for the life of the vehicle.
Moreover, there are three types of importers. First, many importers nowadays look for any product
around the world will then import and sell to their customers. As mentioned above, imported Nissan
car is highly attractive to consumers but are not

Government Intervention : Political And Economic
Government intervention takes two paths: Political and Economic. Political arguments for
intervention are stressed with protecting the interest of groups such as producers, within a nation.
This is the opposite of a free market, where government does not apply protectionism which can be
defined as "Government actions and policies that restrict or restrain international trade, often done
with the intent of protecting local business and jobs from foreign competition with the use of
influence quota, duties, subsidies, what its citizens can buy, produce and sell from another country"
(Investopedia, n.d). Free trade is not always good, increasing trade means higher transport usage,
which leads to higher cost and also greater environment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increase in net exports lead to the increase of GDP of a country, which in time causes a rise of
employment to keep up with the increasing amount of demands Subsidies also benefit both
producers and consumers. It is the payment to domestic producer in order to help them compete
against foreign imports and gaining export markets through the medium of cash grants, low–interest
loans, tax breaks and government equity participation (Hill, 2013). Watkins (n.d), mentioned that
subsidy cover or offset losses from the producer, hence expanding production does not mean an
increase in the final price to consumers. Holden received $2.17 billion in the past 12 years due to the
jobs, technologies, investment and other economic benefits it provides to the country (ABC, 2013).
Therefore, subsidy results in protecting consumer interests by keeping the price low and also the
producers by covering the loss they incurred, and again it also increases domestic employment.
The next instrument is Import Quota, which means a direct restriction of the number of goods that
can be imported into a country. Indonesia has just recently decreased its import quota of beef from
250,000 heads to just 50,000. This decision is to help protect domestic production in Indonesia by

Business Statistics : Name Of The University
Business Statistics
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author's Note: Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Question 1 4
Case Study 4
1. Introduction 4
2. Emerging Trends 4
2.1 Export Price Indices 5
2.2 Import Price Indices 5
3. Reason for Changes 7
3.1 Impact of Global Financial Crisis 7
3.2 Composition of Imports 7
3.3 Composition of Exports 8
4. Implications 8
5. Conclusion 9
Question 2 9
Abstract
Export and import price indices measure the rate of change of growth in international trade.
However, dividing the two will lead to getting terms of trade. However, this report analyses the
trends of export and import indices over the years from 2000 to 2015. The result depicts that overall
change has been fluctuating but ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common theory that could be evaluated is the declining demand of raw materials with the
ongoing economic development. The other reason that enlightens is the market power by the
manufactured goods is leading to increase in production with relatively price fall for the
manufacturers than the commodities.
2.1 Export Price Indices
As far as the trend in export price is concerned, the Australian economy has grown from 54.7 in
2000 to 80.7 in 2015. Although, the economy has experienced many fluctuations in the interval, but
faced a decline during the global recession periods by dipping to 73.8 in 2007 but a rise in export

indices to 92.3 in 2008. However, the export rise has been more in value terms when after the 2009
till 2012 and hence a declining price index since 2012. The graph depicting the fluctuating trend in
export indices is given below. 2.2 Import Price Indices
The import price indices has also been like export indices showing a fluctuating trend but has been
more than the export indices in any way. The changes in exports indices show a fluctuating trend
with a rise in early 2000 but a decline experienced till 2007. Moreover, in 2008–2009, the import
price indices rise to an overshoot due to the global recession period when the goods were imported
from foreign countries. Later in 2010–11, the import indices remain consistent as the global
economy was reviving from the shock.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Duty Free Entitlement For...
Service Exports A Duty free import facility for service sector having a minimum foreign exchange
earning of Rs.30 lakhs in the preceding one / two / three licensing years has been introduced. The
duty free entitlement would be 10% of the average foreign exchange earned in the preceding three
licensing years for all service sector units barring hotels. However, for hotels, stand–alone restaurant
and heritage hotels, the duty free entitlement would be 5% of the average foreign exchange earned
in the preceding three licensing years. This entitlement can be used for import of any capital goods
including office equipment, professional equipment, spares and consumables. However, imports of
agriculture and dairy products would not be allowed for imports against this entitlement. The
entitlement and the goods imported against such entitlement shall be non–transferable.
The supply of services where the payment is in Indian Rupees but which is otherwise considered by
the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as having been paid in free foreign exchange is to be considered as
supply under the export promotion schemes.
Agricultural Exports
The Corporate sectors with proven credentials are encouraged to sponsor Agri Export Zone for
boosting agro exports. They may provide for pre/post–harvest treatment and operations, plant
protection, processing, packaging, storage and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This facility is available to status holders having a minimum export turnover of Rs.25 crore (in free
foreign exchange). The duty free entitlement shall be 10% of the incremental growth in exports and
can be used for import of capital goods, office equipment and inputs for their own factory or the
factory of the associate/supporting manufacturer/job worker. The entitlement/ goods will not be
transferable. This facility is available on the exports made from

Export Regulations
Compliance with customs rules and regulations must be followed in order to properly import and
export goods. In regards to import regulations the importer of record files the customs entry using
the US Customs 7501 form. The importer of record can also file the US Customs release with 3461
form. It is up to the importer to arrange the exam and release of goods. The following
documentation is required with entry: bill of lading, commercial invoice and packing list. Another
requirement for imports is to have a Customs bond filed to cover the value of the cargo. For export,
it is required to submit the shipper's export declaration (SED) through the automated export system
(AES). Prior to filing the AES, a booking will be made with the steamship ... Show more content on
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These documents were implemented and enforced to protect the company's trade secrets. When an
employee was hired they were explained and instructed to finalize the documents. The non–
disclosure agreement was used to protect the employees and partners from sharing proprietary
information about the company and how business is conducted. The non–compete was used to
ensure that in the event the employee terminated their relationship with Samuel Shapiro and
Company, Inc. they would not take their customers or employees with them. The language outlined
in the non–compete stated that the terminated employee will not attempt to engage relationship with
customers or employees for eighteen months after termination

