Coherence, Entanglement, And Topological Phases Of Quantum...

Coherence, Entanglement, And Topological Phases Of Quantum...
I am a theoretical physicist working on quantum mechanical aspects of condensed matter and solid
state physics. My past research highlights coherence, entanglement, and topology in condensed
matter systems. These features are unique in quantum systems, and can give rise to phenomena that
do not have classical counterparts. Target systems of my interest include mesoscopic/nanoscopic
systems such as graphene, spintronics, topological insulators, and strongly correlated electron
systems such as quantum magnetism, unconventional superconductors, and the quantum Hall effect.
More broadly, I am interested in quantum many–body systems and quantum field theories in
general.
More specifically, one of my focuses in the last 10 years is to develop a ... Show more content on
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For example, the quantum Hall states, time–reversal symmetric topological insulators, and one–
dimensional topological superconductors, all nicely fit into our classification scheme. Furthermore,
our theory predicts the stability of the edge states of topological insulators/superconductors against
disorder. Our classification scheme has been playing an important role in exploring to new
topological materials. For example, based on our classification, we predicted the presence of novel
three–dimensional time–reversal symmetric topological insulators. This prediction has been
experimentally explored in the B–phase of Helium, and in doped topological insulators.
As illustrated by the above examples of topological phases, an important challenge in quantum
condensed matter physics is: "How do we characterize and study highly quantum and complex
systems?" This question is related not only to topological phases, but to systems at quantum critical
points, systems that can undergo a many–body localization transition in the presence of disorder,
and eigen state thermalization that takes place for closed quantum systems at finite energy density,
etc. In this regard, quantum entanglement has been establishing its status as an important common
language in modern quantum many–body physics, both in condensed matter and high–energy
physics contexts. It has been used to address many fundamental
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Research Paper On Quantum Entanglement
Quantum Entanglement Quantum entanglement, also known as "spooky action at a distance" as first
referred to by Einstein, is a phenomenon which occurs when two or more particles interact in such a
way that their physical states can be described as one whole system rather than as each particle
separately. The particles spin in opposite directions to each other and, no matter how far away each
particle is from the other, if one particle changes its spin the other particle/s will instantaneously
change their spin too in the exact opposite direction. You can, therefore, determine the physical state
of each particle just by examining the state of one particle. History: In 1935, Albert Einstein, in a
joint paper with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus each particle would contain the necessary information with it resulting in there being no need
for information to be transmitted between the particles when they are measured. This theory was
originally seen by Einstein and by many others as the only explanation to the paradox and they thus
accepted that the quantum mechanical description must be

Using A Different Setup Than A Standard Linear Optical System
Using a different setup than a standard linear optical system, [SOURCE]Choi et al. are able to use
trapped ions as qubits in an optical quantum computer. As a direct result, unique possibilities for
addressing scalability issues are discovered. Since trapped ions already have fundamentally low
levels of coherent error, suppression of that error in a scaled quantum computer requires
significantly less error correction. Also, the group demonstrates an architecture in which more than
two entangled qubits could be addressed simultaneously, further expanding the possibility of
scaling. Some research indicates that linear optical systems could contain unexplored features that
would greatly increase the feasibility of scalability for quantum ... Show more content on
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Properties like this make working with double donor systems much easier. Still, some of the end
results of experiments using single–dot schemes have advanced quantum computing in general, via
a combination of multiple schemes. An article by Calderón et al., in tandem with other previous
experiments that allow for coherence times near a second, provide a possible solution to avoiding
coherent error. The use of a single electron donor for isolated qubits has one interesting result:
Calderón describes the unique state when he says "if they form a triplet, selection rules imply a
much longer lived state." This unique situation does not come as a result of double donors, only
single. By using only single–dot triplets, it might be possible to combine the system with others
because of its abnormally long coherence time and high accuracy. As discussed, the use of single–
dot architecture could be combined in unique ways with linear optical schemes. [SOURCE]
Economou et al. support this idea, stating "[s]pins...have received a great deal of attention because
they interact strongly with light and provide the opportunity for ultrafast all–optical implementation
of logical operations." While the negative implications of that statement, especially in decoherence
caused by environmental interaction, have been discussed, there are many potential benefits as well.
Foremost among these is the

Quantum Computing: Breakthrough of the Future Essay
Innovation is the breakthrough to the future. There is a enormous amount of information us humans
do not know. How can we solve these unknown answers? The biggest solution is, quantum
computing. This is how quantum computers work, how they are made, how a person can program a
quantum computer, and how it will change our future as we know it.
How a Quantum Computer Works: Old School vs. New School The first conventional computers
that were introduced were these big towers of switches, transistors, and buttons. These old
computers took up so much power, but had such little specifications. The first Macintosh ever made
had a whopping 128kilobytes of random–access memory and the floppy disk inside the computer
would not be able to even hold ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SQUID stands for Superconducting Quantum Interference Device. What this device does is, it has a
large metal ring made out of niobium. When niobium is cooled down, it becomes a super conductor
and it starts the quantum mechanical effects. The quantum mechanical effects create states of +1 and
–2 charges from a magnetic spin and the charges rely on what the qubit wants to do. Later on, we
have to make a coupler before the quantum processor has been made. To have a multi–qubit
processor, qubits have to be connected using couplers. How couplers work is, there is a series of
rectangles and there is coupling elements inside those rectangles that allow qubits to transfer and
share information. Now that the coupler is made, the next process is manufacturing the quantum
processor. The processor chips are made, but then they are stamped on silicon wafer. D–Wave, has
created their own series of quantum processors called the Rainer Series and it has 128 qubits which
is wicked fast. A 128 qubit system can calculate how satellites would react to solar wind storms or a
nuclear blast from Earth instantly, which a conventional computer would take weeks. A quantum
computer can get very hot and a quantum chip has to have temperatures below zero to operate
functionally. To achieve this, D–Wave has built a box that is a refrigeration system, it is known as a
dilution refrigerator. Inside the dilution refrigerator, it is cooled to around 20mK and the
refrigerators use liquid Helium as a

The Discovery Of The Atom
An Atom is the the basic building block of all matter. Atoms are made up of Particles, called:
Protons, neutrons and Electrons. Protons carry a positive charge, the neutron carry 's a neutral
charge and the electron carry's a negative charge. The Atom has two main parts the Nucleus and the
Electron Shell. The Nucleus contains the Protons and Neutrons. The electron Shell Contains the The
electrons.
There are many Scientist that contributed in the investigation of the atom which are:
1– John Dalton
2– Sir William Crookes
3– Wilhelm Rontgen
4– J.J Thomson
5– Max Planck
6– Albert Einstein
7– Ernest Rutherford
8– Neils Bohr
9– James Chadwick
10–Otto Hahn
The Discovery of the Atom first came from the Greeks which made a theory "The idea that all
matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles, or atoms, is believed to have originated with the
Greek philosopher Leucippus of Miletus and his student Democritus of Abdera in the 5th century
B.C. (The word atom comes from the Greek word atomos, which means "indivisible.")" (InfoPlease
Atomic theory)
After that theory scientists started Wondering about this theory and a lot of Scientists made up
Models and conducted Experiments to Explain this Theory. In this report we will put our self's
inside Each scientist's Shoe and see What has he discovered.
John Dalton
John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist, that was born on the 6th of September 1766. His study
of gases led Dalton to wonder about what these invisible substances