Trade Protectionism : A Viable Alternative Solution
Trade protectionism is defined as "Policies that limit imports, usually with the goal of protecting
domestic producers in import–competing industries from foreign competition" (Krugman, Wells,
Graddy 538). Trade protectionism can appear to be a useful tool for governments to employ against
social problems such as unemployment, or to assist in overcoming the obstacles faced when
establishing a domestic industry. In the long term, however, trade protectionism will slow economic
growth and negatively impact the industries that the government is seeking to protect. This paper
will attempt to show how trade protection methods such as tariffs and import quotas can seem
beneficial initially but eventually cause long term economic harm, and will close by briefly
discussing free trade as a viable alternative to trade protectionism. A tariff is defined as a tax that is
levied on the sales of imported goods (Krugman, Wells, Graddy 538). A tariff increases the price
consumers pay for that good and the price domestic producers receive for that good. Tariffs directly
benefit the domestic government in extra tax revenue, as well as domestic producers as they can
increase prices to be competitive with the artificially increased prices of the foreign goods.
However, consumers are directly harmed by tariffs since they end up paying a higher price to
purchase goods. The imposition of tariffs on imported goods would appear to have the immediate
benefit of protecting a national

The Pros And Cons Of Coffee
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world and therefore is a popular commodity.
More than 2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed every day. Over 90% of coffee is produced in
developing countries, and millions of small producers' income comes from growing coffee. Coffee
is produced and exported mostly from South American countries, while mainly industrialized
countries are the ones importing the most coffee. Worldwide, 25 million small producers rely on
coffee for a living, and in Brazil, over 5 million people are employed by the commodity. Brazil is
the top country in exporting coffee and is where almost a third of the whole world's production of
coffee is. Coffee is a more labor–intensive work culture than other commodities like sugar cane or
cattle because it is not automated work and requires attention.
It is a major export commodity and was the top agricultural export for 12 countries in 2004. It was
the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries from 1970 to 2000. World
coffee production predicted for 2017/18 is 159 million bags which is the same as the last year
because lower output in Brazil is offset by higher production in Vietnam, Mexico, and Indonesia and
slight increases in other countries. World exports of green coffee are expected to stay steady with
111 million bags. Global consumption is estimated to be a record 158 million bags so ending
inventories are expected to decrease to 34 million bags after being higher the previous 5 years. The
countries that exported the highest dollar value worth of coffee during the year 2016 are Brazil,
Vietnam, Columbia, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, and Indonesia. Brazil accounted for 15.9% of total
coffee exports, which was 5.2 billion dollars. Brazil's Arabica output is forecast to drop 5.1 million
bags to 40.5 million. Coffee trees in top growing regions in Brazil, Southern Minas Gerais and Sao
Paulo, have shown excellent development and growers have intensified crop management, which
are some of the reasons why Brazil produces so much and exports coffee. There is also a lot of
rainfall which has supported development. Vietnam exported 4.7 billion dollars which was 10.5% of
total world exports. Vietnam's production is

Training And Testing Of Water For The Local Existing...
selected and mobilised to participate successfully in the survey. This success is the result of the
involvement and support from the local existing network and the mobilization of community
participation. In addition to the participation of farmers, the enthusiasm and participation of
commune health and veterinary workers in undertaking the Coliplate tests was also considered as a
success of the field activities; on–farm water sources for drinking were sampled and tested on by the
20 trained the community health/veterinary workers in the two provinces. Key public health
messages relating to microbiological quality of water, and recommended options for on–farm water
security were also part of the training for community health/veterinary ... Show more content on
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The challenge relating to the custom procedures for the importation of water testing was also due to
the unclear of administrative procedures. The field investigator wanted to import the water testing
without paying import tax as the water tests were not for profit. However, in order to be exempted
from import tax, it requires a formal signed agreement between a local origination and a foreign
organisation indicating that these tests are not for profit, the approvals at ministerial level on the
formal signed agreement. Because a formal signed agreement and a ministerial approval are not
available for the field research, the importation of the Coliplate tests is not exempted from
importation tax. The field investigator decided to pay tax to import the water tests in time for the
implementation of the field activities, and explore ways to pursue tax claim later on. The local
partner has helped the field investigator to contact with Ministry of Finance for claiming the import
tax return of the water tests. However, it was replied that there is insufficient documents to prove
that the field investigator is eligible to claim import tax for the water tests.
Key preliminary results/findings and analysis:
Variable Thai Binh (N. VN, 300 hhlds) An Giang (S. VN, 300 hhlds)
Age 47 45
Year schooling 8.2 5.6
Years

External Analysis Of Sein-Talone As King Of Mangoes In Korea
1.0 Introduction
In tropical countries, mango is usually titled as king of fruits because of its exotic flavor and smell.
Myanmar is one of the tropical countries that produce mangoes. Among thousands of varieties,
Sein–Talone is Myanma original mango species, which has a great reputation for its unique flavor,
texture, and smell.
The company started exporting it to Singapore and received positive market responses. Since the
first international market expansion was quite a success, Sein–Talone has been introduced to another
new market, Korea. (Sein Talone, 2015)
Furthermore, the author chooses Japan as the third international market for these lush mangoes.
Japan is an East Asian, Pacific Oceania island country. Its economy is third largest ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Social
➢ Food Culture
Japanese prefer organic, fresh and natural food. High sugar content tropical fruits are more
preferred. Fruit are consumed on a daily basis and they consume 6.62 kg of fruits per household
monthly. (John Hey, 2014)
➢ Age
25–58 years old made up the largest age group with 38.1% of total population of Japan.
(Indexmundi, 2015)
➢ Urbanization
According to Statista, Japan had 93% urbanization in 2014. (Statista, 2014)
➢ Language
Japanese is the major and official language.
➢ Culture
High context culture. With many nonverbal message and ethics.
➢ Health Concerns
Health consciousness is a norm in the Japanese community. Balanced dietary and eating habits are
adept through the whole nation.
Therefore, author supposes that high fruit consumption rate and it's highly urbanized demographic is
favorable for sales and distribution. (Statista, 2014) High context culture and language barriers will
hinder importer's business operations.