Quantum Cumputers Essay examples
Quantum Cumputers By the strange laws of quantum mechanics, Folger, a senior editor at Discover,
notes, an electron, proton, or other subatomic particle is "in more than one place at a time," because
individual particles behave like waves, these different places are different states that an atom can
exist in simultaneously. Ten years ago, Folger writes, David Deutsch, a physicist at Oxford
University, argued that it may be possible to build an extremely powerful computer based on this
peculiar reality. In 1994, Peter Shor, a mathematician at AT&T Bell Laboratories in New Jersey,
proved that, in theory at least, a full–blown quantum computer could factor even the largest numbers
in seconds––an accomplishment impossible for even the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In our computers, circuit boards are designed so that a 1 or a 0 is represented by differing amounts
of electricity, the outcome of one possibility has no effect on the other. However, a problem arises
when quantum theories are introduced, the outcomes come from a single piece of hardware existing
in two separate realities and these realties overlap one another affecting both outcomes at once.
These problems can become one of the greatest strengths of the new computer however, if it is
possible to program the outcomes in such a way so that undesirable effects cancel themselves out
while the positive ones reinforce each other. This quantum system must be able to program the
equation into it, verify its computation, and extract the results.
Several possible systems have been looked at by researchers, one of which involves using electrons,
atoms, or ions trapped inside of magnetic fields, intersecting lasers would then be used to excite the
confined particles to the right wavelength and a second time to restore the particles to their ground
state. A sequence of pulses could be used to array the particles into a pattern usable in our system of
equations. Another possibility by Seth Lloyd of MIT proposed using organic–metallic polymers
(one–dimensional molecules made of repeating atoms). The energy states of a given atom would be
determined by its interaction with neighboring atoms in the chain. Laser pulses

The Agent Responsible For Synchronicity
While periods of human thought are invariably brief, lasting only seconds at most, consciousness
maintains a continuous flow, uninterrupted by any shift in thought. This is evident in the persistence
of a unary self when conceptualized at a single moment in time and over a period of time. The agent
responsible for synchronicity is the claustrum, located on the underside of the neocortex. Although
the exact function of the claustrum remains to be verified, connectivity studies have shown that it
plays a vital role in communication between the two hemispheres of the brain, specifically between
cortical regions controlling attention. It is believed that the claustrum acts as a timescale integrator,
synchronizing the two hemispheres, creating a seamless unity of consciousness between
hemispherical processes. Anesthetics such as Propofol affirm the functionality of the claustrum
through their mechanism of action. A state of unconsciousness is induced when the brain's ability to
integrate information is blocked. Anesthetics inhibit the synchrony of the claustrum through
potentiation of gamma–amino–butyric acid alpha (GABA–A).
Psychosis is a symptom of many serious mental disorders characterized by a loss of touch with
reality. The perception of reality is a major component of self–awareness. The pathology of
psychosis is key to understanding the neurological agents responsible for aspects of consciousness.
Several neurotransmitter systems are associated with the pharmacological

Entanglement and Quantum Mechanics
Entanglement is one of the most fundamental and yet unintuitive concepts in quantum mechanics.
Maximally entangled two–qubit states, often called Bell states, where shown to violate classical
(local) correlation properties [33, 34] and are an essential building block for quantum
communication and distributed quantum computation. Unfortunately, such entangled states are also
difficult to generate and sustain as interaction with a noisy environment typically leads to rapid loss
of their unique quantum properties. In the context of QSC, such an entanglement has been generated
exploring various types of interactions such as direct qubit–qubit interaction [35, 36], coupling to a
common cavity mode [37] or photon–mediated interactions for qubits embedded in a waveguide
[38].
In this context, remote entanglement of spatially separated quantum systems have important im–
plications in addressing the scaling problem for quantum information processing. Indeed, as a
solution to this scaling issue, we propose here to follow a modular approach where the quantum
information is encoded, protected and locally manipulated in small units consisting of a few cavity
modes or/and few qubits and the communication between modules is ensured through quantum
teleportation techniques. Sharing of a pair of entangled subsystems between two modules is central
for these teleportation pro– tocols. While the isolation of the modules simplifies the scaling by
avoiding any undesired cross–talk between the

On the Development of Quantum Computers and Cryptography
On the Development of Quantum Computers and Cryptography
In 2010, the United States government, after accessing encrypted files by means of physical
intervention, exposed ten Russian sleeper agents; in 2013, the United States government, without
any means of physical intervention, surreptitiously collected and promptly decrypted many
previously encrypted (Wood). Within this decade, concerns regarding the dubious security of
contemporary cryptography will begin to emerge as the secrets of quantum computing quickly
unravel. Companies that rely on Moore's law, which asserts that computing power doubles every
eighteen months, to justify using the theoretically weak cryptography scheme known as RSA will
succumb to the risks posed by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These individuals cite a "three qubit impasse," which states that because quantum computers have
not become more complex than three qubits, they will not become more complex than three qubits.
From the start of serious research in 2001 up until recently, this argument had remained tenable. But,
the human endeavor to create technological advancements would not relent. This drive proved itself
as successful in 2012, when D–Wave Systems, a quantum computing company founded in 1999,
announced that their work on a 512 qubit quantum computer had concluded. D–Wave then went on
to state that they would computer would reveal the computer later that year, albeit with a limited
range of abilities. Since then, companies such as Google and the National Aeronautics and Space
Association (NASA) have begun to work in conjunction with D–Wave to improve upon their
prototype and apply them to calculations to discover new potential. Nevertheless, dogmatic
advocates for RSA hold the proposition that their point still stands as these do not count as full–
fledged quantum computers. With the progression of time, the development of quantum computers
will do as it has already done once and relegate the power of the three qubit impasse to a continually
smaller role.
While RSA performs its final show, a new system débuts. Praised by some as unbreakable, they call
the method "Quantum Key Distribution," (QKD) and in it lies

Analysis Of The Book ' Entanglement '
The study of quantum mechanics has been ongoing for hundreds of years. The book, Entanglement
by Amir D. Aczel allows the reader to see the evolution of the study of quantum mechanics over
those hundreds of years from a fresh perspective. He offers an inside look at the scientists who have
contributed so much to the field throughout the years. In his book, Aczel humanizes the people who
we previously looked at just as names behind different theories, equations, and methods by
exploring their backgrounds and their own unique motivations to study quantum mechanics. He
shows how their work over the years built unto that of their predecessors. The scientists come from
different generations and places, but Aczel shows that they all share something in common. While
only some of them were aware of it at the time, all of their work would contribute to the discovery
and understanding of one of the most complex issue of quantum mechanics, entanglement.
However, even understanding entanglement was not enough to answer the question we still ask even
today, why the quantum?
The quantum theory we are familiar with today had not yet been developed when Thomas Young
was working as a physicist, but his work was very important to quantum theory. Young was
interested in many different academic fields in addition to his studies on light, such as natural
philosophy and Egyptian hieroglyphics. He was also a trained physician. Perhaps it was a good
thing that was not a very successful doctor,

Neanderthal Parallax, Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer
The human race has achieved many impossible feats. We have landed on the moon, illuminated the
world with the electric light, and cured illnesses that used kill thousands. In a world where we look
to technology to answer all of life's problems, we are faced with a dilemma. How can our
technology possibly keep up with our modern needs? In the first book of the Neanderthal Parallax,
Hominids, by Robert J. Sawyer, we are transported into a parallel universe. In this unpolluted world
that is populated by Neanderthals, there is a sophisticated computing system, we know as a quantum
computer. As of 2014, quantum computers are still in their infancy, and have been prophesied since
the early 1990s. However, work on building a quantum computer, and creating algorithms
compatible with one, began around the turn of the century. As one of only seven sci–fi writers in the
world, and the only Canadian, who has won all three of the top international awards for science
fiction, he is known for the amount of research and probable vision intertwined into the technology
in his books.
A quantum computer is a sophisticated computer device that can actually calculate the use of
quantum–mechanical phenomena, to perform operations on data. Basically, it's one of the few
devices that can calculate the quantum theory. Quantum theory is also classified as quantum
mechanics, which is a branch of physics that deals with physical phenomena inside of particles at
nanoscopic scales (Wilczek). It

Casino Royale Essay
Daniel Craig's new James Bond in Casino Royale breathes fresh life into what had become, in my
opinion, a rather tired and worn out concept – a striking achievement, considering Casino Royale
was Ian Fleming's first novel in the series, written in 1953.
We encounter Bond as a fledgling British agent, yet to gain MI6 double–0 Status, with its 'licence to
kill'. The film strikes me as being more violent than previous Bond films, showing him cleaning up
after the action – indeed, some of his injuries as portrayed were genuine, according to The Ticket,
November 2006. He is less 'superhuman', too, than in the other films; for example, he's not as adept
at 'free–running' as his adversary. The new less–than–perfect Bond (he upsets M by ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In contrast to Lind and Bond, Le Chiffre is the stereotypical Bond villain of this film, being cold,
foreign and has a particular trait– crying blood as opposed to tears, a classically bizarre Flemming
touch. He is banker for an international terrorist ring, and contrives to play poker with Bond in the
Casino of the film's name. He not only shows himself to be ruthless and cunning like most bond
villains, but also very desperate in some parts of the film, particularly when he attempts to force
information out of bond in one of the films more harrowing scenes.
Vesper Lynd herself, in a departure from the usual Bond love–interest, shows herself to be so much
more than just the typical air–headed, glamorous Bond blonde. She is devious and cunning, proving
to be more than a match for him in planning and plotting, illustrating that she is so much more than
the window–dressing Bond girls of yore. One of my favourite scenes, she unexpectedly joins Bond
for dinner whilst he is travelling to Montenegro by train. Bond quickly susses out Vesper as being
insecure about her beauty and thus over compensating with masculine clothing giving her a prickly
demeanour. She is also quick to size–up Bond and the pair enjoy a bit of flirtatious banter before
retiring to their respective quarters.
The new Bond carries the torch of the former Bonds but adds interest, Craig being a superb actor in
his

Device That Can Be Thought As A Gun
device that can be thought as a gun. The second screen has a surface that can record or detect any
wave or particle that manages to pass through the slits and strike the screen. As will be seen,
sometime the researcher will open just one slit and other times both slits. The experiment is
conducted in stages in order to contrast waves from particles.
In the first stage a series of bullets (particles) will be fired toward the barrier with one slit open. As
expected a vertical pattern of bullet holes will appear behind slit 1. After opening the second slit and
firing another volley, a second vertical pattern will appear right next to the first one. In other words
the bullets behave just like particles in accordance with classical physics as would be expected.
In stage two a monochromatic light (light with just one wavelength) will be emitted toward the
screen. This is in contrast to the light from a normal light bulb that is composed of many differing
wavelengths (making it difficult to observe the interference pattern). The second screen is coated
with a chemical that illuminates when impacted by light. When the monochromatic light is emitted
with only one slit open, a pattern of brightness appears just behind the slit. But with both slits open
an interference pattern is observed consisting of bright bands where constructive interference
occurred and dark bands where destructive interference occurred. Again, this is just what is
expected.
In the third stage

Quantum Mechanics and Islam Essay
Introduction
Quantum mechanics or also known as quantum physics is a field of science which studies the
behaviour of particles at sub–atomic level. This theory tells us that short–lived pairs of particles and
their antiparticles are constantly being created and destroyed in an apparently empty space.
In quantum mechanics the weird behaviour of electrons are not accurately explained and until now
not a single theory is acceptable by the whole scientific community to postulate the phenomena. The
electrons become linked, or entangled, such that changing one invariably affects the other, no matter
how far apart they are; something Einstein called "spooky action at a distance". Quantum stuff can
also exist in several places at once, or spin ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The inadequacy and weaknesses of modern science is thus manifested as a result of its ignorance on
other sources of scientific knowledge such as metaphysical and spiritual knowledge which is proven
successful by previous Muslim scientists during the period of medieval Islam.
In Islamic science, cosmology plays an important role as a link between pure metaphysics and the
particular sciences and acts as a source of conceptual framework for the unity of science and
spiritual knowledge. There are a number of cosmological principles in Islamic science which are
formulated based on the relevant Qur'anic verses, prophetic traditions and intuitive knowledge of
famous traditional Muslim scholars. In this study, the principles and ideas of quantum mechanics are
presented in a simplified manner for easy understanding of the subject matter, followed by the
application of the principles in Islamic science wherein the relevant issues are discussed
accordingly.
A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics
Quantum theory began to take shape in the early 20th century, when classical ideas failed to explain
some observations. Previous theories allowed atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect
predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy; a problem known as the ultraviolet
catastrophe. Max Planck in 1900 solved this problem by assuming the vibrations of atoms at specific
or