2. Legal
➢ Import

The Epic Quest For Oil, Money, And Power
"The United States, once the world's largest producer and still its largest consumer, must import half
of its oil supply, weakening its overall strategic position and adding greatly to an already
burdensome trade deficit – a precarious position for a great power" (Yergin 14). So said Daniel
Yergin in the prologue of his 1990 bestseller The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power.
Today, oil retains its importance in the hydrocarbon societies of developed and developing countries
as a major engine of economic growth, but the story is not so simple. When Yergin wrote The Prize,
the United States seemed to be on an inevitable path toward instability and crisis as domestic
reserves, long depleted, forced oil imports and exports around ... Show more content on
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Comparing this to the world oil price in that same time period, there seems to be an overall positive
relationship between oil price and imports and exports. The price rises about $50/barrel over three
years until a sudden spike in 2007–2008, then drops dramatically before sharply rising again (Figure
2). The drop in total imports and exports in 2012 does not seem to be correlated with price, since
there is an upward trend in price from 2009–2013. Aside from that year, it appears that there is an
overall positive correlation between total imports and exports of oil and the price of oil, suggesting
that because oil is an essential commodity, demand is much more inelastic than supply. Thus,
imports rise when prices are high even though it is disadvantageous for importers because exporters
are willing to provide a larger quantity and importers are less sensitive to price.
To analyze whether this is true for individual countries requires further breaking down of the data.
The United States, Japan, China, South Korea, India, and Germany are almost always in the top six
for importers and Saudi Arabia, Russia, Iran, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates are almost
always in the top five for exporters, with the bottom half of the top ten importers and exporters
varying year by year. The top importers tend to be more static than the top exporters; that is, there
are only about eleven countries that switch up between the ten importing spots over that period
whereas

Why The United States Can Make Any Toys With Greater...
The United States can make certain toys with greater productive efficiency than can China. Yet we
import those toys from China. However the main reason why the U.S. has become so dependent
upon China for goods is that production costs are less in China than the U.S. Reduced production
costs are so attractive to companies the benefits of low–cost production are passed on to customers
with lower prices on goods the relationships U.S. companies have with China are important because
of the variety of products available from China. Adam Smith born in 1723 was a Scottish political
economist and philosopher famous by his influential book The Wealth of Nations. Smith proposed
in his book that a nation's wealth should be judged not by this metric but by the total of its
production and commerce. Smith wrote in his book that that productive labor should be made even
more productive by deepening the division of labor. Smith describes the evolution through
feudalism into a stage of society requiring new institutions, such as market–determined rather than
guild–determined wages and free rather than government–constrained enterprise. If a foreign
country can SUPPLY us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of
them with some part of the produce of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some
advantage. Relationships with China have proved profitable for some major U.S. corporations. One
of the reasons that the U.S. has become so dependent

Executive Summary : ' Austral Pvt. Ltd Contracts With...
Executive Summary
Austral Pvt. Ltd deals with import and exporting food product in various part of globe. Dairy, fish,
meat and seafood product are the product they trade with. The firm would have the greatest
competitor risk in import and export business is the duplication and quality of goods. These
competitors company advantage of the lower cost of expenses such as materials, Inventories and
labour cost to produce the product to the same consumer market. Natural risks if they mentioned,
then earthquakes, floods, landslides and storms were decrease consumer, delay the transportation
and deliver and distribution of products. In case of food products maintaining quality of food
become most challenging part. However, misstatement of accountability is negatively impacting on
financial position of company.
Risk assessment, evaluation risk and the impact of the risk on the controlled environment of an
import and export industry identification of the inherent risk. However, the auditor needs to plan for
reduction in risk and to improve productive approach for present and in the future in two ways:
Firstly, identify the inherent risks of import and export that effect to the firm related to financial
statement and the overall performance. Secondly, auditor should study internal control which further
will understand the control systems of the organization.

Case Study Of SARK Logistics
Introduction
The First Stone of SARK Logistics was placed down in 2008 as a Custom House Agent in Delhi.
After getting an optimistic response from its precious clients they took a step further and instituted
SARK LOSIGTICS as an international freight forwarder.
The SARK Logistics has a perfect lineup of logistics business units inside the field of transportation,
forwarding, distribution and other logistics services. It provides both types of freight forwarding
services, air freight forwarding and sea freight forwarding. If one starts exploring for the words to
define the quality of services offered by SARK Logistics, the terms like unexampled and notable
appear out to be most appropriate
The essence of their services lies in their technique where attention is paid to each and every
possible aspect. Their team of qualified and licit personnel handles Custom clearance via
Documentation, Carting/Receiving goods, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its evident from the survey that the company's present customers got to know about it from other
exporters/importers or friends. Therefore it is important for SARK Logistics to amplify its
marketing activities and market itself through internet and newspapers/magazines. This would help
them increase its customers base especially when not many new customers have been added in the
last 3 years.
 The company should make an effort to increase its customers particularly exporters as the number
of exporters are about half in relation to the number of exporters. Also with the Government
proposing to impose an anti–dumping duty on the import of tyres, the company might lose its
customers who import tyres due to the duty affecting their imports. Additionally the company
should focus more on increasing its exporting customers as the 'Make in India' campaign gains
momentum in the economy, there will be a chance of exports rising and thus it'll be easy to find
customers who are willing to

Essay on Economic Analysis of The U.S. 2001-2003
Economic Analysis of The U.S. 2001–2003
Economics have many indicators to describe how it runs. The indicators can show if the economy
has improved or declined. The economic indicators that will be focused on in this analysis of the
United States economy from 2001 – 2003 will be the consumer price index, the imports and exports,
the unemployment rate, and finally the gross domestic product. Now while most may know the
meanings of the previously stated indicators, for those who don't, they remain useless unless
defined. To begin with, these indicators will have to be defined in full to aid in understanding the
analysis in more detail. It will be after that that the actual analysis of the economy of the United ...
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Obviously unemployed rate is defined as "the fraction of the labor force that is unemployed" . To
define the unemployed is important as well, because it refers to those that have no job, but are
actively looking for work, not to those who are not working and are uninterested in searching or
getting a job . The reason that unemployment is so important in determining the economy's success
is because it is intertwined with the gross domestic product, as in when the gross domestic product
falls, unemployment is increased, and when it rises, there is a decrease in unemployment . To make
what is being explained clearer, when there is unemployment, production is down; therefore there is
less money and goods produced out of the economy. This is how unemployment relates as well.
The last indicator to be defined is probably the most the important of them all, and that is the gross
domestic product. The gross domestic product is defined as " the total market value of all the final
goods and services produced within an economy in a given year" . There are two types of gross
domestic product, real and nominal. Real GDP is adjusted to how prices have changed, as nominal
GDP is the current price as it is calculated . There is so very much that goes into the gross domestic
product that in this analysis only the percent change from the years will be shown as important. A
percent that is positive is obviously

Immigration Laws Essay examples
Prior to 1882, there were not any formal acts that controlled immigration. The Act of 1875 merely
prohibited the importation of women for purposes of prostitution and the immigration of aliens
"who are undergoing conviction in their own country for felonious crimes, other than political..."
The Act of 1882 levied a head tax of fifty cents "for every passenger not a citizen of the United
States," and forbade the landing of convicts, lunatics, idiots, or of "any person unable to take care of
himself or herself without becoming a public charge."
The Act of 1885 blocked the immigration of aliens under contract to labor. The Acts of 1891 and
1903 made a number of further additions to the excluded classes (such as anarchists, polygamists,
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor..." from the Emma Lazarus poem "The New Colossus" lists as one
of the most famous verses in American history. It is ironic that Lazarus wrote it in1882 in
celebration of the erection of the Statue of Liberty which has become the iconic symbol of America
as a welcoming beacon for a "nation of immigrants." The Statue of Liberty was dedicated only four
years later.
In 1917, literacy tests were required of immigrants. Immigrants were required to write and read a
language, although the language did not have to be English. In the 1920's, Congress instituted a
series of "quotas" on immigration. That 1921 Emergency Quota Act gave that, held up by the 1910
census; three per cent of a European nationality that resided in the U.S. would be permitted to enter
each year.
1924's Johnson–Reed Act lowered the quota to two per cent and used the 1890 census figures. It
also provided that in 1927 no more than 150,000 immigrants per year would be admitted on the
basis of their national origin. These quotas favored the Western European countries. No restrictions
were placed on Western Hemisphere countries such as Canada and Mexico. Asians were totally
excluded. Another feature the 1924 law provided was the partiality and non quota status given to
certain relatives of American citizens such as parents, children under twenty–two, husbands and the
wives and children under eighteen. By the 30's and 40's the

The Immigration Of The United States Essay
Immigration in the United States has had a contentious history since this country's first settlers, with
overtly exclusive and xenophobic policies being de rigueur throughout colonialism until the mid
20th century, and arguably today. Anti–immigrant sentiment has reigned with each historical
immigration wave, intensifying as the demographics shifted from Northern and Western Europeans
during Colonialism to more "unassimilable" races like Southern and Eastern European, Asian,
African and Middle Eastern ("History of Oppression: Lesson 4– Cultural Imperialism", 2016).
Policy is inescapably shaped by public sentiment, and the American white majority believed in the
objective supremacy of the "Nordic race" to exercise political, economic and social control over
"inferior" races (Grant, 1916). This is in stark conflict with the Constitutional values that America is
built on, and to whom many have gestured to in the same breath as their anti–immigrant vitriol. It is
in this contrast that one must look at the social constructions of immigrants, race and who is worthy
of citizenship, and how our country has historically sought to deny and restrict those considered a
threat to "the American way of life" (Jimenez, Pasztor, Chambers, & Fujii, 2015, p. **). There have
been several mass immigration waves since this country's founding; British were the primary
settlers in the 17th and 18th centuries, along with hundreds of thousands of slaves from Africa; the
mid–19th century were mostly

A Brief Note On Tobacco Control Measures Were Challenged...
II. Tobacco control measures were challenged in the WTO 1. Measures relating to provisions of the
GATT 1994
WTO members might impose tariff and non–tariff measures on tobacco products when these
products are imported to their territories. However, by the three critical principles, which are
mentioned in the previous part, the GATT 1994 prevents WTO members from measures establishing
discrimination and trade restriction. Therefore, in boundary measures imposed on tobacco products
might be challenged under these principles.
In Dominican Republic – Measures Affecting the Importation and Internal Seal of Cigarettes in
2004, Honduras submitted its request to establish proceedings in the framework of the WTO to
claim that measures, which the Dominican Republic imposed on imported cigarettes, did not
comply with some provisions of the GATT 1994.
1.1. Transition surcharge and foreign exchange fee
The Dominican Republic imposed a transition surcharge on all imported products, including
cigarettes. The amount of the surcharge is 2 percent of 'the cost, insurance and freight value of the
imported good'. Importers had to pay extra 10 percent of value of the products imported to the
Dominican Republic at the selling rate for foreign exchange in the this country. Honduras claimed
that these surcharge and fee did not comply with Article II:1(b) of the GATT 1994.
The Panel noted that the surcharge and fee:
(i) were additional charges of imported taxes. Thus, they were in boundary

Import
General Provisions about Customs Procedures Basic document is 'Entry' Entry' in relation to goods
means entry made in Bill of Entry, Shipping Bill or Bill of Export. In case of import by post, label
or declaration accompanying goods is 'entry'
Loading and unloading at specified places only Imported goods can be unloaded only at specified
places. Goods can be exported only from specified places.
Computerisation of customs procedures Customs procedures are largely computerised. Most of
documents have to be e–filed.
Amendment to documents Documents submitted to customs can be amended with permission In
case of bill of entry, shipping bill or bill of export, it can be amended after clearance only on the
basis of documentary evidence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Entry Inwards Goods can be unloaded only after grant of 'Entry Inwards'.
Risk Management System Self Assessment on basis of 'Risk Management System' (RMS) has been
introduced in respect of specified goods and importers.
Bill of Entry for home consumption on payment of customs duty Importer has to submit Bill of
Entry giving details of goods being imported, along with required documents. Electronic submission
of documents is done in major ports.
White Bill of Entry is for home consumption. Imported goods are cleared on payment of customs
duty.
Bill of Entry for warehousing Yellow Bill of Entry is for warehousing. It is also termed as 'into bond
Bill of Entry' as bond is executed. Duty is not paid and imported goods are transferred to warehouse
where these are stored. Green Bill of Entry is for clearance from warehouse on payment of customs
duty. It is for ex–bond clearance.
Noting, examination and assessment Bill of Entry is noted, Goods are assessed to duty, examined
and pre–audit is carried out. Customs duty is paid after assessment.
Bond Bond is executed if required if assessment is provisional (PD bond) or concessional rate of
customs duty is subject to certain post import conditions.
Out of customs charge order Goods can be cleared outside port after 'Out of Customs Charge' order
is issued by customs officer. After that, port dues, demurrage and other charges are paid and goods
are cleared.
Demurrage if