Quantum Physics : Quantum Computing
Quantum Computing
Less than 100 years ago, beginnings of the "new quantum theory" began. Only about 55 years after
the new quantum theory began to emerge the idea that quantum phenomena can be used to perform
computations. The idea being for a quantum computer was that classical computers would take an
extremely long time to perform huge calculations, when a simple quantum system perform these
same calculations all the time.
One property that quantum computers have been observed to have was the ability to solve
exponential growth problems without using the exponential growth in the time taken to complete the
computation. This observation represents a characteristic named quantum parallelism. When an
input is submitted in a classical computer the same outcome will always be computed. For a
quantum computer there will be many different outputs from just one single input submission. This
is because the quantum computer will compute all possible outcomes for that input simultaneously.
A quantum computer is similar to a computer, but uses the principles of quantum physics to increase
the power of the system beyond what a traditional computer can compute. A traditional computer
functions by storing data in a binary format, using "bits" that encode with either a 0 or a 1. On the
other hand, a quantum computer will use quantum bits that will encode both the 0 and the 1. The
main difference is the 0 and 1 will encode into two distinguishable quantum states. The quantum
computer

Essay on The Duality of Light and Matter
In school you learned about the atom as though the electrons were particles. But what if you were
taught wrong? What if matter is in reality a wave? This is the question raised by Lois de Broglie and
is the focus of this essay. First we will cover the difference between particles and waves. Then we
will cover the origin of this debate, the duality of light and the double slit experiment. Then we will
look at the man behind this unorthodox idea, what his scientific background is and his reasons for
suggesting this unorthodox idea. Finally we will examine the data behind this experiment and see if
it stands up or not. What are the main differences behind a wave and the particle? A particle has
locality, this means it can be in only one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the photoelectric effect light was transmitted onto a metal surface, with certain conditions the
light could knock off electrons, its behavior could only be explained by considering light as a
particle aka a photon. In Compton scattering the radiation of high frequency waves off of electrons
could only be explained by considering the radiation in terms of quantified particles. So is light a
wave or a particle? Throughout the years the debate has gone back and forth and back and forth. In
the 19th century Leon Foucault Established that light moves slower in water than in air which is in
favor of wave theory in the same century Maxwell proved that light was an electromagnetic wave.
But in the 20th century Max Planck discovers that light is quantified and not continuous and Albert
Einstein reestablishes particle theory with his mathematical proof of the photoelectric effect.
Interestingly a good example of the ongoing struggle is the fact that J. J. Thompson got the Nobel
Prize in 1906 for proving that electrons were particles, but his son received the prize in 1937 for
proving electrons to be waves. Of course if scientists were questioning the properties of light why
not matter as well? Enter in our main character Prince Louis–Victor de Broglie. Prince Louis–Victor
de Broglie was born in Dieppe on the fifteenth of August in the year 1892. He graduated from the
Lycée Janson of Sailly in

Disadvantages Of Quantum Computer
The application and development of quantum computing is still in progress and there aren't any fully
developed quantum computers out there right now. In spite of that, there are many advantages of
quantum computing based on the theory and calculations provided by the scientists will benefit us in
the future. First of all, there is a difference between quantum computer and traditional computer
need to be explained. For example, traditional computer uses long strings of "bits", which is either
zero or one. While for the quantum computer, it uses quantum bits, or qubits (University of Waterloo
n.d.).
Sounds confusing? Here is the advantage I want to explain now. In traditional devices, information
is stored and handled in binary form which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because he proved that due to a classic computers cannot slow down without exponentially,
thus, a classical computers cannot simulate the quantum effects. But a quantum computer can
simulate the physical processes of quantum effects in a real time. They named it as molecular
simulations (Talele etal 2012). This definitely will allow us to study, in remarkable detail, the
interactions between atoms and molecules. This could help medical and engineering field to design
new drugs and new materials (University of Waterloo n.d.). Those pharmacists can know more
about how was the interactions with each other of their products. They also can see the biological
processes after they used a drug on a person to view the interaction of a drug with a person's
metabolism or disease. Meanwhile in the engineering field, they can create new materials such as
superconductors that work at room temperature, nanotechnology, and semiconductor. This has been
theoretically demonstrated to have this incredible potential, but hopefully those benefits would bring
to us in the

Computers And The Field Of Computer Engineering
Electrical engineering is a wide field of study and the field of computer engineering is very
intriguing. Computer hardware is the field that is advancing at an exponential pace in the last 100
years which is a very small piece of human history. Which is why this field is so interesting and
finding advancements in computer and computing is not hard to come by. There's always something
new that's created like a new software or processor. But there's been some recent advancements in
what could shape and be the cornerstone of a new step in making history and a new age of
computing. That great leap towards the future is quantum computing and in the last two years theirs
been a lot of new and exciting developments that will be discussed. The man who first came up with
the idea was Feynman a physicist who encountered a problem with classic computers. That they just
couldn't handle the amount of variable or simulate quantum physics he came up with the first
concepts of a quantum computer. Quantum computing has a made a recent leap forward that can be
attributed to a few factors. The factors are that in last few year's major companies like google, Intel
and IBM have started to or have increased their resources and manpower on making quantum
computing a reality. In 2014 John Martinis and his colleagues at the University of California, Santa
Barbara were working to make qubit gates more reliable and controllable. During their research and
experimentation, they got a fidelity of

Arthur Eddington's My Son, The Prince Of Fashion
The most beautiful theory, The Economist
The Economist's article "The most beautiful theory" discusses Albert Einstein's theory of general
relativity. It explains the origins of general relativity through Einstein's initial thought experiments
that eventually led to the realization that the university functions in four dimensions ("three spatial
dimensions, one temporal one") and that mass curved space–time, creating gravity. Over time,
Einstein's theory was verified by observations, such as those made by Arthur Eddington when he
noticed the skew of light around the sun during an eclipse, which could only have been due to
distorted space–time. His theory has also been expanded over the years as physicists try to combine
general relativity with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He describes the various shows they witnessed, brilliantly contrasting his clueless apathy with his
son's pure and complete entrancement with the clothes, the shows, and the process. He also
describes his son's unique love for fashion and his ability to dress impeccably, which he does due to
his love for clothes and despite any teasing and mocking he encounters because of his style. Abe has
an impressive and commendable ability to stand out and withstand the scrutiny and criticism that
accompanies such distinction (Chabon even comments that Abe designs his clothes, the "outside of
his body," to "invite scrutiny"). Ironically, though, Chabon expresses the most important message of
the article through the one fashion show to which he did not accompany his son. It was the show his
son loved the most, precisely because Chabon, his "minder" (which he purposefully calls himself
throughout the article), was not there. It was at the Paris Fashion show, and this one show in
particular, that Abe found his "people;" he found those like him, who similarly love everything
about fashion. And it was there he finally cured the intense "solitude of his passion" that he suffered
at home, amid friends and family that did not share, or really understand, his passion. In Chabon's
words "you are born into a family and those are your people,"