Gst Article
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1238623/1/.html
Summary
This article is generally informing Singaporeans the importance and the need to declare and pay the
taxes of their goods or souvenirs purchased overseas when they return home from their holidays.
The items are subjected to a 7 percent Goods and Services (GST) tax regardless whether the goods
purchased are for their own use or not. However, the government has implemented a form of GST
relief for Singaporeans to allow them to bring a certain combined total value of goods purchased to
be brought back home without having to pay tax. The GST relief is granted to Singaporeans for
goods valuing up to $600, provided they spend more than 48 hours ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is represented in section 24 of the GST Act; GST (imports relief) Order. However from 1 April
2012 onwards following the 2012 Budget Statement, the GST relief for taxable purchases from
overseas have been increased to double the amount which is $600 (if 48 hours or more spent
overseas) and that the age of travellers no longer affects the grant of the relief. The relief excludes
liquor, tobacco products and petroleum purchases.
The basis of this relief is to reduce the inconvenience of travellers who are only bringing back home
small amount of purchases for personal use such as souvenirs. In addition, over the months and
years, it has been observed that the cost of expenditures (most probably due to inflation) have been
increasing steadily thus the relief has been revised upwards to match the expenditure globally. At the
same time, the increase in relief will help to reduce the queue and hassle due to declaration,
checking of receipts as well as payment of taxable goods at the customs in the airport. This is due to
the fact that most travellers will return back home with a substantial amount of purchases. This will

The Effect On The Rule Of Law
When the rule of law has been established by societal conventions, it can be changed when the
government coerces the enforcement of unfair rules. When the rule of law is established through the
government, smuggling will often undermine it because the law is not being applied equally to the
smugglers, and they gain an unfair advantage in the market. One can argue that the smugglers are
responding to unfair tariffs that prevent the rule of law because they as importers have to a tax that
domestic producers do not have to pay. If the rule of law has been established so tariffs are small,
and fair, then the argument is flawed. Negative effects on the rule of law caused by the tariff will be
smaller than the negative effect on the rule of law when the law does not apply equally to everyone,
and smugglers bribe official to successfully import their goods so when the rule of law is well
established, smuggling undermines it.
When a country does not have a well–established rule of law, then smuggling can help created a
strong De Facto rule of law by encouraging equitable societal conventions. If tariffs are sufficiently
high, and importation or exportation bans are comprehensive, then people stop applying the
government's rules and in turn they create a new set of societal conventions that people adhere too.
When this happens, the rule of law is strengthen because smugglers avoid stifling tariffs, and the
rules are applied more equitably to foreign producers, and domestic

Questions On Granger Causality Test Table 3
5.1.5 RESULT FOR GRANGER CAUSALITY TEST Table 3:
Pairwise Granger Causality Tests
Date: 12/31/16 Time: 03:14
Sample: 1980 2014
Lags: 9 Null Hypothesis: Obs F–Statistic Probabiliy EXPORTS does not Granger Cause RGDP 26
11.0158 0.00228
RGDP does not Granger Cause EXPORTS 1.96909 0.19193 EMPL does not Granger Cause RGDP
26 9.44839 0.00365 RGDP does not Granger Cause EMPL 5.54812 0.01712 IMPORTS does not
Granger Cause RGDP 26 0.95566 0.53661 RGDP does not Granger Cause IMPORTS 0.72990
0.67732
GDI does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 0.55345 0.79919 RGDP does not Granger Cause GDI
0.57093 0.78707
INFRAT does not Granger Cause RGDP 26 2.95875 0.08333 RGDP does not Granger Cause
INFRAT 1.02953 0.49626 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first we couldn't rejected the null hypothesis because result from table 1 shows that only two
variables were stationary at level while four variables became stationary at first difference and the
result gives us the strong proof of unit root in the variables. Therefore all variables were tested at
first difference and the ADF test make known that all the variables became stationary at first
difference, therefore, the null hypothesis at first difference of unit root were rejected so we
concluded by saying that the variables became stationary after first difference. Which means that the
variables are co–integrated of order one I(1), and this give us the chance to performed co–
integration analysis. From the result, we realized that international trade in Liberia more than
decades has produced a very little significant impact on economic growth. As a result, the viewpoint
of the economy as of (1980–2014) is not much hopeful in spite of the constant trade flow into
Liberia though, the country economy still undergoes so many problems, in this light, all variables
using as proxies to international trade, only imports (IMP) was positive and significant while other
remained significant but negative. This indicates major problems in the economy of Liberia and also
confirmed why the nation economy has recorded a trade deficit

The Pioneers and Cars Essay
The Pioneers and Cars
With the popularity of movies like The Fast and the Furious and its sequel Too Fast Too Furious,
import car culture has now become mainstream. What had started out as a small subset of Southern
California car culture has quickly become part of American culture. In the same way hot rodding of
the 50s and muscle cars of the 60s was a cultural lifestyle of the youths of that era, the import scene
is now the new car culture of our generation. Car culture runs deeply in California. Hot rodders and
street racers daily cruise the streets, all started from Asian Americans' love of import cars and
racing.
Since most Asian Americans in the late 70s and 80s drove Japanese imports, they could not compete
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
JoJo is one of the most consistent racers today. His times may not be the fastest but he is always
expected to run well. Adam, who started A&L Racing in his parents' barn, is also consistent. He
used to race the fastest street legal RX–7, was the first to race a tube chassis NSX, and now races a
tube chassis, rear wheel drive Honda Civic SI for Honda of America. Ed, with the help of his
brother Ron and Bergonholtz Racing, was the first front wheel drive to run the quarter mile in 10
seconds. Now he races a Mazda 6 for Mazda USA.
The other side of the import car culture is show. All the import car shows that are put on today are
modeled after Import Showoff, the original import car show that was started in 1995 and today is
one of the most prestigious. It was started by Ken Miyoshi to showcase import cars that not only
were fast but which were also artistic, much like the hot rod/custom car scene of domestics. Ken's
show has spawned the creation Hot Import Nights, Hot Import Daze, Import Revolution, Extreme
Autofest, and all the other car shows happening nationwide.
These show cars take a lot of time and energy to create. To win, your car must stand out from the
hundreds of other cars in the hall. RJ De Vera knows how to stand out. RJ is a complex man. He has
owned his own aftermarket parts mail order company, been a writer and photographer for Super
Street magazine, starred in a television commercial, and was a