Taking a Look at Quantum Cryptography
Quantum Cryptography is the newest technology in the field of Encryption and proved to be most
secure as of now. In this paper we will discuss what quantum cryptography is and what makes it
most secure and unbreakable.
Introduction
All our classical computer cryptography methods are basically based on some mathematical
calculations which are quiet easy to implement in one direction but very difficult to process in the
other direction. As RSA(Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm which is one of the first practicable
and most famous public–key cryptosystems, RSA, is based on the technique of factoring large
numbers which makes it secure. Difficulty in factoring increases with number of digits in RSA key.
For example, a 128 digit number would take millions of years to factor with current computers.
There are still limitations in classical cryptography, it is purely mathematical and information cannot
be separated from its physical representation. In Classical physics, we use binary form to store and
process the data. In the 1980s, C.Bennet, P.Benioff, R.Feynman and others observed that new and
very powerful ways of information processing are possible with quantum mechanical systems. This
gave birth to the concept of quantum computing.
We have algorithms such as Shor's Algorithm, a quantum computer can break a very large number
into its prime factors otherwise which could take millions of years to be solved. The day when
quantum cryptography will become a reality, above

Analyzing Scientific Argumentation On The Conflict
Resolving The Conflict 1. Need To Elucidate Scientific Argumentation When a subject matter is
described as beyond logic, it is not meant illogical or that it completely lacks the usage of
argumentation of any kind. If that would have been the norm, Shri Vallabhacharya would not have
argumentatively defended the atomism of Jiva against the heterodox discipline propounded by
Jainism in 'Chit Prakran' of shastrarth prakran nibandha (ि.दी. वन. शभ.प्र.कभररकभ.53) and
elsewhere. Bhagwad Gita states man who is of a doubting nature perishes (संशयात्मा विनश्यवि–4/40 )
. Here doubt means lacking faith and not lacking curiosity or questions which on the contrary tend to
enhance the virtue of a learner. Similarly, when scriptures state something ... Show more content on
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Between the firing electrons and the wall there was a frame deployed to obstruct the passage of
electrons with two slits that allowed them to pass. Electrons, being particles should hit directly
behind the slit, producing particle like behaviour. Something like this– However, the electrons
instead produced wave pattern, which is only possible when a single electron passes through both
the slits. Some of the electrons even hit the area directly behind the barrier. Something like this–
This showed that electrons have wave–particle duality like the Light and it exists in a 'superposition'
which is a state of potential innumerable possibilities of existence. However, what further astounded
the physicists was when a detector was placed to measure the passage of electrons to learn how it
passes through both slits; the electrons immediately collapsed their wave function and reverted to
particle like behaviour. Physicists then decided to act smart and switched on the detector once the
electron had passed through the slit. But it seemed somehow the electrons knew that it was being
detected and it immediately switched to particle like behaviour by adopting the passage from one of
the either slit. In a nutshell, every time the electron was measured, it dropped its superposition and
wave function. What stumps the physicists is the fact that what exactly counts as 'measurement' that
leads the electrons to change their course. There are no concrete

The Ultimate Test For Any Idea
EPR Paradox
The ultimate test for any idea, ranging from abstract philosophical concepts to objective scientific
theories, is the reality. What makes us to believe whether something is right or wrong is how much
that "thing" is compatible with reality. In physics, reality is the direct result of an experiment; thus,
we are forced to think about reality as "observable reality". In fact, the distinction between reality
and observable reality is extremely important, since as a consequence of this distinction, a logically
correct theory may not necessary be correct while a logically non–satisfying theory may be
completely correct (if it is also able to predict the result of a series of experiments). Reality can
encompasses any logical idea whether observable or unobservable, but observable reality consist of
only observable phenomena whether or not they seem logical. In the case of Einstein's gedanken
experiment concerning Quantum Mechanics –known as EPR or EPR Paradox– we face the exact
same difficulty; either taking EPR's word for believing in logically desirable physical explanations,
or just relying on experiments' results and their consistency with quantum mechanics which are far
from being logically satisfying. In this paper, I shall tackle both EPR gedanken experiment and the
results of an experiment that contrasts EPR logical statements in order to see if I can address the
EPR paradox once for all. In Can Quantum–Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be

Physics : Physics And Physics
In short, quantum mechanics is 'a mathematical framework that plays a huge role in modern physics
and chemistry'. It was interpreted in many ways, however the Copenhagen Interpretation was the
most widely held view, largely developed by Danish physicist Neils Bohr who worked in
Copenhagen. The framework can be applied to different scientific phenomena and can be used to
investigate the behaviour of the building blocks of the universe, all elementary particles. The
complex mathematics is useful for these particles as they act in ways classical physics cannot
explain. [1]
Classical physics is the study of physics which describes the activity of matter and energy on a scale
that is relative to human experience, including astronomical bodies, thus examining the
macrophysics of the world around us. However towards the end of the 19th century, scientists such
as Thomas Kuhn began to find phenomena in both macro and microphysics that classical physics
could not explain. His analysis of the philosophy of science, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
influenced two major revolutions in the development of physics that created a shift in the original
scientific models of the theory of relativity ¬¬and the development of quantum mechanics.
Wave Particle Duality [6]
The word quantum describes the smallest amount of any physical energy interaction. Certain
characteristics of matter can only take discrete values. Light behaves in a way that differs from the
norm – it displays some

Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of...
Reconciling Religious and Scientific Perspectives of Creation
"In the beginning was the big bang,"[i] writes John Polkinghorne, a physicist turned theologian. As
the reader follows through the remainder of his cosmic creation story, the reader is intrigued at how
mystical and religious the story sounds. "The space boiled, in the rapid expansion of the inflation
era, blowing the universe apart with incredible rapidity in the much less than 10–30 seconds that it
lasted. . . . The world suddenly became transparent and a universal sea of radiation was left to
continue cooling on its own . . ."[ii] Then, the story unfolds to tell of the creation of hydrogen and
helium and the creation of stars. The death of stars follow, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He has scaled the mountains of ignorance, he is about to conquer the highest peak: as he pulls
himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for
centuries."[v] Though Jastrow treats the issue as settled and declares that scientists have finally been
"defeated," it is too early to reach any judgements on the implications the new cosmology has for
both science and religion. Our image of the origin of the universe is not yet complete and further
investigations must be conducted before the towel is thrown in. Science has still much to offer to
help us understand how the universe came to be. Therefore, let us now attempt to solve the cosmic
mystery of creation by referring to the great scientific minds as our guide. Let us now rewind the
story of the big bang and look into the origins of the universe.
The idea that the universe had an origin was a result of the discovery of the expansionary universe.
[vi] The theoretical groundwork for the expansionary universe theory was conceived, ironically, by
Albert Einstein (a firm believer in the infinite and unchanging universe) in his work concerning
relativity.[vii] The expansionary universe theory was later confirmed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920's
when he showed through careful observation of the

Observation of Sub-Atomic Particles
1. A) Part of the wave might penetrate it or it might not. This would be random and would depend
on the energy of the electron attempting to penetrate.
B) The pattern that initially seemed random would begin to acquire uniformity. Half of the electrons
would transmit and half would reflect and go back. Each of the electrons that transmitted would
carry its complete charge and mass.
C) One cannot say where the electron really is, whether a given electron will transmit or reflect. It is
only possible to state the probability of electrons actions. For example, one may say that the
probability is one in five that the electron will transmit and four out of five that it will be reflected
back.
D) Some physicists find the result difficult to accept because they perceive it as what Einstein called
"God playing dice with the universe". The unpredictability inherent with this result and the fact that
it seems to contradict both Newtonian physics as well as reality, make it a less than ideal paradigm
for many physicists.
E) David Hume would have vehemently objected to my answer on part C). Hume's word view was
largely based on the belief that, to understand events in the universe, we must look to their cause.
This casual link is, therefore, disrupted under the conditions witnessed in the aforementioned
experiment, as we can see a cause but the result side of the chain is unknown.
2. A) Some Greek scientists based their opinion that the space between the earth and the planets and

My Experience In My Life
"Experience is not what happens to you; it is what you do with what happens to you". That is what
my dad was saying in the big screen in front of me, quoting Aldous Huxley, next to my mom, both
smiling widely and a bit dewy–eyed. It was a video they recorded unbeknownst to me that was
being shown at the Jenkins Foundation scholarship awards ceremony; a night that will last in my
memory for the rest of my life. An acknowledgment that came almost as unexpected as the
realization that I would study in one of the best universities in Mexico. And, at the same time, a
recognition that seemed to be just an obvious next step, the natural consequence of all that I had
done and worked for up to that moment. There they were, doing what parents do best: show their
support. As when they took me to some amazing science summer courses or when they joined me
attending this awesome do–your–own–telescope workshop at our local university. Or while paying
for the various programming courses I could not wait to take. My parents would always encourage
me to follow each one of my interests and try them by myself. This helped me be totally confident
on my capabilities and be certain that I would be successful in any professional or academic career I
chose, as long as it was something I loved. College, for me, could be summed up in one word:
passion. Not just any passion, but the best one I can think of: passion for knowledge. That feeling
that drives us to unknown places as we try to explain and

Physics : Quantum Computing And Computer Science
Quantum Computing and Its Relation to Computer Science
I have decided to write my paper on Quantum Computing. This is a difficult subject for me to
wrap my head around, however I feel it is a very important field to look into more closely.
Quantum Computing relates to the studies I have chosen, in the fact that it is actually a field that
could potentially change Computer Science as it is known today. This could affect me in
unforeseen ways, and I feel I need to know about it in order to prepare for my future. Without
further ado, let us explore the question, how is quantum computing going to affect the future of
Computer Science? What is Quantum Computing? Normal computers that are used today have
many little
pieces on the transistor that interact with one another. Usually these pieces have either the
number one or zero, depending on the piece. They communicate between each other, in a way,
which results in a computer program or command. When progress has been made in computing
today, the major component of that progress has been either increasing the number of chips on
the transistor or improving the performance of the existing chips in speed and communication.
Quantum computing throws a curveball into all of that, though. Quantum computing is where a
chip does not have to be a one or zero, it can be both or switch between the two numbers as well.
This opens up for a lot more communication, more options, and more computing power that
would

The Physics Of An Experiment
In 1964, John Bell set out to test the arguments originally described in the EPR paper and later more
eloquently describe by David Bohm. In the paper by Bohm, he shows how one could conceive of an
experiment to mirror the conceptual situation put forth in the EPR paper, by examining the
dissociation of a diatomic molecule whose total spin angular momentum is zero. For example, the
hydrogen molecule into two hydrogen atoms. In the experiment, the hydrogen atoms would separate
after interaction, in different free directions. It is here that an experimenter would measure the spin
components whose values are anti–correlated after dissociation. If we define our axis of measuring
as the one at right angles to the particles flight, then we can have a consistent measurement. If the
measure of hydrogen atom one yields spin– up, measurement along the same axis for the other atom
would yield spin–down, to be consistent with total spin equal to zero. This is an interesting
experiment because of the incompatibility of spin components makes it analogous to position and
momentum conjugates. Bohm eventually went on to publish a more sophisticated paper with
plausible instrumentation to test his theories with Yakir Aharonov in 1957. A thought experiment
that is discusses the ideas of Bell's inequalities are as follows. Consider two observers that are
initially together and agree that they will be given red or green balls at regular intervals, from this
they conclude that only red or green 4

Architectures for Scalable Quantum Computation Essay
1. Introduction
A classical computer represents an implementation of a (sub–) Turing machine that is limited by the
laws of classical physics. As such, certain computational problems are either extremely difficult to
solve or are intractable (w.r.t. resources). In order to tackle these problems, a super–Turing
computational model has been devised and named as the quantum computer [1]. Quantum
computation is based on the laws of quantum mechanics and can outperform classical computation
in terms of complexity. The power comes from quantum parallelism that is achieved through
quantum superposition [2] and entanglement [3]. Computability is unchanged so intractable
problems are still unsolvable, but the exponential increase in speed means ... Show more content on
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This requires use of large amounts of auxiliary qubits (aka. ancillae). Further fault–tolerance is
achieved by applying the error correction codes recursively (in levels) [9], exponentially increasing
overhead and reducing fault probability. Due to these error correction schemes, a single logical qubit
is represented by multiple physical qubits. As an example, a single logical qubit at two levels of
recursion is represented by 49 [10] or 81 [11] physical qubits, depending on the error correction
code used. Intuitively, the number of physical qubits required for interesting integer factorisation
described in [4] would be in the thousands. This is a problem because most investments into
manufacturing technology went into silicon–based devices and technology such as ion–traps [12,13]
are not as well developed. Hence, initial proposals for quantum architectures such as the Quantum
Logic Array (QLA) [14] are space inefficient and somewhat impractical. This review attempts to
give an outline of the current state of quantum computing architectures based on the QLA and
provide critical comments.
2. Review
The quantum logic array (QLA) [14], designed by Metodi et al., is one the first complete
architectural designs of a trapped ion quantum computer based on the quantum charge coupled
device architecture in [13]. However, as it is the first attempt at