The Internet And Its Impact On The United States
There's competition and capitalism at work, in the context of the impact on certain retailers of
technology, the technology we're talking about specifically is the internet and the impact via the
internet is from retailers overseas who are generally domiciled in the countries of origin of the
merchandise (that we're considering) verses, retailers here in Australia. Technology has hindered
retail in this country, by how much we're absolutely uncertain, but anecdotally, the evidence is in
retailers talk about customers coming, trying on, getting details, taking images on phones of
labelling on merchandise to get it right, then going off shore and buying that dress or garment, from
an online source overseas, the same thing applies to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the retail and wholesale trades charge GST as a matter of law, retail prices must
include any applicable GST, if someone (for instance, walks into a homewares store sees something
they like and it's an international brand, they can take the details of that or they can view it online,
see it in a catalogue, wherever they derive their inspiration from, they can go online, view an
overseas retailer, or overseas E– trader site, see if the item they're interested in is available and order
it. As long as the total purchase is under $1000 and the documentation is simply whatever the
overseas supplier puts on the package concerned, which is already clearly open to abuse, it simply
passes through customs without any leverage whatsoever, is simply sent through whatever logistic
service it's been sent by, onto the consumer in Australia whose purchased the goods or prepaid for
them in their order, if the goods are imported by a major or commercial importer, in the first
instance the applicable duties are paid before the goods are cleared, there are costs associated with
the commercial clearance of goods, customs brokers have to be paid and so all manner of port
charges are levied, and these charges are not inconsiderable, then gst is also payable by the importer,
the goods then pass into the retail trade, where there

Essay on Earnings Management During Import Relief...
Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations
"Earnings Management During Import Relief Investigations" was written by Jennifer J. Jones. It
illustrates her study and examination of the effects of managing reported earnings to alleviate the
costs of tariffs and quota increases on import businesses. The ITC or (United States International
Trade Commission) conducts relief investigations on companies that import goods so they can make
a determination on the import relief rate. The ITC sets the import relief after reviewing a plethora of
factors. Some factors include the profitability of the industry and the trends in profitability.
Import relief is described as a set of federally imposed regulations which are designated to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The import companies really don't lose much when the import relief goes up. The cost of importing
goods to the United States and paying the import relief is most often cheaper than manufacturing
goods in the United States. The ITC looks at a company's earnings before taxes. To circumvent the
ITC the managers of import companies often use multiple accrual accounts. By playing somewhat
of a shell game with the ITC the import companies are able to hide assets or shift them to the next
quarter to show a lower profit margin. The author conducted a cross sectional investigation of the
accrual accounts of import companies.
Her investigation revealed that the import companies suddenly report lower earnings and income
just before the investigation period. The obvious concern of the import industry is illustrated by the
drastic counter measures put in place by the managers of import companies. The methodology of the
ITC is effective at protecting domestic producers and the American economy but it puts import
companies in a difficult situation. When presented by the moral dilemma of altering reported
income import companies must make a decision which in the minds of many theorists is not a
decision at all. Because businesses are driven by profits and managers are paid by the shareholders
to protect the best interest of the company they are forced to

Apparel Industry
Introduction International trade is a crucial component of the apparel industry. For this assignment, I
have gathered data spanning from 2005 to 2015 to analyze importing and exporting between the
United States and Thailand. By using the two databases OTEXA and UN Comtrade database, I was
able to identify trends in terms of both units and US dollars. Otexa Overall, the United States
consistently imports more textiles than apparel from Thailand and the amount has considerably
decreased over the 10–year span. In terms of Textiles, 1,051,815,014 units were imported from
Thailand in 2005, which was the most in all 10 years. It continued to decrease slightly each year, but
rose again in 2010 when 808,673,679 units were imported. For 2011 and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Table 1–2: Total US Textile and Apparel Imports from Thailand in SME dollars 2005–2015 Source:
OTEXA Chart 1–2: Total US Textile and Apparel Imports from Thailand in SME dollars 2005–2015
Source: OTEXA OTEXA: Man–Made Fiber Apparel Vs. Man–Made Fiber Non–Apparel Based off
the chart and table below illustrating the imports of man–made fiber apparel and man–made fiber
non–apparel from Thailand, it is evident that significantly more man–made fiber apparel is
imported. The value of apparel imported ranges anywhere from $502,136,945 to $641,985,816.
However, in 2009 value of apparel decreased a little over one hundred million dollars. Following the
decrease, value slowly began to increase as the years went one. The value of non–apparel is
considerably less and stays pretty constant from year to year. Table 1–3: Total US man–made fiber
apparel and man–made fiber non–apparel from Thailand in SME dollars 2005–2015 Source:
OTEXA Chart: 1–3: Total US man–made fiber apparel and man–made fiber non–apparel from
Thailand in SME dollars 2005–2015 Source: OTEXA Un Comtrade This database allowed me to
see the value of apparel and textiles exported from the US to Thailand. It's evident that there are
significantly more textiles exported than apparel. There is no stable rise or decline in terms of textile
imports from year to year. It goes up and down depending on the year. For apparel, there is also a lot
of variation of value depending on the

European and South Eastern Exports
Given the problems of traditional export markets, Vietnam's rice exports in October 2013 fell 15.2%
in volume and 17.9% in value (respectively one million tons and 562 million). The traditional
market of Vietnam's rice is Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia also plummeted due to highly
competitive market from India, Thailand, Pakistan,... Meanwhile, China importation had
strengthened Vietnam's rice exports in the last two years, from nearly 310 thousand tons in 2011 to
2.08 million tons in 2012 and as of May 10, 2013 reached 1.93 million tons.
At the same time, exports of Vietnam's coffee in the past 10 months is 1.09 million tons, also fell
sharply by 24.6% in volume and 24.5% in value (354 thousand tons and 754 million respectively).
These items showed the steepest decline in the agricultural commodities' export, though the price
level remained stable in 2012. The biggest importer of Vietnam's coffee in the past 10 months was
still the EU, with 459 thousand tons, down 11.6% compared to the same period in 2012 and
accounted for 42.2% of Vietnam's coffee exports. Rubber goods worth is reduced $344 million, the
highest after coffee and rice; and commodity prices fell the most (16.9%) in agricultural products
compared to the same period last year. As of October 2013 rubber exports amounted to 835
thousand tons Vietnam, rose slightly by 2.4% but prices fell sharply to a value of $1.96 billion,
down 14.9%. China remains the main partner of the rubber import of Vietnam in the past