Physics, Love, and Richard Feynman Essay
Physics, Love, and Richard Feynman
Introduction
Physics. Love. These two words sum up the entities that Richard Feynman held most important
throughout his entire life. An extraordinary individual, Feynman was able to combine an incredible
mind with an incredible personality to achieve ends bordering on the magical. After Feynman's
death in 1988, physicist Hans Bethe, paraphrasing the mathematician Mark Kac, spoke of two kinds
of geniuses. He explained that the ordinary kind does great things but lets other scientists feel that
they could do the same if only they worked hard enough. The other kind performs magic. Bethe
said, "A magician does things that nobody else could ever do and that seem completely
unexpected...and that's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before Richard Phillips Feynman was born on May 11, 1918, his father had proclaimed, "If it's a
boy, he'll be a scientist" (Mehra 1994, p. 2). He was right, although it is interesting to note that
Feynman's sister Joan, nine years his junior, also has a Ph.D. in physics (Feynman 1988). But while
Melville Feynman might have been wrong about predicting the careers of his children based on their
sex, he certainly prepared the young ones well for the scientific occupation. In an interview just
before his death, Feynman was asked if he could name a great influence in his life. He said, "My
father. Early in my life, he'd tell me about the world, about nature and how interesting it was" (Brian
1995, p. 49). The elder Feynman took his son on long walks in the woods, read to him from the
Encyclopedia Britannica, and encouraged him to conduct experiments with household materials.
Throughout elementary school, Feynman tinkered with toys, clocks, radios, and anything else he
could secure for his laboratory, a workspace in the corner of his bedroom. Besides influencing
Feynman to think about the wonders of science from a young age, Melville taught his son some
non–scientific lessons that would greatly impact Feynman's views on certain issues. For example,
Feynman learned from his father to show indifference to authority, and to devalue honors and
awards. Melville was in the uniform business, and knew that there was no difference between a man
with a uniform on and

Quantum Teleportation And Its Effect On Human Life
Since 1993, when the concept was first introduced by Bennett et al., numerous attempt have been
made to practically implement Quantum teleportation. Quantum teleportation was first demonstrated
with entangled photons[11] in 1997. Later, various developments have been achieved in laboratory,
including the demonstration of entanglement swapping[12], open destination teleportation[13] and
teleportation of two bit composite system[14]. Entanglement distribution has been shown with fiber
links[15–18]. In addition, "practical" quantum teleportation have been realized via fiber links[19,
20] and limited to a distance of about one kilometer. Experiments have achieved free space
distribution of entangled photon pairs over distances of 600 m[21] and 13 km[22]. Later, entangled
photons were transmitted over 144 km[23, 24]. In these experiments, either only one photon was
transmitted[23] or the entangled photon pair was transferred together[24] using only a one–link
channel. Most recently, following a modified scheme[25], quantum teleportation over a 16 km free–
space links was demonstrated[26] with a single pair of entangled photons. However in this
experiment, the unknown quantum state must be prepared on one of the resource entangled qubits
and therefore cannot be presented independently.
Quantum cryptography, specifically Quantum key distribution is one important field where quantum
teleportation can be practically applied to provide completely secure information exchange between

We are Immigrants at a Community College
As a immigrant and a community college student, I enjoy changes and challenges. I wish to transfer
to a four–year research university to study in a more challenging and diverse academic environment.
College of Art and Science at University of Pennsylvania will be a great fit for me because of its
academic rigor and liberty, premier Ivy League education, and vast research opportunities. Benjamin
Franklin is my hero. I sincerely admire his versatility. His contributions on electricity is remarkable.
Moreover, his bravery in his kite experiment always motivates me to concentrate on my research,
never deterred by any potential danger. I wish to develop my personal qualities at Penn and the
inherit Benjamin Franklin's spirit and philosophy. Academically, I look forward to attending an
institution where I can personalize my education. College of Art and Science at Penn resonates with
my educational goals. The College Curriculum satisifies my desire for well–rounded higher
education. I can flexibly decide my class schedule and learn across disciplines. I can study a wide
range of art and science knowledge and broaden my horizon. While discovering the fundamental
principles of nature, I can enjoy the beauty and charm of humanity and art. This general and
specialized education, like the Penn student Kramar who speaks in the video, enables me to
integrate creative art into my scientific research to better understand the pattern of microscopic
world and ignite lot of innovative ideas.

Science
Science serves to prove or debunk religion. In A Tale For The Time Being readers find evidence of
spiritual practices and specific fields of science that support them. Kierkegaard believed that to truly
accept anything (more specifically religion) one would need to take a leap of faith, but in the current
state of the world people are not willing to. If science could provide evidence for one religion to be
seen as fact there would be an astronomical shift in the belief systems of many.
By speaking of time and relating the principles of science to those of Buddhism Ozeki provides
readers with a new pathway to thought. A quote from Zen Master Dogen is found in the text:
"everything in the entire universe is intimately linked with each other ... Show more content on
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The superposition theory of quantum physics that "a particle can be in two or more places or states
at once" (Appendix B), which means that Ruth could have existed in her dimension as well as the
new one she created. Although both of the aforementioned concepts can be considered abstract or
transcendental, when closely observed one corroborates with the other.
Ancients believed the crow to be a "harbinger that guides souls from the realm of the living into the
afterlife", with this interpretation the importance of the crow within Ruth's life is clear. In Haruki
#1's second to last letter he speaks of the Crow Wars (presumably the war between the U.S. and the
Crow tribe of Montana in 1887) and says "'I am crow!'" to describe how he feels while flying in the
sky (258). Could this then mean the crow that appears daily in Ruth's life is Haruki #1 reincarnate?
The crow is of Corvus Japonensis genus inhabits Tokyo, Japan which is were Nao lived. If the crow
is not Haruki #1 reincarnate, it could be a sign of the validity of Ruth's quest to find Nao and absorb
what her diary has to offer. Oliver showed his interest in the crow by his acknowledgment of its
existence and then, pondering on its existence "'No it was. I think it was a Jungle Crow. It sat there
for a long time, studying me, so I got a really good look at it, too. I could swear it

The Origin Of Life : Intelligent Design Vs. Materialistic...
Marquel Gray
Prof. Heather Clark
7/22/13
Eng.111–60A
The origin of life: Intelligent Design vs. materialistic naturalism
The origin of life has been questioned by men for thousands of years. Scientist have studied the
universe extensively and developed various theories to answer questions related to the origin of life.
Questions like, how did life begin? Is the universe the result of chaotic chance or intelligent design?
How did life on earth come to be? These are some of the many questions scientist work hard to
solve, but what does their research tell them? Let's start with the well–recognized theory of
evolution. Evolution, a theory made famous by Charles Darwin; is the process in which an organism
changes over time via adaptation, mutation and gene isolation. According to an article by
evolutionary biologist Richard Lenski (2012), "There exists no other scientific explanation that can
account for all the patterns in nature, only non–scientific explanations that require a miraculous
force, like a creator." Looking at the millions of fossils dated to be thousands, hundreds of
thousands, millions and billions of years old; this theory seems solid. According to an article, by bio
technician Brian Thomas (2011), a discrepancy about a time period known as the Cambrian
explosion; dated to be about 800 million years ago, has been around as early as Charles Darwin. In
this article he presents the evidence that an abundance of species said not to appear until