Effects Of Immigrants In The 1920s
Fear and greed pump through the veins of our "sweet" American people causing a boundary
between the truth and the presumption of immigrants. Immigrants have always been the "friendly
strangers" who've come to enjoy America's freedom with ambitious mindsets. However, as soon as
the immigrants started affecting the future of "true" Americans, these "friendly strangers" instantly
were seen as evil intruders. The rumors spread of the "evil doings" of immigrants, which lead to the
presumption that immigrants only had wrong intentions when migrating to our country. Many
Americans sought to find a reason to kick the immigrants out of "their country" because the
immigrants migrating had no benefits to them. The presumption of immigrants consisted of the facts
that they took jobs from others or were threats to the well–being of America. In order to protect
American citizens from these alleged wrongdoings, the government chose to limit the amount of
immigrants through acts, such as the National Origins Act and the Emergency Quota Act.
Furthermore, the government used the ideas rooted from fear and greed of the surrounding citizens
to inspire this idea of setting up limitations, which led to to the abhorrent treatment of immigrants in
the 1920's.
Fear is a contagious virus, which infected the citizens of America and as time went on the virus
worsened. It all began towards the end of WWI, Russia's Soviet Union strengthened with the
support of Vladimir Lenin leading the

Export of Towel from Pakistan
INTRODUCTION
The export of towel from Pakistan to other countries is not generating much revenue but it has some
importance as Pakistan ranks with India and China among the world's leading towel manufacturers.
The towel export business is specially a good one for Karachi–based producers, bringing Pakistan
$300 million each year from sales to the United States alone. It is also good for urban Pakistanis
seeking factory work According to the Towel Manufacturers Association of Pakistan (TMA), the
manufacture of nine tons of towels–enough to fill a standard 20x20x8–foot shipping container puts
485 Pakistani men and women to work.
However a closer look finds that other countries trade policies especially America's trade policy is
not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the more important thing is that the towel exports topped the list of textile manufactures by
registering 23.5 percent growth in value During FY10, despite the imposition of countervailing
duties by the US Commerce Department. A 6.2 percent decline in per–unit prices was more than
offset by a marked improvement in the Export volume (US$ 62.0 million), resulting in a net gain of
US$ 46.1 million in export earnings.
Export Receipts of Towel from Jan 2008 to Aug 2010 (Thousand US Dollar)
2008 | | Jan | 32,749 | Feb | 36,567 | Mar | 38,553 | April | 38,261 | May | 47,823 | June | 36,949 | July
| 44,770 | Aug | 47,615 | Sep | 51,040 | Oct | 54,869 | Nov | 48,587 | Dec | 46,208 | 2009 | | Jan |
39,346 | Feb | 43,584 | Mar | 41,960 | April | 36,192 | May | 42,944 Continued.... | June | 49,476 | July
| 48,081 | Aug | 45,444 | Sep | 45,596 | Oct | 49,518 | Nov | 43,366 | Dec | 55,268 | 2010 | | Jan |
46,564 | Feb | 48,925 | Mar | 53,008 | April | 58,303 | May | 55,721 | June | 53,074 | July | 48,737 |
Aug | 51,045 |
The above table shows the total export receipts of towel from other countries, if you notice from the
Jan 2008 receipts are fluctuating normally in the starting of the year but in Oct it increase a little
more handsomely which is 54,869 but after that it is decreased in the end of the year and in the
beginning of 2009

International Trade : An Essential Cog At Modern Day Business
I Introduction
International trade has a timeline that dates back to the 19th century BC where the Assyrian
merchant colony existed. Ever since, international trade has evolved more elaborate, more
important, and has proved to become an essential cog to modern day business. It is for this reason
that integral shipping agreements have been placed to mediate the responsibilities and liabilities
between exporters and importers. There are different types of agreements that can be made that are
preferred by the exporter/importer, but all with the purpose of reducing transactional confusion.
This essay discusses the attractiveness of cost, insurance and freight (CIF) and free on board (FOB)
contracts by comparing and contrasting their pros and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the classic FOB framework, it is still the importer who nominates the shipping vessel, but then it
is the exporter who remains a party to the contract of carriage until up until the moment s/he take
out the bill of lading in the name of the importer. The additional services FOB framework, in
essence is the reverse of the strict FOB framework. The exporter assumes responsibility for the
nomination of vessel and contract of carriage and may take out the bill of lading in his/her name.
The variations of FOB make it a more flexible option that some exporters may be inclined to
choose. However there is more that needs to be discussed before one can come to conclusion.
II Passing of Ownership and Risk for CIF and FOB Contracts
Lord Wright stated that a CIF contract is "a type of contract which is more widely and more
frequently in use than any other contract used for the purposes of sea–borne commerce." The
exporter is obliged to obtain a bill of lading and insurance policy and send it to the importer along
with an invoice for payment, where the buyer will pay upon receiving the documentation. In the
case of Diamond Alkali v Bourgeois, McCardie affirmed that the only form of a correct transaction
was if there was an on board bill of lading. His opinion stems from the Lickbarrow v Mason case
where the on board bill of lading was aligned with the trade custom and so considered the bill of
lading as a document of title at common law. However, if proved via

Swot Analysis: SWOT Analysis Of Kendicret Industry
SWOT ANALYSIS OF HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY:
Opportunities
Rising gratefulness for crafted works by buyers in the created nations
Widespread curiosity chasing
Large optional wage at transfer of buyer from created nations
Growth in seek made by retail chains in real bringing in nations for reasonable items and
dependable providers. Helpful for offices to advance showcasing exercises
Use of online business in coordinate promoting
Strengths
Abundant and cheap labour can compete on price
Low money investment and high ratio of value addition
esthetic and functional qualities
Coveredin mist of antiquity
Handmade and hence has less competitors
Variety of products which are unique
Exporters ready to handle small orders
Expanding accentuation on item advancement and outline upgradation
Weaknesses
Inconsistent quality
Inadequate showcase study and promoting procedure
Lack of sufficient foundation and correspondence offices
Capacity to deal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While increment in sends out is of key significance, we have additionally to encourage those
imports which are required to invigorate our economy. Rationality and consistency among exchange
and other monetary policies is imperative for augmenting the commitment of such strategies to
development .Thus, while fusing the current routine with regards to articulating a yearly EXIM
Policy, it is important to go much past and adopt an incorporated strategy to the developmental
prerequisites of India's Foreign exchange. The Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and
Industry reports Export Import Policy after every five years. EXIM strategy, as a rule, goes for

creating send out potential, improving trade execution; empowering outside exchange and creating
great adjust of installments

What Is The Causes Of The Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties
The Era of Wonderful Nonsense was one of the biggest turning points in American history. The
political,social, and economic aspect of society had a major influence on progression and
advancement during this time period. Vast changes led Americans to reform society, and bring forth
a more preferred way of life. With this came about a new meaning of freedom and understanding of
American values.
The 1920's was a time of mixed feelings. There were moments of bliss and moments of despair that
impacted society tremendously. After the victory of WWI a lot of tension in the United States arose.
The overwhelming change post–war, was the main cause of this tension that divided society in half.
It was divided amongst those who could accept change and those who wouldn't.
Before the war America was seen as an imperial power. America had continuously expanded beyond
its borders, which led to the open door policy, Hawaii annexed, and the acquiring of the Philippines
and Puerto Rico. The open door policy allowed free flow of trade,investment, information and
culture. America did it's best to create a welcoming economic environment with caribbean countries,
so that american companies could have stable access to raw material. There was a huge global
movement of people, especially into the United States due to industrial expansion.The U.S. realized
their way to strengthen their role in the global economy was to increase foreign relations.
Everything seemed well in America until World War I.
World War I pitted the Central Powers mainly Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Turkey against the
Allies mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and eventually the United States in 1917. It
ended with the defeat of the Central Powers and a ridiculous amount of slaughter, and destruction.
World War I led to the fall of four great imperial dynasties: Germany, Russia, Austria–Hungary, and
Turkey.This resulted in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. In the end Germany got blamed for all
that occurred during the war.The Treaty of Versailles, was the peace document signed at the end of
World War I by the Allies and Germany. It reassigned German's boundaries and assigned liability for
reparations. The German government

`` Americanize Immigrants `` By Daniel E. Bender
To establish ways to, subsequently, Americanize immigrants, according to Daniel E. Bender's, Perils
of Degeneration, Reform, the Savage Immigration, and the Survival of the Unfit, settlement houses
and reform organizations demonstrated ways to Americanize new immigrants and encourage the
elimination of the unfit. Established by the upper middle class, appropriately, settlement homes were
placed in the immigrant neighborhoods. The environment that a person resided in determined the
success or degeneration of new immigrants. Therefore, it seemed only appropriate that settlement
houses and reform organizations "prevent the inheritance of degenerate traits" (Bender, 14).
Fundamentally, degeneracy was viewed as a disease that could be cured. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Infants were equivalent to the earliest primates and childhood reflected savage and brutal life,
however, also, a recreation of the experience of human evolution (Bender, 12). Children's play was
seen to be similar to savage rituals. The play movement taught that as children play they are
revisiting each stage of human evolution and developing from primitive savages into civilized
citizens (Bender, 18). In addition, children were then guided through a complete recapitulation of
human racial history (Bender, 18). Settlement houses transformed the play aspect for children into
work instinct. Street boy gangs within neighborhoods "exercised a powerful degenerative pull," too
(Bender, 12). These boys were undoubtedly savage. In order to end this degenerative power,
settlement houses replaced the streets with civilization clubs and gymnasiums, in efforts civilize
such primitive members. After learning the rules for games, received industrial training, and
understood dramatic expressions gangs would then prosper into organized clubs (Bender, 15). Also,
within these settlement homes, immigrants were taught about minstrel shows. The popularity of
racially– themed plays in settlement houses reflected public enthusiasm as immigrants learned
collective cooperation and individual creative leadership (Bender, 16).
After administering IQ to soldiers, in order to mobilize for war, this proved that settlement houses
and reform

Effects of Trade Restrictions
Trade restrictions are an excellent example of government introduced sources of rents. The
importation of goods becomes custom to tighter immigration restrictions. The licences required for
importing the goods become more valuable, leading to corruption between importers and officials.
Trade restrictions are often done to protect an industry from foreign competition. With this prices
can be artificially inflated creating a semi–monopoly for the local industry. Local manufactures will
feel a high from the boom in the industry and may bribe influential politicians to keep the monopoly
going. 'Studies have indicated that country's which have open economies are linked to lower
corruption rates.' (Mauro, 1997)
An example of trade restrictions is the Hainan Island Vehicle binge in 1984. A 260% import duty
was imposed across china which was to reduce the number of imported automobiles entering the
country. The Island of Hainan was exempt from the import duty in an effort to boost development.
Eric Harwit states that 'unfortunately, Hainan officials took advantage of the lenient rule to import
tens of thousands of cars and other vehicles, mostly from japan and resold the automobiles at
premiums of three to five times the purchase cost to other mainland provinces.' (Harwit)
Government subsidies can constitute a source of rents. A perfect example of a current issue would
be the privation of the UKs railway industry in 1996. Since the privatatation the government has
invested more

Applying The Entry Of A New Zealand Customs Department Essay
1. CLEARANCE REQUIREMENT
All products or goods entering to New Zealand need custom clearance from custom departments.
There are different types of goods that are imported and they have different rules and clearance
process.
Custom department determines whether the goods we are importing should be allowed to enter or
not. So to allow entry or prohibit the entry of good is decided by New Zealand customs department.
Import entry need to be made before clearance of goods before or within 20 days of actual entry of
goods. Custom clearance need to be applied before actual arrival of goods.
5 days before entry of goods clearance need to be made if goods are arriving by sea. And 1days
prior clearance is needed if goods are coming by air.
There are two methods to apply for import clearance
ECI (ELECTRONIC CARGO INFORMATION)–
Through this service import entry can be lodge online if import of goods are less than $1000. There
is online custom declaration service. EDI (ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE) – this software
is used by importer who are having imports more than $1000 Nz dollars. The importers that are
involved in regular imports can use this system.
LISTING AS AN IMPORTER WITH MPI– this ministry of primary industry helps importer to
avoid or reduce trade barrier and help to protect environment from imported goods. There are
guidelines mentioned by ministry of primary industry which help importers in import process.
UNIQUE USER ID IDENTIFIER, SUPPLIER/CLENT CODE
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Why Is Globalization Important In International Trade

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