Essay On My Childhood Day
During my childhood days, every single time it rained, I would wait just to hear the thunder. Every
lightning strike was so powerful with its terrifying sound, yet it worked with the same principle that
explained the bits of paper clinging to a charged fur cloth rubbed on a cat. It was very enchanting for
me to learn that all the extreme and massive events which took place could be explained by the same
laws which govern our daily experiences. Learning physics would unravel the nature of these
events, all around me. Every single time I gaze at the sky, I could not help but realise that those stars
which sparkle at a distance are nothing but bodies just like our sun and most of them are still bigger.
During my school days, my biggest awe was just to realise how miniscule we were and that the
universe was ever expanding. The most interesting fact for me was to admire the ... Show more
Moreover, my calculation for removing a stain on a vessel which my mother was not able to clean,
came out to be right. I was able to remove the stain, unusually, with cooking oil than with water. My
mother was surprised and I felt triumphant. Learning new little things can have a great stimulus on
the human brain and this is a joyous facet of science to me.
My curiosity to know and understand the workings of the things around me has led to my interest in
electronics, physics and particularly applied physics. To be able to understand the physical
phenomenon and then being able to apply it is a very fascinating process. I would like to see how
the theory that I got acquainted with up until now can be put to use for some of the most important
things around. This internship would give me an opportunity to explore nanotechnologies and
understand its link with applied

The Physics Of Quantum Computers
My topic is quantum computing. We can say that quantum computers are likely to move out of
science fiction and research labs and into practical applications. A quantum computing is way faster
than a normal pc. Google already have one and make many test online. A quantum computer is a
new complex technology. This computer is not available for us yet. This new engine represent a lot
of new possibility for us. Some person tell that the teleportation would be available, but this is too
far. Old computers can't afford all what a quantum computer can do, and that mean one day they will
disappear. Quantum computing has a lot of benefice, for example, it uses superposition, help to
improve the actual technic by solving problems that are too complex for today's computational
systems, and are have a lot of requirement to work properly.
Quantum computer are fascinating. Even better, a quantum computer is a computer design which
uses the principles of quantum physics to increase the computational power. A traditional computer
can't reach the same level of power or operations. A quantum physics is the study of matter and
energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic level. Also, thanks to
superposition and entanglement, a quantum computer can process a vast number of calculations
simultaneously. Where a classical computer works with ones and zeros. "Superposition is essentially
the ability of a quantum system to be in multiple states at the same time" (IQC,

Measurement Based Quantum Computation ( Mbqc )
Quantum entanglement, which is often counterintuitive and was originally questioned by Einstein,
Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR),1 is now recognized as a versatile resource for quantum information
protocols.2,3 In order to meet various requirements for various applications, an important
technological development is to increase the number of available entangled qubits. In particular,
measurement–based quantum computation (MBQC) requires the cluster type of a large–scale
entangled state,4,5 where individual components of the cluster state must be accessible by
measuring devices. The number of entangled qubits with individual accessibility seems to be
currently limited to a moderate scale.6–8 Shifting to the continuous variable (CV) ... Show more
With the time–domain multiplexing, a cluster state of qumodes can be an arbitrarily long chain in
the longitudinal direction by extending the operating time of the cluster–state generator. In spite of
the in–principle unlimitation of the time–domain–multiplexing, the previous experimental
demonstration of a dual–rail CV cluster state was limited in the number of qumodes,13 due to a
technical reason as follows. The optical setup is a large Mach–Zehnder interferometer as depicted in
Fig. 1, including a long optical delay line for a shift of qumodes on a rail. The mathematical
derivation of the cluster state with this setup is contained in Sec. S1 of the supplementary material.
In order to operate this cluster–state generator, the relative phases at all interference points must be
properly locked. For this purpose, modulated bright beams are injected into the optical paths of the
cluster state as phase probes, and their classical interference signals are exploited as error signals for
the feedback control. However, the modulated bright beams are noisy, which obscures objective
quantum–level correlation signals of the cluster state. The noises were circumvented in the previous
demonstration by chopping the bright beams and by detecting the cluster

Bell's Inequality: An Experimental Analysis
When individual experiments are designed and carried out using a hypothetico–deductive method,
they are bound by the logical constraints of modus ponens and modus tollens. If predictions derived
from the hypothesis are confirmed, then the hypothesis is more likely. If the predictions are wrong,
then the hypothesis may be rejected.
However, there is a complicating world of auxiliary assumptions to consider. The primary
hypothesis and all of these auxiliary hypotheses are effectively being tested together.
In this case, the Alain Aspect experiment was testing entanglement between co–generated and
entangled particles. Their behavior was compared to results predicted by Quantum Mechanics and
results predicted by Bell's Inequality. The experiment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key point of this argument is that its conclusion tries to advance the general philosophical claim
that anything that is unobservable is nonexistent, however, Bell proposes that could be other
interpretations of the evidence. These interpretations could include a Lorentzian interpretation. Bell
would prefer that we abandon Einstein's SR requirement that the speed of light be inviolate in order
to embrace some view of objective reality. Bell would like both physicists and philosophers to
embrace a world–view that there was a physical reality before during and after our lives. 5. "The
questions with which Einstein attacked the quantum theory do have answers; but they are not the
answers that Einstein expected them to have." Mermin, p. 397.
"Einstein suddenly stopped, turned to me and asked whether I really believed that the moon exists
only when I look at it." (Mermin 397)
Einstein's challenge to Mermin reflected a world–view that quantum systems can't exist absent of
measurable properties (eg. position and momentum) and independently of perception. The use of the
moon is reductio ad absurdum on the macro level, while Schrödinger's cat makes a similar point on
a micro

The Dynamical Behaviors Of Complementary Correlations...
REFEREE REPORT MANUSCRIPT # SREP–16–20322 PAPER DESCRIPTION In the paper titled
"The dynamical behaviors of complementary correlations under decoherence channels", Du et.al
have investigated the relationship between complementary correlations (CC) and the entanglement
over noisy channels. In particular, for bipartite qubit systems, it has been shown that there exists an
optimal threshold to which CC has to be compared in order to determine the dynamical behavior of
entanglement. Furthermore, authors claim to derive a novel threshold on environment parameter as
well which is based on the Pearson correlation between measured outcomes of complementary
observables. This topic has already been investigated to some extent in Ref. [1], the main novelty of
this work is the inclusion of the decoherence. COMMENTS AND DECSISION Besides a number of
grammatical and spelling typos, the paper has been demonstrated a relation between CC and
entanglement over noisy quantum channels for bipartite qubit systems. Also, in my opinion, the
claims based on the results haven 't been exaggerated. In view of all of this, I can recommend
publication of this paper in the scientific reports provided the authors address the following
questions/concerns appropriately: QUESTIONS AND CONCERNS From the

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